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Applied Behavior Analysis Terms

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teaching sufficient examples

A strategy for promoting generalized behavior change that consists of teaching the learner to respond to a subset of all of the relevant stimulus and response examples and then assessing the learner's performance on untrained examples.

Generic Extension

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares all of the relevant or defining features associated with the original stimulus.

Metonymical (Tact) Extension

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares none of the relevant features of the original stimulus configuration, but some irrelevant yet related feature has acquired stimulus control.

metonymical (tact) extension

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares none of the relevant features of the original stimulus configuration, but some irrelevant yet related feature has acquired stimulus control.

Metaphorical (Tact) Extension

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares some, but not all, of the relevant features of the original stimulus.

Negative reinforcement

A type of reinforcement that occurs when the termination, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a response leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response

Celeration Time Period

A unit of time (e.g., per week, per month) in which celeration is plotted on a Standard Celeration Chart

Planned Activity Check (PLACHECK)

A variation of momentary time sampling in which the observer records whether each person in a group is engaged in the target behavior at specific points in time; provides a measure of "group behavior"

Delayed Multiple Baseline Design

A variation of the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, are begun for one behavior (or setting, or subject), and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion.

stimulus preference assessment

A variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, and the relative preference value of those stimuli, to increase the odds of selecting stimuli that function as reinforcers

Rule

A verbal description of a behavioral contingency

Impure Tact

A verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by both an MO and a nonverbal stimulus; thus, the response is part mand and part tact.

impure tact

A verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by both an MO and a nonverbal stimulus; thus, the response is part mand and part tact.

solistic (tact) extension

A verbal response evoked by a stimulus property that is only indirectly related to the proper tact relation.

Repertoire

All of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task.

Technological

All procedures operationally defined

Duration

Amount of time between beginning and end of a response, associated with temporal extent

trial-by-trial IOA

An IOA index for discrete trial data based on comparing the observers' counts (0 or 1)

Autoclitic

An SD or an MO for additional speaker verbal behavior.

Behavior Altering Effect

An alteration in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation.

value-altering effect

An alteration in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event as a result of a motivating operation.

Functional Analysis

An analysis of the purposes (functions) of problem behavior, wherein antecedents and consequences representing those in the person's natural routines are arranged within an experimental design so that their separate effects on problem behavior can be observed and measured

Functional Communication Training

An antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communicative behavior is taught as a replacement behavior for problem behavior usually evoked by an establishing operation (EO).

functional communication training

An antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communicative behavior is taught as a replacement behavior for problem behavior usually evoked by an establishing operation (EO).

Function

An applied analysis of behavior requires that the target behavior be __________________of an environmental event that can be practically and ethically manipulated.

mentalism

An approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental or inner dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension, and that this dimension either directly causes, or in some way influences, some forms of behavior

Intraverbal

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and that does not have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus.

intraverbal

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and that does not have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus.

Antecedent

An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest.

antecedent

An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest.

Motivating Operation

An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.

motivating operation

An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event.

Type I Error

An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a false positive.

Type II Error

An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative" (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

stimulus

An event in the environment

Partition Time-Out

An exclusion procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior, the person remains within the time-in setting, but stays behind a wall, shield, or barrier that restricts the view.

partition time-out

A-B-A Design

An experiment entailing one reversal

Direct Replication

An experiment in which the researcher attempts to duplicate exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Changing Criterion Design

An experimental Design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment. Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion.

History of Reinforcement

An inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning .

Artifact

An outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it is measured but in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred

Single-subject design

A wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the independent variable on the behavior of individual subjects.

Confounding Variable

An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable.

Reversal Design

A-B-A design

Procedural Fidelity

AKA treatment integrity (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Factors that make punishment effective

Abrupt, Immediate, Sr for replacement behavior

Surrogate CMO

Acquired properties of MO through pairing

You are teaching imitating clapping. Currently, when you give the Sd, "Do this" the child does not move. IF you were using physical prompting and fading as a method to teach the skill, what might the data look like after the first session?

1P, 2P, 3P, 4PP, 5PP, 6PP, 7+, 8+, 9+

Interresponse Time and Response Latency

2 measures of temporal locus

interresponse time and response latency

2 measures of temporal locus

total duration IOA

= (shorter of two durations reported by observers / longer duration) * 100%

total count IOA

= (smaller of two observers' counts / larger of counts) * 100%

Confounding variable

A Student changing level of interest and background knowledge in algebra, during a study on the effects of response card quiz reviews on the next-day quiz performance is a potential_______________ _________________to the investigation and should be monitored.

Reinforcement

A basic behavioral principle that states that when a behavior (R) is followed by... (book def:) Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions

Antecedent Intervention

A behavior change strategy that manipulates contingency-independent antecedent stimuli (motivating operation).

antecedent intervention

A behavior change strategy that manipulates contingency-independent antecedent stimuli (motivating operation).

Token Economy

A behavior change system that involves the identification of specific behaviors to be reinforced, a medium of exchange such as tokens or points and back up reinforcers that are purchased with the tokens

Overcorrection

A behavior change tactic based on positive punishment in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior directly or logically related to fixing the damage caused by the behavior

Positive Punishment

A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior

Positive punishment

A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior

Escape extinction

A behavior that is reinforced by negative reinforcement does not produce a removal of the aversive stimulus

Discriminated operant

A behavior that occurs more frequently under some conditions than others

Pivotal Behavior

A behavior that, when learned, produces corresponding modifications or co-variation in other untrained behaviors

Behavior Checklist

A checklist that provides descriptions of specific skills and the conditions under which each skill should be observed

Applied

Affecting improvement in behaviors that enhance and improve people's lives

TRUE

All EXPERIMENTS in ABA include at least one behavior and at least one treatment or intervention condition: TRUE/ FALSE

Behavior Chain

A complex behavior consisting of two or more temporally sequential responses, each associated with a specific stimulus condition

Level System

A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level. The performance criterion and sophistication or difficulty of the behaviors required at each level are higher than those of preceding levels; as participants advance to higher levels, they gain access to more desirable reinforcers, increased privileges, and greater independence.

hero procedure

Another term for a dependent group contingency (i.e., a person earns a reward for the group).

Premack Principle

A concept that says that making the opportunity to engage in a high rate behavior, contingent upon the occurrence of a low rate behavior, will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior

behavioral contract

Another term for contingency contract.

self-assessment

Another term for self-evaluation.

Models

Antecedent stimuli that are topographically similar to the target imitative behavior

Baseline

A condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present; data obtained during baseline are the basis for determining the effects of the independent variable; a control condition that does not necessarily mean the absence of instruction or treatment, only the absence of a specific independent variable of experimental interest.

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

A conditioned reinforcer that functions

Interdependent Group Contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group.

Group Contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of (a) a person within the group, (b) a select group of members within the larger group, or (c) each member of the group meeting a performance criterion.

Motivating operation

Antecedent variable that alters the effectiveness of some variable as a reinforce, and then alters the frequency of a behavior that has been reinforced by that reinforce in the past

Dependent Group Contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of one member of the group or the behavior of a select group of members within the larger group.

dependent group contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of one member of the group or the behavior of a select group of members within the larger group.

Independent Group Contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for each member of a group is dependent on that person's meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group.

Escape contingency

A contingency in which responding terminates a stimulus

Free Operant Avoidance

A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus.

indiscriminable contingency

A contingency that makes it difficult for the learner to discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement.

Descending Baseline

A data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time.

Ascending Baseline

A data path that shows an increasing trend in the response measure over time.

Habituation

A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus; most often used to describe a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus over a short span of time.

Replication

(a) Repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity. (b) Repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and /or behaviors.

response class

A group of responses with the same function; each response produces the same effect on environment

stimulus class

A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal and functional dimensions.

Lower Achievement

A high frequency of open ended questions is associated with

NCR Reversal Design

A higher level of responding during the reinforcement condition demonstrates that the changes in behavior are the result of contingent reinforcement, not simply the presentation of or contact with the stimulus event

Observed Value

A measure produced by an observation an measurement system

Establishing Operation

A motivating operation that establishes (increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer.

Contrived Contingency

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change.

Habit Reversal

A multiple-component treatment package for reducing unwanted habits such as fingernail biting and muscle tics; treatment typically includes self-awareness training involving response detection and procedures for identifying events that precede and trigger the response; competing response training; and motivation techniques including self-administered consequences, social support systems, and procedures for promoting the generalization and maintenance of treatment gains.

Generalization Probe

Any measurement of a learner's performance of a target behavior in a setting and/or stimulus situation in which direct training has not been provided.

generalization probe

Any measurement of a learner's performance of a target behavior in a setting and/or stimulus situation in which direct training has not been provided.

Free Operant

Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space. Can be emitted at nearly any time; is discrete, it requires minimal time for completion, and it can produce a wide range of response rates

Generalization Setting

Any place or stimulus situation that differs in some meaningful way from the instructional setting and in which performance of the target behavior is desired.

Calibration

Any procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement system and, when sources of error are found, to use that information to correct or improve the measuring system

Contrived Mediating Stimulus

Any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalization setting.

contrived mediating stimulus

Any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalization setting.

Hypothetical Construct

A presumed but unobserved process or entity; e.g., Freud's id, ego, and superego (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Conditioned Punisher

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers. Sometimes called secondary or learned punishers.

time-out ribbon

A procedure for implementing nonexclusion time-out in which a child wears a ribbon or wristband that becomes discriminative for receiving reinforcement. Contingent on misbehavior, the ribbon is removed and access to social and other reinforcers are unavailable for a specified period. When time-out ends, the ribbon or band is returned to the child and time-in begins.

Bonus Response Cost

A procedure for implementing response cost in which the person is provided a reservoir of reinforcers that are removed in predetermined amounts contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior

bonus response cost

A procedure for implementing response cost in which the person is provided a reservoir of reinforcers that are removed in predetermined amounts contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior

Contingent Observation

A procedure for implementing time-out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost.

Exclusion Time-Out

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior, the person is removed physically from the current environment for a specified period.

exclusion time-out

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior, the person is removed physically from the current environment for a specified period.

hallway time-out

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior, the student is removed from the classroom to a hallway location near the room for a specified period of time.

Nonexclusion Time-Out

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior, the person remains within the setting, but does not have access to reinforcement, for a specified period.

nonexclusion time-out

self-evaluation

A procedure in which a person compares his performance of a target behavior with a predetermined goal or standard; often a component of self-management.

Higher Order Conditioning

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

Response Blocking

A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior.

stimulus-stimulus pairing

A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus.

whole interval

A procedure that can be used to measure a continuous behavior such as academic engagement.

establishing operation

A procedure that momentarily alters teh effectiveness of the reinforcer and the momentary frequency of the response class taht has in the past produced the stimulus

Stimulus prompt

A prompt that operates directly on the antecedent task stimuli to cue a correct response

Discrete variable

A quantitative variable whose values are countable

Percentage

A ratio formed by combining the same dimensional quantities

Point-to-Point Correspondence

A relation between the stimulus and response or response product that occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response.

Point-to-point correspondence

A relation between the stimulus and response or response product that occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response.

contingency

A relation that exists stating the behavior must be exhibited for a consequence to occur

Function Altering Effect

A relatively permanent change in an organism's repertoire of MO, stimulus, and response relations, caused by reinforcement, punishment, an extinction procedure, or a recovery from punishment procedure.

function-altering effect

Tactic

A researched based, or technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic principles of behavior

Schedule of Reinforcement

A rule that describes the contingency of reinforcement, or which behaviors will be reinforced, and which will not

Intermittent Reinforcement

A schedule in which some, but not all, occurrences of a behavior are reinforced

Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of response emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals

Fixed Ratio

A schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement

Variable Ratio

A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement

variable-time schedule

A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement.

