APUSH 1870-1920
On the Origin of Species
(1859) Book by Charles Darwin in which he introduced the theory of evolution
Homestead Act
(1862) Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
the Gilded Age
(1870-1890) the popular but derogatory name for the period from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century.
Great Railroad Strike
(1877) first national labor walkout in which workers protested a pay cut and paralyzed rail traffic. militia units tried to force them back to work, and the troops fired on strikers in Pittsburgh, killing 20 people
Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics
(1881) reported that almost every worker it interviewed complained of overwork, poor housing, and tyrannical employers
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) Congress temporarily excluded all immigrants from China entering the country. It was the first time that race had been used to exclude from the country an entire group of people
Civil Rights Cases
(1883) Supreme court invalidated the Civil Rights act of 1875 and stated that the 14th amendment prohibited unequal treatment by state authorities, not private businesses
atlantic cable
(1886) device that made it possible to send electronic telegraph messages instantaneously between the US and Europe
The Dawes Act
(1887) broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families and white purchasers. Indians who accepted the farms and adopted "habits of civilized life" would become American citizens
Interstate Commerce Commission
(1887) law that ensured that the rates railroads charged farmers and merchants to transport their goods were reasonable and they they did not offer more favorable treatment to some shippers. It was the first federal agency intended to regulate economic activity
Wounded Knee Massacre
(1890) Soldiers opened fire on Ghost Dancers in South Dakota and kiled 150-200 Indians. It marked the end of 4 centuries of armed conflict between the continent's native population and european settlers and their descendants
National American Woman Suffrage Association
(1890) association that promoted women's suffrage and wanted to reunite the rival suffrage organizations formed after the civil war
The Sherman Act
(1890) federal agency intended to prevent business mergers that stifled competition
Homestead Strike
(1892) steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when armed strikers confronted 300 private police men. It demonstrated that neither a powerful union nor public opinion could influence conduct of the largest corporations
immigration restriction league
(1894) blamed new immigrants for the problems of society like urban crime, poverty, and mass unemployment. It called for reducing immigration by barring the illiterate from entering the US
Atlanta Compromise
(1895) Booker T Washington's speech in which he urged black people to adjust to segregation and abandon agitation for civil and political rights
Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896) the Court gave its approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for black and white people
Philippine War
(1898-1903); War in which America used brutal tactics to crush rebellion; involved executions, concentration camps, destruction, and savagery
Open Door Policy
(1899) demanded that European powers that had recently divided China into commercial spheres grant equal access to american exports
Lochner v. New York
(1905) Supreme court voided a state law establishing 10 hours per day/60 per week as the maximum hours of work for bakers
Niagara Movement
(1905) group of black leaders organized by WEB DuBois that called for restoring the right to vote, the end of racial segregation, and complete equality in economic and educational opportunity
Muller v Oregon
(1908) Louis D Brandeis filed a brief citing scientific and sociological studies to demonstrate that because women had less strength and endurance than men, long hours of labor were dangerous for women. The supreme court set maximum working hours for women
the women's era
3 decades during which women, although still denied the vote, enjoyed larger opportunities than in the past for economic independence and played a greater and greater role in public life
Bureau of Indian Affairs
A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans
the Social Gospel
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which insisted that freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization of wealth and power
subtreasury plan
A program promoted by the Farmers' Alliance in which farmers would store their crop in a warehouse created by the governmend where farmers could store their crops until sold
Lost Cause
A romanticized view of slavery, the Old South, and the Confederacy that arose in the decades following the Civil War.
