AP+SAT World History Review

Canton System

During the Qing Dynasty, the Manchus established the "Canton System", restricting European trade to the area around Canton. This system internalized China's economy, which thrived on the wealth of its luxury goods.

Boers

Dutch settlers in south Africa, Cape Colony

Zhou dynasty

Dynasty with many advancements in religion and administration from 1122 to 480.

Vedas

Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. (175)

Ethiopia

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River. (See also Menelik II; Selassie, Haile.) (p. 221)

Swahili Coast

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' (p. 383)

free-trade imperialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)

Adam Smith

Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics, beginning of capitalism

ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)

Akhenaten

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66)

ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order. (See also pyramid.) (p. 42)

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. (p. 867)

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. (p. 486)

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (355)

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (554)

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) (p. 375)

Yuan Empire

Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. (p. 349)

Qing Empire

Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. (p. 556)

Song Empire

Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285)

Tang Empire

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. (p. 277)

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 721)

"Glorious Revolution"

England's "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 limited monarchs' power under constitutional law: the Bill of Rights stated that no taxes or army could be raised or law suspended unilaterally and the right to due process. However, power remained concentrated in the hands of landowners (531-2).

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. (p. 487)

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. (p. 603)

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. (604)

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)

Captain James Cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Rocket/Stephenson

English railway pioneer who built the first passenger railway in 1825 (1781-1848), Man who built the first steam powered locomotive, made the rocket

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425)

La Reforma

1855, Benito Juarez and other liberals open an era; offered hope to oppressed people of Mexico, revised the Mexican constitution to strip military power and end Church privileges; unleashed a civil war, but was still elected president in 1861

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Il-Khan

A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333)

Enlightenment

A 17th century philosophical movement influenced by the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment was centered in France. Its leaders were called philosophes, who believed in a world of rationality and freedom of thought and expression; they inspired the American and French revolutions (524-5).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights. (p. 892)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. (p. 460)

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462)

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. (p. 396)

Cyrus II

A ruler of the Achaemenid (Persian) empire but was from Persia. He broke the balance when defeating the other kingdoms of western Asia and made them a part of his own empire. He conquered many places and peoples which greatly increased his empire. The Achaemenids dominated the area from Persia to the Mediterranean sea.

cuneiform

A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance. (p. 73)

economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies. (p. 889)

Shi'ite Islam

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. (p. 839)

Yuan Shikai

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen. (p. 768)

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. (p. 768)

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. (p. 768)

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.

Treaty Ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. (p. 685)

treaty ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. (p. 685)

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797)

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd. (p. 793)

Chang'an

City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom and the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. >(p. 164)

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230)

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)

Chonin

City merchants in Japan which grew in wealth and power during the Tokugawa shogunate.

Alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. (138)

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388

Khartoum

City south of Egypt in the Sudan; location of a Muslim rebellion lead by the Madhi against British expansion South

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

Moche

Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313)

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 861)

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.) (p. 732)

gens de couleur

Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. (See also L'Ouverture, Fran?ois Dominique Toussaint.) (p. 593)

Huguenots

French Protestants

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)

Peterloo Massacre

In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), calvary charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws.

Comintern

In 1919, Soviet leaders established the Third Socialist International, or the "Communist International". This was created to encourage communist parties and revolutionaries throughout the world. Under Stalin, the _____ continued to dispatch agents around the world to promote communist revolution. This was extremely effective in nations who had been devastated by World War II and others who had just emerged from colonialism and were seeking a model for rapid modernization.

Indian Ocean Maritime System

In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207)

Indulgences

In the Roman Catholic Church, they were remission from the penalty of pardoned sins. They were granted to people by the Church after good works or special prayers.

plantocracy

In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. (p. 502)

Amur Timur

Muslim Turk who rules after the Mongols in the Middle East; establishes capital at Samarkand; conquers central Asia, Persia, India, and Golden Horde, also known as Tamerlane

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, onquered by Romans (90)

Creole Elites

People who wanted to treat their nations as private estates, so they did not engage in much foreign trade. They were of the upper class in Latin America, and wanted to self-govern.

Cossaks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 552)

settlement colonies

Permanent colonies established through exploration or conquest for the purpose of occupying land and controlling labor.

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. (p. 337)

Amenhotep

Pharoah of Egypt who adopted a new monotheistic religion

Emilano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated. 819

kulaks

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)

mass deportation

Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires. (95)

Troy

Site in northwest Anatolia, overlooking the Hellespont strait, where archaeologists have excavated a series of Bronze Age cities. One of these may have been destroyed by Greeks ca. 1200 B.C.E., as reported in Homer's epic poems. (p. 76)

Mycenae

Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. (74)

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)

Warsaw Pact

The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (p. 836)

FDR

The 32nd President of the United States and helped his country through the Great Depression and World War II. He was the only president to be in office for more than two terms.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789)

Four Noble Truths

The Buddha's solution to pain and suffering.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 623)

British Raj

The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.

Neoplatonism

The neoplatonic philosophy was a set of beliefs founded by Plotinus and was influenced by Plato.

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system. (p. 508)

Atlantic System

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)

Nara

The new emperor of Japan, Fujiwara, wanted to consolidate centralized rule by using the idea of the Mandate of heaven, and establishing Nara as the new capital of Japan in 710 C.E.

Middle Passage

The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. (p. 508)

Zhou

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61)

Etruscans

The people of Etruria, the land to Rome's north. taught the Romans about city building, art, religion, mythology, and even language.

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)

Neolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). It follows the Paleolithic period. (p. 11)

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. (p. 11)

cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which cotton textiles are woven. Native to India, cotton spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, & US (363)

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. (See also Yamagata Aritomo.) (p. 694)

scorched earth policy

The practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it. (155)

modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. (p. 652)

witch-hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 464)

Battle of Omdurman

This battle occurred between Sudanese forces and Britain near Khartoum on the Nile River. During five hours of fighting Brits lost 368 men while Sudanese lost 11,000. This battle opened the door for British colonial rule in Sudan and demonstrated how devastating military tech was.

Mauryan and Gupta

These Empires were both empires that extended across nearly the entire Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta Maurya founded the first Empire, inspired by Alexander the Great.

Corn Laws

These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially

monsoon

These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year. (pp. 174, 371)

Balkan Wars

These were two successful military conflicts, which took place in south-Eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913, that deprived the Ottoman Empire of almost all its remaining territory in Europe. In 1911, the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War for the possession of Tripoli encouraged the Balkan states to increase their territory at Turkish expense, which led to the wars.

Ottoman Empire

They conquered both eastern and western lands and rose to prominence around 1600. By 1700, the empire began to decline. Named after a Turkish leader, Osman, whose military victory in 1301 established its foundation in northwest Anatolia. Two settlements/groups of people that the _____ Empire confronted through their expansion were the Byzantines and the Seljuq Turks.

Darius I

Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.

Shang Dynasty

This Dynasty came after the Xia Dynasty and before the Zhou Dynasty. Oracle bones were used during this dynasty.

Rene Descartes

This French mathematical genius said that one should apply logic and try to answer problems with mathematical equations

War of attrition

Trench warfare between Germany and France. Called War of Attrition(wearing down) because the goal was to break down the enemy. There was no winner after 3 years of fighting.

emancipation of the serfs

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.

Ottomans

Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks. (344)

varna/jati

Two categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. (177)

Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (french premier), David Lloyd George (british prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (italian prime minister)

third world

a cold war term referring to developing nations nonaligned with either the Soviet union or US

cartels

a combination of independent commercial enterprises; worked together to control prices and limit competition; especially strong in Germany

euro

a common European currency introduced in January 2002 by European Union

Justinian Code

a compilation of Roman laws, legal treatises, and Byzantine laws passed after 534 that were codifies by the emperor Justinian

iconoclastic controversy

a conflict between papal and secular authority sparked by the use of icons in the Eastern Orthodox Church

détente

a cooling of Cold War tensions, initiated during the administrations of U.S. President Nation and Soviet Premier Brezhnev

multinational corporation

a corporation which constructs factories in a number of countries in order to capitalize upon inexpensive raw materials and cheap labor in those countries

civilization

a culture characterizes by advance cites, specialized workers, complex institutions, a system of writing or alternate form of record keeping, and advanced technology

seppuku

a custom of disembowelment carried out by the samurai as an honorable alternative to the acceptance of defeat

nationalism

a deep sense of pride in one's nation

Porfirio Diaz

a dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants

chlorofluorocarbons

a family of chemicals used in industry, air conditioning refrigeration and consumer products; one of the chief destroyers of the earth's ozone layer

Khoisan

a family of languages spoken in southern Africa

Bantu

a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent

hubris

a fatal flaw of overconfidence, often displayed by the main character in Greek tragedy

great lap forward

a five- year plan launched by Mao Zedong in China in 1958 to increase industrial and agricultural output under which e set up communes in china

apostle

a follower of Jesus who helped spread his teachings

communism

a form of imperialism under which land and mineral rights were granted to private businesses with investments in colonial territories

concession

a form of imperialism under which land and mineral rights were granted to private businesses with investments in colonial territories

trench warfare

a form of warfare in which opposing armies dig parallel trenches from which they engage in combat, used in WWI

mandate

a former colonial territory that is supervised by another country during its translation to an independent nation

totalitarian state

a government characterized by the rule of only one party whose beliefs support the welfare of the sate above all else

constitutional monarchy

a government in which the monarch's power is limited by law

triumvirate

a government of three rulers

empire

a government unit in which several countries or peoples are under the authority of one ruler

fief

a grant of land in medieval Europe

encomienda

a grant of land in the Spanish American colonies that carried with it the right to exploit the Native Americans living on the land

polis

a greak city-state

kinship group

a group of families that formed the basis of villages in some part of Africa

hominid

a humanlike creature that walks upright

hacienda

a large rural estate in Spanish America, Indian laborers were often bound to the land through indebtedness to the owner (haciendados (owners) control local or national government)

forbidden city

a lavish community of the rulers of Ming China, forbidden to commoners

urdu

a linguistic blend of Arabic and Hindi which is currently the official language of Pakistan

stream of consciousness

a literally technique by psychoanalysis that reveals the character's thoughts and feelings a the moment in which they occur

domestic system

a manufacturing system whereby workers make products in their own homes with materials supplied by entrepreneurs.

illuminated manuscript

a manuscript copied by hand by medieval monks, who enhanced its beauty with elaborate lettering and detailed pictures

radical

a member of French Legislative Assembly who wanted immediate, drastic change in French government

Manchus

a member of a people native to Manchuria who ruled China during the Qing dynasty

Tory

a member of the Conservative Party in Great Britain or Canada.

plebeian

a member of the class in ancient Rome that included farmers artisans and merchants and comprised the majority of the population

burgess

a member of the middle class in medieval England

burgher

a member of the middle class in medieval Germany

brahmin

a member of the priestly class in Aryan society

DNA dating

a method of dating artifacts by determining the rate of change in DNA

thermoluminescnce dating

a method of dating flint and clay objects by measuring the amount of electrons released when the subject is heated

radiocarbon dating

a method of measuring the amount of radiocarbon in fossilized material

factory system

a method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

impressionism

a mid-19th century artistic movement that reacted against realism by portraying subjects as they appeared to the artist at a given moment in time

realism

a mild 19th century movement in art and literature that focused on the ills of industrialism

conscription

a military draft

absolute monarch

a monarch who claimed the right of complete authority over the government and the lives of his.her people

Romanticism

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization, emotion rather than reason

enclosure movement

a movement in the 1700s in england in which wealthy landowners purchased the lands of smaller farmers or took control of common areas and then fenced off their larger land holdings

civil rights movement

a movement of the 1950's and 1960's in the united states to alter laws in order to eliminate segregation for African Americans and to assure them the right to vote

ziggurat

a multitiered pyramid that served as a temple in Sumer

parliament

a national legislature assembly

Huns

a nomadic group from central Asia who undertook a mass migration toward the Roman empire in the 400s Ce

Magyars

a nomadic people from central Asia who eventually settled in modern Hungary

fresco

a painting done on wet plaster that was typical of the art of the Greeks and Romans of the European Renaissance

parallel descent

a pattern of inheritance in which the daughter inherit from their mother and sons from their father

Sikhs

a people whose religious philosophy blended Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sufism

time of troubles

a period of violence in Russia between 1598 and the choice of Mikhail Romanov as czar in 1613

reactionary

a person in favor of returning to the status quo

creole

a term used to denote those European decent who were born in French or Spanish colonies in the Americas

colony

a territory under the direct control of a stronger country

shia

a traditional form of Islam that supported the election of only the family members of Muhammad

triangular trade

a trans- Atlantic trade route from Europe to Africa, then to the Americans, and then returning Rome

truncated pyramid

a trapezoid pyramid typical of architecture of pre- Columbia Mesoamerica and South America as well as early Polynesian societies

world health organization

a united nations- sponsored agency whose goals are to improve world health and assist countries in promoting family- planning programs

ghazi

a warrior for islam

Swahili

a widely spoken language among east Africans which is a blend of Arabic and the Bantu languages

feminist

a woman who holds to the belief in equal rights and opportunities for both men and women

natural selection

according to Darwin;s theory of evolution, process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

predestination

according to Joan Calvin, the concept that God, before the beginning of the world, had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell

proletariat

according to Marx and Engels, the members of the working class

mobilization

act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"

Bell Act

agreement between the united states and the Philippines that granted the Filipinos war damages in exchange for the establishment of free trade between the Philippines and the United States

helot

agricultural laborer in ancient Sparta

commercial agriculture

agriculture carried out on large scale to produce crops for sale to competitive global markets

strategic defense initiative

also called star wars, a 1983 program launched by President Reagan to protect of the US against incoming enemy missiles

society of Jesus

also called the Jesuits, an organization founded in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola to promote education, establish missions, and stop the spread of Protestantism

griot

an African storyteller who passes on oral tradition

enlightened despot

an Enlightenment-era monarch who embraced reform and ruled with the welfare of his or her subjects in mind

quipu

an Incan record keeping device that consisted of a cord from which were suspended a number of cords, each containing a variety of knots of various sizes shapes and colors

Taliban

an Islamic fundamentalist group that gained control of Afghanistan in 1997

shah

an Islamic king, often from Persia or Iran

diocese

an administration in which voters decide on issues themselves rather than through representatives

conservative

an advocate of gradual political change

utilitarian

an advocate of philosophy which held that government actions and policies were useful only when they promoted the common good

nuclear non-proliferation treaty

an agreement singed in 1968 by several nations who pledged to help prevent the spread of nuclear weapons

covenant

an agreement; in the Hebrew religion, the relationship between the people and their GOD

steppe

an almost treeless flat grassland stretching across central Asia and eastern Europe

quinine

an antimalarial drug

functionalism

an architectural school of the twentieth century which held that building should be constructed so that their design reflected their function

Dadaism

an artistic movement in the early 20th century that produces works that were meaningless and whimsical

surrealism

an artistic movement in which paintings are characterized by a dreamlike quality

league of nations

an association of world nations created by the treaty of Versailles after WWI

socialism

an economic system in which the means of production belong to the public and are operated for the common welfare

green revolution

an effort begun the 20th century to increase the global food supply by the use of pesticides, fertilizers and developments in disease-resistant crops

tribune

an elected representative of the plebeians, who sat as a member of Tribal Assembly in republican Rome

nation-stae

an independent state whose citizens are bound by a common cultural identity

astrolabe

an instrument that allowed mariners to determine altitude by measuring the position of the stars

humanism

an intellectual movement of the Renaissance period which emphasized reason and concerned itself with everyday human problems

artifact

an object shaped by humans

OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries)

an organization established in 1960 by several of the world's oil- production counties to regulate prices and production

world trade organization

an organization established in 1995 to supervise free trade

European Union

an organization of European countries to promote free trade among its members

Palestine liberation organization

an organization whose chief aim is the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in southwest america

pariah

an untouchable of person whose status is below that of the Hindu castes

Mexican Revolution (of 1910)

an uprising led by francisco madero after porfirio diaz made it obvious that he had no plans to relinquish the presidency. its leaders later crafted the constitution of 1917, which is still in use today

shi

ancient Chinese class of scholars

hieroglyphics

ancient Egyptian picture writing

shinto

ancient Japanese religion centered around the veneration of ancestors and spirits of nature

silk roads

ancient and medieval trade routes that linked china to the Mediterranean world

qanat

ancient underground irrigation system used in Southwest Asia and China

sphere of influence

area in which a foreign nation had special trading privileges and made laws for its own citizens

sphere of influence

area that granted investment or trading privileges to another country

"Relics of feudalism"

aristocratic privileges; obligations owed by peasants to landlords

samurai

armies of soldiers in feudal Japan

romanticism

artistic and literary movement of the early 19th century that reflected an admiration for nature and and emphasis on individual thought and feelings

Kosovo

battle here in 1389, Serbians defeated by Ottomans

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

Mahdists

believe in the Muslim messiah, an expected spiritual and temporal ruler destined to establish a reign of righteousness throughout the world.