Continuous reinforcement

A schedule that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of behavior - CRF

Variable ratio (VR)

A schedule that requires a varying number of responses to produce a reinforcer

Massed Practice

A self-directed behavior change technique in which the person forces himself to perform an undesired behavior (e.g., a compulsive ritual) repeatedly, which sometimes decreases the future frequency of the behavior.

Count

A simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior

Count

A simply tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior

Response

A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior.

response

A specific instance of behavior

Discriminative Stimulus for Punishment

A stimulus condition in the presence of which a response has a lower probability of occurrence than it does in its absence as a result of response-contingent punishment delivery in the presence of the stimulus.

S /_\ S-delta

A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has NOT produced reinforcement in the past

Conditioning

The pairing of stimuli to result in learning

Bar Graph

The participant either engages in a behavior or does not. Therefore your data collection is limited to yes or no,

Exact Count-Per-Interval IOA

The percentage of total intervals in which two observers recorded the same count

time sampling

The procedure of observing and recording behavior during intervals or at specific moments

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

The selection and reinforcement of specific behaviors that are appropriate alternatives to a target behavior that in turn is not reinforced

Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement and Delayed Rewards

Two forms of indiscriminable contingencies.

Ordinate

Y axis - measurement of DV

spontaneous recovery

a behavioral effect associated with extinction in which the behavior suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its prereinforcement level or stopped entirely

stimulus

a change in the environment that can affect behavior

extinction

a consequence is withheld, and as a result some extent of occurrence of the response class is less likely to occur

behavior change tactic

a consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior.

behavior chain with a limited hold

a contingency that specidies a time interval by which a behaivor chain must be completed for reinforcement to be delivered

Descending baseline

a data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time.

contingency

a dependent relationship between a response and one or more stimulus class or between two or more stimuli

stimulus generalization gradient

a graphic depiction of the extent to which beahvior that has been reinfroced int he presenc eof a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimulus

time sampling

a method of measurement that is most useful with continuous and high-rate behaviors

hypothetical construct

a presumed but unobserved process or entity

fucntional relation

a relationship that exists when a well controlled experiment reveals that a specific change in one event (dependent variable) can reliably be produced by specific manipulations of another event (Independent variable) and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (confounding variable)

avoidance contingency

a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.

stimulus delts (S/_\)

a stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past.

negative punishment

a stimulus is attenuated or removed after a behavior, and as a result the frequency of the response class decreases

positive reinforcement

a stimulus is presented after a response, and as a result the future frequency of the response class increases

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that has no effect on the behavior on interest

antecedent

a stimulus that precedes behavior in time

backward chaining

a teaching procedure in which a trainer completes all but the last behavior in a chain, which is performed by the learner, who the receives reinforcement fo completing the chain.

Partial-interval recording

a time sampling method in which the observer records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval tends to over estimate

john watson

american psychologist who, in the early 1900s, founded behaviorism, an approach that emphasizes the scientific study of outwardly observable behavior rather than subjective mental states. Stated give me 12 infants and make them do whatever he wanted them do by manipulating conditions of the environment

mentalism

an approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or "inner," dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behaivor, if not all

ecological assessment

an assessment protocol that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior - a method for obtaining data across multiple settings and persons

philosophic doubt

an attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned.

behavior

any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured. activity of living organisms; also includes interactions with environment

extraneous variable

any aspect of the experimetal setting that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation

Reversal Design

any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by "reversing" responding to a level obtained in a previous condition: encompasses experimental designs in which the independent variable is withdrawn

fluency

behaving with speed and accuracy

escape extinction

behaviors maintained with negative reinforcement are placed on excape extinction when those behaviors are not followed by termination of the aversive stimulus; emitting the target behaivor does not enable the person to escape the aversive situation

schedule thinning

changing a contingency reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval

philosophical doubt

conclusions derrived from scientific manipulation are tentative. They may be modified or discarded, when new facts or discoveries come to light

what circumstances mush you have consent for?

consent mush be obtained for all punishment procedures and those procedures that involve risk to consumer rights or protection

Name 3 things that can affect an MO.

deprivation, satiation, competing, MO, errorless learning, mixing and varying tasks, alternating task difficulty, decreasing ITI, fluency, free samples

Define fading:

gradual withdrawal of prompts so the Sd alone evokes the desired behavior.

observer reactivity

influence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observer's awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports

applied

investigates socially significant behaviors with immediate importance to the subject

Delayed Multiple Baseline Design

is an experimental tactic in which an initial baseline and intervention are begun, and subsequent baselines are added in a staggered or delayed fashion.

Baseline

original date that serves against any observed changes in behavior when the independent variable is applied and is compared

social validity

refers to the extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviors are produced

Repeatability

refers to the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly through time

temporal locus

refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events

temporal extent

refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time

Experimental Design

refers to the particular arrangement of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects for the presence, absence, or different values of the independent variable can be made

Local Response Rate

refers to the rate of response during periods of time smaller than that for which an overall rate has been given

S-R relation

reflexes; stimulus-response relations

Automatic reinforcement

reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others

Graphs

relatively simple formats for visually displaying relationships among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables-help people make sense of of quantitative information

capacity

requires that the person including guardians giving consent has reached the age of maturity and is competent to make such decisions

discriminated avoidance

responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.

schedule of reinforcement

rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement

Compound schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more elements of continuous reinforcement, the 4 intermittent schedules of reinforcement of various rates of responding, and extinction

Concurrent schedule

schedule of reinforcement in which 2 or more contingencies of reinforcement operates independently and simultaneously for 2 or more behaviors

variable ratio

schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement

Descending Baseline

shows a decreasing trend in the behavior overtime

feature stimuls class

stimuli that share common physical forms or structures (e.g., made from wood, four legs, round, blue) or common relative relationships (e.g., bigger than, hotter than, higher than, next to)

unconditioned negative reinforcer

stimuli whose removal strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning

Describe Expanding:

task interspersal with "reinforceable" maintenance tasks from other programs by 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 (for example) trials.

respondent conditioning

that type of learning that occurs when new stimuli acquire the ability to elicit respondents

behavior

the activity of living organisms, includes everything that people do.

Define Latency:

the amount of tie between the end of the antecendent (Sd) and the start of the child's response.

Prediction

the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement

determinism

the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a willy-nilly, accidental fashion

applied behavior analysis

the assumptions of behaviorism provide the theoretical underpinnings for applied behavior analysis. Involves studying behavior with significance to the participants involved. The investigation does not always involve continuous observation, behaviors that can be quickly repeated or well controlled environments

determinism

the attitude of science that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as a result of other events

generality (7 characteristics of ABA)

the behavior change is durable and occurs across different settings, persons, materials, prompts and related behaviors

Replication

the context of repeating a previous experiment

operant conditioning

the correlation between a response and consequence or perhaps antecedent, response consequence

Variable Baseline

the data points do not consistently fall within a narrow range of values, nor do they suggest any clear trend

external validity

the degree to which a study's findings have generality ot other subjects, setting, and/or behaivors

function

the effect of a response on the environment

empericism

the objective obersvation of the phenomena of interest

negative reinforcement

the occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.

Trend

the overall direction taken by the data path

Dependent variable

the variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior.

verbal behavior

Behavior whose reinforcement is mediated by a listener. Encompasses the subject matter usually treated as language and topics such as thinking, grammar, composition, and understanding.

Contiguity

Bordering or being in direct contact with something

Correlation

Can be used to predict the probability that one event will occur

Data Collection for Chaining

Coding performance of target behavior as independent or type of prompt used.

Autoclitic

Commenting on what you are talking about

Shaping is _______________-

Consequence based

Escape Contingency

Contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus-compare with avoidance contingency

Discriminated Avoidance

Contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer- see also discriminative stimulus, discriminated operant, free operant avoidance, and stimulus control.

Free-Operant Avoidance

Contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus-compare with discriminated avoidance. Avoidance behavior is "free to occur" at any time

Negative Reinforcement

Contingency in which the occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus, which lead to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.

Fading leads to

Discrimination

Component Analysis

Experimental designs that combine multiple baseline, reversal, and/or alternating treatment tactics can also provide the basis for comparing the effects of two or more independent variables

Stimulus Generality

Extent to which performance of the target behavior is improved in environments different than the original training environment including across settings, people, and physical stimuli.

Response-Reinforcer Disruptors

Extinction, Satiation, Dark Key food, Punishment, alternative reinforcement (DRA, FT, VT), Distraction

Type II Error

False negative

Data to use for low frequency behavior

Frequency count best used data for _________

Sequential Withdrawl

Gradually withdrawing treatment to see if behavior is maintained

EO for Sp

Increases value of Sp, abates behavior

Order of methodology based on internal validity

Interviews and Rating Scales DA Antecedent Manipulation only Brief FA Extended FA Progressive Analysis

Generality

Lasts over time, appears in environments other than the one behavior was taught in, spreads to other behaviors

Ontogenic

Learned, Conditioned

Level

Mean or median lines in data

Artifacts

Measurement ______________are data that given unwarranted or misleading picture of the behavior because of the way measurement was conducted.

Naive

Measurement bias cause by observer expectations can be avoided by using_____________ observer.

DRH

Minimum number responses to occur at a time criterion set between average baseline and highest rate use for fluency, academics, athletics

What is MO?

Motivating Operation. Temporarily increases the value of a reinforcer.

Effective

Must improve behavior to a practical degree

Trace Conditioning

No overlap between CS and US Sometimes effective

Measurement Bias

Nonrandom measurement error, a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimates or underestimates the true value of an event.

Codic

Point to point, but not formal similarity reading text, transcribing, finger spelling what you hear, saying what you see finger spelled.

Two types of punishment

Positive and Negative

Effects of fixed interval

Post-reinforcement pause in the early part of interval; slow but accelerating rates of responding; moderate rates of responding

Repeatability

Response can reoccur

Complex Schedule

Sequences of simple schedules

Phase Change line

Solid Big change such as introduction of IV or environmental change

speaker

Someone who engages in verbal behavior by emitting mands, tacts, intraverbals, autoclitics, and so on.

Pragmatism

The belief that the truth of a theory is related to its practical success in its application

Celeration

The change (acceleration or deceleration) in rate of responding over time

environment

The conglomerate of circumstances in which an individual exists and is demonstrating behavior

Environment

The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment.

environment

The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment.

response cost

The contingent loss of reinforcers (e.g. a fine), producing a decre.ase of the frequency of behavior; a form of negative punishment

time-out from positive reinforcement

The contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time; a form of negative punishment.

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events

interobserver agreement

The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events

Multiple Treatment Interference

The effects of one treatment on a subject's behavior being confounding by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study

Sequence Effects

The effects on a subject's behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subject's experience with a prior condition.

Inter-Response Time

The elapsed time between the cessation of one response and the onset of another

Duration

The elapsed time between the onset and the cessation of a single response

Interresponse Time (IRT)

The elapsed time between two successive responses

Response Maintenance

The extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or all of the intervention responsible for the behavior's initial appearance in the learner's repertoire has been terminated

Empiricism

The objective observation of the phenomenon of interest

SDs

Evoke/abate behavior because of differential availability of reinforcement

sensory extinction

A behavior that is automatically reinforced results in masking or removing the sensory consequence

systematic desensitization

A behavior therapy treatment for anxieties, fears, and phobias that involves substituting one response, generally muscle relaxation, for the unwanted behavior - the fear and anxiety. The client practices relaxing while imagining anxiety-producing situations in a sequence from the least fearful to the most fearful.

Automatic reinforcement

A behavior-reinforcement relation that occurs without the presentation of consequences by other people

Measurement Bias

A form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event

Baseline Logic

A term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication.

Partial-Interval Recording

A time sampling method in which the observer records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval

history of reinforcement

An inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning .

Confounding variable

An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable.

Treatment Drift

An undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the study (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Treatment Drift

An undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the study (Source: CHH, 2 Ed). Occurs when the application of the independent variable during later phases of an experiment differs from the way it was applied at the onset of the study

Multiple Baseline across Behaviors Design

Begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors of a single participant

Visual Graphic Analysis

Behavior analyst typically use________________?

Resistance to extinction

Behavior that occurs during extinction

Boundaries for all schedules of reinforcement

CRF and EXT

Schedule Thinning

Changing a contingency reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval

FA of Low Rate Behavior

Increase session duration, conduct probes at time behavior is most likely to occur

Non-Parametric Study

Independent Variable is either presented or absent during a time period or phase of the study

Observer Reactivity

Influence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observer's awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports

Mean Count per Interval IOA

Int1ioa + Int2IOA+ IntNIOA ----------------------------------------------X 100 N Intervals

Analytic

Functional relation demonstrated

Affirmation of the Consequent

If then statement 3 step form of reasoning

Cumulative Record

(Or graph) was developed by Skinner as the primary means of data collection in the experimental analysis

Replication

(a) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity. (b) Repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and /or behaviors.

habilitation

(adjustment) occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long-term punishers are minimized

Punishment

Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.

Timing, Quantity, Magnitude, Duration, and Variety

Parameters of reinforcement

Generality

Producing behavior change that lasts over time, appear in new environments, or spread to other behaviors

Effective

Producing large enough behavior change for practical value

Ratio schedule

Requires a number of responses, before a response produces reinforcement

Positive Reinforcer

Stimulus whose presentation or onset functions as reinforcement-contrast with negative reinforcer

Prediction

The anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement

Response latency

The elapsed time from the onset of a stimulus (e.g., task direction, cue) to the initiation of a response

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Data

The results of measurements, usually in quantified form

Uses for DROs

Use for high rate behavior, and when appropriate behavior occurs at a low rate, Switch to DRA once it is thinned a little, do not reinforce docile behavior (dead mans test)

Negative Reinforcement

When behavior increases because there is a withdrawal or termination of stimulus

operant behavior

___________ is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences, (p.

generalized behavior change

a behavior change that ahs not been taught directly

consequence

a stimulus that follows behavior in time

science

a systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its primary rule, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as a requirement for believability, parsimony as avalue, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience

radical behaviorim

a thoroughgoing form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events such as thoughts and feelings, terms of controlling variables in the history of the person (ontogeny) and the species (phylogeny)

free-operant avoidance

avoidance behavior is "free to occur" at any time

Correlation

can be used to predict the probability that one event will occur

7 dimensions- effective

improves behavior sufficiently to produce practical results for the particpant/client

principle

law that explains how things happen or work

functionally equivalent

serving the same function or purpose, producing the same consequences

Ascending Baseline

shows an increasing trend in the behavior overtime

behavior

the activity of living organisms; "that portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment"

Stable Baseline

the data shows no evidence of an upward or downward trend, and all of the measures fall within a small range of values

task analysis

the process of breaking a complex skill or series of beahviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process

Alternating Treatments Design

the rapid alternation of two or more distinct treatments while their effects on the target behavior are measured

successive approximations

the sequence of new response classes that emerge during the shaping process as the result of differential reinforcement; each successive response class is lcoser in form to the terminal behavior than the response class it replaces

Defign Determinism

the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomenon occur as the result of other events.

Level

the value on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavioral measures converge

Empiricism

the way questions about the workings of nature are most effectively examined. the practice of objective observation of the phenomena of interest; important to ABA because behavior analysts must be able to competely define, systematically observe and accurately and reliably measure occurrences and non-occurences of the behavior of interest.

technological (7 characteristics of ABA)

the written description of all procedures used in the study is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate it.

objective, clear, complete

three characteristics of a "good definition"

Precision Teaching

"Student knows best", rate of responses as primary measure of progress, focus on fluency, not just mastery, Uses standard Celeration Chart, rate, data based teaching decisions

Mean DurationPper-Occurrence IOA

Equals average percentage of agreement of the durations reported by two observers for each occurrence of the target behavior

Multiple Baseline

Establish two or more independent baselines. IV introduced to each baseline staggered can be across subjects, behaviors, setting.

Continuous Measures

Event recording, frequency recording, frequency, rate, latency, duration, IRT ("show me" methods)

EOs

Evoke/abate behavior because of differential effectiveness of reinforcer evocative/abative effect always learned

Restitutional Overcorrection and Positive Practice Overcorrection

Two forms of overcorrection

restitutional overcorrection and positive practice overcorrection

Two forms of overcorrection

Unpairing

Two kinds: (a) the occurrence alone of a stimulus that acquired its function by being paired with an already effective stimulus, or (b) the occurrence of the stimulus in the absence as well as in the presence of the effective stimulus.

unpairing

Experimental Control

Two meanings: (a) the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relations, meaning that experimental control is achieved when a predictable change in behavior (the dependent variable_ can be reliably produced by manipulating a specific aspect of the environment (the independent variable); and (b) the extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the independent variable by presenting it, with drawing it, and/or varying its value, and also by eliminating or holding constant all confounding and extraneous variables.

Experimental control

Concurrent schedule

Two or more contingencies operate independently and simultaneously, for two or more behaviors

Multiple Schedule of Sr

Two plus alternating schedules, each associated with different Sd

Backward Conditioning

US onset first, then CS onset Ineffective

Confounding Variables

Uncontrolled variables known or suspected to exert an influence one dependent variable

Duplic

Under control of verbal stim Formal and point to point similarity Echoic, copy text, mimetic

Fixed Interval

Unsteady responding, higher response rate, scalloped pattern

Personalized System of Instruction

Use structures instructional material, requires frequent ASR, 100% mastery criterion, self pacing, tests, lectures contingent upon passing units

Shaping

Using differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing response classes

Train Loosely

Vary as many non-critical dimensions of the antecedent stimuli as possible during training, e.g. today we're counting things inside; tomorrow we're counting things outside, blindfolded.

Instructions

Verbal antecedent stimuli which many times are efficient ways to evoke new behavior, which can then be reinforced

Transcription

Verbal operant Spoken verbal stim evokes a written, typed, or finger spelled response Point to point, but not formal similarity

Edible, sensory, tangible, activity, or social reinforcer

What are 5 ways that reinforcer can be described by their physical properties

Prediction, Description, Control

What are the three levels of understanding of science?

Ratio strain

What event can result from abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from a denser to thinner reinforcement schedule?

Skinners Publication: The Behavior of Organism

What formally began the experimental branch of behavior analysis?

External Validity Decrease

When internal validity increases

the "why" question.

When interviewing a significant other about the clients behavior, behavior analyst should ask a variation of questions except:

CRF

When subjected to extinction, quickest extinction VR50 would be more resistant to extinction

Positive reinforcement

When the behavior is immediately followed by the presentation of stimulus which will increase behavior in future.

Informed Consent

When the potential recipient of services or participant in a research study gives his explicit permission before any assessment or treatment is provided. Full disclosure of effects and side effects must be provided. To give consent, the person must (a) demonstrate the capacity to decide, (b) do so voluntarily, and (c) have adequate knowledge of all salient aspects of the treatment.

informed consent

Sources for Desciptive Data

Written records, structured interviews, observations, narrative recordings, direct measurement

Abcissa

X Axis - passage of time or other variable

Contingency Reversal

Exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for two topographically different responses

solistic (tact) extension

Yogi Berra's classic malapropism: "Baseball is ninety percent mental; the other half is physical." is an example of...

Line Graph

You are interested in looking at behavior under different and alternating experimental conditions, what type of graphic display is used?

Internal Validity

Experiments that have a high degree of convincing changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and are not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables

Multiple Treatment Reversal Design

Experiments that use the reversal design to compare the effects of two or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another

Internal Validity

Extent to which analysis assures that changes in behavior are due to manipulation

External Validity

Extent to which study results generalizes to other subjects, setting, behaviors

Response Generality

Extent to which the learner performs a variety of functional responses in addition to the trained response.

Functional, Descriptive, and Indirect

FBA methods can be classified into three types:

functional, descriptive, and indirect

FBA methods can be classified into three types:

Standard Celeration Chart

Fit all behaviors in one chart, no change in y-axis, length of observation taken into effect.

Direct Observation

_____________ measurement facilitates data collection for IOA and treatment integrity

Direct observation

_____________ measurement facilitates data collection for IOA and treatment integrity

Percentage of Agreement

__________________ __ ___________________between observers is the most common convention for reporting IOA in ABA.

Systematic observation

___________________ _______________ enhances the understanding of natural phenomenon by enabling scientist to describe behavior accurately.

Experimental design

_________________________refers to the arrangement of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the independent variable can be made.

Human Error

______________is the biggest threat to accuracy and reliability of data.

variable-momentary DRO (VM-DRO)

a DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by varialbe amounts of time in random sequence, and delivered if the problem is not occurring at those times

fixed interval DRO (FI-DRO)

a DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of fixed duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during each interval

What are 5 elements of discrete trial teaching?

1. Breaking the skill into smaller parts. 2. Teaching 1 skill to mastery. 3. Providing concentrated teaching sessions. 4. Providing prompts and prompt fading. 5. Reinforcement.

Name 5 of 8 keys presented to remember when giving an instruction.

1. Discriminative Stimulus (Sd) is the direction. 2. Needs to be clear and distinctive. 3. Should be given only once. 4. Therapist will follow through after each instruction. 5. An Sd should always followed by a prompted or independent response. 6. Clearly indicates who is to follow the instruction. 7. Are stated as a statement, not a question. 8. Are stated in a positive tone.

variable-interval DR) (VI-DRO)

a DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at the end of intervals variable duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during the interval

fixed-momentary DRO (FM-DRO)

a DRO procudre in which reinfrocement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by a fixed amount of time, and delivered contingent on the problem not occurring at those moments

backward chaining with leaps ahead

a backward chaining procedure in which some steps in the task analysis are skipped; used to increase the efficiency of teaching long behavior chains when there is evidence that the skipped steps are in the learner's repertoire

What are the 2 most discussed prompting procedures used in DTT? Describe them.

1. No, No Prompt. The therapist delivers the Sd and waits for the child to respond. If a child responds incorrectly, the teacher says, "no", often turning her head to the side. The Sd is given again. If the child answers incorrectly, the teacher again consequates with, "no". The Sd is delivered again and the child is prompted to give the correct response. 2. Errorless learning. Usually uses most to least prompting. Typically with a 0 second time delay and gradually fadin gthe promtps to teach independence. The goal is to minimize or eliminate errors.

response differentiation

a behavior change produced by differential reinforcement: Reinforced members of the current respone class occur with greater frequency, and unreinforced members occur less frequently; the overall result is the emergence of a new response class

imitaiton

a behavior controlled by any physical movement that serves as a novel model excludidng vocal0verbal behaivor, has formal similarity with the model, and immediately follows the occurrence of the model.

what guidelines should be followed if there is no-one to give consent?

1. the behavior must be judged to present iminent danger to self or others and it is reasonable to assume harm will occur if services are not provided 2. there must be a reasonable probability that the proposed behavior analysis services will produce beneficial effects for the consumer without harmful effects 3. procedural safegaurds should be in place to protect the rights of consumer and service provider

Mixed Schedule of Sr

2 or more alternating schedules, no Sd

How long is atypical inter-trial interval?

2-3 seconds.