Thomas A Edison
Amerian inventor that transformed private life, public entertainment, and economic activity with his invention of the light bulb and discovery of electricity
Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. He ran his companies with a dictatorial hand
John D Rockefeller
American industrialist who rose to dominate the oil industry and drove out rival firms through cutthroat competition
why did US policymakers insist on open markets
Americans discussed foreign policy as the language of freedom and wanted to trade in order to spread the ideas of liberalism. Also, securing new markets abroad would help the US with their own economics
Why did Cuba not become independent after the Spanish-American war
Americans were convinced that the people were unfit for independence
how did Roosevelt get land for the Panama Canal
Because Colombia refused to cede land for the project, Roosevelt helped to set up an uprising by conspirators and then prevented teh colombian army from suppressing the rebellion. Panama then created a treaty with the US, giving the US the right to construct and operate a canal and sovereignty over the zone
WEB DuBois
Black civil rights activist who was dissatisfied with the policies of Booker T Washington
WIlliam Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.
why did more Americans go on strike in 1919
During the war, there was inflation, so it was difficult for workers to pay their families' basic needs, so they pushed for higher wages and better working conditions. Wartime language also inspired the hope that economic opportunity was possible
Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)
Expose of how Rockefeller's standard oil company made a mockery of economic competition and political democracy by manipulating the market and bribing legislators
Did the expansion of agriculture into the lands west of the Mississippi River lead to the predominance of small family farms or giant agricultural enterprises
Giant agricultural enterprises dominated because farm families were more dependent on loans to purchase land and industrial products, and giant agricultural enterprises could pay for investments like irrigation and machinery
Standard Oil Company
John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age
Bonanza Farms
Large farms that covered thousands of acres and employed hundreds of wage laborers in the West in the late nineteenth century.
Consumer protection- Square deal examples
Meat inspection act, Food and Drug Act
the oregon system
Reforms to political process including initiative, referendum and recall, soon adopted by other states
did republicans or democrats like the high tariff
Republicans because they wanted to protect American industry
Square Deal
Roosevelt's program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor. It's goals were control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources
Progressive Presidents
Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
New Nationalism
Roosevent's program that called for heavy taxes on personal and corporate fortunes and federal regulation of industries
where were most immigrants from in the 1890s to the US
Southern and eastern europe
Elk v. Wilkins (1884)
Supreme Court denied Native American John Elk the right to vote, ruling that the rights guaranteed in the 14th and 15th Amendments did not apply to Indians
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft's foreign policy that pressed for economic investment and loans from American banks rather than direct military intervention. It wanted more efficient revenue collection, stable governments, and access to land and labor by American companies
Palmer Raids
The attorney general, Mitchell Palmer, dispatched federal gencies to raid the offices of radical and labor organizations throughout the country. More than 5000 people were arrested and the government deported hundreds of immigrant radials
Social Darwinism
The belif that evolution was as natural a process in human society as in nature.
Populist party
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies
Woodrow Wilson policies
Underwood Tariff, Adamson Act, federal reserve system, federal trade commission, new freedom
Henry Ford
United States manufacturer who developed techniques of production and marketing that brought them within the reach of ordinary Americans
New Freedom
Wilson's program that envisioned the federal government strengthening antitrust laws, protecting the right of workers to unionize, and actively encouraging small businesses
Wilson's 14 Points
Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduction of arms, and the League of Nations
Lusitania
a British liner that in May of 1915, a german submarine sank, causing the death of 124 Americans
Chicago 1919 race riot
a black teenager accidentally crossed an unofficial dividing line between black and white beaches on lake michigan, so white bathers drowned him
American Federation of Labor
a federation of trade unions founded in 1881, composed mostly of skilled, white native-born workers
how did the 18th Amendment come about
a lot of breweries were german American, so drinking beer and other alcohol seemed unpatriotic
Second Industrial Revolution
a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s in which the federal government promoted industrial and agricultural development
pragmatism
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th century that insisted that institutions and social policies should be judged by their practical effects
ghost dance
a relgious revitalization campaign that foretold a day when white people would disappear, the buffalo would return, and Indians could once again practice their ancestral customs
model T
a simple, light vehicle sturdy enough to navigate the country's poorly maintained roads
Hepburn Act
allowed teh ICC to nullify rates and set max rates
what did lack of patriotism during the world war represent
antiwar sentiment, labor radicalism, and sympathy for the russian revolution
moral imperialism
belief that the US foreign policy should be guided by morality and hsould teach other people about democracy. It was used to repudiate Dollar Diplomacy and justify military interventions in Latin America
Roosevelt and Race
believed in Anglo-Saxon racial destiny and saw black people as unfit for suffrage
Progressives record on race
black people were excluded from nearly every progressive definition of freedom, they were barred from joining most unions and from skilled employment, progressives accepted segregation as natural and equitable and displayed indifference to the black condition. They came up with "scientific evidence" confirming that the Anglo-Saxon race was superior
progressivism
broad-based reform movement that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, ehte environment, labor, transportation, and politics
Conservation of natural resources- Square deal examples
built dams and irrigation projects to regularize their rivers' flow, prevent waste, and provide water for large-scale agriculture and urban development
How was the US transforming into an industrial economy in the late 1800s?