Sikhs/Sikhism

blended elements of both Islam and Hinduism

Grand Empire

built by Napoleon and composed of three parts: an ever-expanding France, a number of dependent satellite kingdoms, and the largely independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia

commercial revolution

business practices- including capitalism, join-stock companies, and mercantilism- that characterized- that characterized Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Cultural Revolution

campaign carried out bu the Chinese Red Guards between 1966 and 1976 with the goal of revitalizing the Chinese Communist Party and consolidating Mao's leadership

tophet

cemetery containing burials of young children, possibly sacrificed to the gods in times of crisis, found at Carthage and other Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean. (p. 108)

trade diasporas

centers of trade in which traders from many different countries live and work

consumerism

characteristic of a culture in which the comsuption of goods and services has reached a level where it satisfies wants rather than needs only

bushido

code of conduct of the samurai class in feudal Japan that stressed self-discipline, bravery, and simple living

geneva conference

conference held in 1954 which divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel

asiento

contract between the Spanish crown and private individual for rights to import slaves into the colonies in exchange for a fee

economic imperialism

control of a region by business interests rather than by an outside government

investiture

controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. (p. 261)

human cloning

copying human DNA sequence to create a new human being

guilds

craftsman and worker organizations that maintained standard wages and quality

British Commonwealth

currently know and the Commonwealth of Nation, an association of nations whose members accept the British monarch as a symbolic head; most member nations were at one time associated wit the British empire or with another current member nation

patriarchal

describes a male-dominated society

pasteurization

developed by Louis Pasteur, the process of destroying bacteria in milk and other liquids

mandate of heaven

divine approval used to grant authority to Chinese dynasties

manga carta

document singed by Englands King John in 1215 that limited the power of the kind and protected the rights of nobles

missi dominici

imperial officials under Charlemagne's empire who had the duty of overseeing the records of the counts, or local rulers

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

in 1949 defense alliance initiated the the US, Canada and then nations of western Europe

rotten borough

in 19th century England, a voting districts without residents

nirvana

in Buddhism, a state of perfect peace

karma

in Hinduism, a person's good or evil deeps while on earth

dharma

in Hinduism, the rules of one's caste; in Buddhism the doctrines of the faith

purdah

in India, public isolation of women from non-family members

mau mau

in Kenya, a secret organization of primarily Kikuyu farmers driven out of the farmland of the northern highlands by the British

tyrant

in ancient Greece, a ruler who seized power and ruled with the sole authority

legion

in ancient Rome, a military unit of 5,000 to 6,000 infantry

serf

in feudal Europe, a peasant bound to the lord's land

vassal

in feudal Europe, a person who received from his lord a grant of land in exchange for loyalty and military or agricultural services

shogun

in feudal Japan, a superior military leader who ruled in the name of the emperor

guild

in medieval Europe, a merchant organization founded to regulate production standards and prices within specific trades

benefice

in medieval Europe, a privilege granted to a vassal in exchange for military service or agricultural labor

usury

in medieval Europe, the practice of charging interest

indulgence

in the 16th century Roman Catholic Church, a paper whose purchase guaranteed the buyer the forgiveness of sins

liberal

in the early 19th century, a term suffering to those Europeans who favored granting increased power to elect assemblies

Utopian socialist

in the first half of the 19th century, an intellectual who believed in human equality and in practicing cooperation in industry

calico/chintz/muslin

indian cloth

caravanserials

inns that provided loading for caravan travelers across the Sahara Desert

nongovernmental organization

international organization dedicated to investigating human rights violations and providing humanitarian aid

DNA dating

involves obtaining samples of the genetic material of DNA from living donors and comparing it with the DNA from other persons or from animals computers and then are used to determine the rate of change in the DNA

eightfold path

keys to right living in the Buddhist faith

junkers

landowning classes in the 18th century Russia used as officers in the prussian army

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. (p. 651)

commune

large collective farm

latifundia

large estate in ancient Rome

collective farming

large farms owned by the government in which profits are shared by all farmers

self-strengthening movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

patriarch

leading bishop pf the eastern orthodox church

Cecil Rhodes

led the British to conquer the countries in Africa that were not occupied by the Afrikaners. he built monopolies in Africa, and his goal was to finally defeat the Afrikaners

new economic policy

lenin's policy to improve the soviet economy by permitting small private businesses

sakk

letter of credit issued by Islamic banks; forerunner of modern checks

soviet

local council of peasants, laborers, and soldiers organized by Russian revolutionaries

zemstvoes

local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave the middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy

Zulus

local south africans that resisted control of boers

pastoral nomadism

periodic migration in order to locate grazing lands from domesticated herds

mestizo

person in colonial Spanish America who was mixes European and Native American heritage

existentialism

philosophy that holds that life in itself has no meaning and that each person deiced the meaning of life for himself or herself

Decembrist Revolt

place in Russia on December 14 1825, Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession.

Bombay, Calcutta, Madras

places where the east india company had centers

desalinization

policy of Soviet Premier Khrushchev to eliminate the memory of Josef Stalin and his policies in the Soviet Union

ethnic cleansing

policy of murder and other violent acts directed against a particular ethnic group by another; initially applied to the killing of Bosnian Muslims by Serbia after the breakup of Yugoslavia

Chaldiran

site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire.

jainissary

slave boy taken by the Ottoman Turks from conquered Christian territories

stoicism

the most popular of the Hellenistic philosophies, the belief that individuals had a responsibility to aid others and lead virtuous lives

internal migration

the movement of people from rural to urban areas

genocide

the organized elimination of an entire population group

United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata

the original name of the state that emerged from the May Revolution and the early developments of the Argentine War of Independence. It comprised most of the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata dependencies and, for most of the period, had Buenos Aires as its capital.

senate

the patrician assembly that approves all major decisions in republican Rome

Tamils

the people of southern India who speak the Tamil language

Mongol Peace

the period between 1250 and 1350 ,in which the Mongols restored the security of trade over the Silk Roads between Europe and Asia

neolithic age

the period between 8000 BCE and approximately 3000 BCE; also known as the New stone age

paleolithic age

the period from 2,500,000 to about 8000 BCE; also called the old stone age

Renaissance

the period in European history from about 1300 to 1600 in which a return to classical themes dominated art, literature, and education

imperialism

the political, economic, or social domination of a strong country over another

realpolitik

the politics of reality put into practice by Otto von Bismarck

veto

the power to prevent the execution of law

Reconquest

the process, lasting from about 100 to 1492, by which Christians drove the Muslims from Spain

domestic system

the production of manufactured goods in the homes of workers

external migration

the relocation of people across long distance or international borders

legitimacy

the right of a dynasty to rule

universal male suffrage

the right of all males to vote in elections

suffrage

the right to vote

Sultan

the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)

diaspora

the scattering of specific ethnic groups throughout various parts of the world

Tarah

the scripture that contains the history of the ancient Jewish people and their covenant with their God

Second Estate

the second estate of the realm: the nobility (especially British nobility) of the rank of duke or marquess or earl or viscount or baron in France

Bosporus Strait

the strategic narrow body of water between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara

stem cell research

the study of cells that have the capacity to divide in a culture and produce specialized cells

archeology

the study of cultures through the examination of artifacts

anthropology

the study of humans as a species

glyph

the symbol used as part of a writing system

robotics

the technology associated with the application of robots

abolition

the termination of slavery

geocentric theory

the theory of the greek astronomer Ptolemy, stating that the earth was the center of the universe

Geocentric/Ptolemaic theory

the theory that incorrectly stated that the earth was the fixed center of the universe

third reich

the third empire of Germany established in the 1930s by Adolph HItler

sati

the traditional practice of burning a widow on her husband's funeral pyre

middle passage

the trans-Atlantic route of slaves from Africa to the Americas

treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

domesticity

the trend of women to, because it was so much more profitable for men to work due to the "family wage", retire to their homes and become strictly homemakers.

civil disobedience

the use of passive resistance, or public refusal to obey a law that is perceived to be unjust

Battle of Plassey

the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal

global village

the view of the earth as one human community in which people of all cultures share common needs, wants, and experiences

brinkmanship

the willingness of a country to go to the point of war to defend its interests

harem

the wives and concubines of households in Africa, Arabia, or southwest Asia

polytheism

the worship of many gods

theory of relativity

theory proposed by Elbert Einstein which stated that the measurement of motion varies relative to a specific observer and that a small amount of mass can be converted into a vast amount of energy

Homo sapiens

thinking man; the species to which modern humans belong

Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)

this code preserved most of the gains of the revolution by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, the right of the individual to choose a profession, religious toleration, and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism.

push-pull factors

those conditions that compel individuals to leave their country and those that pull persons to another location

factors of production

those factors essential to initialization: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship

indentured labor

time based signed contract which binds the laborer to a specific employer

national studies v. Dutch studies

tradition vs modernization

lateen sail

triangular sail that permitted greater control of ships

lateen

triangular sails used by Muslim traders

icon

two-dimensional religious images used by Eastern Christians in their celebrations and devotions

trench warfare

war from inside trenches enemies would try killing eachother with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas

bushi

warrior leaders in feudal Japan

Constantinople

In 1453, Sultan Mehmed II captured ______ and renamed it Istanbul.

Parthians

Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E. (p. 204)

Pillars of Islam

Islam teaches to follow the one God, Allah, and live a faithful life under the 5 Pillars of faith. Shahada - Faith Salat - Daily Prayers Zakat - Almsgiving Sawm - Fasting Hajj - Pilgrimage

kibbutzim

Israeli communal agricultural settlements

Atlantic Charter

Issued in 1941 and it was a joint agreement between Roosevelt and Churchill that stated that the two rulers and their respective countries, the U.S. and England, supported freedom of government around the world. This charter had different meanings for both of the leaders; Roosevelt felt that it conveyed support for the end of colonialism, and Churchill wanted it to address countries that suffered under Axis rule. It was embraced by people around the world because of its strong support for the essential rights of humans that many countries of the time lacked.

Scientific Revolution

It marked an era that began in 1543 and ended in the mid-eighteenth century. This period was one where new ideas and discoveries in the field of astronomy, biology, anatomy. chemistry, physics, etc. were made, leading to the rejection of long-standing older scientific theories that had started in Ancient Greece and continued throughout the Middle Ages. It laid down the foundation for modern science. It was a wonderful example of individual achievement; an era where famous scientists such as Newton, Copernicus, Pascal, and others made fantastic discoveries in the field of science.

Pax Mongolica

It was a time of peace and height during the Mongol Empire. During this time the Mongols were facilitating a lot of trade and commerce as well as having ample communication with other empires, using the Silk Road network that was reopened. One side effect of the _____ was the spread of the Black Plague, which was the reason for a major population decrease within the civilization.

Pillar 5

Making the hajj at least once in one's lifetime (if possible)

Toltecs

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

Pillar 2

Praying five times daily while facing Mecca

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Per?n, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. (823

Saddam Husain

President of Iraq since 1979. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). (p. 860)

coalition

a temporary alliance of a number of small political parties

sunni

the branch of Islam that supported the authority of the earliest caliphs

Neolithic Revolution

the change from hunting and gathering to agriculture

chivalry

the code of conduct required of a knight in feudal Europe

checks and balances

the concept of Enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu that each branch of government be granted distinct powers that served to limit those of the other branches of the government

specialization of labor

the development of and use of skills in a specific type of work

propaganda

the dissemination of materials or messages to promote one"s own cause or diminish the cause of an adversary

scientific revolution

the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned

hijra

the fight of muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, and the first year of the Muslim calender

five pillars

the five duties required of all Muslims: faith,prayer,alms,fasting during Ramadan, and the hajj

four tigers

the four economically successful areas of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan

luftwaffe

the german air force

McDonaldization

the global culture inspired and promoted by US advertising

poliburo

the governing committee of the communist party in the USSR

dowry death

the killing of unwanted wives in India by which the husband douses the wife with kerosene, sets her on fire, and then reports the incident as a cooking accident

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries, The ruling power of China from 1644-1911. It started when the Manchu empire captured Beijing and adopted Chinese ways. After 100 years of peace, the population grew and the army and government services eventually collapsed.

major domo

the major of the palace; the most powerful person in Gaul by the early 18th century

Holocaust

the mass extermination of Jews and other civilians in Nazi Germany

TaNakh

"A Hebrew term for the books of the Bible that are written in Hebrew. The world is composed of the initial letters of the worlds Torah (first 5 books of the Bible, traditionally attributed to Moses), Nevi'im (the books of the Prophets) and the Ketuvim (additional historical, poetic, and philosophical writings). These are the 3 sections of the Hebrew Bible"

Sumerians

"A people called the Sumerians pioneered the world's first urban revolution in Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The area became known for its high agricultural productivity, high temperatures, and unpredictable floods. To succeed in building cities in the region, peoples had to construct irrigation ditches and intricate canals." (Spodek 48)

Indus River

"Around five thousand years ago, an important civilization developed on the Indus River floodplain...built on the banks of the Indus River and surrounding areas" (Ancientindia.co.uk). This Indus River is a major river system found in modern day Pakistan whose floodplain supported one of the first civilizations. This area advanced quickly as the fertile lands surrounding the river allowed for the development of agriculture, which in turn caused urbanization and a sedentary civilization along the river. Today, the Indus River serves as a fertile safe haven from the surrounding deserts.

devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.(p. 526)

Theravada Buddhism

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Therevada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods (181)

Nile River

"Egypt has often been called the 'Gift of the Nile' because outside the valley of that great river the country is a desert. An immense, flowing ribbon of water, the Nile spans the length of the country from south to north, branching finally into an extraordinary delta as it approaches the Mediterranean. The river provides natural irrigation along its banks and invites further man-made irrigation to extend its waters to the east and west" (Spodak 65). The Nile river is a river surrounded by a fertile valley fed by the rivers silt. The valley provided a place for one of the first civilizations to be developed, with its heart at the Nile delta. Agriculture was developed along this river due to the extremely fertile conditions and lack of food in the barren deserts outside of the valley, which led to the creation of cities. Today, there are few populated areas in Egypt outside of the Nile Valley.

Ram Mohun Roy

"Father of Modern India," he pushed for a more modern India. He wanted to stop widow suicide because he saw it as a murderous act. He also wanted child marriages and the rigid caste system, two parts of religious life, separated so that India could be modernized. He felt that if they did not, India would continue to be controlled by outsiders. He was pushed to do many of this after witnessing his sister throw herself on the funeral pyre of her husband, burning alive.

Karma

"Good karma,' the good effects brought about by actions in accord with dharma, will finally enable the atman to escape samsara, or reincarnation, and reach moksha [...] Thus Hinduism sees reward and punishement in the universe as a natural consequence

Bantu

"Meanwhile, also in lower Niger, some Bantu peoples were giving up nomadic pastoralism for settled agriculture, although many remained nomadic for a long time. They began great, but gradual, migrations southward and eastward over thousands of miles, introducing their languages, their knowledge of iron production, and their experience with settled agriculture" (Spodek 112-3). The Bantu peoples brought their own languages, metal skills, and settled way of life nearly to the Cape of Good Hope. Bantu encompasses the hundreds of groups in Africa that speak Bantu languages, such as their most common, Swahili. They are known for their massive migrations and influence they spread all over Africa.

Andes Mountains

"Most scholars believe that the core areas of South American urbanization were in the Andes, the 20,000-foot-high mountain chain that parallels the Pacific coast for the entire length of South America" (Spodek 109). The Andes Mountains undoubtedly are the most significant physical feature in South America and contain an "Altiplano," which allowed civilization to thrive in this unlikely setting. Notable socieites were the Chavin, Tiwanaku, Hauri, Nazca and Inca, who were eventually conquered by Francisco Pizzaro, leading to the Spanish occupation of South America. This region was very fertile and was one of the few societies to not be focused around a river system or ocean, but instead traded down the slopes of the mountains to people who lived on the coast, and could trade fish in exchange for agricultural products.

Aryan

"Relating to or denoting a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the 2nd millennium bc" (oxforddictionaries.com). Aryan immigrants reached the west Ganges Valley around 1000 B.C.E., and began building cities there around 750 B.C.E Their written records of their exchanges with the Harappans are the primary source for information about the cultural blending that took place between the Aryans and Harappans, as there were barely any written records left by the Harappans.

Erlitou

"The Erlitou culture (1900 BC to 1500 BC) is a name given by archaeologists to an Early Bronze Age society that existed in China. The culture was named after the site discovered at Erlitou in Yanshi, Henan Province. The culture was widely spread throughout Henan and Shanxi Province, and later appeared in Shaanxi and Hubei Province. Most Chinese archaeologists identify the Erlitou culture as the site of the Xia Dynasty" (websters-dictionary-online.org). The culture found at Erlitou was important to archaeologists' understanding of the Xia Dynasty, because before its discovery, archaeologists were skeptical of its existence, as records were sparse.