Interviews, Direct Observation, Reinforcer Sampling

3 ways to identify potential reinforcers

Interval-by-Interval IOA

= (number of intervals of agreement / total number of intervals) * 100%

interval-by-interval IOA

= (number of intervals of agreement / total number of intervals) * 100%

unscored-interval IOA

= (number of intervals of agreement on non-occurrence) / (intervals in which either or both observers recorded non-occurrence) * 100%

scored-interval IOA

= (number of intervals of agreement) / (intervals in which either or both observers recorded occurrence) * 100%

behavioral cusp

a behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls

pivotal behavior

a behavior that, when learned, produces corresponding modifications or co-variation in other untrained behaviors

Behavioral Cusp

A behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls

Stimulus control

A behavioral principal; describes a relationship between an antecedent stimulus and a response when the rate, frequency, magnitude, latency, or duration of a response is altered in the presence of a stimulus

Punishment

A behavioral principle that occurs when a response is followed immediately by a stimulus, and the future frequency of a similar response decreases

Concept Formation

A complex example of stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between classes of stimuli.

level system

Behavior Change Tactic

A consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior.

interdependent group contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group.

group contingency

independent group contingency

A contingency in which reinforcement for each member of a group is dependent on that person's meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group.

Avoidance contingency

A contingency in which responding delays or prevents the presentation of a stimulus

Indiscriminable Contingency

A contingency that makes it difficult for the learner to discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement.

habituation

Abative Effect

A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

abative effect

A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

Abative Effect

A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation.

Satiation

A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior.

satiation

A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior.

Reinforcer-Abolishing Effect

A decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation.

Reinforcer-abolishing effect

A decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation.

Contingency

A dependent or temporal relation between operant behavior and its controlling variables. If this...then that

Cumulative Recorder

A device that automatically draws cumulative records that show the rate of response in real time

Explanatory Fiction

A fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon, such as "intelligence" or "cognitive awareness" as explanations for why an organism pushes the lever when the light is on and food is available but does not push the lever when the light is off and no food is available (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Anecdotal Observation

A form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behavior(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client's natural environment

Positive Practice Overcorrection

A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior, the learner is required to repeat a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, a specified number of times; entails an educative component.

positive practice overcorrection

Restitutional Overcorrection

A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair the damage or return the environment to its original state and then to engage in additional behavior to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the misbehavior.

restitutional overcorrection

Analogue Functional Analysis

A functional analysis that is conducted by staging typical situations within a laboratory setting. This is done in an attempt to determine the function of a behavior.

Generalization

A generic term for a variety of behavioral processes and behavior change outcomes.

Response Class

A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.

response class

A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.

response class

A group of responses of varying topography, all off which produce the same effect on the environment.

Stimulus Class

A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal and functional dimensions.

Maintenance of Behavior

A lasting behavior change

Conditioned Reflex

A learned stimulus-response functional relation

conditioned reflex

A learned stimulus-response functional relation, an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus

true value

A measure accepted as a quantitative description of the true state of some dimensional quantity of an event as it exists in nature

Duration

A measure of the total extent of time in which a behavior occurs

observed value

A measure produced by an observation an measurement system

Momentary Time Sampling

A measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals

Behavioral Momentum

A metaphor to describe a rate of responding and its resistance to change following an alteration in reinforcement conditions.

Multiple Probe Design

A method of analyzing the relation between the independent variable and the acquisition of a successive approximation or task sequence.

Measurement by Permanent Product

A method of measuring behavior after it has occurred by recording the effects that the behavior produced on the environment

Response Deprivation Hypothesis

A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement.

Abolishing Operation

A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event.

Abolishing operation

A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event.

establishing operation

A motivating operation that establishes (increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer.

Conditioned Motivating Operation

A motivating operation whose value-altering effect depends on a learning history.

conditioned motivating operation

A motivating operation whose value-altering effect depends on a learning history.

unconditioned motivating operation

A motivating operation whose value-altering effect does not depend on a learning history.

habit reversal

Contingency Contract

A mutually agreed upon document between parties (e.g., parent and child) that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s).

contingency contract

Variable Ratio

Higher steady responding, subject to ratio strain

Bar Graph

Histogram, is a simple and versatile format for graphically summarizing behavioral data

Relevance of Behavior Rule

Holds that only behaviors likely to produce reinforcement in the person's natural environment should be targeted for change

unscored-interval IOA

IOA index recommended for behaviors that occur at high rates

scored-interval IOA

IOA index recommended for behaviors that occur at low rates

Behavioral Contrast

If a behavior has been maintained in 2+ contexts, a procedure that decreases the behavior is introduced in one of these contexts, the behavior may increase in the other context despite no changes in the contingencies.

Partial Interval Recording

If a response occurs at any time during the interval, it is marked as occurring. Reported as % of intervals. Measures behavior targeted for decrease Overestimates duration Underestimates frequency

Response latency

If you are interested in the amount of time it takes a student to begin a task after the teacher has given an instruction you would measure:

Component Analysis

Implementing isolated components of a treatment package

Practice Effects

Improvement in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained.

EO for Sr

Increases value of Sr, evokes behavior

Extinction burst

Initial increase in response frequency upon implementation or occurrence of extinction

Phylogenic

Innate, Unconditioned

Multiple Exemplar Training

Instruction that provides the learner with practice with a variety of stimulus conditions, response variations, and response topographies to ensure the acquisition of desired stimulus controls response forms; used to promote both setting/situation generalization and response generalization.

multiple exemplar training

Incidental Teaching

Instructional Trials initiated by learner initiated responses to naturally occurring stimuli Not the same as a contrived learning opportunity

Multiple Probe Technique

Intermittent measures - probes- taken rather than continuous measurement on each baseline

Shaping

Involves differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal target behavior.

Chaining

Involves the reinforcement of intact behaviors, each with its own stimulus conditions

Delayed Multiple Baseline Design

Is an experimental tactic in which an initial baseline and intervention are begun, and subsequent baselines are added in a staggered or delayed fashion.

How much latency is usually allowed prior to issuing a prompt?

LESS than 2 seconds

What is the typical latency between an SD and a prompt?

LESS than 2 seconds

Tandem Schedule

Like a chain schedule of reinforcement, but no SD associated with each step.

Prediction, Verification, Replication

List 3 components of experimental reasoning used in single-subject research design?

prediction, verification, replication

List 3 components of experimental reasoning used in single-subject research design?

Effects of a fixed ratio schedule

Little hesitation between responses; post-reinforcement pause; high rates of responding

Continuous Measurement

Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period

continuous measurement

Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period

Discontinuous Measurement

Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected

Reliable

Measurement is ____________ when it yields the same values across repeated measures of the same event.

Event Recording

Measurement procedure for obtaining a tally or count of the number of times a behavior occurs

Valid, Accurate

Measurement that is ____________, ______________and Reliable yields the most trustworty and useful data for science and science based practices.

Uses for DRLs

Minor problem behavior, use with learners with decent language skills and under the control of rules

Response Deprivation Hypothesis

Model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether the access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement- See Premack principle

Positive reinforcement

Molly is asked to get her book and start reading; Molly gets her book and starts reading. Molly's teacher ignores her. Molly continues to read her book, In the future, under similar conditions; she will continue to get her book. (is this an example of: Positive R., Positive P., Negative R, Negative P.?)

DNRA

Negatively reinforce alternative behavior (break time is contingent on doing their work at their desk)

Countability/Frequency

Number of responses number over amount of time

DRI/DRA Reversal Technique

Occurrences of a specified behavior that is either incompatible with the target behavior or an alternative to the target behavior are immediately followed by the same consequence previously delivered as contingent reinforcement for the target behavior

Positive Reinforcement

Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions- contrast with negative reinforcement.

Positive Reinforcement

Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.

positive reinforcement

Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.

Divergent Multiple Control

Occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than one responses.

divergent multiple control

Occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than one responses.

Convergent Multiple Control

Occurs when a single verbal response is a function of more than one variable and what is said has more than one antecedent source of control.

convergent multiple control

Occurs when a single verbal response is a function of more than one variable and what is said has more than one antecedent source of control.

Reinforcement

Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.

punishment

Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.

Indirect Measurement

Occurs when the behavior that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest

indirect measurement

Occurs when the behavior that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest

Direct Measurement

Occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation

direct measurement

Occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation

self-control

One of two meanings: A person's ability to "delay gratification" by emitting a response that will produce a larger (or higher quality) delayed reward over a response that produces a smaller but immediate reward (sometimes considered impulse control).

self-control

One of two meanings: A person's behaving in a certain way so as to change a subsequent behavior (i.e., to self-manage her own behavior).

Multiple Baseline across Subjects Design

One target behavior is selected for two or more subjects (or groups) in the same setting.

Response Prompt

Operates directly on response before or during performance verbal, gestural, physical, model, etc

Stimulus Prompt

Operates on antecedent stimulus. Includes position cues, movement cues, and redundancy of the antecedent.

Descriptive Assessment

Organized, conceptually sound and efficacious method for obtaining data essential to the decision to intervene or not, where to intervene, how to intervene, and identification of functional relations.

Discontinuous Measures

Percent correct, trials to criterion, coding, discrete categorization, while and partial interval recording, momentary time sample, PLACHECK "tell me" methods

Indirect Measures of Behavior

Percent of occurrence, trials to criterion, partial-interval recording, whole interval recording, momentary time sampling

Applied

Pertaining or selecting socially significant behaviors to change, that are important to the subject or to society

Methodological Behaviorism

Philosophical position Events that are not publicly observable are outside the realm of science

Positive punishment

Presentation of a stimulus, immediately following a response, results in a future decrease in the frequency of this response

Conditioned Negative Reinforcer

Previously neutral events that acquire their effects through pairing with an existing (unconditioned or conditioned) negative reinforcer.

Premack Principle

Principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. See also response-deprivation hypothesis

Conceptually Systematic

Procedures for changing behavior and interpretation of how and why should be described in terms of the relevant principles from which they were derived

An Sd should always be followed by a ___ or a ___. Data should be recorded as such.

Prompted or independent response.

Antecendent Based

Prompting is ________

teaching loosely

Randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli within and across teaching sessions; promotes setting/situation generalization by reducing the likelihood that (a) a single or small group of noncritical stimuli will acquire exclusive control over the target behavior and (2) the learner's performance of the target behavior will be impeded or "thrown off" should he encounter any of the "loose" stimuli in the generalization setting.

Multielement/Alternating Treatment Design

Rapid, Sequential application and removal of one or more IV Repeated, measurement of behavior while 2 conditions alternate rapidly

c/t

Rate Formula

Direct Measures of Behavior

Rate, duration, latency, inter-response time

Celeration

Rate/time change in behavior over time

Two types of intermittent schedules

Ratio and intermittent

Frequency

Ratio of count over observation time

Rate

Ration of # of responses over a period of time cycle/time

Spontaneous recovery

Re-appearance of a behavior after it has been exposed to extinction for a while

1/t

Record floor value formula

Reinforcer Assessment

Refers to a variety of direct, empirical methods for representing one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and measuring their effectiveness as reinforcers

stimulus preference assessment

Refers to a variety of procedures to determine a) stimulus that a person prefers b) the relative preference values (high v low) of those stimuli and c) the conditions under which those preferences value remain in effect.

Contingency

Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.

contingency

Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.

Practice Effects

Refers to improvements in performance resulting from repeated opportunities to emit the behavior so that baseline measurements can be obtained

Reliability

Refers to the consistency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values

Repeatability

Refers to the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly through time

Temporal Locus

Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events

Temporal Extent

Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time

Experimental Design

Refers to the particular arrangement of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects for the presence, absence, or different values of the independent variable can be made

Local Response Rate

Refers to the rate of response during periods of time smaller than that for which an overall rate has been given

Response Differentiation

Reinforced members of a response class occur more frequently, non reinforced members occur less frequently, A behavior change produced by differential reinforcement: Reinforced members of the current response class occur with greater frequency, and unreinforced members occur less frequently (undergo extinction); the overall result is the emergence of a new response class.

Conjunctive Schedule

Reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for both a ratio and interval schedule of reinforcement

DRO

Reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times (i.e. momentary or interval) Sometimes called differential reinforcement of zero rates of responding or, omission training.