by 1880, the majority of the workforce did non-farming jobs. 11 million Americans moved from farm to city, and there was a large growh in cities
examples of how classes were divided during the gilded age
by 1890, the richest 1% of americans had the same total income as the bottom half of the population. They increasingly resided in their own exclusive neighborhoods
how were railroads financed
by private investment and massive grants of land and money by federal state and local governments
robber barons
captains of industry who wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated marketplace
why did Progressives not defend civil liberties
civil liberties were never a major concern of the Progressives. They insisted that freedom flowed from participating in the life of society
W.T Stead
claimed that the US was not territorial about their colonies, they were more intellectual (wanted to spread ideas, not conquer)
The Populist platformof 1892
classic document of American reform written by Ignatius Donelly that listed proposals to restore democracy and economic opportunity.
redeemers
coalition of planters, merchants, and business entrepreneurs who moved to undo as much of reconstruction as possible
Cowboys
collection of white, Mexican, and black men who conducted cattle drives. They became a symbol of life of freedom on the open range, thus inspiring people to move to the west
Election of 1896
considered the first modern presidential campaign because of the amount of money spent. The results revealed a nation as divided as in 1860, and party politics seemed to mute class conflict. William McKinley won
why was Eugene Debs in jail
convicted under the Espionage act for delivering an antiwar speech
Liberal internationalism
conviction that economic and political progress went hand in hand, so greater worldwide freedom would follow inevitably from increased investment and trade abroad
Americanization movement
creation of a more homogeneous national culture in which new immigrant cultures were expented to assimilate to the new American culture
Elkins Act of 1903
curbed power of railroads
Foraker Act of 1900
declared Puerto Rico an insular territory where the inhabitants were defined as citizens of Puerto Rico, not the US
southern and eastern european immigrants 1890s
described by native-born Americans as members of distinct races. THey were willing to work for substandard wages
socialist party and IWW after the war
destroyed
how did progressives actually restrict democracy?