Sunni

"The branch of Islam that adheres to the orthodox tradition and acknowledges the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad" -Merriam-Webster online

Hieroglyphs

"The characters in a writing systems based on the use of pictograms or ideograms" (Spodek 66). Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs were finally deciphered when historians were able to compare them to a Greek translation on an artifact named the Rosetta Stone.

Monotheism

"The doctrine or belief that there is only one god" (dictionary.reference.com) Judaism and Christianity are both Monotheistic religions

Archaeology

"The scientific study of material remains (as fossil relics, artifacts, and monuments) of past human life and activities" (Merriam-Webster Dictionary) Archaeology appears continuously through Spodek and other texts, as it is what we base our knowledge of human history on, as artifacts are the "bones" of past civilizations.

Hammurabi

"Their sixth ruler, Hammurabi (r. 1792 - 1750 BCE), is most famous for his law codes, but he was also a skilled military leader who defeated the Sumerian city-states that had remained independent. He created the Babylonian Empire, imposing an administrative network that stretched from the Persian Gulf to Syria and endured for 250 years" (Spodek 128). Hammurabi of Babylon was a great military leader who managed to unify the Sumerian city-states within the Babylonian empire, and developed the complex Hammurabi Code, an important law code detailing matters of conduct and contract.

Orthodox Church

"Today, Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism share the same fundamental faith and scripture and tehy maintain official communication with each other, but they developed many historic differences over Church organization, authority, and language"

Australopithecus

"southern aps" ; hominids who emerged about four million years ago in southern and eastern Africa and were the first to make stone tools

Dharma

"the set of religious and ethical duties to which each living creature in the universe is subject" (Spodek 278"

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. (p. 678)

Akbar (the Great)

(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)

Second Industrial Revolution

(1860-1914) This transformed world productivity and power balances among the powerful Western and Central European powers, as well as the US. Breakthroughs in chemistry, rise of the steel industry, and electricity by powerful companies increased the quality of life and spurred investors to put money into companies, causing a new age in finance capital (571-4).

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighbouring China,

"New Imperialism"

(18th and 19th C.) The new age of expansion by European powers and the United States. This followed the political and industrial revolutions and was motivated by industrial and commercial competition among European powers; it often involved warfare (604-5).

Cyrus II

(558-529 BCE) Defeated kingdoms of western Asia - Medes, Lydians, Babylonians Under his rule the Achaemenids dominated the region from Persia to the Mediterranean

Enclosure Acts

(Late 18th - Late 19th C.) A set of laws passed by British parliament redistributed public lands into lands for private ownership. Although it caused an explosion of agricultural productivity, many dispossessed farmers moved to work in factories (563-5).

Hunas

(Late 400 CE) They were present across India's Northwest border - they reduced Gupta wealth and disrupted international trade - They controlled much of northern and central India

Textile Revolution

(Mid 18th C. - 1785) With the invention of the spinning jenny, power loom, and the water frame, textiles could be mass produced quickly and with high quality, replacing old businesses that sold hand-spun textiles (565-566).

Trafalgar

(October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.

Neo-Babylonian kingdom

(blank)

Leopold II

(reigned 1865-1909) King of Belgium who employed Henry Morton Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called the Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)

Emperor Menelik

. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896). (p. 737)

Napoleon Bonaparte

. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)

Sima Qian

A Confucian court historian of the Han dynasty who wrote China's first official historical annals (chronological historical organization) and recorded many of the anti-intellectualism and brutality of the Legalist Qin which sometimes got him into trouble. He is known as the "father of Chinese Historiography" (wrote "The Records of a Grand Historian").

Diaspora

A Diaspora is the movement, migration, or scattering of people away from an established ancestral homeland.

Napoleon

A French general who had himself appointed First Consul in 1799, thus ending the French Revolution. He went on to become consul for life and then emperor. He either conquered or created alliances with all the prominent powers of Europe at the time except Portugal, the Balkans, and Britain. He introduced reforms that had risen out of the French Revolution such as equality of rights, free trade, and codified law to all the states he conquered.

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Martin Luther

A German theologian who led the Protestant Reformation and wrote the 95 Theses. His main criticism of the Church was the granting of indulgences. He believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds and that people cannot buy themselves forgiveness by God.

Alexander the Great

A Greek king of Macedon. With aggressive military expansion and cultural manipulation, he created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Can be seen as one of the greatest kings of ancient history because of his incredible military achievements.

diaspora

A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.103

Jesus

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. (155)

Paul

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. (156)

Angor Wat/ Borobodur

A Jungle-bound Hindu temple complex devoted to the god Vishnu (the capital of the Khmer Empire) The entire structure is decorated with relief sculptures - it was constructed by Jayavarman VII

Olmec

A Mesoamerican civilization centered in the Gulf of Mexico and reigning from 1500-400 BCE. The Olmecs are most notable for a centralized government, stone head carvings and inventing the ball game. (Spodek 108) The Olmecs used religion as the base for society and were one of the early civilizations of the Americas to develop hieroglyphics however, they have yet to be deciphered.

nawab

A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. (p. 657)

Urdu

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. (p. 388)

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

A Russian novelist who wrote many pieces including 'A Day in the Life of Ivan Denosovich', a realistic novel depicting conditions in on of the Soviet prison labor camps. In 1970, he was awarded the Nobel prize for Literature.

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel.

Safavids

A Shi'ite muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the persians, ottomans and arabs

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan leader from 1810-1830, he played a key role in the successful Latin American struggle for independence from Spain and helped to lay down the initial stages of democracy. He also led a series of military expeditions to unify Latin America that ultimately failed (551-2).

bubonic plague

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)

Berlin Wall

A barrier running through Berlin which separated communist East Germany from West Germany between 1961 and 1989. Many Germans, especially the educated class sought to escape the oppressive, communist regime in East Germany, triggering the construction of the wall.

Battle of Stalingrad

A battle during World War II in which the Nazi and their allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad; it was unsuccessful but was the farthest Germany had ever advanced into Russia. Although this battle was unsuccessful and the Soviet Union remained in control of Stalingrad, it did show the amount of power Germany had gained and how it was able to penetrate opposing forces and attack a major city.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A body of legislation passed in July 1790 that redefined the relationship between the clergy and the state in France. It allowed for the confiscation of church property formerly used to support the clergy, replacing it with a guarantee of state salaries for clergymen instead. It also stipulated that parish priests and bishops be elected just like public officials. The National Assembly attempted to enforce it by requiring the clergy to take an oath, divided public opinion of the French Revolution (1789-99) and galvanized religious opposition.

Firebombing

A bombing technique that destroys a target through the use of fire; instead of a large blast from bombs incendiary devices are used to cause damage. One of many techniques used during WW2 to cause mass murder and destruction

Rosetta Stone

A rock that is covered in inscriptions of hieroglyphs, Egyptian Demotic and Greek.

Demographic Transition

A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

Ideogram

A character in a writing system that represents the idea of a thing rather than its name.

Giza

A city near the delta of the Nile River in Lower Egypt, where the Great Sphinx and several pyramids were built, including the pyramid of Khufu (Spodek 66, 67, 74, 75). During the age of the Old Kingdom, 2700-2181 BCE, the iconic Great Pyramid of Khufu was built near Giza, approximately five or less miles from the Nile River delta.

Sparta

A city-state of ancient Greece - the other city-states turned to Sparta to help them resist Athenian power, this turned into the Peloponnesian War

Mesopotamia

A civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The oldest of seven locations that innovated primary urbanization

kulaks

A class of peasant farmers who took care of their own land

most-favored-nation status

A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. (p. 686)

Akkadian Empire

A collection of city-states located in Mesopotamia who were in constant warfare and conquered widely (Sargon was one of the leaders)

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. (99)

Nationalism

A commitment to building up the nation as a central part of the identity of the citizen and as a powerful force in world affairs. Between 1791 and 1815, the French not only ventured through the states of Europe to conquer them, but they also looked to promote the idea.

Nationalism

A commitment to building up the nation as a central part of the identity of the citizen and as a powerful force in world affairs. It often relied on a sense of cultural unity. Originating during the French Revolution, Napoleon spread French nationalism during his conquests and provoked nationalistic resistance in the nations it conquered (597-8).

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

British East India Company

A company created by the British to manage economic (and later military) relations between England and the Indian Ocean trade countries. It created trade monopolies over trade in the Indian Ocean trade region and elsewhere, and instigated many rebellions such as the American Revolution.

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan (119)

Encomienda

A concession from the Spanish crown benefitting a colonist, giving permission for the colonist to take control of a specified number of Indians in a certain area in terms of taxes and labor.

Encomienda System

A concession from the Spanish crown to a colonist, giving him permission to extract tribute from a specified number of Indians living in a certain area. The ____ system encouraged the Spanish to convert Indians to Christianity.

aqueduct

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 156)

Xiongnu

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. (148)

satellite nation

A country dominated politically and economically by another nation, especially by the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Shi'a

A denomination of Islam that believe that the caliph should be chosen from the family of the Prophet. The _________s stressed the importance of religious purity and they wanted the caliph to represent Islam's religious principals.

Malay Peoples

A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)

electric telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (609)

Mazombos

A direct descendant of Portuguese settlers in the Americas.

Great Western Schism

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

Stupa

A dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine

Plantation Economy

A financial system that is based around the mass production of agriculture. Plantations exported cash crops (i.e. sugar, cotton, tobacco, etc.) as their main source of income. The expansion of the sugar ______ after 1650 was entirely due to the mass importing of slave labor into the Caribbean.

Enlightened Despot

A form of absolute rule in which the ruler has absolute right over his or her subjects. Spodek describes it as a "benevolent form of absolutism". An ___ is supposed to act for the good of the people, not for his own interest.

Enlightened Despotism

A form of absolutism which implies that the ruler acts in the interest of the people. Peter the Great of Russia is an example of this type of rule.

Fascism

A form of authoritarian (dictatorial) government with an emphasis on a nationalist, unified state.

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 702)

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. (p. 701)

Gospels

A gospel is an account, often written, that describes the life of Jesus of Nazareth. However, world religions differ in their treatment of documents classified as gospels. It is a holy document of significance.

tax farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)

manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505)

Julius Caesar

A great war general who had brought all of Gaul in a nine year military campaign all under Rome, in 60 B.C. was a part of a triumvirate (alliance of three men to rule). The three competed for power, but Casear was victorious and ruled as dictator from 47 until 44 BCE, when rivals assassinated him because they felt he had abused his power. He revised the Roman calendar creating the Julian calender, resolved debts, and re-organized Rome's city government, and extended citizenship to the conquered along with continuing the policy of free bread and circuses.

Philosophes

A group of 18th century french-writers and philosophers who emphasized the supremacy of human reason and advocated freedom of expression and social, economic, and political reform. They included Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Diderot, editor of the encyclopedia (1751-72), which manifested their ideas. They influenced the ideals of the French Revolution and the American Declaration of Independence. They were most common during the enlightenment, where new ideals were commonly being found and created.

Uigurs

A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)

Goths

A group of germanic people native originally to Eastern Europe who in two separate groups migrated into the Roman empire and specifically Italy and the Iberian peninsula. ______ ruled Spain and Italy.

John Locke

A key thinker of the Enlightenment, Locke argued that government is a secular compact entered voluntarily by individuals, who possess the right to terminate the compact at any time. He advocated the majority rule of property owners (524-6); he influenced the reforms of the "Glorious Revolution."

Library of Ashurbanipal

A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. (98)

Rosetta Stone

A large, black basalt stone slab found by one of Napoleon's officers at the Nile Delta. The Stone had three languages written on it: Egyptian script hieroglyphs, demotic Egyptian and Greek. It was inscribed in 196 BCE and contributed to deciphering of the hieroglyphs. (Spodek 69). The discovery of the Rosetta Stone was an incredible achievement because it provided translations of hieroglyphs which had not been deciphered to Greek which was well known, this allowed scholars to decode other hieroglyphs found in Egypt.

Emiliano Zapata

A leader in the Mexican Revolution, in 1910 who was against Diaz. He formed the Liberation Army of the South, during the Mexican Revolution. His followers were called Zapatistas.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. (p. 757)

Ramesses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. (p. 68)

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)

Scientific Revolution

A major shift in thinking between 1500 and 1700 in which modern science emerged as a new way of gaining knowledge about the natural world

Albert Einstein

A man who changed the way people look at the world. In 1905 he resolved the debate over the essential nature of light. His theory of relativity started from the postulate that the speed of light is constant and unchanging. He argued that neither time nor motion is fixed. He established the principle that mass and energy are interchangeable in the equation e=mc2. He sought a unified field theory that would explain the relationship among important fields of nature. He was a major contributor to the scientific and technological advances of the 20th century.

Borobodur

A massive stone monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected by the Sailendra kings around 800 C.E. The winding ascent through ten levels, decorated with rich relief carving, is a Buddhist allegory for the progressive stages of enlightenment. (193)

printing press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. See also movable type. (p. 409)

water wheel

A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. (p. 398)

Sufi

A member of Islam who practices mystical forms of worship that first arose in the eighth and ninth centuries CE. ______ interpret the words of Muhammad in a spiritual rather than literal sense. Their goal is direct personal experience of God, achieved by fervent worship.

Maya

A meso-American civilization characterized by its developed cities, monumental architecture and numerous amounts of sacrifice

indentured servant

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486)

Social Darwinism

A misrepresentation of Charles Darwin's concept of "survival of the fittest". Herbert Spencer argued those who are strong deserve their superiority and those who are weak deserve their inferiority. Spencer believed Europeans where the most advanced. Europeans used ______ to justify their imperialism.

First Temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. (102)

Longshan Culture

A more sophisticated modern improvement of the neolithic culture

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663)

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)

Reformation

A movement in Europe led by John Calvin, Martin Luther, and other activists that helped establish Protestantism as another branch of Christianity. Corruption in the catholic church, most notably through the selling of indulgences, angered many.

"Bread and Circuses"

A new method of coping with class conflict developed. Rome had a method of bribing the poor, many of them former soldiers from its conquering armies, with a dole of free bread. Up to 200,000 people were served each day. The dole encouraged them to while away their time in public religious festivities, races, and the theater. Public arenas and gladiatorial contests were a spectacle and the free food offered were designed to keep the unemployed urban masses compliant.

Proletariat

A part of the Marxist theory describing those whole lived solely by the sale of their labor, as opposed to the bourgeoisie. This term usually has to do with the wage workers during the time of the Industrial Revolution.

Qin

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects. (163)

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria (p.64)

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. (p. 649)

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Second Industrial Revolution

A period between 1860 and 1914, transforming world productivity, the ways in which humans lived their lives, and the power balances among the major nations and regions of the world.

Counter-Reformation

A period of Catholic revival which some believe was a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Church fought for an international, universal vision of a world under Catholic leadership.

Haitian Revolution

A period of brutal conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the elimination of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as the first republic ruled by people of African ancestry. However, Haiti was still subject to the patterns of French colonial rule post-independence.The Haitian slave revolt was instrumental in the future of slavery and colonial rule in both the Americas and Europe.

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. (p. 531)

Great Depression (began in 1929)

A period of global recession that lasted from October of 1929 to the outbreak of WWII in 1939. It was caused by the loans given out by Germany owing money to Great Britain and France who took out loans from the U.S.

Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600 (445)

Renaissance (European)

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern trans-Alpine Renaissance (407,445)

scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

Mandate Of Heaven

A philosophical concept of Chinese imperial politics the Mandate of Heave played a key role in the gaining and maintaining of power. Heaven is not a god but the force of the universe. It gave power to moral rulers and takes it away from immoral ones. Dynasties were held accountable for all their actions and even natural disasters. This also ensured dynasties could not rule forever. People trying to over throw the government would claim the ruler lost the mandate and new rulers claimed to possess it.

The Mandate of Heaven

A philosophical concept of Chinese imperial politics. There was a close relationship between Heaven and the King. Heaven authorizes the ruler to have power, and can take it away. The king only has the mandate to rule when he is acting in the best interests of his people. This allowed rulers to legitimize their power, but it also ensured that dynasties could not last forever. Events such as natural disasters signified that the ruler has lost the mandate. The mandate was abused by people trying to take over the government by claiming that the current ruler has lost the mandate that they now have.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)

Humanism

A philosophical movement that took place in 14th century Italy, and spread throughout Europe. It was a secular philosophy that stated that human achievements are more important than religious knowledge and practice. This theory contributed in part, to the enlightenment. It is much more widely accepted today than it was when the theory was first brought up centuries ago.

positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America. (616)

stock exchange

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. (p. 460)

Divine Right of Kings

A political doctrine influential in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It held that the monarch derived his or her authority from God and was therefore not accountable to earthly authority. The revolutions in the Americas and Europe rejected _________ and instead favored governments derived from the consent of the governed.

liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. (713)

Gallipoli

A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides.