DRI

Reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior. (sitting in seat is incompatible with walking around the room)

Automatic Reinforcement

Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (e.g., scratching an insect bite relieves the itch).

automatic reinforcement

Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (e.g., scratching an insect bite relieves the itch).

DRL

Reinforcer is delivered for no more than a fixed number of responses in a time period -or- Reinforcer is delivered after an IRT greater than some criterion amount of time. Used to decrease the rate of behavior.

Graphs

Relatively simple formats for visually displaying relationships among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables-help people make sense of of quantitative information

Negative punishment

Removal of a stimulus, immediately following a response, results in a future decrease in the frequency of this response

Replication

Repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity

Data Path

Represents the level and trend of behavior between successive data points, and it is a primary focus of attention the interpretation and analysis of graphed data

Examples of positive punishment procedures

Reprimand, response blocking, contingent exercise, overcorrection, contingent electric stimulation

Interval schedule

Requires an elapse of time, before a response produced reinforcement

Examples of negative punishment procedures

Response cost, time-out from positive reinforcement

Whole Interval Recording

Response is recorded as occurring if it occurs the entire interval Use for behavior targeted for increase Underestimates

DRL-T

Responses reinforced only if they are emitted after a specified amount of time has elapsed since the last response. Also known as spaced responding.

Fixed Ratio

Results in unsteady responding, "all or None", post Sr pause

Schedule of Reinforcement

Rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement

Compound Schedule of Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more elements of continuous reinforcement, the 4 intermittent schedules of reinforcement of various rates of responding, and extinction

Concurrent Schedule

Schedule of reinforcement in which 2 or more contingencies of reinforcement operates independently and simultaneously for 2 or more behaviors

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates

Schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcement a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time or b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion

Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates

Schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradual decreasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals.

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates

Schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in precious intervals.

Changed Schedule of Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of 2 or more basic schedules must be met in a specified sequence before reinforcement is delivered: discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule

Continuous Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior

Progressive Schedule Reinforcement

Schedule that systematically thins each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the individual's behavior

DRI and DRA

Schedules of sr that strengthen behavior appropriate behaviors

Discriminative stimulus

Sd. An antecedent stimulus correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a particular response class

Parametric Analysis

Seeks to discover the differential effects of a range of values of the independent variable

self-instruction

Self-generated verbal responses, covert or overt, that function as rules or response prompts for a desired behavior.

Non-Concurrent Multiple Baseline across Individuals

Separate baselines taken and staggered, but not at the same time

Functionally Equivalent

Serving the same function or purpose, producing the same consequences

Stimulus class

Set of stimuli that evoke the same operant response

Delayed Conditioning

Short or long delay between onset of CS and US Most effective form of pairing

Total duration IOA

Shorter duration -------------------------x100 Longer duration

Limited Hold

Situation in which reinforcement is available only for a finite time following the lapse of an FI or VI interval--if the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and new interval begins

Direct Instruction

Small group instruction, frequent active student responding, Teacher follows script, and uses instructional objectives. Teaches more in less time, criterion reference based.

Listener

Someone who provides reinforcement for verbal behavior.

Positive Punishment

Sometimes called Type I punishment

positive punishment

Sometimes called Type I punishment

negative punishment

Sometimes called Type II punishment

conditioned punisher

Sometimes called secondary or learned punishers.

Ethical Codes of Behavior

Statements that provide guidelines for members of professional associations when deciding a course of action or conducting professional duties; standards by which graduated sanctions (e.g., reprimand, censure, expulsion) can be imposed for deviating from the code.

ethical codes of behavior

Variable Interval

Steady low responding, use to increase moderate behavior rates

TRUE

Steady state strategy required repeatedly exposing a participant to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influence on behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the new condition. TRUE/FALSE

Conditioned Reinforcer

Stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer b/c of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers - aka secondary or learned reinforcer

Conditioned Stimulus

Stimulus component of a conditioned reflex: a formerly neutral stimulus

conditioned stimulus

Stimulus component of a conditioned reflex: a formerly neutral stimulus

Indirect Functional Assessment

Structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires used to obtain information from people who are familiar with the person exhibiting the problem behavior

Behavioral

Studying and precisely measuring physical events rather than perceptions or descriptions of events

Describe massing:

Successive teaching trials (at least 3 trials in a row), begins with prompted trilas. Fading of prompts occurs to reach independence.

Prompts

Supplementary antecedent stimuli used to evoke a response in the presence of discriminative stimuli that eventually will control the target behavior

Prompt

Supplementary antecedent stimulus used to occasion a correct response in the presence of an Sd that will eventually control the behavior

Parametric Analysis

Systematic examination of differential effects of a range of values of IV

Sequence Analysis

Systematic presentation and examination of data regarding the target behavior and its stimulus conditions

Backup Reinforcer

Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens.

backup reinforcer

Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens.

Setting Event

Temporally remote or extend and compound events, context, they may precede or overlap with discrete antecedent behavior relationships.

Sensitization

Tendency of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that response by a different stimulus

Behavior

That portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment

Line

The ________graph is the most common graphic formant for displaying data in applied behavior analysis.

behavior

The activity of living organisms

Behavior

The activity of living organisms, includes everything that people do.

Define Inter-trial Interval:

The amount of time between the end of one consequence and the beginning of the next antecedent (Sd).

relation

The association between two variables; the way in which two or more concepts are connected

Determinism

The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomenon occur in relation to other events and not willy-nilly, or in accidental fashion

Mean Count-Per-Interval IOA

The average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by two observers in a measurement period comprised of a series of smaller counting times

mean count-per-interval IOA

The average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by two observers in a measurement period comprised of a series of smaller counting times

Overall Response Rate

The average rate of response over a given time period, such as during a specific session, phase, or condition of an experiment

Operant Conditioning

The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment)frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational conditions in the future.

operant conditioning

Behavioral

The behavior must be observable, measurable, and must be behavior that will positively affect the person's life. We also must ask ourselves, who's behavior is being changes. (hint:Characteristics of ABA)

Applied

The behavior targeted for change must be socially significant behavior that will improve the person's life.

applied (7 characteristics of ABA)

The behavior targeted for change must be socially significant behavior that will improve the person's life.

Topographical

The behaviors shape or form

Normalization

The belief that people with disabilities should be physically and socially integrated into the mainstream of society regardless of the degree or type of disability

Response Cost

The contingent loss of reinforcers (e.g. a fine), producing a decre.ase of the frequency of behavior; a form of negative punishment

DRO Reversal Technique

The control condition consists of delivering the event suspected of functioning as reinforcement following the emission of any behavior other than the target behavior

Stimulus Equivalence

The emergence of accurate responding to untrained and nonreinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus relations. Exists when learner correctly identifies a symbolic relationship between two non-identical stimuli without specific training. Learner makes untrained but accurate connections between stimuli.

Instructional Setting

The environment where instruction occurs; includes all aspects of the environment, planned and unplanned, that may influence the learner's acquisition and generalization of the target behavior.

instructional setting

The environment where instruction occurs; includes all aspects of the environment, planned and unplanned, that may influence the learner's acquisition and generalization of the target behavior.

Response Maintenance

response maintenance

setting/situation generalization

The extent to which a learner emits the target behavior in a setting or stimulus situation that is different from the instructional setting.

Response Generalization

The extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior.

Response generalization

The extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior.

Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Internal validity

The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables.

validity

The extent to which dta obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and to the reason(s) for measuring it

Accuracy

The extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature

Treatment Integrity

The extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertently along with the planned treatment (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Believability

The extent to which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation

believability

The extent to which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation

Prediction, Functional Relation, Mentalism

The following are neither attitude of science and ABA

magnitude

The force or intensity of the behavioral response.

Magnitude

The force or intensity with which a response is emitted

Contingent Attention, Contingent Escape, Alone, and Control

The four conditions typically tested in a functional analysis

selection by consequences

The fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; all forms of operant behavior, from simple to complex, are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime.

Selection by Consequence

The fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; the basic tenet is that all forms of operant behavior, are selected, maintained and shaped by their consequences in an individual's lifetime

Ontogeny

The history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime.

ontogeny

The history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime.

Ontogeny

The history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime.

Phylogeny

The history of the natural evolution of a species

phylogeny

The history of the natural evolution of a species

Parsimony

The idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.

Determinism

The kind of information that should be gathered on the phenomena of interest

Conditional Probability

The likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance

Response-Deprivation Hypothesis

The model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as a reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity being compared to the baseline level of engagement refers to this

Response-deprivation hypothesis

Contingency Contracting

The negotiated goals and procedures of a behavior analysis program or to a document that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of a specific behavior and access to, or delivery of a specific reward

Trials to Criterion

The number of consecutive opportunities to respond required to achieve a performance standard

Rate

The number of responses per unit of time

Momentary Time Sampling

The number of time intervals in a specific period of time at the end of which a response is occurring

Partial Interval Recording

The number of time intervals in a specific period of time during which a response occurs at least once

Whole Interval Recording

The number of time intervals in a specific period of time during which a response occurs continuously for an entire interval

Count per Minute Rhyme for SCC

The numbers on the left that start with 1 tell us what to count by and what to count from.

Recovery from Punishment Procedure

The occurrence of a previously punished type of response without its punishment procedure. This procedure is analogous to the extinction of previously reinforced behavior and has the effect of undoing the effect of the punishment.

Recovery from punishment procedure

Trend

The overall direction taken by a data path is its_________________?

exact count-per-interval IOA

The percentage of total intervals in which two observers recorded the same count

self-management

The personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior.

Behavioral Contrast

The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.

behavioral contrast

Parsimony

The practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations before considering more abstract or complex explanations

Affirmation of the Consequent

The predictive power of steady state responding enables the behavior analyst to employ a kind of inductive logic

ABC Recording

The preferred method to use for behavioral assessment to determine which behavior to target for change is:

ABC recording

The preferred method to use for behavioral assessment to determine which behavior to target for change is:

operant conditioning

The process by which operant learning occurs

Schedule thinning

The process of moving from CRF to the intermittent reinforcement

TRUE

The purpose of establishing baseline level, is that the subjects performance in the absence of the independent variable serves as an objective basis for detecting the effects of the independent variable when introduced in the future. TRUE/FALSE

Alternating Treatments Design

The rapid alternation of two or more distinct treatments while their effects on the target behavior are measured

Percent of Occurrence

The ratio of responses to opportunities to respond multiplied by 100

Respondent Extinction

The repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus; the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual's repertoire.

respondent extinction

Respondent Behavior

The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli.

Respondent behavior

The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli. pavlova-reflective behavior can be brought out by stimulus (dogs salivate at bell)

Applied Behavior Analysis

The science in which tactics or methods derived from the principals of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior, and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the behavior change

Deprivation

The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer: also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

deprivation

Punisher

The stimulus change, presented or removed, that results in a decrease in future responding

unconditioned stimulus

The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning.

What is random rotation?

The target response is randomly rotated with other TARGET respones. Should be very little prompting/errors.

Selectionism

The theory that all forms of life evolve as a result of selection with respect to function, or consequences

Repeatability, Temporal Extent, Temporal Locus

The three fundamental properties, or dimensional quantities, that behavior analysts can measure

Latency

The time that elapses between a stimulus and the response to it, associated with temporal locus

Multielement Design

The treatment design provides an experimentally sound and efficient method for comparing the effects of two or more treatments

Convergent and Divergent

The two types of multiple control.

convergent and divergent

The two types of multiple control.

Experimentation

The use of experiments, or carefully controlled comparisons of the phenomenon of interest, to identify relations between variables

Level

The value on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavioral measures converge

Dependent Variable

The variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior. The measure of which is found on the y-axis of a graph.