disenfranchisement of black people in the south and restriction of immigrants voting
East St. Louis 1917 race riot
dozens of black people were killed when employers recruited black workers in an attempt to weaken unions
Roosevelt Corollary
extension of the Monroe Doctrine that stated that the US had the right to exercise an international police power in the western Hemisphere
Federal Trade Commission
federal agency that investigated and prohibited unfair business activities. It reflected the expansion of the federal role in the economy during the Progressive era
what effect did the labor conflict have on Americans' first amendment rights
freedom of speech was a significant public issue because employers made restraints on open-air speaking. Investigations revealed the absence of freedom of speech in many factories
19th Amendment
gave women the right to vote
Committee on Public Information
government organization that flooded the country with prowar propaganda and consciously and intelligently manipulated the organized habits and opinions of the masses
American Protective league
helped the justice department identify radicals and critics of the war by spying on their neighbors
Consequences of WW1
helped wilsonian ideals spread around the globe, the appeals of democracy was spread around the world, it laid the foundation for one of the most conservative decades in american history, and laid the foudnation for the US intervening in other countries' problems and politics
Ellis Island
immigration receiving station that most European immigrants to the US entered through. It became the nation's main facility for processing immigrants
Woodrow WIlson and race
imposed racial segregation in federal departments in DC
Haymarket Affair
in 185, iron moulders union organized a strike against a wage reduction, and in 1886, 4 strikers were killed by the police
Kansas Exodus
in 1879 + 1880, 40-60000 African-Americans migrated to Kansas seeking economic equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic opportunity
why did the US join the Spanish-American war
in 1898, an explosion destoryed an American battleship USS Maine in havana Harbor
why did the Great Migration happen
increased in wartime production and a decrease in immigration for Europe led to thousands of open industrial jobs for black laborers
how did Social Darwinism affect people's opinions
it gave people the ability to blame the poor for their fate. The people were also able to claim that the government should not interfere with the "evolution" of individuals and groups
affect of Haymarket Affair
it was used to paint the labor movement as dangerous and un-American, prone to violence, and controlled by foreign-born radicals
muckrakers
journalists who exposed the ills of industrial and urban life
Knights of Labor
labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms. It involved millions of workers ins trikes, boycotts, political action, and educational and social activities
why were farmers so poor in the years following reconstruction
low rainfall in the great plains area, farming was being industrialized, the power of railroads was strangling small farmers, deflation, falling agricultural prices (especially cotton)
Underwood tariff
lowered the tariff
New feminism
merged issues like the vote and greater economic opportunity with open discussion of sexuality
Civil Service Act of 1883
merit system for federal employees that marked the first step in establishing a professional civil service and removing officeholding from the hands of political machines
Tulsa 1921 race riot
more than 300 black people were killed and over 10000 left homeless after a white mob burned an all-black section of the city to the ground. It erupted even further after a grop of black veterans tried to prevent the lynching of a youth who had accidentally tripped and fallen on a white female
Eugene V Debs
most important figure in spreading the socialist gospel and linking it to ideals of equality, self-government, and freedom
Jane Addams
most prominent female reformer who resented the expectation that a woman's life should be governed by the obligation to devote herself to her parents, husband, and children
Garveyism
movement for African independence and black self-reliance in which black people should enjoy the same internationally recognized identity enjoyed by other peopels in the aftermath of the war
the great migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Ida B Wells
nation's leading antilynching crusader who insisted that given the conditions of southern black people, the United States had no right to call itself the "land of the free"
Federal Rserve System
national bank empowered to handle the issuance of currency and influence interest rates
did the majority of southern + eastern european immigrants intend to stay in the US?
no, they initially planned to earn enough money to return home and purchase land
importance of railroads in late 1800s
opened new areas to commercial farming and created a national market for manufactured goods
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
organizaiton that launched the long struggle for the enforcemen tof the 14th and 15th amendments. It was founded because of a lynching in Illinois
Industrial Workers of the World
organization that rejected the AFL's exclusionary policies and sought to mobilize those excluded from the AFL
18th Amendment
outlawed alcohol
Platt Amendment
part of the Cuban constitution that McKinley forced the island's new government to approve that authorized the US to intervene militarily whenever it saw fit
party politics during the GIlded Age
parties were closely divided. Gilded age presidents made little effort to mobilize public opinion or exert executive eladership. Party loyalty was intense, and 80% or more of the eligible voters casted ballots
Progrssive era
period of explosive economic growth between 1900-1917 that was fueled by increasing industrial production, a rapid rise in population, and the expansion of a consumer marketlace
William Howard Taft policies