Francisco Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)

Teotihuacan

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. (p. 300)

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 503)

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A railroad that went across Siberia

papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East. (p. 44)

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil (120)

Political Revolution

A revolution which removes people from office, replaces them with others and changes the fundamental basis on which the new leaders come to power, the authority they claim, and their mission in office. The "Glorious Revolution", the American Revolution, and the French Revolution have all been characterized as "democractic" because they all have significantly increased the participation and association of more people in government.

Industrial Revolution

A series of innovations in economic organization and the uses of machinery that dramatically increased the quantity and quality of economic productivity. It began in the eighteenth century and marked the transformation by which western Europe, and especially Britain, caught up with and surpasses China, and the rest of the World, in economic power and productivity. This revolution caused a dramatic social changes, which then affected the indivisual, the family, the neighborhood, and the community.

Communist Manifesto

A short work by political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It took an analytical approach to class struggles and the problems of capitalism. The book was so influential because it came at a time when Europe was alive with revolutionary ideas, especially unions seeking improved working conditions and wages. The theory behind the __________ can be summarized in one sentence: Abolition of private property.

maroon

A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505)

city-state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (p. 32)

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

Bourgeoisie

A socio-economic position between peasantry and aristocracy. Often described as "middle-class", the bourgeoisie consisted of employers and employees of professionals, artisans, and shopkeepers. In Marxist theory, he claims the They own the tools of production but do not live by the sale of their labor, as opposed to the proletariat, who do. A French word that originally applied to the inhabitants of walled towns. They occupied a socio-economic position between rural peasantry and the feudal aristocracy. Occupations such as professionals, artisans, and shopkeepers were apart of this "middle class".

sepoy

A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. (p. 658)

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (p. 834)

Roman Citizenship

A specific social status granted by the Roman government that granted privileges regarding governance, property, and respect towards law. They had the right to vote, own property, contracts, and the right to marry Roman citizen. They were freed from property tax, and protected from arbitrary arrest and violence.

Srivijaya

A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. (192)

Champa

A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366)

Pax Romana

A state of relative peace and harmony in the Roman Empire from the rule of Augustus (27BCE-14CE) to Marcus Aurelius (161-180CE). It was enforced by Roman rule, and when it began to break down, trade and travel declined.

client states

A state that is economically, politically, or militarily dependent on another state. During the Cold War, colonized countries who had become independent,-like Korea, Vietnam, and, in a way, China- their _______ in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America were prone to break outs of warfare. As a result of this proxy wars existed and occurred quite often from the 1950s to the 1980s.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Sunnis

A sub-group of Islam who believe that new leaders should be selected if they are capable of the job and follow Muhammad's example rather than being a direct descendant of Muhammad. There have been disputes between the ___________ and the Shi'as on who should be the next religious leader. These disputes caused tension within the religion.

Coup d'etat

A sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force. The lower class set up a _____ against the french government because of the increasingly high taxes and the minimal wages, therefore beginning the French Revolution.

coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

Plantation Economy

A system based on slave labor, the first plantations were set up in the West Indies where sugar was abundant and the system spread to Brazil, Mexico, and some of Britain's colonial holdings.

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. (p. 307)

tributary system

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279)

Enlightened Despotism

A system of government in which the ruler has absolute rights over his or her subjects, but uses this power for their benefit. The population generally had no say or vote in the choices made by the administration, and so enlightened despotism was often abused by European Governments as an effort to justify a rule of brute force and bad decisions.

Patriarchy

A system of society where the male is the head of the family.

shaft graves

A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium B.C.E. At the bottom of deep shafts lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, and weapons (75

Roman Principate

A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. (p. 151)

Han

A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. (p. 164)

Indian Ocean Trade

A trade network that existed during a time period of about 1100-1500. It connected East Africa to the west coast of India. There was a lot of exchange that occurred through this trade helping all areas involved prosper. Southeast Asia contributed cowrie shells, spices, and jewels. Africa contributed gold, slaves, ivory, and salt. China contributed porcelain and silk. Arabia contributed Islam. India contributed cotton and textiles. These many goods were exchanged throughout the region.

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (p. 241)

Xiongnu

A tribe of "barbarians" that lived in northern China. The Great Wall of China was built to keep them out of China. They existed through the Qin and Han dynasties. Constant fights with them is a factor in the fall of the Qin Dynasty.

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. (p. 185)

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)

contract of indenture

A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 670)

"Family Wage"/Domesticity

A wage that is sufficient enough to support a family. Domesticity is the quality of being domestic, or living and working in the home - domesticity became the desired norm for middle and working-class women in the late 19th century to early 20th century as their jobs in factories became replaced by men required to earn "family wage" (576-8).

Crimean War

A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed

nomadism

A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326)

Bread and Circuses

A way to please the peasants. The Romans development of a new method to cope with class conflict and appease the masses. The less fortunate.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Addressed to prevent another war. 1. There should be no secret treatries among nations.2.Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all.3. Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade. 4. Arms should be reduced during diplomatic crises.5.Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialists powers., //number of provisions which called for an end to entangling allicances, keeping peace after war, removal of trade barriers and reduction of military he was forced to compromise

Rashid al-Din

Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice. (p. 334)

Ibn Battuta

Afourteenth century Chinese traveler whose travels covered much of the Islamic world as well as North and West Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe and into the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. He was very interested in his encounters with people on land.

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)

recaptives

Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status. (p. 655)

Funan

An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus. (p. 191)

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401)

Akhetaten

Akhetaten was the capital city of King Akhenaten, who worshipped a single deity, Aten, god of the solar disk or sun, appointing himself the link between the god and the people. Since his name was originally Amenhotep IV, he changed it to Akhenaten, or 'he who serves Aten'. The old Egyptian main god, Amon, and words "all gods" were erased from transcriptions throughout Egypt. The changes caused a huge change in art, which emphasized the here-and-now, and art became more lively. However, what Akhenaten did was so radical that it threatened the stability of the Egyptian empire (Spodek 78).

Muhammad Ali

Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849)

Allah

Allah is the word for "God" in Arabic. Allah is ussually used by the muslim people. Allah was considered to be the "creater of the universe" and the "judge of humankind."

keiretsu

Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. (p. 861)

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. (p. 770)

Augustus Caesar

Also known as "first citizen", he was the emperor of Rome from 30 BC to 14 CE. Under Augustus, soldiering became more professional and roads were improved to facilitate commerce and communication. He fought wars that stablized the borders of the empire, restructured imperial administration, inaugurated public projects, and brought Rome to a Golden Age. He offered women new marriage law rights and the right to gain women.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 305)

Zhou Dynasty

Although the Shang dynasty was defeated by the Zhou around 1122 BCE, it was more as if they had assimilated under the Zhou, with smaller territory and less power. The Zhou survived for more than 600 years, and has several written sources, such as The Book of Documents, which describes how they conquered the Shang, and the Book of Songs, which contains some of China's earliest poetry. The Zhou also transformed warfare, developing cavalry and infantry troops. However, they were unstable because they would tend to decentralize, since it was easier to rule an empire that way (Spodek 97).

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. (p. 577)

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 703)

Arawak

Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 423)

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

Buddha

An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)

Jainism

An Indian religion that follows a path of non-violence towards all living things. It stresses the necessity of self effort to move the spirit towards divine consciousness and liberation. This religion rejects the caste system and supremacy of brahmin priests, postulating instead that there is no god, but that humans do have souls that they can purify by careful attention to their actions, and especially by practicing nonviolence.

indulgences

An absolvement of sins in the Roman Catholic Church, freeing the sinner from punishments such as special prayers or actions. In the late medieval church, the sale of indulgences was a form of corruption.

Bill of Rights (1689)

An act of the Parliament of England that stated principles describing the relationship between monarchs and the people of England. It stipulated that no taxes could be raised, nor armies recruited, without prior parliamentary approval.

Muslim

An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who 'submits' (in Arabic, Islam means 'submission') to the will of God. (p. 231) )

New Imperialism

An age of imperial expansion during the 18th and 19th centuries. This includes the "scramble for Africa" and there was competition between for unoccupied land. The scramble for new lands caused fierce competition between European powers and the US. This was because of industrialization.

serf

An agricultural worker bound to the land and dependent on the lord.

Battle of Britain

An air conflict between Germany and Britain during World War II where the German Air Force tried to gain superiority over the Royal Air Force. By the end of 1940, Germany gave up the battle, and gave up plans to invade the island by sea.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)

Dar al- Islam

Arabic word meaning "house of Islam." referring to lands under the rule of Islam

Semites

Arabs, Armenians, Jews and Ethiopians

Import Substitution Industrialization

An economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade. It was especially popular in Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. (823)

Free Market Economy

An economic system in which the means of production are largely privately owned and there is little or no goverment control over the market, which operate according to supply and demand. The primary aim is to maximize profits, which are distributed to private individuals who have invested capital in an enterprise. The system is also known as a free enterprise economy or capitalism. It is mainly a theoretical idea as every country, even ones with capitalist systems, have placed restrictions on the exchange of goods and ownership.

Capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and goods and services are exchanged according to levels of supply and demand. In 1776, Adam Smith first introduced the concept when he published The Wealth of Nations. An example of it is the textile production within Europe where traders organized the manufacture.

mercantilism

An economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.

durbar

An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. (p. 661)

Neo-Assyrian Empire

An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. (93)

Empire

An extensive territory made up of formerly independent states that is politically unified in which one people dominates its neighbors. The patterns of the growth of all empires are similar to one another: starting with the building of a large, powerful military force under the command of one ruler, followed by a decline, a challenge by an outsider, the overthrow of the old empire, and the rise of the new one.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories.

WTO

An international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade. (p. 889)

seasoning

An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. (p. 504)

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality (809)

labor union

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers. (p. 709)

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993. (p. 834)

Black Death

An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)

Silk Route

An overland trade route connecting Asia and the Middle East. Many luxury items such as silk came from China to Middle East along with spices from India. Controlling it was Important to empires because they could control the flow of trade and enforce taxes. A source of tax for empires that controlled portions of it

patron/client relationship

Anciant Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported their patrons (149

Wari

Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku. (p. 314)

mit'a

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. (p. 312)

ayllu

Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312)

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)

Faisal

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933. (p. 760)

Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. (p. 230)

Oman

Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. (p. 542)

Assyrians

Are descendants of the Akkadians, were additional major participants in the continuous warfare in Mesopotamia. In the twentieth century BCE they established an independent state and through the trade of their private businessmen achieved some prosperity. Assyrians controlled conquered people through policies of terror and forced migration. However, the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, fell in 612 BCE defeated by Egyptian forces.

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. (130)

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 270)

"Scramble for Africa"

As European powers aimed to explore and colonize Africa for its wealth in natural resources, they came into direct competition with each other. At the Berlin Conference of 1884-5 convened by Otto von Bismarck, European powers divided Africa into territories without any African input (627).

Asoka

Asoka (265-238 BCE) brought the empire of the Maurya to its greatest extent, ruling from modern Afghanistan in the northwest to the Bay of Bengal in the east and Deccan peninsula in the south. In 260 BCE he converted to Buddhism, bringing general peace to India and diminishing the importance of the brahmin castes. However his lack of appointing a clear successor led to Mauryan empire decline.

Socrates

Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He made enemies in government by revealing the ignorance of others. (133)

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 760)

code of Hammurabi

Babylonian legal code that established governmental responsibility for criminal justice

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. (p. 542)

Chinese Revolution

Began in Oct. of 1911 with the Wuchang Uprising. The people were angry at the corrupt Qing government, and their inability to prevent the interventions of foreign powers. Also the majority of people were ethnically Han and they resented the government that was controlled by the Manchus, an ethnic minority. The results are that China has no effective governing system causing China to enter a period of rule by warlords, who had their own independent militias.

Industrial Revolution

Beginning in 1760 in England and ending in 1914 with the start of WWI, there was a shift of economic, political, and social organization with the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines and capital goods in the First Industrial Revolution, from 1760 to 1860. New chemical, steel, and warfare industries developed in the Second Industrial Revolution, from 1860 to 1914 (563-578).

reconquest of Iberia

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. (p. 414)

monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam. (102)

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara; literally 'coastland' in Arabic. (p. 215)

Joesph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition (780)

Quran

Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. (p. 232)

Jesus

Born in 4 BCE, crucified in 29 CE. Part of Essenes group of Jews. At age 30, preached sermons and attracted large audiences. Preached that eternal life and happiness (heaven) would be granted to the poor if they remained faithful to God. Romans feared him and his power and executed him by crucification. Christians believe he rose/ was resurrected from the dead and ascended to heaven

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. (p. 786)

Opium Wars

Britain traded opium grown in her Indian colony to China. China attempted to staunch the silver drain and widespread addiction, but, following the ideology of "free trade," Britain refused. Superior British cannons destroyed Chinese ships. China ceded Hong Kong and opened five treaty ports, falling further under European influence (615).

Stanley, Henry Morton (1841-1904)

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. Stanley helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. (p. 732)

Crystal Palace

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 606)

centralists vs federalists

CENTRALISTS: Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. FEDERALISTS:, Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo

COPERNICUS: Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543), KEPLER: German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630), GALILEO: Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.(p. 848)

high culture

Canons of artistic and literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes. (p. 897)

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)

Mero?

Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. (p. 71)

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)

Delhi

Capital of the Mughal empire in Northern India

Silk Road

Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran. (p. 203)

Punic Wars/Carthage

Carthage, 130 miles from Rome, had developed as a major trade outpost of Phoenician seafarers, they dominated the north central coast of Africa. The Three Punic Wars began in 264 BCE. Rome won all three wars, and by the end in 146 BCE had annexed all of Carthage into the Roman province of Africa. These wars demonstrated Rome's brutal use of military power.

Goths/Germans/Huns/Celts

Celts from central Europe, Germanic/Gothic groups from northern and eastern Europe, and the steppe nomads called the Huns from central Asia all posed a threat to the Roman empire. They did not have cities, written languages, formal government structures, codified laws, or specialized labor. In 390 BCE the Celts had sacked Rome, the Goths had in 370 CE begun to invade Rome and migrate westward into the Roman territories. These groups contributed to the fall of the Roman empire to foreign invaders.

Byzantine Empire

Centered around Constantinople, continued after the Roman empire had fallen all the way up to 1453. The empire is characterized by Roman law and administration, Christian faith and organization, and Greek language and culture. Justinian, the Byzantine emperor, codified laws through the Justinian Code.

Delhi Sulatanate

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (p. 374)

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Urbanization

Characterized during the 18th century by a rapid growth in cities, this process began to include middle-class suburbanization. With the Industrial Revolution, urbanization exploded and caused a large increase in population, productivity, immigration, and social change (588-9).

Ashur

Chief deity of the Assyrians, he stood behind the king and brought victory in war. Also the name of an important Assyrian religious and political center. (p. 94)

Mao Zedong/Communist China

China's communist leader who had goals of a strong, united, independent China and the improvement of the people's livelihood. He had grown up with experiences and education from the countryside and became more interested in helping the quality of life for the Chinese peasant rather than China's reputation in the West. Under his rule peasants were organized to be revolutionary vanguards and gained power with the overthrowing of their landlords. He established a capital and rebuilt his soviet structure, nurturing his army, inducting its soldiers into agricultural assistance work; redistributing land; encouraging handicrafts; and establishing newspapers and schools, an arts and literature academy, and medical programs for training paramedical "barefoot doctors".

Beijing

China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. (p. 351)

Daoism

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.

yin and yang

Chinese concept of balance in nature represented by male assertiveness and female submission

Peloponnesian War

Conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors/Persian $$$ (135)

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict between Japan and Russia arose over Manchuria and Korea; the Japanese victory in 1905 furthered Japan's imperial control over Southeast Asia and blocked Russian colonial aspirations. The war was a landmark both because of the British-Japanese alliance, the first military pact on equal terms between a European and non-Western country, and that it was the first time an Asian power had defeated a European one since the 17th C. (639).

Vietnam War

Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by the United States. (p. 838)

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. (p. 836)

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)

Constantine

Constantine I or Saint Constantine was a roman emperor from 306 to 337. Well known for being the first Roman emperor to convert to christianity. Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed tolerance of all religions throughout the empire.

Istanbul/Constantinople

Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire, until it was renamed Istanbul by Sultan Mehmed II.By 1600, Istanbul was largely a city of the Turks and was a key processing center for many goods and where ideas were spread.

Old Regime

Created by the Monarchy in the Middle Ages, and then taken out by the French Revolution. The Old Regime was when the society had the 3 estates, 1-clergy 2-nobles 3-commoners/peasants, and the rest of the people. Allowed the "divine right" and was mainly found in absolute monarchy.

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.

League of Nations

Created in 1920 to promote international cooperation and prevent future was. Members of it were; France, England, USSR, Germany, and other nations. The US refused to join due to congressional opposition. It was crippled by the fact it had no military force to enforce its decisions.