Independent Variable

The variable that is systematically manipulated to determine if there is an effect/change on the behavior ( i.e. the intervention or treatment variable).

Empiricism

The way questions about the workings of nature are most effectively examined

Technological

The written description of all procedures used in the study is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate it

Analytic

There is a functional relationship between the independent and dependant variable. (hint:Characteristics of ABA)

analytic (7 characteristics of ABA)

There is a functional relationship between the independent and dependent variable. (hint:Characteristics of ABA)

Observation Period

This should always be noted when reporting count measures

Reinforcement

This term is one of the most important principle of behavior and a key element of most behavior change programs.

Objective, Clear, Complete

Three characteristics of a "good definition"

IRT

Time between 2 successive responses repeatability and temporal extent

FA of High Risk Behavior

Time limited assessments Use of protective equipment FA of precursor behaviors terminate session after first behavior or 5 minutes of not response

Data to use for high rates of behavior

Time sampling best used for data for _________

Celeration Trend Line

Trend line measured as a factor by which rate multiplies or divides across the celeration time periods

experiment

a carefully conducted comparison of some measure of the phenomenon (behavior) of interests (dependent variable) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (independent variable) differs from one condition to another.

experiment

a carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (the dependent varibale) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (the independent variable) differs from one condition to another

concept formation

a complex example of stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between classes of stimuli

Ascending baseline

a data path that shows and increasing trend in the response measure over time.

transitivity

a derived stimulus-stimulus relation that emerges as a product of training two other stimulus-stimulus realtions.

Cumulative Recorder

a devise that automatically draws cumulative records that show the rate of response in real time

explanatory fiction

a fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon, such as "intelligence" or "cognitive awareness" as explanations for why an organism puches the lever when the light is on and food is available but does not push the lever when the light is off and no food is available.

behavioral assessment

a form of assessment that involves a full range of inquiry methods (observation, interview, testing, and the systematic manipulation of antecedent or consequence variables) to identity probable antecedent and consequent controlling variables.

anecdotal observation

a form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behavior(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client's natural environment

measurement bias

a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event

NCR Reversal Design

a higher level of responding during the reinforcement condition demonstrates that the changes in behavior are the result of contingent reinforcement, not simply the presentation of or contact with the stimulus event

methodological behaviorism

A philosophic position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed outside the realm of science.

Experimental Control

A predictable change in behavior can be reliably and repeatedly produced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the subject's environment

conditioned punisher

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher

conditioned punisher

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers.

Conditioned reinforcer

A previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforce through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned reinforcers, or conditioned reinforcers

duration

a measure of the total extent of time in which a behavior occurs

Momentary time sampling

a measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals

time sampling

a measurement of the presence or absence of behavior within specific time intervals

DRA

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior

Split-Middle Line of Progress

a method calculating and drawing lines of progress that is more reliable than the freehand method and much less time-consuming than linear regression methods

forward chaining

a method for teaching behavior chains that begins with the learner being prompted and taught to perform the fist behaivor in the task analysis; the trainer completed the remaining steps in the chian.

experimental analysis of behavior

a method for which behaviorism provides the theoretical underpinnings, for studying behavior and the environmental variables of which it is a function. The characteristics of this method include continuous observation of beahivor of individuals, precise description of both behavior and the IV in question, automated recording whenever possible and studying behavior in contorlled environments

Planned Ignoring

A procedure for implementing time-out in which social reinforcers - usually attention, physical contact, and verbal interaction - are withheld for a brief period contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior.

Planned ignoring

contingent observation

A procedure for implementing time-out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost.

Hallway Time-Out

Multiple Probe Design

a method of analyzing the relation between the independent variable and the acquisition of a successive approximation or task sequence.

measurement by permanent product

a method of measuring behavior after it has occurred by recording the effects that the behavior produced on the environment

Noncontingent Reinforcement

A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on a fixed-time (FT) or variable-time (VT) schedules completely independent of behavior; often used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem behavior.

noncontingent reinforcement

negative reinforcement

A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on fixed or variable-time schedules completely independent of behavior. Used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem behavior.

Non-Contingent Reinforcement

A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on fixed time or variable time schedules completely independent of behavior

response blocking

A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior.

Placebo Control

A procedure that prevents a subject from detecting the presence or absence of the treatment variable. To the subject the placebo condition appears the same as the treatment condition: e.g., a placebo pill contains an inert substance but looks, feels, and tastes exactly like a pill that contains the treatment drug (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

self-monitoring

A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior.

Define shaping:

A proces used in teaching in which a behavior or skill is gradually taught by differentially reinforcing successive approximations to the behavior that the teacher wants to create.

differential reinforcement of other behavior

A proceudre for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times

Response prompt

A prompt that operates directly on the response

Frequency

A ratio of count per observation time

Rate

A ratio of count per observation time

Stimulus Response

A reflex, consistent of an antecedent stimulus and the response behavior that ELICITS. (hint: Knee jerk when taped on the knee.

Function-Altering Effect

Negative punishment

A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions.

Negative Punishment

Lag Reinforcement Schedule

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingent on a response being different in some specified way from the previous response or a specified number of previous responses.

lag reinforcement schedule

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingent on a response being different in some specified way from the previous response or a specified number of previous responses.

Fixed Interval

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals

Continuous Reinforcement

A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior

Variable Interval

A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first correct response following the elapse of variable durations of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates

A schedule of reinforcement where a reinforcer is delivered at the end of a specified time interval contingent on the occurrence of fewer than a specified number of responses

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior

A schedule of reinforcement where a reinforcer is delivered contingent on the occurrence of a particular behavior topographically defined as being incompatible with the target behavior

Fixed ratio (FR)

A schedule that requires a specific number of responses to be completed, before a response produced a reinforce i.e. FR1, FR3

Extinction

A schedule that withholds reinforcement for an occurrence of a target behavior - EXT

massed practice

Multiple Baseline across Settings Design

A single behavior of a person (or group) is targeted in two or more different settings or conditions (e.g. locations, times of day).

Conflict of Interest

A situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or personal interests that make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially.

conflict of interest

A situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or personal interests that make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially.

stimulus control

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.

Formal Similarity

A situation that occurs when the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response or response product (a) share the same sense mode (e.g., both stimulus and response are visual, auditory, or tactile) and (b) physically resemble each other.

formal similarity

Irreversibility

A situation that occurs when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase

Principle of Behavior

A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time.

principle of behavior

A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time.

Prediction

A statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement/on of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs

Functional relation

A statement that describes how two variables ,events, are related where a change in one event can reliably be produced by the specific manipulation of another event

unconditioned punisher

A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior tha immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.

Punisher

A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

punisher

A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior.

neutral stimulus

A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior.

Consequence

A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest.

consequence

A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest.

Unconditioned reinforcer

A stimulus change that functions as reinforcement even though the learner has no learning history with it. Examples: food, water, oxygen, warmth, sexual stimulation

unconditioned reinforcer

A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.

Reinforcer

A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

Generalized Conditioned Punisher

A stimulus change that, as a result of having been paired with many other punishers, functions as punishment under most conditions because it is free from the control of motivating conditions for specific types of punishment.

generalized conditioned punisher

A stimulus in the presence of which a response has been reinforced in the past - evokes a response, or increases momentary frequency, of the response

Discriminative Stimulus

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.

discriminative stimulus

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.

discriminative stimulus related to punishment

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.

Reflexive Conditioned Motivating Operation

A stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement. It is exemplified by the warning stimulus in a typical escape-avoidance procedure, which establishes its own offset as reinforcement and evokes all behavior that has accomplished that offset.

Reflexive conditioned motivating operation

surrogate conditioned motivating operation

A stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO and has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired.

Conditioned punisher

A stimulus that functions as a punisher as a result of conditioning history

Stimulus Delta

A stimulus that when present weakens behavior because in the past that behavior has been extinguished in its presence

Unconditioned punisher

A stimulus whose presentation functions as a punisher without having been paired with any other punishers

Reflex

A stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (bright light-pupil contraction).

Respondent Conditioning

A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.

Respondent conditioning

conceptually systematic (7 characteristics of ABA)

A study is _ _ if its procedures are derived from basic principles of behavior.

Emergency Situation

A sudden generally unexpected occurrence of some action that requires immediate action

token economy

A system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers.

Science

A systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world

Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

A systematic method of assessment for obtaining information about the purposes (functions) a problem behavior serves for a person

General Case Analysis

A systematic process for identifying and selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in the generalization setting(s).

general case analysis

A systematic process for identifying and selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in the generalization setting(s).

Generic (Tact) Extension

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares all of the relevant or defining features associated with the original stimulus.

metaphorical (tact) extension

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares some, but not all, of the relevant features of the original stimulus.

Programming Common Stimuli

A tactic for promoting setting/situation generalization by making the instructional setting similar to the generalization setting; the two-step process involves (1) identifying salient stimuli that characterize the generalization setting and (2) incorporating those stimuli into the instructional setting.

Programming common stimuli

A-B Design

A two phase experimental design consisting of a pre-treatment baseline condition (A) followed by a treatment condition (B).

Positive reinforcement

A type of reinforcement that occurs when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus, and as a result, similar responses occur more frequently in the future

Multiple Probe Design

A variation of the multiple baseline design that features intermittent measures during baseline. It is used to evaluate the effects of instruction on skill sequences in which it is unlikely that the subject can improve performance on later steps in the sequence before learning prior steps

Post Reinforcement Pause

Absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement

Programmed Instruction

Active responding in each small frame of instruction Immediate automated feedback Successive approximation: Students encounter tasks that build, beginning with responses that are prompted. Help is faded until student performs new skill on their own. Few if any errors. Progression depends upon mastery.

Matching Law

Allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative

Multiple Baseline Design

An Experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviors while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior(s). After maximum change has been noted in the first behavior, the treatment variable is applied in sequential fashion to each of the other behaviors in the design.

Behavior-Altering Effect

An alteration in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation.

High-Probability (High-p) Request Sequence

An antecedent intervention in which two to five easy tasks with a known history of learner compliance (the high-p requests) are presented in quick succession immediately before requesting the target task, the low-p request.

high-probability (high-p) request sequence

Ecological Assessment

An assessment protocol that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior - a method for obtaining data across multiple settings and persons

Philosophic Doubt

An attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned

tact

An elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement.

Echoic

An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response.

textual

An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence, but not formal similarity, between the stimulus and the response product.

transcription

An elementary verbal operant involving a spoken verbal stimulus that evokes a written, typed, or finger-spelled response. There is point-to-point correspondence between the stimulus and the response product, but no formal similarity.

Copying a text

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a nonvocal verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the controlling response.

copying a text

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a nonvocal verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the controlling response.

Mand

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement.

mand

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement.

stimulus

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.

Motivating operation

transitive conditioned motivating operation

An environmental variable that, as a result of a learning history, establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes (or abates) the behavior that has been reinforced by that other stimulus.

Type I Error

An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a "false positive" (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Transitive CMO

An event which establishes another stimulus as a necessary condition to complete the response that the first event evokes and thus establishes that second stimulus as a reinforcer

Parametric analysis

An experiment designed to discover the differential effects of a range of values of an independent variable.

A-B-A Design

An experimental design entailing one reversal

A-B-A-B Design

An experimental design reintroducing the B condition enables the replication of treatment effects, which strengthens the demonstration of experimental control

Double Blind Control

An experimental technique in which biased expectations of experimenters are eliminated by keeping both participants and experimental assistants unaware of which participants have received which treatment

Internal Validity

An experimenter has a high degree of ____________ _________________when it shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of unknown variables.

Evocative Effect

An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation. For example, food deprivation evokes (increases) behavior that has been reinforced by food.

Reinforcer-Establishing Effect

An increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation.

Reinforcer-establishing effect

An increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation.

Behavior Trap

An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting behavior changes.

token

An object that is awarded contingent on appropriate behavior and that serves as the medium of exchange for backup reinforcers.

Naive Observer

An observer who is unaware of the study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period

Naive observer

An observer who is unaware of the study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period

Discriminated Operant

An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others.

discriminated operant

An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others.

unconditioned punisher

An unlearned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g. food in mouth) that elicits the response (e.g. salivation); a product of the phylogenic evolution of a given species.

Aversive Stimulus

An unpleasant or noxious stimulus

Hero Procedure

Another term for a dependent group contingency (i.e., a person earns a reward for the group).

Arbitrary Stimulus Class

Antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under

contrived contingency

Naturally Existing Contingency

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) that operates independent of the behavior analyst's or practitioner's efforts; includes socially mediated contingencies contrived by other people and already in effect in the relevant setting.

Naturally existing contingency

Reversal Design

Any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by "reversing" responding to a level obtained in a previous condition: encompasses experimental designs in which the independent variable is withdrawn

Discrete Trial

Any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response

generalization setting

Any place or stimulus situation that differs in some meaningful way from the instructional setting and in which performance of the target behavior is desired.

calibration

Any procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement system and, when sources of error are found, to use that information to correct or improve the measuring system

Observer Drift

Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error

observer drift

Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error

Audience

Anyone who functions as a discriminative stimulus evoking verbal behavior.

audience

Anyone who functions as a discriminative stimulus evoking verbal behavior.

Discrimination Training

As applied to operant conditioning, the differential reinforcement of responding in the presence of one stimulus (the SD) and not another.

B-A-B design

Begins with application of the independent variable: the treatment

Empiricism

Behavior can be studied scientifically Objective observation through description and quantification Induction

Behavioral

Behavior chosen must be in need of improvement, measurable, and make sure that it is the target behavior that changed, not a confounding variable

Determinism

Behavior is lawful, the universe is a lawful and orderly place, all phenomena occur as a result other events, Behavior is a function of genetics and the environment

Automaticity of Reinforcement

Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness. Person doesn't have to know that a consequence has occurred.

Ethics

Behavior practices and decisions that address such basic and fundamental question as what is the right thing to do? What does it mean to be a good analytic practitioner?

Operant Behavior

Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person's repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment.

operant behavior

Adjunctive Behavior

Behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement for other behavior: time-filling or interim activities that are induced by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be derived-aka schedule-induced behavior

Ratio Strain

Behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules

Ethics

Behaviors, practices, and decisions that address such basic and fundamental questions as: What is the right thing to do? What's worth doing? What does it mean to be a good behavior analytic practitioner?

ethics

Task Analysis

Breaking down a behavior chain into its component responses, complex task are broken down into small teachable units

Simultaneous Conditioning

CS and US onset at the same time Not effective

Generalization Across Subjects

Changes in the behavior of people not directly treated by an intervention as a function of treatment contingencies applied to other people.

Teleological Explanatory Fiction

Citing references that include ... event to be an active agent in its own causation, something happened 'in order to effect itself..'

experimental analysis of behavior (EAB)

a natural science approach to the study of behavior as a subject matter in its own right founded by B.F.Skinner; methodological features include rate of response as a basic dependent vairable, repeated or continuous measurement of clearly defined response classes, within-subject experimental comparisons instead of group design, visual analysis of graphed data instead of statistical inference, and an emphasis on describing functional relations between behavior and controlling variables in the environment over formal theory testing

Steady or Stable State Responding

a pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time

Steady state responding

a pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time.

methodological behaviorism

a philosophical position that vies behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science

Experimental Control

a predictable change in behavior can be reliably and repeatedly produced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the subject's environment

Experimental Control

a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the person's environment

conditioned stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that, through correclation with an unconditioned stimulus, has come to elicit a conditioned response

differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)

a procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)

a procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior

differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)

a procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior

spaced-responding DRL

a procedure for implementing DRL in which reinforcement follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT)

interval DRL

a procedure for implementing DRL in which the total session is divided into equal intervals and reinfrocement is provided at the end of each interval in which the number of responses during the interval is equal to or below a criterion limit

full session DRL

a procedure for impleneting DRL in which reinforcement is delivered at the end of the session if the total number of responses emitted during the session does not exceed a criterion limit

fading

a procedure for transferring stimulus control in which features of an antecedent stimulus (e.g., shape, size, position, color) controlling a beahvior are gradually changed to a new stimulus while maintaining the current behavior; stimulus features can be faded in (enhanced) or out (reduced)

matching-to-sample

a proceudre for investigating conditional relations and stimulus equivalence.

percentage

a ratio formed by combining the same dimensional quantities

frequency

a ratio of count per observation time

rate

a ratio of count per observation time

escape contingency

a response terminates an ongoing stimulus.

unconditioned response

a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

fixed interval (FI)

a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duraiton of time since the last response was reinforced

concurrent schedule (conc)

a schedule of reinforcement in which two or more contingencies of reinforcement (elements) operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors

fixed ratio (FR)

a schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement

Mixed Schedule

Compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence

Mixed schedule

Compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence

Multiple Schedule

Compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

Conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an established operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness

behavior chain

a sequence of responses in which each response prduces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcemnt for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain; reinforcement for the last response in a chain maintains the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus changes produced by all previous responses in the chain

Effects of VR schedule

Consistent, steady rates of responding, high rates of response; no post-reinforcement pause

self-contract

Contingency contract that a person makes with himself, incorporating a self-selected task and reward as well as personal monitoring of task completions and self-delivery of the reward.

Avoidance Contingency

Contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus- compare with escape contingency

Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement

Contingency of reinforcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcement

antecedent stimulus class

a set of stimuli that share a common relationship. all stimuli in an _______________ evoke the same operant behavior, or elicit the same respondent behavior.

count

a simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior

Multiple Baseline across Settings Design

a single behavior of a person (or group) is targeted in two or more different settings or conditions (e.g. locations, times of day).

Irreversibility

a situation that occurs when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase

trials-to-criterion

a special form of event recording; a measure of the number of responses or practice opportunities needed for a person to achieve a pre-established level of accuracy or proficiency

Prediction

a statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement/on of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs

experimental question

a statement of what the researcher seeks to learn by conducting the experiment; may be presented in question form and is most often found in a published account as a statement of the experiment's purpose.

consequence

a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest

discriminative stimulus for punishment

a stimulus condition in the presence of which a response has a lower probability of occurrence than it does in its absence as a result of response-contingent punishment delivery in the presence of the stimulus.

negative reinforcement

a stimulus is attenuated or removed following a response, and as a result the future frequency of the response class increases

positive punishment

a stimulus is presented after a behavior and as a result the frequency of the response class decreases

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response, and does so without previous conditioning

functional behavior assessment (FBA)

a systematic method of assessment for obtaining information about the purposes (functions) a problem behavior serves for a person

clicker training

a term popularized by Pryor (1999) for shaping behavior using conditioned reinforcement in the form of an auditory stimulus.

Baseline logic

a term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication.

withdrawal design

a term used by some authors as a synonym for A-B-A-B design; also used to describe experiemnts in which an effective treatment is sequenctially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behavior changes.

scatterplot

a two dimensional graph that shoes the relative distibution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the x and y axes.

A-B Design

a two phase experimental design consisting of a pre-treatment baseline condition (A) followed by a treatment condition (B).

reflexivity

a type of stimulus-to-stimulus relation in which the larner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus

celeration time period

a unit of time (e.g., per week, per month) in which celeration is plotted on a Standard Celeration Chart

planned activity check (PLACHECK)

a variation of momentary time sampling in which the observer records whether each person in a group is engaged in the target behavior at specific points in time; provides a measure of "group behavior"

fucntional relation

a verbal statement summarizing the results of an experiment (or group of related experiemts) that describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variable sin the experiment in which a specific change in one event canb e produced by manipulating another event, and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely the result of other factors

Single-Subject Designs

a wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the independent variable on the behavior of individual subjects

NET

Contrived learning opportunities

Reflexive CMO

Correlated with a worsening or improving condition; threat or promise CMOs

AO for Sp

Decreases value of Sp, evokes behavior

AO for Sr

Decreases value of Sr, abates behavior

Analytic

Demonstrating experimental control over the occurrence, or non-occurrence, of a behavior; demonstrating, if, a functional relation was demonstrated

Conceptually systematic

Deriving procedures to change behavior that are based on proven principals of behavior

Confidentiality

Describes a situation of trust insofar as any information regarding a person receiving or having received services may not be discussed with or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization for release of such information.

confidentiality

Contingent

Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.

contingent

Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.

Functional Definition of Behavior

Designated responses as members of the targeted response class only by their common effect on the environment (function)

Functional definition of behavior

Designated responses as members of the targeted response class only by their common effect on the environment (function)

Function-Based Definition

Designates responses as members of the targeted response class solely in terms of their common effect on the environment

Technological

Detailing procedures for behavior change in sufficient detail so that replication can occur

Higher Order Conditioning

Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS). Also known as secondary conditioning.

higher order conditioning

Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS). Also known as secondary conditioning.

Positive Punishment

Devon is driving car, sees red light and hits the gas. His car is hit. Devin's fine, but new car dented. In future Devon will not "speed up" when there is a red light. (is this an example of: Positive R., Positive P., Negative R, Negative P.?)

Descriptive Functional Behavior Analyses

Direct observation of problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions

Descriptive Functional Behavior Assessment

Direct observation of problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions

Sdp

Discriminative stimulus for punishment

Variability

Divergence of measures of behavior Greater variability equals need for additional data

Condition Line

Dotted, minor change, change to IV

Parameters of Reinforcement

Duration, quantity, magnitude

the consistency of responding the rate of responding and performance during extinction.

Each basic schedule of reinforcement has unique response characteristics that determine what?

Contextual Variable

Ecological, non-discrete stimuli which overlap with discrete antecedent behavior relationships

Reactivity

Effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behavior being measured

Value-altering effect

Either establishing or abolishing - altering the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer

Behavior-altering effect

Either evocative or abative - altering in the frequency of behavior as a result of value altering effect of MO

post reinforcement pause

absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement

Matching law

allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative

autoclitic

an SD or an MO for additional speaker verbal behavior.

functional analysis

an analysis of the purposes (functions) of problem behavior, wherein antecedents and consequences representing those in the person's natural routines are arranged within an experimental design so that their separate effects on problem behavior can be observed and measured

Parametric analysis

an experiment designed to discover the differential effects of a range of values of an independent variable.