Cuneiform

Cuneiform: "A writing system in use in the ancient Near east from around the end of the fourth millennium to the first century B.C.E. The earliest examples are in Sumerian. The name derives from the wedge-shaped marks (Latin: cuneus, a wedge) made by pressing the slanted edge of a stylus into soft clay." (Spodek 56) Cuneiform is useful today to historians, as it allows them to read their written literature and business interactions so they can better understand their thoughts and what they said.

Pillar 1

Declaring the the creed, "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his Prophet

Eightfold Path

Definition: Right Views, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Recollection and Right Meditation. Buddhists believed that if you wanted to end suffering, the __________ must be followed.

universities

Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. (p. 407)

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234)

Ptolemies

Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov't largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. (p. 138)

nonaligned Nations

Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War. (p. 846)

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. (823)

Jacobins/Girondins/Montagnards

Divided into the moderates, the Girondins, and the radicals, the Montagnards, the Jacobins were leading revolutionaries of the French Revolution and primarily composed of the bourgeoisie (543).

princely states

Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; agents of East India Company were stationed at the rulers courts to ensure compliance; made up over one-third of the British Indian Empire

cultural imperialism

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 894)

proxy wars

During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants. (p. 855)

Frederick the Great

Enlightened despot of Prussia. As a ruler his opinions were generally liberal and humane, but his deeds were mot always so. Religious toleration (except jews), Reduced the use of torture, Admitted serfdom was wrong but did nothing, viewed himself as the "first servant of the state.", king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786

popular culture

Entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal. (p. 897)

tropics

Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. (370)

mercantilism

European economic policy with strict gov regulation on trade to strengthen internally

mercantilism

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country 506

humanists (renaissance)

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. (p. 408)

Legitimate Trade

Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (p. 654)

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic. (p. 32)

Java

Far Eastern island that was the trading headquarters of the Dutch

Faraday, Von Siemens, Tesla, Edison

Faraday: the English physicist nd chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction (1791-1867) Von Siemens: German inventor and industrialist. Siemens' name has been adopted as the SI unit of electrical conductance, the siemens. He was also the founder of the electrical and telecommunications company Siemens. Tesla: United States electrical engineer and inventor (born in Croatia but of Serbian descent) who discovered the principles of alternating currents and developed the first alternating-current induction motor and the Tesla coil and several forms of oscillator Edison: most versatile inventor, invented the phonograph, the moving picture and the light bulb

Fashoda

Fashoda was located in Sudan which is int he middle of Africa. France wanted control of western Africa and Britain wanted control of eastern Africa. France backed off to avoid conflict. They ended up settling this issue diplomatically and each country got a fair share.

Pillar 4

Fasting each day during the month of Ramadan

Reform Bills

Fearing a possibility of revolution after the Industrial Revolution came around the Whig party in Parliament forced this bill that expanded urban constituencies. The benefits of the ______ went to the middle class.

Storming of the Bastille & Great Fear

Fearing that Louis XVI would forcibly shut down the National Assembly, a mob of Parisians stormed and burned the infamous political prison, Bastille, and raided its armory in July 1789. This event triggered the diffusion of revolutionary zeal., The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

Manchus

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. (p. 556)

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. (p. 232)

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. (p. 215)

flying shuttle --> power loom

Flying shuttle: was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand Power loom: a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side wit hthe spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles

extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 311)

Batavia

Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta.

Qing Dynasty

Founded by a group of Manchus from North of the Great Wall, came to power in 1644. They were isolationists and were one of the many land-based empires that failed due to lack of external or oceanic trade. The Canton system, employed by this dynasty, restricted European traders and gave power to Chinese monopolies.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. , , Assembly formed by the Third Estate; joined also by the clergy and, eventually, the nobility; main goals were to overthrow the monarchy and to create a new constitution

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)

Rousseau

French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society

Montesquieu

French philosopher who believed in checks and balances for different branches of government. Believed in separation of powers.

Diderot

French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France, wrote the Encyclopedia

Marx and Engels

Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx were the fathers of the Marxist theories. They co-authored The Communist Manifesto, which criticized capitalism. It called for a proletarian revolution (581-8).

tsar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551)

Funan and Champa

Funan, the southernmost part of Vietnam, had important established settlements for Indian trade. Funan adopted sanskrit as the language of the court and encouraged Hinduism while remaining an independent state, not an Indian province. Wherever Funan expanded, it encouraged the adoption of Indian culture. A Champa king, Bhadravaraman, built the first Champa temple to the Hindu god Shiva after being influenced by Funan's Indian culture.

Gatling/Maxim --> machine gun

GATLING: United States inventor of the first rapid firing gun (1818-1903) MAXIM: English inventor (born in the United States) who invented the Maxim gun that was used in World War I (1840-1916) MACHINE GUN: a rapidly firing automatic gun (often mounted)

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. (p. 430)

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). (p. 709)

Max Planck

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. (p. 774)

Nazis

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule. (786)

u-boats

German submarines

Pillar 3

Giving alms to the poor

nuclear nonproliferation

Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968. (p. 890)

Mahayana Buddhism

Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. (p. 181)

Voltaire

Greatest of enlightened philosophers; He was educated by Jesuits, and came to challenge Catholic Church. He believed in distant deistic God - a clockmaker who built an orderly world and let in run under laws of science. He hated religious intolerance and felt that religion suppressed human spirit. He wrote Candide against evils of organized religion. He argued for religious toleration in Treatise on Toleration. His deism was intended to construct a more natural religion based on reason and natural law. He was imprisoned in the Bastille for 11 months in 1717. Then he was exiled in England for 3 years, when he came to admire their system of government and advocated freedom of thought and respect for all. Lived on the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia from 1743, where he supporter Enlightened Despotism.

trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. (p. 132)

Hellenistic Age

Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)

golden mean

Greek idea of balance, moderation, and proportion

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487)

Directory

Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.

chartered Company

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 498)

breech loading rifle

Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber. (p. 681)

percussion cap

Gunpowder-filled capsules that, when struck by the hammer of a gun, ignite the explosive charge in a gun. Their use meant that guns no longer needed to be ignited by hand. (p. 681)

Harappa

Harappa is approximately 4500 years old, and, with Mohenjo-Daro, showed scholars a lot about where the civilization of India had come from. Harappa, along with Mohenjo-Daro, showed that settlement artifacts went back as far as 7000 BCE. The two cities also helped them realize that the city-building in Harappa was not diffused from Mesopotamia. However, since there is no written script, it is more difficult to explain and talk about the city (Spodek 80)

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269)

Julius Caesar

He, along with Augustus Caesar, were the two men most responsible for transforming the Roman Republic into a militaristic dictatorship. He led his massive army to many military victories in Gaul (modern day France) and briefly in Britain and Germany. After his famous assassination by Brutus, his son avenged his death by slaughtering 300 senators and 2,000 knights.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128

messiah

Hebrew word meaning "the anointed": in Judaism the promised deliverer of the Jews; in Christianity, a term referring to Jesus

Herodotus

Heir to the technique of historia-'investigation'-developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. (128)

cynicism

Hellenistic philosophy calling for a return to simplicity and a rejection of materialism

epicureanism

Hellenistic philosophy that sought inner peace and please, defined as avoidance of pain

Bannermen

Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 684)

Shiva

Hindu god portrayed as both creator and destroyer

Upanishads

Hindu philosphical treatises, centering on the doctrine of the Brahma.

Latin West

Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394)

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the col

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. (p. 726)

new monarchies

Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)

operation Barbarossa

Hitler's 1941 invasion of the soviet union

operation sea lion

Hitler's plan against great Britain, which began with the bombing of Britain in the summer of 1940

final solution

Hitler's systematic elimination of the Jews and other populations he considered inferior

Mauryan and Gupta

Imperial dynasties of ancient India - permanent institutions that mediated between individual and the state Hinduism shaped these dynasties

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308)

Berlin Blockade

In 1948 the Russians barred the entrance and exit of people and supplies to and from Berlin in attempt to gain control on the city. The US President at the time, Harry Truman, responded with airlifts of supplies until the bar was lifted.

Chartist Movement

In 19th century Britain where members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all MEN. failed

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)

gentry

In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)

yin/yang

In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yin is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; yang with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. (p. 63)

mansabs

In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. (p. 536)

karma

In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life (177)

lama

In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher. (p. 351)

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

equites

In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)

Israel

In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948. (p. 98)

Creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)

Supply and Demand

In economics, the relationship between the amount of a commodity that producers are able and willing to sell, and the quantity that consumers can afford and wish to buy. Prices would vary only in terms of the relationship between the supply of goods and the economic demand for them, and business-people would be free to seek their fortune as they choose.

Extraterritoriality

In international law, benefits that are enjoyed by the official representatives of a state or international organization within a country; they are known as "foreign islands" and are exempt from prosecution, interference, or constraint

Balance of Power

In international relations, a policy that aims to secure peace by preventing any one state or alignment of states from becoming too dominant. Alliances are formed in order to build up a force equal or superior to that of the potential enemy. The balance of power between the Triple Alliances of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple Entente of France, Russia, and Britain, were expected to keep each side aware of the potential costs of war and benefits of peace.

manor

In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. (p. 254)

vassal

In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. (p. 256)

serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)

serfs

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)

guild

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. (403)

Ottoman Empire (Mehemet Ali)

In northwest Anatolia, near the Byzantine Empire. It later assimilated into present day Turkey; a major city being Istanbul (formerly Constantinople; the Ottomans sacked Constantinople in 1453CE from the Byzantines and renamed it Istanbul). It fell in World War I. Perhaps the most significant aspect of the it is the fact that it lasted over 600 years, up until WWI.

Italian Unification

In the early 1800s, Italy was completely disunified. However, at this time, a unification movement began. By the mid 19th century, the strongest Italian state, Sardinia, began to expand south. By 1870, it had conquered almost all of modern day Italy. In the 1850's, Italy was divided into many states. However, in a movement known as the Italian Unification, the strongest Italian state expanded and conquered the rest of Italy over a period of a dozen years.

Blood and Iron

In the early 19th century, Germany was being unified by the state of Prussia. Prussia's prime minister, and later chief advisor to the Emperor of Germany, was a man named Otto von Bismarck. Prussia was industrializing and militarily expanding, so Bismarck instituted a policy of "________." This was the title of a speech by Bismarck trying to convince German leaders to continue attacking.

caudillos

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.

Gran Colombia

Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights (816)

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. (p. 538)

Sepoys

Indian soldiers serving under the command of British army officers

Jawaharial Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). (p. 815)

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)

Janissary

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)

Innovation vs. Diffusion

Innovation- The explanation that similar cultural traits, techniques, or objects found among different groups of people were invented independently (Spodek 884) Diffusion- The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another. Diffusionism is an anthropological theory that cultural similarities among different groups can be explained by diffusion (Spodek 883). The idea of the universal human psyche lends itself to the theory of innovation by explaining that basic similarities in different cultures arise from a psyche all humans have in common. The McNeills, however, believe that similar ideas in different places were usually spread through interactions in diffusion.

submarine telegraph cables

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. (pg 704)

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. (763)

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. (p. 833)

"Second" Industrial Revolution

Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Sasanid Empire

Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640. (p. 225)

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943. (See also Mussolini, Benito.) (p. 786)

Jainism

Jainism is another religion formed in India, which is very similar to Buddhism (Theraveda Buddhism). The teacher, Mahavir (540 BCE), guided the religion to what it is today. They reject the caste system and believe that there is no god. However, they believe that humans have souls that they can purify by being mindful of their actions and by not being violent. They believe that if they purify their soul they will reach nirvana, which is the end of rebirths. Jainism didn't spread out of India and the population of Jains is approximately 4 million. This religion mostly flourished in India's western region, Gujarat. They freely marry with several members of the lower Hindu castes.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japanese name for the areas it occupied during World War II

Diet

Japanese parliament

Jenne Jeno

Jenne Jeno is the first known native species of sub-Saharan Africa. The settlement began as a group of herders and fishers, in about 250 BCE. The village became a city by 400 CE, and reached a population peak in 900 CE. Excavations show the people ate fish, rice, and beef, and some wore jewelry. Jenne-Jeno also included religious functions (Spodek 113). It also traded with others, since the inhabitants used iron and stone that had to be brought from at least 30 miles away. By 1100, the city began to decline.

pilgrimage

Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. (270)

Communist Manifesto/DasKapital

Karl Marx: German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). (p. 732)

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250)

Hammurabi

King who connected Sumer and Akkad into one large superpower under the Code of Hammurabi.

Seven Years War

Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Koryo

Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292)

US Steel

Krupp: German industrialist who manufactured steel in Essen Schneider: who knows... Vickers-Armstrong: great steel industry in Great Britain US Steel: Carnegie sold his company in 1900 for over 400 million to a new steel combination headed by JP Morgan. The new corporations, United States Steel, was the first billion dollar company and also the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people and controlling over 3/5th of the nations steel business

Dar al-Islam

Lands under jurisdiction of Muslim law and rulers

Gothic Cathedrals

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405)

clipper ship

Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 666)

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. (p. 316)

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. (p. 48)

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hern?n Cort?s. (p. 437)

Puyi

Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912

Hidden Imam

Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. (p. 532)

Khubilai Khan

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351)

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)

Tulip Period

Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. (p. 530)

social legislation/reform

Laws that seek the common good, generally by protecting and assisting the weaker members of society.

Enclosure Acts

Laws that were passed in England during the 17th century. Converted public lands into parcels that could be sold to private owners. These acts resulted in one fourth of England's land changing from community property to private property. This proved to be very beneficial for landowners and urban businessmen who could purchase the land as agricultural investment property, which caused a sharp increase in agricultural production.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. (p. 652)

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. (p. 761)

Justinian

Leader of the Byzantine Empire - he codified law and put up many public works projects He recaptured much of western Europe

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)

Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. (p. 593)

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. (813)

Reform Bill of 1832 (+1867, 1884, 1918, 1928)

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

Moksha

Liberation from Samsara or the cycle of death and rebirth in Hinduism. This is similar to nirvana in Buddhism.

medieval

Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250)

samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. (p. 563)

Jesus

Living between 4 BCE and 30 CE in Judea, he was the founder of Christianity. He is viewed as the son of God in by Christians and a prophet by Muslims. He was persecuted on the cross on the command of the Roman emperor Pontius Pilate.

monasticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261)

mullahs

Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism

Zimbabewes

Local rulers lived in these for protection in modern Zimbabwe and Mozambique.

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)

Funan

Located in the southernmost part of Vietnam, Funan contained many port cities that were used to facilitate sea trade in Southeast Asia. Brahmin priests and Buddhist monks settled along with the traders, stopping in port cities such as Oc Eo.

Sarajevo

Location where the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austrian Empire was assassinated, Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)

Mahayana Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism is one of the major branches of Buddhism. The earliest traces found of it are from the division of Buddhism into two schools of thought around 410 BCE. Mahasangikas, from whom Mahayana Buddhism would develop, accepted the fundamental doctrines of Buddhism (The Four Noble Truths, The Eight-Fold Path, the doctrine of Anatta or no soul, the law of Karma, and sainthood) and believed the mind to be originally pure and tainted with desire, passions, and defilements.

division of labor

Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity, (603)

Niger River

Many of the first known cities in Africa such as Timbuktu, Jenne, and Mopti were located along the Niger River. Also, in pre-urban west Africa, settlements along the Niger produced sculptures, iron-smelting furnaces, and began settled agriculture (Spodek 112). Some of the earliest civilizations in West Africa were located along the Niger River.

Mark Antony

Married his enemies sister and then openly divorced her so he could marry Cleopatra (queen of Egypt) War borke out between the two leading to Antony's defeat and the annexation of Egypt from the Roman empire

ninety-five theses

Martin Luther's publicly posted his differences with the Catholic church

"Dictatorship of the proletariat"

Marx's theory of a proletariat controlled world following the taking from the wealthy; eventually it will wither away into a classless society.

Theravada

Meaning "Doctrine of the Elders", it was the codified key doctrines of Buddhism as they had developed in the earliest form of the religion. _____________ Buddhism is the leading form of Buddhism in Most of southeast Asia and Sri Lanka.

Mahayana

Means "the Greater Vehicle," and its advocates claimed that their practices could carry more Buddhists to nirvana because they had bodhisattvas to help. _______ buddhism teaches that many Buddhas once exsisted.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 583)

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. (p. 493)

Timur

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

Rajputs

Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. (p. 537)

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. (p. 548)

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucat?n Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. (p. 302)

Benito Juarez

Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico

Jose Maria Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626)

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)

George Washington

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). (p. 581)

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 581)

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde. (p. 333)

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)

Moses

Moses was a prophet that, according to the Torah, freed the Jews of bondage in Egypt and wandered through the desert in search of the promised land, Israel. Moses is a key figure for Christianity, Islam and Judaism.

Mohammed

Muhammad is the founder and most important prophet in the Muslim faith. He is considered by Muslims to be the last messenger sent by god to mankind. He founded Islam in Mecca where it was originally persecuted, so Muhammad traveled to medina where it gained popular support and eventually became the state religion. Muhammad set out on a set of military conquests and united many of the warring Arab tribes, setting the basis for the future Muslim empire.

Mughals

Muslim invaders who ruled India for several hundred years beginning in the16th century. By the 18th century, Mughal rule weakened at the hands of growing internal Hindu and Sikh dissatisfaction and expanding Western Imperialism., Mongols of the Indian Subcontinent. This name was used because they were a mix of the Islamic mongols and the native hindus

Acheh Sultanate

Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. (p. 541)

ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

shariah

Muslim social and ethical law

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536)

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi'ites.) (p. 225)

Shi'ites

Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

Ottoman Turks

Muslims, that took over Constantinople in 1453; and renamed it Istanbul; as a result the Byzantine people flee to Italian City-States which becomes a catalyst for the expansion of language and art; established a large empire and ended the Byzantine empire

Tiwanaku

Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.). (p. 315)

Silk Road

Named for Chinese silk, which sustained trade, the ______ made up a network of roads and water routes which linked important destinations across central Asia, especially through commercial interactions. Buddhist pilgrims traveled the Silk Routes from India to China and southeast Asia, leading to the spread of the religion and of Indian culture.

Napoleon

Napoleon ruled France from 1799-1815; he provided stable government after the upheaval of the previous revolutions. He codified laws and championed equal opportunities for those with talent. However, he eventually overextended his empire and it fell as nations began to revolt (Spodek 545).

Continental System

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe, intended to destroy England's economy

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement. (p. 769)

Pearl Harbour

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II. (p. 793)

Lepanto

Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims.

Auschwitz

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)

Holocaust

Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others. (p. 800)

Confederation of 1867

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.(p. 627)

Trade diasporas

Networks of interconnected commercial communities living and working in major trade cities throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia.

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

Revolution of 1905

Nicholas II failed to fix the politcal, economic and social problems in Russia

Golden Horn

Nickname for Constantinople because it was shaped like a horn and brought in lots of trade (money, gold) because of its access to the Mediterranean, Black, and Aegean seas.

Seperate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics (711)

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999). (p. 8

caliphate

Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232)

"old" vs "new" imperialism

Old Imperialism: characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations New Imperialism:, Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.went inland

Cicero

One of Rome's most important orators and political leaders from 106-43 BCE that left extensive writings on public affairs. He commented on social status and thought the private individual ought to live on equal and fair terms with fellow citizens.

Indus River

One of the 7 first sites of primary urbanization located in West India.

Armenia

One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221)

Li Shimin

One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277)

Bhagavad-Gita

One of the great epics, the Bhagavad-Gita ("song of god") is a philosphical discourse on the duties and the meaning of life and death. The story starts out on a field for the final battle between the two branches of the Bharata family. At one point Arjun, leader of one branch is not sure whether to stand down or fight, so he consults lord Krishna for advice. Krishna tells him to fight as his duty, saying each person has a unique dharma by caste. This summarizes key doctrines of Hinduism, as Krishna points people toward spiritual enlightenment.

Mohenjo-daro

One of the largest cities of the indus valley civilization of ancient India

Harappa

One of the largest urban settlements in the Indus Valley.

Yamagata Arimoto

One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. (p. 722)

Francisco (Pancho) Villa

One of the most important revolutionary figures in Mexico. He and another revolutionary, Emiliano Zapata, played a huge role in this revolution because he wanted significant land reform and was able to apply this in areas that he captured during the civil war that was occurring at the time. He acquired followers and preached for freedom, which attracted many peasants.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

One of the most radical of the philosophes, Rousseau stressed majority rule to the extent of justifying tyranny of the majority. He was later considered a hero of the French Revolution, which claimed to follow his teachings (535).

Voltaire

One of the philosophes, Voltaire argued for human freedom and rationality. However, he did not advocate democracy; instead, he favored enlightened despotism where an absolute ruler ruled in the best interests of society (534).

Conquistadors

One who conquers over either a small or large area. The affects of this can be positive and/or negative to the altered community. Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire, killing many and leaving few to represent their culture. He claimed most of South America for Spain, leaving the Incans with little to no land for themselves.

Oracle bones

Oracle bones were used during the Shang Dynasty to predict the future. They were inscribed with marks and writing, then put into a fire and tapped until they started to crack. They are the first pieces of written evidence from China (Spodek 91). They are one of the major sources that archaeologists use to study Ancient China.

NATO

Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies. (See also Warsaw Pact.)(p. 832)

labor unions

Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

dalai lama

Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet. (p. 556)

Suleyman (the Magnificent)

Ottoman Sultan (1520-1560) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challegned Christian vessles througout the Mediterranian. 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman.

Vizier (wazir)

Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir, the chief administrative official. They were the head of the Ottoman bureaucracy. After the fifteenth century they were often more powerful than the sultan.

Vienna

Ottomans failed to conquer this city twice under Suleyman

Cholas and Pallavas

Pallava King Nandivarman III supported a military camp to protect south Indian merchants Chola king Rajendra sent troops to defeat the Srivijaya Empire to keep trade routes open and support India's shippers Both of them helped with the diffusion of Indian religious and cultural forms

Etruscans

People of Etruria, to which the Romans learned much from about art, religion, mythology, and even language. In 509 BCE, wealthy citizens of Rome drove out the Etruscan kings and declared Rome a republic.

kamikaze

The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. (p. 365)

utopian socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively (616

Oracle Bones

Pieces of animal bones used by Shang dynasty priests to predict the future of their dynasty.

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)

Fourteen Points

Points written regarding the events of World War 1, which were highlighted by President Woodrow Wilson who believed, if they were followed, would help to form a basis for peace. As these fourteen statements were based on opinion and not fact, they inevitably welcomed criticism and controversy.

colonialism

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. (p. 731)

Perestroika

Policy of 'openness' that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union. (See also Gorbachev, Mikhail.) (p. 863)

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 766)

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. (p. 839)

terrorism

Political belief that extreme and seemingly random violence will destabilize a government and permit the terrorists to gain political advantage. Though an old technique, terrorism gained prominence in the late 20th Century (890)

nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713)

personalist leaders

Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jos? Antonio P?ez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. (628)

All-India Muslim League

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded Pakistan (813)

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)

Aden

Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 385)

sub-Saharan Africa

Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216)

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. (p. 431)

postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture. (p. 900)

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture (186)

Chimu

Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314)

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. (p. 762)

Alexander Nevski

Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. (p. 73)

Huguenot

Protestants in France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a minority religious group which often was at the mercy of the French monarch.

Nile River

Provided natural irrigation and fertile land to the early Egyptians

German Unification

Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck unified many small German states into a single nation under William I in 1871, a feat eased by the cultural unity and free trade among those states. His "Blood and Iron" policy focused on industrialization and warfare to strengthen the nation (603).

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 295)

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 761)

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588)

Cape to Cairo Railroad

Railroad that Cecil Rhodes want to build to connect E Africa

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301)

newly industrialized economies

Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. (p. 861)

Greek Revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

business cycle

Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 615)

New Europes

Refers to the number of places the millions of Europeans emigrated to and influenced heavily. Such places include North America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. European influence had many effects on these places. One was the introduction of new crops and animals and the other was the introduction of diseases that the natives were not immune to.

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia bounded by the Yalu River on the south and the Amur River on the east and north. (p. 354)

Bengal

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century.(812)

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. (p. 380)

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people (711)

Yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel (355)

Xiongnu

Related to the nomads that Romans called Huns, the Xiongnu were foreign invaders that repeatedly attacked China over time. The Xiongnu weakened the Qin along with the Han dynasty. The late Han dynasty ended up bribing the Xiongnu not to attack in an effort to continue the dynasty, but the peasants still rebelled and the Han was brought to an end.

Islam

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. (231)

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)

pax romana

Roman peace,' The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas (154)

Kipling/White Man's Burden

Rudyard Kipling's 1899 poem expressed the European belief of superiority arising from successful colonization. Due to being "racially advanced," they were obligated to bring "civilization" to those they conquered (608-9).

Mansa Kankan Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376)

Russo-Japanese War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where TR mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

duma

Russian Parliament

czar (tsar)

Russian emperor

Duma

Russian national legislature

Muscovy

Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. (p. 551)

Mikhail Romanov

Russian tsar (r. 1613-1645) A member of the Russian aristocracy, he became tsar after the old line of Muscovite rulers was deposed. (p. 551)

Sadler, Cooper, Chadwick

SADLER: A British historian and educationalist. He worked at several universities, and he was considered to be the champion of public schools. He fought for education rights for children. COOPER: United States industrialist who built the first American locomotive CHADWICK: discovered the neutron

Isfahan

Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture.

Abbas (the Great)

Safavid ruler from 1587-1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.

Samsara

Samsara, as a concept, exists in both Hinduism and Buddhism. It describes the endless process of reincarnation until one either lives a series of perfect, spiritual lives and moves through the caste system (Hinduism) or reaches enlightenment (Buddhism).

James Watt

Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. (p. 607)

CIty-State/Polis

Self-governing city surrounded by its territory.

Phoenicians

Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce. (103)

Blaise Diagne

Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. (809)

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413)

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. (p. 726)

dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382)

Siddhartha

Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563-483 BCE) was the founder of Buddhism. Born a prince of the kshatriya caste, the suffering around him caused him to embark on a journey to find an antidote to integral parts of life such as illness, aging, death, and birth. He established the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to escape the cycle of pain and suffering

Tianamen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. (p. 862)

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)

Salvador Allende

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. (p. 856)

socialism

Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties in the late 1800s. (709)

Dom Pedro I

Son and successor of Dom João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil.

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. (735)

democratization

Soviet reform initiated in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev by which the political system was moderated to allow votes to choose from a slate of candidates

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437)

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. (p. 438)

spinning jenny --> spinning mule

Spinning Jenny: , This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727) Spinning Mule: In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent

Kievan Russia

State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 267)

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 586)

95 Theses

Statements of the beliefs of Martin Luther, a German monk, regarding the importance of faith and grace alone. A response to the practice of selling indulgences. This led to the creation of a new branch of Christianity; Lutheranism.

"Scramble" for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731)

cuneiform

Sumerian system of writing formed by pressing a wedge- shaped stylus into wet clay

khipu

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. (p. 312)

hieroglyphics

System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.

divination

Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 59)

Teotihuacan

Teotihuacan is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, just 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Mexico City, containing some of the largest pyramidal-structures built in the pre-Colombian Americas. (Wikipedia) In the high valley of Mexico, there are large residential complexes that mark the civilization of Teotihuacan, which was the dominant power in Mesoamerica between 400 and 750 C.E.

Third World

Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War. (p. 846)

Hinduism

Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. Spread along trade routes (181)

Stalemate

Term used to describe the deadlock on the Western Front during the First World War.

Alsace-Lorraine

Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI

Ottoman empire/Mehmet Ali

The "Sick Man of Europe," the Ottoman Empire declined due to rising nationalism in its territories and failure to industrialize. In Egypt, following Napoleon's invasion, Mehmet Ali (nominally an Ottoman viceroy) took control in 1807. His efforts to industrialize ultimately failed as Britain utilized Egyptian debts to control the nation (620-1). The Crimean War (1854-6) against Russia further revealed Ottoman weakness when the Ottomans were forced to recognize Romania and Serbia as new nations (608-9).

Chavin

The Chavin was the first known civilization of the Andes and ruled from about 1200-200 BCE. Their temples had several paintings and carvings of gods, which had both animal and human characteristics. While the largest ceremonial center only held about 2000 people, their gods inspired other religious forms in the area (Spodek 109).

Peter the Great

The Czar of Russia, an absolute ruler whom ushered Russia into the modern age by adopting Western European ideals and French culture. Peter supported Art and Philosophy, Under his reign Russia expanded in size gaining warm-water ports for trade, He built Russia's first modern city, St. Petersburg. He reorganized the Orthodox Church and lead the Great Embassy which allowed Russia to absorb European diffusion of ideas and culture. Though he widened the socio-economic gap between Russian aristocracy and serf population, His reign is seen as a turning point in Russian history.

Dutch East India Co.

The Dutch East India Company was a joint stock company which was dedicated to trade in Asia. The company captured many ports, most importantly Java and the Moluccas, which possessed sugar and spice plantations that allowed for domination of the European economy.

British Midlands

The English Midlands, or the Midlands, is the traditional name for the area comprising central England that broadly corresponds to the early medieval Kingdom of Mercia. It borders Southern England, Northern England, East Anglia and Wales. Its largest city is Birmingham, and it was an important location for the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. ... idk

The Epic of Gilgamesh

The Epic of Gilgamesh is the most famous of Sumerian literature, and is a series of stories about the hero-king Gilgamesh. The most complete version comes from about 750 BCE, but some of the other parts of the legends go back to about 2600 BCE (56-7). It shows archaeologists a lot about the religion and society of the Sumerians, and values people held. It also shows the way the Sumerians thought about the world in general.

Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent was the result of the resourceful Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. They "gave life to the first known agricultural villages, about 10,000 years ago, and the first known cities in human history, about 5,000 years ago." The Fertile Crescent was adjacent to the Mediterranean and continued down to the Nile Valley. (Spodek, 45). These first few agricultural villages were of the civilization Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was primarily known for developing cuneiform, a sophisticated system of writing; their city-states, and their governments of priests-hereditary kings. (Spodek, Chapter 2)

Haitian Revolution

The Haitian revolution, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, gained Haiti's independence from France in 1804. A landmark due to being the only successful slave revolt in history, the post-revolution nation nevertheless fell into a small land-owning elite and impoverished peasant base (547).

Castes/Caste System

The Hindu caste system was introduced in the Rigveda and were a key aspect of Hindu society. It was very strict and unequal. The placement of a person's caste was hereditary because it passed from a parent to a child. The castes provided security because it was close to impossible to move up or down castes. Only members of the upper castes were allowed education and there was little mingling with the members of the other castes. The castes were as following: Brahmins (priests), Ksatriya (warrior), Vaishyas (business people and farmers) and Shudra (people of the low working class).

moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. (179)

Zen

The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289)

Maya

The Maya were the third to live in Teotihuacan. They lived in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, and built on the civilizations that came before them. Maya culture flourished in the southern lowlands, and there were many major construction projects (Spodek 103). They used an elaborate calendar, and their kings were also their religious leaders. They began to decline in 900 CE, for unknown reasons, though people hypothesize that it was because of population pressure, climate changes, or excessive warfare (Spodek 104-105)

Meiji Restoration

The Meiji restoration ended the power of the military shogunate and brought the emperor and the daimyo to power. They adapted western technology to make Japan a modern industrialized state with a strong military (633).

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After World War II the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s. (p. 676)

Qin, Han, Sui, Tang

The Qin (221-206 BCE) followed the Zhou dynasty, Qin Shi Huangdi, the first empire, ordered the construction of the Great Wall of China and favored legalism and ruled through a bureaucracy. The Han was established after peasants revolted against the Qin, the Han from 206-195 BCE favored Confucianism and had many inventions like the compass, paper production, and an overall increased wealth and productivity. The Sui dynasty (581-618) reunited China after the Han had been broken up into three states. Sui centralized authority and completed the Grand Canal, which depleted the treasury of the Sui. The Tang followed with many arts and technology inventions like first block printing, Buddhism and poetry flourished too.

Quran

The Quran is the holy book of Islam. "Approximately the length of the Christian New Testement, the Quran is considered by Muslims to be the absolute, uncorrupted, word of God." as given to the prophet Muhammed by the angle Gabriel (347). "The Quran emphasized many of the same principles as those of Judaism and Christianity...many of the Quran's practices, too, were consistent with the exisiting rituals of Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians living in Arabia at the time."

Glorious Revolution

The Revolution of 1688, was when King James II of England was overthrown in 1688 by parliament as well as an invading army led by the William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) of Dutchland. This revolution was considered much less bloody then others throughout history. This overthrow brought a permanent adjustment of power within the English constitution.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Soviet Union positioned nuclear missiles in Cuba. They denied the fact that the missiles were there but the U.S. captured photographic evidence of the missiles existence. The U.S. demanded that the missiles be withdrawn, and went as far as threatening nuclear warfare. The USSR agreed to remove the missiles only if the U.S. removed their missiles from Turkey and promised not to invade Cuba again. This event is considered the most frightening part of the Cold War.

Suez Canal

The Suez Canal was built in 1869 by Ishmail of Egypt, a throughway that ended the need for the long voyage around Africa. When an Egyptian military revolt seized power in the late 1800s, the British sent forces and stayed on as the power behind the throne for almost a century to protect the canal (620-1).

Talmud

The Talmud was a collection of the interpretations of Rabbis about the Torah and Jewish laws in general. The Talmud is important as is a holy text of the Jewish people and further helps explain how a Jew should life his or her life.