A-B-A-B Design

an experiment reintroducing the B condition enables the replication of treatment effects, which strengthens the demonstration of experimental control

Double Blind Control

an experimental technique in which biased expectations of experimenters are eliminated by keeping both participants and experimental assistants unaware of which participants have received which treatment

evocative effect

an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

extinction burst

an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented.

behavior chain interruption strategy

an intervention that relies on the participant's skill in performing the critical elements of a chain independently; the chain is interrupted occasionally so that another behavior can be emitted

artifact

an outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it is measured but in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred

unconditioned reflex

an unlearned stimulu-reponse fucntional realtion consisting of an antecedent stimulus that elicits the response ; a product of the phylogenic evolution of a given species; all biologically intact members of a species are born with similar repertoires of unconditioned reflexes

aversive stimulus

an unpleasant or noxious stimulus

arbitrary stimulus class

antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under (e.g., peanuts, cheese, coconut milk, and chicken breasts are members of this if they evoke the response "source of protein"

free operant

any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space

seven dimensions of ABA

applied, behavioral, analytic, technological, generality, effective, conceptually systematic

B-A-B design

begins with application of the independent variable: the treatment

Multiple Baseline across Behaviors Design

begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors of a single participant

rule goverened behavior

behavior acquired via descriptions of the contingencies without the person actually contacting the contingencies described

contingency shaped behavior

behavior acquired via reinforcement contingencies

conceptually systematic

behavior change interventions are derived from basic prinicples of behavior

rule-governed behavior

behavior controlled bya rule; enables human beahvior to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences.

automaticity of reinforcement

behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness. Person doesn't have to know that a consequence has occurred.

effective (7 characteristics of ABA)

behavior must be improved to a practical degree

respondent

behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli, or induced by a stimulus that precedes the behavior

Adjunctive Behavior

behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement for other behavior: time-filling or interim activities that are induced by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be derived-aka schedule-induced behavior

operant behavior

behavior whose future frequency is determined by its history of consequences

ratio strain

behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules

EAB

branch of ABA that is concerned with basic research. Skinner

behaviorism

branch of ABA that is the philosophy of the science of behavior

free operant

can be emitted at nearly any time; is discrete, it requires minimal time for completion, and it can produce a wide range of response rates

three elements of consent

capacity, information, voluntariness

Mixed schedule

compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence

multiple schedule

compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an established operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness

Avoidance contingency

contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus- compare with escape contingency

escape contingency

contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus-compare with avoidance contingency

discriminated avoidance

contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer- see also discriminative stimulus, discriminated operant, free operant avoidance, and stimulus control.

free-operant avoidance

contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus-compare with discriminated avoidance

negative reinforcement

contingency in which the occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus, which lead to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.

Intermittent schedule of reinforcement

contingency of reinforcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcement

Variable baseline

data points that do not consistently fall within a narrow range of values and do not suggest any clear trend.

stable baseline

data that show no evidence of an upward or downward trend; all of the measures fall within a relatively small range of values.

topography-based definition

defines instances of the targeted response class by the shape or form of the behavior

analytic

demonsrates expirmental control over the occurrence and nonoccurrence of the behavior, that is if a functional relation is demonstrated

Verification

demonstrates that prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the independent variable not been introduced

function-based definition

designates responses as members of the targeted response class solely in terms of their common effect on the environment

descriptive functional behavior assessment

direct observation of problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions

reactivity

effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behavior being measured

7 dimensions- behavioral

entails precise measurement of the actual behavior in need of improvement and documents that it was the subject's beahvior that changed

Steady State Strategy

entails repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control any extraneous influences on the behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition

Baseline Logic

entails three elements-prediction, verification, and replication

antecedent

environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest

mean duration-per-occurrence IOA

equals average percentage of agreement of the durations reported by two observers for each occurrence of the target behavior

scientific manipulation

events that are though to affect the phenomena of interest are carefully manipulated to elucidate their effects

contingency reversal

exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for two topographically different responses

functional relation

exist when a well controlled experiment reveals that a specific change in on event (DV) can reliably be produced by specific manipulations of another event (IV) and that change in the DV was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (confounding variables)

Multiple treatment reversal design

experiments that use the reversal design to compare the effects of two or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another

Bar Graph

histogram, is a simple and versatile format for graphically summarizing behavioral data

relevance of behavior rule

holds that only behaviors likely to produce reinforcement in the person's natural environment should be targeted for change

Variability

how often and the extent to which multiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes

Practice effects

improvement in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained.

Visual Analysis

interpretation of graphically displayed data that is employed by behavior analysts in a systematic form of examination

discontinuous measurement

measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected

event recording

measurement procedure for obtaining a tally or count of the number of times a behavior occurs

Response Deprivation hypothesis

model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether the access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement- See Premack principle

DRI/DRA reversal technique

occurrences of a specified behavior that is either incompatible with the target behavior or an alternative to the target behavior are immediately followed by the same consequence previously delivered as contingent reinforcement for the target behavior

Positive reinforcement

occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions- contrast with negative reinforcement.

Verification

one of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs; accomplished by demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the independent variable not been introduced. Verifying the accuracy of the original prediction reduces the probability that some uncontrolled (confounding) variable was responsible for the observed change in behavior.

Multiple Baseline across Subjects Design

one target behavior is selected for two or more subjects (or groups) in the same setting.

When should emergency procedures be used?

only when there is documented need to do so to protect the client, others or the environment

conditioned negative reinforcer

previously neutral events that acquire their effects through pairing with an existing (unconditioned or conditioned) negative reinforcer.

conditioned negative reinforcer

previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer b/c of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers- see negative reinforcer; compare with unconditioned negative reinforcer

Premack Principle

principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. See also response-deprivation hypothesis

7 dimensions- generality

produces behavior changes that last over time, appear in other environments, or spread to other behaviors

Alternative schedule

provides positive reinforcement whenever the requirement of either a ratio schedule or interval schedule is met, regardless of which of the component schedule's requirement is met first.

Reinforcer Assessment

refers to a variety of direct, empirical methods for representing one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and measuring their effectiveness as reinforcers

Semi-Logarithmic Chart

refers to graphs in which only one axis is scaled proportionally

Practice Effects

refers to improvements in performance resulting from repeated opportunities to emit the behavior so that baseline measurements can be obtained

Conjunctive schedule

reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for both a ratio and interval schedule of reinforcement

Steady state strategy

repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influences on the behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition.

Replication

repeating the independent variable manipulations conducted previously in the study and obtaining similar outcomes

Data Path

represents the level and trend of behavior between successive data points, and it is a primary focus of attention the interpretation and analysis of graphed data

information

requires that the person giving consent be informed that he or she has the right to refuse to give consent without penalty, that he/she may withdraw consent at any time without penalty, the exact nature of the procedures, expected benefits, potential risks, and risks/benefits of alternative approaches

voluntariness

requires that there be no coercion of duress in obtaining consent

tandem schedule

schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except, like the mixed schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain

Differential reinforcement of low rates

schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcement a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time or b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion

Differential reinforcement of diminishing rates

schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradual decreasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals.

Differential reinforcement of high rates

schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in precious intervals.

Changed schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of 2 or more basic schedules must be met in a specified sequence before reinforcement is delivered: discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule

continuous reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior

variable interval

schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first correct response following the elapse of variable duration of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order

Progressive schedule reinforcement

schedule that systematically thins each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the individual's behavior

Parametric Analysis

seeks to discover the differential effects of a range of values of the independent variable

Limited hold

situation in which reinforcement is available only for a finite time following the lapse of an FI or VI interval--if the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and new interval begins

Conditioned reinforcer

stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer b/c of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers - aka secondary or learned reinforcer

Unconditioned reinforcers

stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. They are the product of the revolutionary development of the species (phylogeny)- aka primary or unlearned reinforcer; compare with conditioned reinforcer

Unconditioned negative reinforcer

stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcer as a result of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny); no prior learning involved

discriminative stimulus

stimulus that when present strengthens behavior because in the past the behavior has been reinforced in its presence

positive reinforcer

stimulus whose presentation or onset functions as reinforcement-contrast with negative reinforcer

indirect functional assessment

structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires used to obtain information from people who are familiar with the person exhibiting the problem behavior

Overall Response Rate

the average rate of response over a given time period, such as during a specific session, phase, or condition of an experiment

three-term contingency

the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant beahvior; encompasses the termporal and possible dependent realtions among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence.

normalization

the belief that people with disabilities should be physically and socially integrated into the mainstream of society regardless of the degree or type of disability

celeration

the change (acceleration or deceleration) in rate of responding over time

DRO reversal technique

the control condition consists of delivering the event suspected of functioning as reinforcement following the emission of any behavior other than the target behavior

stimulus discrimination training

the conventional procedure requires one beahvior and two antecedent stimulus conditions.

extinction (operant)

the discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinfroced behavior ; the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur.

Multiple treatment interference

the effects of one treatment on a subject's behavior being confounding by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study

Sequence Effects

the effects on a subject's experience with a prior condition

interresponse time (IRT)

the elapsed time between two successive responses

Response latency

the elapsed time from the onset of a stimulus (e.g., task direction, cue) to the initiation of a response

stimulus equivalence

the emergence of accurate responding to untrained and non reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following th ereinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus realtions.

terminal behavior

the end product of shaping

Internal validity

the extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables.

magnitude

the force or intensity with which a response is emitted

contingent attention, contingent escape, alone, and control

the four conditions typically tested in a functional analysis

conditional probability

the likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance

counting time

the period of time in which a count of the number of responses emitted was recorded.

behaviorism

the philosophy of a science of behaivor; there are various forms of __________________.

behaviorism

the philosophy of behavior analysis based on a scientific approach to the examination of behavior extended to verbal behavior, and private events, advancing that all behavior is a function of interactions of ontogenic and phylogenic variables rather than contorlled by nominal hypothetical entities such as "mind", "will" and "self"

topography

the physical form or shape of a behavior

response topography

the physical shape or form of a behavior

Dependent Variable

the points on a line graph that shows the level of some quantifiable dimension of the target behavior

Affirmation of the Consequent

the predictive power of steady state responding enables the behavior analyst to employ a kind of inductive logic

sensory extinction

the process by which behaviors maintian by automatic reinforcement are placed on extinction by maskin gor removing the sensory consequence.

Systematic Replication

the researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of an earlier experiment

target behavior

the response class selected for intervention; can be defined either functionally or topographically

Data

the results of measurements, usually in quantified form

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

the science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.

generalization

the spread of the changes in behavior engendered by a contingency to other stimulus conditions, or other responses that have not been exposed to that contingency

Positive reinforcer

the stimulus presented as a consequence and is responsible for the increase in responding when positive reinforcement occurs

Dependent Variable

the target behavior in applied behavior analysis experiment, or more precisely a measurable dimensional quantity of that behavior

Repeatability, temporal extent, temporal locus

the three fundamental properties, or dimensional quantities, that behavior analysts can measure

Multielement design

the treatment design provides an experimentally sound and efficient method for comparing the effects of two or more treatments

Independent variable

the variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the independent variable produce reliable changes in the dependent variable. In applied behavior analysis, it is usually an environmental even or condition antecedent or consequent to the dependent variable. Sometimes called the intervention or treatment variable

behavior (7 characteristics of ABA)

the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment

multiple-control (of verbal behavior)

there are two types of this (a) convergent_____ ____ occurs when a single verbal response is a fucntion of more than one variable (b) what is said has more than one antecedent source of control. Divergent _______ ________ occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more that one response

celeration trend line

this is measured as a factor by which rate multiplies or divides across the celeration time periods

Standard Celeration Chart

to provide standardized means of charting and analyzing how frequency of behavior changes over time

maintenance

two different meanings in applied behavior analysis: (a) the extent to which the lerner continues to perfom the target beahvior after a portion or all of the intervetnion has been termintated , a dependent variabl eor characteristic and (b) a condition in which treatment has been discontinued or partially withdrawn, an independen variable or experimetnal condition

shaping

using differential reinforcement ot produce a series of gradually changing response classes; each response class is a successive approximation toward a terminal behavior.

Stimulus preference assessment

variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference vale (high v low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference value remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers.

chaining

various procedures for teaching behavior ____________.

stimulus generalization

when an antecedent stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinfroced in its presence, the same type of beahivor tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties with the controlling antecedent stimulus

Alternative Schedule

Provides positive reinforcement whenever the requirement of either a ratio schedule or interval schedule is met, regardless of which of the component schedule's requirement is met first.

Variable interval schedule (VI)

Provides reinforcement for the first occurrence of a response after a variable duration of time

Fixed Interval (FI)

Provides reinforcement for the first response following a fixed amount of time (FI 3)

Automatic Punishment

Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation by others (i.e., a response product serves as a punisher independent of the social environment).

automatic punishment

Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation by others (i.e., a response product serves as a punisher independent of the social environment).

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