Tripitaka

The Tripitaka is the earliest collection of Buddhist sacred writings. The word literally means three baskets. It is divided into three sections, which are grouped by subject matter. The first section, Vinaya, is a collection of writings that describe the proper conduct of Buddhist monks and nuns. The second section, Sutta, is a collection of discourse credited to the Buddha. The third section, Abhidamma, is a collection of supplementary miscellaneous doctrines. The Tripitaka is written in Pali (Buddhist vernacular).

Yi Kingdom

The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan. (p. 362)

Orthodox Church

The ______________ differed from the Catholic Church in that it recognized the patriarch or bishop of Constantinople as the main figure of authority instead of the pope. The __________________ also allowed its highest clergy to marry

Sinicization

The adoption and absorption by foreign peoples of Chinese language, customs, and culture.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)

Dao De Jing

The author of Laozi, the book on "the way." The Laozi is a religious text used in Daoism.

Mercantilism

The belief that government should regulate trade. It was used to strengthen a nation's economy. Used often in the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries by European nations, ______ was used to strengthen the economy, often at the expense of other nations.

Great Zimbabwe

The biggest and most celebrated of several stone enclosures in east Africa dating from the tenth to fifteenth centuries. It provided raw materials for trade at the coastal settlements, especially gold, copper, tin, and iron, and was also a trading post for luxury goods--Islamic pottery and cowrie shells were dug up at the site.

Maya

The biological/ birth mother of the Buddha (Siddhartha Guatama). Also referred to as "the power which united mind and matter.

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. (p. 43)

Mecca

The center of the Kaaba, the holy object which millions of Muslims travel to on the Hajj each year. It was the site of Muhammad's first teachings. Muslims around the world face it as they pray each day.

papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)

technology transfer

The communication of specific plans, designs, or educational programs necessary for the use of new technologies from one society or class to another. (p. 358)

umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231)

Umma

The community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundries.

D-Day

The day on which the Allied forces invaded France during World War II. June 6, 1944, brought the largest amphibious military operation in history as Allied forces, American British, and Canadian Troops, under Eisenhower, invaded Normandy and began the push forward.

Boer War

The discovery of gold and diamonds in South Africa precipitated the Boer War (1899-1902) in which the British defeated the Boers, a group of people of Dutch descent. Britain consolidated its possessions into the Union of South Africa in 1910 (620).

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.

Hegemony

The domination of one state over its allies. Rome demonstrated this over its colonies by offering protection in exchange for land-use and resources.

Indian Civil Service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. (p. 661)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472)

Amerigo Vespucci

The explorer who, in 1499, sailed with a Spanish fleet over 1200 miles along the coast of South America, recognizing that the Americas were a continential landmass, but not knowing which one he was on (South or North). He saw Columbus' error with his navigation and knowledge where he landed. He later told Spain of his findings in the Americas upon his return to Spain. He reported of the tools, animals, plants, and treasures that he found in South America when he sailed there with his Spanish fleet."

Family wage

The extra wage required by specifically male factory workers under the assumption that they had to adequately support a family and be given reasonable compensation to that end.

Siberia

The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. (p. 551)

Benito Mussolini

The fascist ruler of Italy during the 1920s. His party utilized violence, intimidation, and fraud in order to seize control of the state. He also abolished all other parties, took away the right of the people to strike, disrupted labor unions, and censored the press. He nicknamed himself "II Duce," meaning supreme leader, and this Latin derivative is now always associated with him. He first coined the term "fascism," referencing a government that has extremely militaristic and nationalistic tendencies as well as a lack of democracy.

Freud's Psychoanalysis

The father of modern psychiatry believed that innate drives, such as sex, controlled the behavior of individuals. He believed that the driving force of all humanity was the libido of humans, controlling the aggressiveness and desire for power. He believed that with this at the heart of all European conflict, no good could come of a war, perhaps even destruction if one did not come to understand the subconscious desires of themselves. A revolutionary change in what was once psychology, naming him as the father of modern psychology.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)

First Estate

The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.

Kamakura Shogunate

The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)

Qin Shi Huangdi

The first ruler to govern a unified China who ruled from 221-210 BCE. He was the first really effective ruler to come into China and govern. China struggled politically and he came in a ruled through a bureaucracy, which was very useful for him. He chose people to be apart of his office based on their skills instead of the ties that they had through family or other connections. This overall helped the government because it provided better government officials.

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)

Cuneiform

The first written language characterized by its slim, triangular elements.

Pillars of Islam

The five main beliefs of Islam.

indulgence

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. (p. 446)

gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets. (p. 289)

Abraham

The founder of Judaism and a prophet in Christianity and Islam. Abraham is considered at the least considered a prophet in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, therefore it connects the three religions. This connection is believed by some to be the solution for peace between these conflicting religions.

Chandragupta Maurya

The founder of the Maurya dynasty (succeeding the throne of Magadha) in 324 BCE. He conquered much of India. His founded dynasty brought the Mauryan empire to its greatest extent-- from Afghanistan, the Bay of Bengal and into the Deccan peninsula. He created an imperial government in India. He may have been able to conquer so much land because he had learned many tactics from Alexander the Great."

Qin, Han, Sui, Tang

The four major imperial dynasties of china, which dominated China between 221 B.C.E and 907 CE. The Qin dynasty did not welcome his [Confucius] teachings either, but the next dynasty, the Han, did. ... When the Sui fell, after over-extending itself militarily and economically, the Tang dynasty continued and strengthened these attributes of empire. The Qin dynasty rose around 221 B.C.E. after the fall of the Zhou dynasty and fell in 206 B.C.E, which triggered the rise of The Han dynasty in 202 B.C.E, which later fell in 220 CE. The Sui dynasty rose in 581 and translated into the Tang around 618.

satrap

The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Enjoyed much power. (pg118)

Stone Age

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. (p. 11)

Mecca

The holy Islamic city.

laissez faire

The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). (p. 615)

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. (831)

Council of the Indes

The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. (p. 476)

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. (p. 466)

Tamil Kingdoms

The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north. (185)

zaibatsu

The large family-controlled banking and industrial groups that owned many companies in Japan before World War II.

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

Mohenjo Daro

The largest settlement of the Indus Valley, Mohenjo-Daro was an ancient city in what is now Pakistan that thrived from c. 2500-2000 BCE. It is regarded as an early example of urban design (Spodek 81). Mohenjo-Daro is known as one of the first "planned cities," with buildings laid out in a grid-like format with a water system, uniform materials, and similar construction, down to the bricks that made up the heart of the city; it shows the advancement of the Indus Valley, which used a uniform system of weights and measures, and possessed a well-organized central administration in order to implement it.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last of the three shogunates of Japan. (p. 563)

mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602)

Urbanization

The migration of people from rural to urban areas, causing an increase in urban growth. Often as a result of modernization/ industrialization. The rapid _________ that occurred in the 19th century was directly related to industrialization, and caused a number of profound social, cultural, and economic changes within society.

Shogun

The military dictator of Japan (a hereditary position between 1192 and 1867). Though technically the Shogun was below the emperor, the military power the shogun had gave them effective control of the country.

Hannibal

The military leader of Carthage - he fought Rome in the Second Punic War He almost defeated the Romans and was considered the Roman's greatest enemy

Syncretism

The mixture of different religious traditions. The term is also used to refer to hybridity in other areas, such as art and culture. Akbar supported a ____ of foreign cultures in India, encouraging religious debate and blending of languages.

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. (p. 687)

Justinian

The most famous of all the emperors of the Byzantine, or Eastern Roman Empire. This emperor ruled from 527 CE until his death in 565. Using German mercenaries, the eastern this emperor recaptured many of the western regions including north Africa, southern Spain, Sicily, Italy, and even Rome itself, but the costs in wealth and manpower crippled his empire.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)

Meiji Restoration

The reforms affected in Japan in the name of Emperor Mutsuhito, who was known as the Meiji emperor. It accelerated the industrialization and development in Japan. This led to the rise of Japan as a military power. This is illustrated in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) when the Japanese were able to defeat the European super power of Russia.During his reign constitutional changes restored the emperor to full power, displacing the militarily powerful shogun, and Japan adopted many western innovations, as it became a modern industrial state.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Quran

The religious text of Islam that is believed to be revealed from God to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. The _________ is considered by Muslims to be the absolute, uncorrupted, word of God.

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. (p. 462)

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. (p. 661)

Women's Suffrage

The right for women to vote that was campaigned for since the mid to late 19th C., however was first ratified in Britain and the US in the early 20th C. Organizations (International Council of Women, and International Women's Suffrage Alliance) were created in efforts to obtain womens suffrage, sometimes using peaceful and sometimes violent means (581).

Ashikaga Shogunate

The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)

Dharma

The set of religious and ethical duties to which each living creature in the universe is subject. Activities in accord with one's ___________ purify the atman, and activities in opposition to one's dharma pollute it.

Paris Commune

The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government, , composed of the sans-culottes, "without pants"

Diffusion

The spread of techniques or ideas.

Historiography

The study of history and the writing of history.

variolation

The technique of enhancing immunity by exposing patients to dried mucous taken from those already infected. (p. 559)

mestizo

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)

mulatto

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484)

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. (p. 452)

autocracy

The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy. (p. 553)

absolution

The theory popular in France and other early modern European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional checks. (p. 452)

National Convention

The third estate of the Estates General -broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.

Ghengis Khan

The title of Tem?jin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'oceanic' or 'universal' leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire. (p. 325)

agricultural revolution

The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600)

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications (599

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. (p. 763)

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. (p. 560)

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China. (p. 355)

Heliocentric/Copernican theory

Theory that the Sun is the center of the universe

Theravada/ Hihayana

Theravada Buddhism is considered the orthodox school. It is considered to be truer to Gautama Buddha's teachings than Mahayana. Theravada was the original school of Buddhist philosophy. Its scriptures are in Pali, the language that Buddha taught in. At present, Theravada Buddhism is to be found in Sri Lanka, its main bastion, and also in Myanmar, Thailand and other parts of South East Asia. Theravada Buddhism begins from Realistic ontology. (Buddhist Schools of Beliefs).

acllas

Women selected by Inca authorities to serve in religious centers as weavers and ritual participants. (p. 318)

Bolivar's "Jamaica Letter"

This document was written to an English gentleman, most likely the Governor of Jamaica at the time. It is in response to a request that Simon Bolivar expound his views on the independence movement in Venezuela and the form of government under which the country should operate. It is interesting, largely because Bolivar would soon be attempting to implement these ideas in actuality.

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Francisco Franco

This general began a civil war in Spain in 1936. Supported by Germany and Italy, after 3 years and 600,000 deaths, Franco gained power. He maintained it until 1975. He was a fascist dictator in Spain from 1939 to 1975.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies., by Adam Smith; 1776; argued against mercantilism, mercantilism was the cause of the US revolution

Poor Law

This law had participants work in government organizations and workhouses. Parliament abolished slavery and in-acted the ______ that provided assistance to just barely sustain life.

Karl Marx

This man came up with the idea of communism/dialectic socialism that said that two classes have always battled against each other to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other

Whigs

This political party favored Parliament over the crown LIBERAL

Siddhartha Gautama

This religious leader founded Buddhism and was born c. 563 BCE in the foothills of the Himalayan mountains of what is now Nepal. On the forty-ninth day of his meditation, upon reaching enlightenment, he became the Buddha and had found an antidote to pain and suffering. When ____________ was twenty-nine years old, he began to grow curious about what lay beyond the confines of his father's palace. This curiosity led him to leave his wife and son so that he could travel and live a life of peace.

Tanzimat Reforms

This set of reforms, translated as "reorganization" lasted from 1839-1876 and the army was the principal target of reform. The reforms drew inspiration from the Enlightenment era. They aimed to remove the capitulations and made several codes based on the French legal system such as the commercial code of 1850, the penal code of 1858, and the maritime code of 1863. Some of the rights for the citizens that came out of this were public trials, privacy rights and equality before the law. There were also new school systems including primary, secondary, and university education levels.

Humanism

This term originated during the 14th century, when education was emphasized for males: grammar, history, and moral philosophy were subjects that were emphasized for humanist scholars, as well as the importance of human qualities and individuality.

theory of evolution

This theory stated that animals could evolve from other animals in order to adapt to their environments. This theory was not widely accepted for it could possibly account for humans which would defeat the whole purpose of creationism

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed

Thomas Hobbes

This was the philosopher that believed that a strong central government was needed to avoid rebellion and civil war because people were naturally prone to be sinful, , English philosopher and author of Leviathan, in which he explained that a state of chaos and war existed prior to a social contract forming a government, which should be led by a sovereign invested with absolute power in exchange for protection of group safety and social order.

Huns

Though Romans considered them all Central Asian invaders, they were in fact only a single group of nomads from Manchuria whom inhabited European Russia. Their invasion of the Roman Empire caused the diaspora of Germanic tribes across Europe. They caused mass immigration into Rome, which was a major factor in the Roman fall.

Gracchus brothers

Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus, were Roman brothers who tried to reform Rome's social and political structure to help the lower classes

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

El Alamein

Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. (p. 793)

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498)

trans-Saharan Caravan Routes

Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210)

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. (685)

steppe

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to mongol military. (326)

movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293)

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 795)

containment

U.S. post- World War II policy of forging alliances to assist vulnerable countries in their resistance against communism

island-hopping

US WWII strategy of seizing control of key islands of strategic importance around Japanese stronghold in the Pacific

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. (236)

kamikaze

WWII Japanese suiside piolets who flew their bomb-loaded planes into American ships; the Japanese mane a "divine wind" that drove back Mongol invasions of the Japanese Islands in the 13th century

Zimbabwe

Walled stone enclosures built during the Iron Age in the area of modern Zimbabwe and Mozambique. They were the courts of the local rulers, and are associated with foreign trade, farming, and gold production (Spodek 111). Originally, archaeologists believed that the Africans, like the Europeans, learned to build cities from outside influence, and that the cities were a diffused phenomenon, but this is being challenged.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)

Mexican-American War

War between Mexicans and Americans over the annexation of Texas

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 857)

cottage industries

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. (p. 353)

The African slave trade

Western European entrepreneurs seeking cheap labor forced many people from Africa, transported natives to the Americas to work in the field. One of the largest diasporas in history, millions of Africans survived the MIddle Passage between Africa and the Americas from 1550 to the late nineteenth century.

tropical dependencies

Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations

Confucius

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.(p. 62)

Automobile (Model T/ Ford)

Wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers. The first affordable car was the Henry Ford's Model T produced by Ford Motor Company, which came out in 1908. It gave middle class America the opportunity to own a car and therefore have the ability and freedom to travel farther distances. This innovation is credited to Ford's assembly line production. Vast new industries developed around the car such as the rubber for tires, glass for windows, steel for bodies and engines, and elctrical systems for light, starter, and later, luxury equipment.

Sinicization

When non-Chinese societies come under the influence of a Chinese state - influence through language, law, lifestyle, economics and religion Vietnam and Korea are examples

repartimiento

When the Spanish crown allowed colonists to force Indians into labor

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Per?n and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. (p. 824)

iron curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. (p. 831)

"workshop of the world"

Workshop of the World informal term for England in the 19th century; the expression was used by Disraeli in the House Reference to the British manufacturing and industrial capacity. "Britain's new status resulting from the industrialization caused by the inventions and innovations of textiles, steam engines, and other developments.

Maximillien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins. (p. 589)

Ziggurats

Ziggurats were massive temple structures that were built in ancient Mesopotamia. The people of ancient Mesopotamia built these massive structures to house their cities local gods. Only priests were allowed onto the ziggurats. "A small sanctuary rested atop the structure, which could reach as many as 10 stories high. The ziggurats lacked any internal chambers, and worshipers probably reached the sanctuary via a large external ramp (Spodek 51).

blitzkrieg

a "lighting war" in which initial rapid surprise attacks by aircraft are followed by massive attacks of group forces, as in the 1939 German invasion of Poland

Royal Road

a 1,600 mile communication route in ancient Persia

treaty of tordesillas

a 1494 treaty that divided the land in the Americans between Portugal and Spain

edict of Nantes

a 1598 decree that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Kellogg-Briand Pact

a 1928 agreement to outlaw war that was signed by most countries

postdam conference

a 1945 conference help at post damn, Germany in which Truman and Churchill met with Stalin to attempt to persuade him to abandon his policy of domination of the soviet satellite nations

Warsaw pact

a 1955 defense alliance organized by the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Hungry, East Germany, Poland, Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania

helsinki accords

a 1975 pledge to pratice détente and promote human rights that was signed by the Soviet Union, the Unites States, and 33 other nations

jazz

a 20th century style of music developed primarily by African American musicians

marathon

a 26 mile race

Xhosa

a Bantu language closely related to Zulu

enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the seventeenth and 18th centuries stating that human beings were basically good and could be further improved through education, and upholding reason as the key to truth

kaiser

a German emperor

mystery religion

a Hellenistic religion that involved faith in eastern deities and the promise of eternal life to believers

Mitsubishi

a Japanese conglomerate consisting of a range of autonomous businesses which share the Mitsubishi brand, trademark and legacy.

daimyo

a Japanese feudal lord who had a private army of samurai serving under him

emir

a Muslim ruler

world trade center

a NY building complex housing numerous companies and organizations dealing with global trade; a target of the 2001 terrorist attack on the US

shah

a Persian king

Anabaptists

a Protestant Church that stressed adult baptism and the separation of church and state

Inquisition

a Roman Catholic Church court especially powerful in Spain and Italy during the Counter- reformation

council or Trent

a Roman Catholic council convened in 1545 to examine the Church's teachings

apartheid

a South African policy in which the races were separated by law

marshall plan

a US program of economic assistance to European nations to aid them in restoring their economies and societies after WWII

intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)

a ballistic missile with the capacity to travel from one continent to another

Deism

a belief that maintained that, although there was a god, the role of the deity was simply to set natural laws in motion

animism

a belief that spirits inhabit the features of the natural world

zen Buddhism

a blend of Buddhism with some of the teachings of Daoism to form a faith dependent upon meditation and enlightenment

Neo- Confucianism

a blend of Confucianism and Buddhism that emphasized traditional Chinese values of self-discipline, family loyalty, and obedience to authority

hellenistic culture

a blend of eastern and western culture characteristics (Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian) in the period between the reign of Alexander the great and the Roman occupation of Greece

Manchaeism

a blend some of the beliefs of Zoroastianism, Buddhism, and Christianity which held that life was a struggle between good and evil

oracle bone

a bone or shell used by Chinese to determine the will of goals

joint-stock company

a business that was forerunner of the modern corporation in which investors pooled their resources and shared in the profits

pogram

a campaign of violence against Jewish settlements in Russia in the late 19th century

armistice

a ceasefire agreement

age grade

a cohort group in which tribal members of a common age range shared experiences and responsibilities appropriate to that age group

four noble truths

a philosophy of life's struggles according to the buddhist faith: everything in life is suffering; the cause of all suffering is people's desire; suffering can be ended by ending all desires; desires may be overcome by following the eightfold path

hajj

a pilgrimage to Mecca required once during the lifetime of a follower of Islam

collectivization

a policy adopted by the government, pursued most intensively between 1929 and 1933, to transform traditional agriculture and to reduce the economic power of the kulaks.

one-child policy

a policy adopted in the 1980s in the People's Republic of China stating that a couple is allowed only one child

Truman doctrine

a policy announced by the US President Truman in 1947 to offer military and economic aid to free nations treated by communism

militarism

a policy of advocating military power and maintaining a standing army

Lend- Lease Act

a policy passed by the US congress in 1941 to allow President Roosevelt to lend or lease arms and other supplies to any nation considered vital to the security of the USA

devshirme

a policy under which the army of the Ottomans' sultan removed Christian boys from their families, educated them in the principles of Islam, and trained them for military service

fascism

a political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism and loyalty to the sate and features one-party rule by an authoritarian ruler

Labour Party

a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900

Social Democratic Party

a political party in Germany and Britain (and elsewhere) founded in late 19th century

feudalism

a political system in which a monarch or noble granted land to other nobles in exchange for military services, protection and loyalty

extraterritorial rights

a privilege that exempts foreign residents from the laws of the nation in which they are residing

Neo-colonialism

a process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure

Orange Free State

a province in central South Africa that was colonized by the Boers, After Great Trek. fed up with british when they took control of them at the coast of south africa

Transvaal

a province of northeastern South Africa originally inhabited by Africans who spoke Bantu, one of two free Boer states established away from Brittish

new deal

a reform program initiated by US president Franklin Roosevelt to restore the US economy during the great depression

Balkans

a region in southeastern Europe currently composed of the republics of the former Yugoslavia, the European portion of Turkey, Greece, Albania, and Bulgaria

protectorate

a region that is controlled by an outside power but is allowed to maintain its own government

repartamiento

a replacement for the encomienda system which allowed for the payment of wages to Native American workings in the Spanish American colonies

kowtow

a ritualized bow required of all visitors to the Chinese court

macadam road

a road developed by Scottish engineer John McAdam in which a pavement was created of small stones compacted together into layers

cubism

a school of art in which the normal shapes of objects or persons are changed into geometric forms

manor

a self- sufficient estate in feudal Europe

intifada

a series of demonstration, boycotts, and violent attacks employed by Palestinians from 1987 onward to attract would attention to their desire for a Palestine homeland

civil service system

a series of examinations given to determine qualifications for government- related jobs

Ka'aba

a shrine which contained the Black stone, a relic of the polytheistic beliefs of the early Arabs and later the destination of the Muslim hajj

estate

a social class in medieval and pre-revolutionary France

stateless society

a society ruled by a number of equal kinship groups rather than by a central government

dictator

a sole ruler with absolute power

glasnost

a soviet policy introduced in 1985 by Mikhall Gorbchev emphasizing openness in the sharing of information and ideas

space probe

a spacecraft that carries instruments capable of transmitting to earth photographs and information about the planets

protectorate

a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs

nicene creed

a statement if the christian faith issued in 325 CE stating that Jesus was the same time fully human and fully divine

scorched- earth policy

a tactic of burning in the path of an invading army

Napoleon Bonaparte

dominated French and European history from 2799-1815; brought the French revolution to an end in 1799; born into nobility, commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army in 1785; rose quickly through the ranks of the French army, won the confidence of his men with energy, charm, and ability to make quick decisions; these and his intelligence, ease with words, and confidence won people's support; 1797 a conquering hero in France, but 1799 abandoned his army against British; took part in the coup d'etat in Paris that overthrew the Directory; a new government called the consulate was proclaimed--first consul, controlled entire government, appointed members of bureaucracy, controlled the army, conducted foreign affairs, and influenced the legislature; In 1802, consul for life, in 1804 crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I; ideal of republican liberty had been destroyed by Napoleon's takeover of power; most French were Catholic so to restore stability to France, in 1801 agreed with the pope to recognize Catholicism as religion of the majority of French people, and pope wouldn't ask for the return of church lands from the revolution; Catholic church no longer enemy of French gov't, and those owning church lands were avid supporters of his regime; completed 7 law codes, most important Civil Code, or Napoleonic Code, which recognized the equality of all citizens, the right to choose a profession, religious toleration, and the abolition of sefdom and feudalism; property rights carefully protected, outlawed trade unions and strikes; woman were less equal than men; promotion was based on ability only; created a new aristocracy based on merit in the state service; insisted that all writing be inspected by the gov't; defeated Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden; sought to spread equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom; nobility and clergy lost their special privileges

mensheviks

early 20th- century Marxist group in Russia that wanted to engage popular support for revolution in Russia

five-year plans

economic plans to increase industrial and productivity in the soviet union, china, and india

laissez-faire

economic policy of non interference by government in the market/ individual affairs

capitalism

economic system based on privatization and a competitive market based on the principles of supply and demand

command economy

economic system in which decisions are in the hands of the government rather than the consumer

laissez-faire

economic theory proposed by Adam Smith which argued that government should not interfere with the natural laws of supply and demand

millet

ethnically homogeneous nations under the Ottoman empire who were allowed a representative to serve as a voice before the sultan

Belgian Congo

exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.

loess

fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because loess soil is not compacted, easily worked, but it leaves the region vulnerable to earthquakes. (p.58)

loess

fine,yellow,windblown,slit

comedy

form of drama developed by the Greeks that often satirizes a society

Allies

formed by Britain, France, and Russia, later joined by the Italians in 1915.

central powers

formed by the Ottoman Empire, Germany, and Austria-Hungary.

Lenin

founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

four modernizations

goals issued by China's Deng Xiaoping that included changes in industry, agriculture, defense, and science and technology

theocracy

government controlled by religious rulers or by a ruler considered divine

republic

government in which citizens are ruled by elected representatives

stupa

great shrines of stone constructed to house relics of the Buddha

Young Turks

group of revolutionary and nationalistic Turks who revolted against Ottoman empire in 1908 attempting to make reforms and then sided with the central powers in WWI

terra cotta

hard,reddish-brown clay used in pottery

burqa

head-to-toe garment with a mesh- like panel covering face; required attire for women under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan by other Islamic societies

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire he was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist who was out raged that Austro-Hungry had seized Balkan land. It was believed his assassination sparked World War I.

foraging

hunting and gathering

domino theory

idea prevalent during the Cold War period that, if one nation fell to communism, neighboring nations would likewise fall

separation of powers

idea proposed by the enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu in which the powers of government are divided among different branches

Polish Revolt

idk...

Third Estate

made up of Bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers

Hagia Sophia

magnificent Eastern Orthodox Church constructed in Constantinople by the emperor Justinian

polygamy

marriage to more than one wife

ziggurat

massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. (p. 37)

thermoluminescent dating

measures radioactivity released from electrons in heated flint and clay allowing for dating of objects made from these two materials

radiocarbon dating

measures the amount of radiocarbon remaining in a fossil skeleton ( this reveals it age)

patrician

member of elite class in ancient rome

peninsular

member of the elite social class of colonial Spanish america, composed of person who has been born in Spain

dynasty

members of the same ruling family maintaining control of their country's government for several generations

bourgeoisie vs. proletariat

middle class vs working class, Karl Marx

Great Trek

migration into the south African interior of thousands of Afrikaners (dutch boers) seeking to escape British control

mameduke

military slave who fought in the armies of the Abbasides

syncretism

mixture of different religious traditions or hybridity of art and culture

Silk Route

modern term referring to a historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass that connected East, South, and Western Asia with theMediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East Africa.

capital

money, equipment, and materials used to produce more wealth through investments in businesses and factories

Joseph II

most aggressive reformer of his era; radical royal reformer of Austria; introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, supported freedom of worship (even Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews); abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash; most of his reforms were undone after his death 1780-90

Zionism

movement beginning in the 1890s, its main focus was the establishment of the Jewish homeland in Palestine

mobilization

movement of a military force to an area in conflict

guomindang

nationalist party founded in China by Sun Yician; after 1925, headed by Jinang Jieshi

collective bargaining

negotiations between employees and employers for higher salaries and improved working conditions

nonalignment

neutrality of developing nations during the cold war

Seljuk Turks

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the Abbasid caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly, Sunnis

tree-ring dating

notes the chronological sequence of th annual growth rings in trees

appeasement

offering concessions to an aggressive ruler or nation in order to avoid conflict and/or war

apprenticeship

offering concessions to an aggressive ruler or nation in order to avoid conflicts and/or war

khedive

one of the Turkish viceroys who ruled Egypt between 1867 and 1914

gospel

one of the first 4 books of the Christian new testament

consul

one of two leaders elected by the patrician assembly who held executive authority under the Roman republic

dissident

one who disagrees; a dissenter

philosopher

one who pursues the meaning of truth

anarchism

opposition to any form of government; the theory that all governments should be abolished

"Captains of industry"

owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

reparation

payments for war damages imposed upon losing nation

fourteen points

peace plan for the post world war I world proposed by President Woodrow Wilson; its major points included the principle of self- determination and the establishment of an association of nations

third century crisis

political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C.E.: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near-destruction of long-distance commerce. (157)

Nuremberg trials

post WWII trials held in Nuremberg, Germany to try Nazi leader charged with war crimes

sati

practice in some areas of India in which widows threw themselves onto the burning funeral pyre of their husband

triple alliance

pre- WWI military pact among Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Italy

triple entente

pre- WWI pact amount Great Britain, France, and Russia

vietnamization

president Nixon's plan for the gradual withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam while at the same time increasing the combat responsibilities of the south Vietnamese

peace crops

program begun under the US President John Kennedy to send volunteer workers to developing nations to assist them in improving education, agricultural methods, sanitation, and other areas of need

satrap

provincial governor in the Persian empire

Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

queen and king during the French Revolution, Marie was Austrian (French hate Austrians) lived a spoiled, lavish lifestyle when the rest of France was starving, , The King and Queen of France during the Old Regime. easily bored with affairs of state. He lacked the ability to make decisions and the determination to see policies through. When he took action it was often based on poor advice from ill-informed members of his court. unpopular queen because of her lavish spending and her involvement in controversial affairs.

Concordat of 1801

reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the major religion(but religious toleration for all) of France and restored some of its civil status(pleased Catholic French which were majority)government could nominate bishops, but pope can remove them. [During the French Revolution, the National Assembly had confiscated Church properties and issued the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which made the Church a department of the State, removing it from the authority of the Pope. Subsequent laws abolished the traditional Gregorian Calendar and Christian holidays.] This restored some ties to the papacy, largely in favor of the state; the balance of church-state relations was good for Napoleon Bonaparte.

Ziggurats

rectangular tiered temple constructed by ancient mesopotamians.

ayatollah

religious title of a conservative Islamic leader in Iran

homeland

reserved territory in the least desirable area of South Africa set aside for black residents

gulf of tonkin resolution

resolution passes by the US congress to authorize President Lyndon Johnson to send U.S troops into Vietnam

Jose de San Martin

revolutionary leader, born in argentina, who freed chile and joined bolivar to free peru

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations, Ruled: 1792 - 1796. Absolute ruler, wanted to reform Russia. Formed commission to review Russia's laws. Brilliant proposal for reforms. Wanted to allow religious toleration, abolish torture, abolish capital punishment. (Commission achieved none of these gals) Did not do much to help Russian peasants. When serfs up-rose crushed rebellion. Favored nobles more than serfs. Catherine got access to the north shore of Black sea, got part of Poland.

psychoanalysis

science developed by Sigmund Freud that focused on psychological rather than physiological causes of mental disorders

monsoon

seasonal wind used by mariners to navigate the Indian Ocean

ghetto

segregated community (e.g Jewish)

tragedy

serious Greek drama dealing with the downfall of the main character

"Powder Keg of Europe"

sometimes alternately known as the "Balkan Powder Keg", refers to the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century. In this time period there were a number of overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary and, to a lesser degree, Imperial Germany, Great Britain, and Italy. In addition to the imperialistic ambitions and interests in this region, there was a growth in nationalism with the indigenous peoples of this region leading to the formation of the independent states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Albania.

perestroika

soviet policy introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev in which the soviet people were permitted to own small private businesses

space station

spacecraft that serves as an orbiting scientific type of work

space shuttle

spacecraft with the capacity to return to earth under its own power

imams

spiritual leaders of Shi'ah Islam, said to be direct descendents of Muhammad

theater-state

state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center. (186)

bourse

stock exchange

stele

stone pillar that was the characteristic architectural structure of Aksum

paleontologists

studying fossil remains

enlightened absolutism/despotism

system in which rulers tried to govern by enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

democracy

system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. (p. 127)

taille

tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government

moderate

term referring to those in French Legislative Assembly whose stand on political issues was neither radical nor conservative

people of the book

term used by Muslims to refer to Christians and Jews, whom the Muslims respected for possessing a scripture

papal states

territory under the dominion of the papacy

Protestant Reformation

the 16th century reform movement in the christian church that emphasized salvation through faith in Jesus Christ alone

social Darwinism

the 19th and early 20th century application of the theories of Charles Darwin to social science in a effort to create the notion that some races were superior to others

operation overlord

the Allied invasion of Normandy in the northwestern France on June 6th 1994

social contract

the Enlightenment concept that government is based upon an agreement in which the people relinquish their rights to a ruler in order to receive the protection offered by law and order

estates-general

the French assembly (1200s-1789) made up of clergy, nobles, and the common people

lebnsraum

the German word for "living space" a goal Hitler wished to attain by conquering Eastern Europe and Russia

Yahweh

the Hebrew name for God

Yom Kippur

the Jewish day of atonement

queues

the Manchus required Chinese men to shave their heads and wear these during the Qing Dynasty

umma

the Muslim community of faithful

Maori

the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori people in New Zealand

Armenian genocide

the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

Manhattan project

the U.S. plan to develop an atomic bomb

Self-determination

the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

entrepreneurship

the ability to organize and utilize the factors of production to realize profits

Cyrillic alphabet

the alphabet of the Russian and other Slavic languages

Waterloo

the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians

monotheism

the belief in one god

divine right of kings

the belief of absolute monarchs that they were granted their right to rule from God

justification by faith

the belief that persons revive eternal salvation thought their faith in Jesus Christ as the savior of the world

Toussaint L'Ouverture

was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Gurkhas

western Indian peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in the 18th century Gurkhas: British soldiers from Nepal, Australia, and New Zealand

guest workers

workers who have migrated from developing countries to industrial ones to take advantage of employment opportunities and ultimately to stay as permanent residents

Cixi

•ruled from 1861-1908 •Hsien Feng's favorite "girlfriend" because she was the only "wife" to have a son-an heir to the throne (Tsai Chun aka Tangxi) •when emperor died in 1861, she was given the title empress dowager •loved to spend money on luxury items •after the French and British almost destroyed the Summer Palace in 1860, Cixi had it rebuilt •she built a marble boat when she should have financed a navy, Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.