persuaded the Supreme court in 1911 to declare Rockefeller's standard oil company in violation of the Sherman antitrust act. He stressed that economic individualism could remain the foundation of the social order so long as government and private entrepreneurs cooperated in addressing social ills
Margaret Sanger
placed birth control movement at the heart of the new feminism
how were black people disenfranchised
pol tax, literacy taxes, grandfather clause, etc
Causes of Immigration from Southern and Easter Europe
poverty, illiteracy, taxation, declining economics, political turmoil
How did the national government actively promote industrial and agricultural development between 1865-1900
prevented American industry from foreign competition, gave land to railroad companies for construction, used the army to remove Native Americans from western land, supported industrial companies
Espionage Act
prohibited both spying and interfering with the draft and false statements that might impede military success. It barred newspapersand magazines critical of the administration
Seventeenth Amendment
provided that US senators be chosen by popular vote rather than by state legislature
lynching
putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law. black people who sought to challenge the system or who refused to accept the demeaning behavior that was a daily feature of southern life were threatened
who supported the treaty system
railroad companies who saw tribal sovereignty as an obstacle to construction and by Republicans who thought that tribes contradicted national unity
Society of American Indians
reform organization founded in 1911 that brought together Indian intellectuals to promote the discussion of the plight of Native AMericans in the hope that public exposure would be the first step toward remedying injustice
Boarding schools for Native Americans
reservation schools in which Indian children were removed from the "negative" influences of their parents and tribes and educated in white ways
what did the Great Railroad Strike reveal
revealed strong sense of solidarity among workers and close ties between the Republican Party and the new class of industrialists
how did the McKinley administration justify its policies in the Philipines
said that their aimswas to uplift and civilize and Christianize the Filipinos
insular cases
series of cases between 1901 and 1904 in which the supreme courtheld that the constitution did not fully apply to the territories recently acquired by the US
Hull House
settlement house that was devoted to improving the lives of the immigrant poor
Control of corporations in Square Deal examples
sides with workers in a mining strike, Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, prosecution of Northern Securities Company
liberty of contract
state and federal courts struck down state laws regulating economic enterprise as interference with right of free laborer to choose his employment and working conditions
at what level of government did most social legislation become law during the progressive era
state and local governments enacted most reform measures because the US was less decentralized that most European governments
Eugenics
studied the alleged mental characteristics of different groups of people. It offered "scientific experise" of anti-immigrant sentiment
Teller Amendment
the US declared that they had no intention of annexing or dominating Cuba
socialism
the belief that private control of economic enterprises should be replaced by public ownership in order to ensure a fairer distribution of the benefits of the wealth produced
why did Urban workers not rally to the populists
the demand for higher prices for farm goods would raise the cost of food and reduce the value of workers' wages
the treaty system
the federal government had negotiated agreements with Indians as if they were independent nations. It was eliminated in 1871
The Cooperative Commonwealth
the first book to popularize socialist ideas for an American audience written by Laurence Gronlund
the Farmers' Alliance
the largest citizens' movement of the 19th century in which farmers sought to remedy their condition by the cooperative financing and marketing of crops
why did Progressives support US participation in the war
the war offered the possibility of reforming American society and could instill a sense of national unity and self-sacrifice
labor organizations after the war
they faced setbacks because they were associated with communism
What was the attitude of the Supreme Court during the Gilded age towards government efforts to protect workers?
they generally sided with businesses that complained of the loss of economic freedom. They viewed state regulation of business as an insult to foreign labor, and claimed that people have the right to labor as much as they choose
how did most progressives feel about government power
they sought to reinvigorate the idea of an active, socially conscious government and rejected the traditional assumption that a powerful government posed a threat to freedom
Why did the US government create Indian reservations
they wanted the Plains indians to surrender their lands and exchange their culture for Christian worship, private ownership, and small farming on reservations
what did WEB DuBois encourage black people do do
thought they must use their education and training to challenge inequality
goal of Knights of Labor and other labor unions
to guarantee a basic set of economic rights for All americans
impact of insular cases
two principles central to American freedom--no taxation without representation and government based on consent of the governed--were abandoned
farmers revolt
uprising by farmers as a response to falling agricultural prices and growing economic dependency in rural areas
the Americanization of the world; or, the trend of the twentieth century
volume that predicted that the US would emerge as a world power and that they would involve themselves in other countries' problems
why did American soldiers intervene in Latin America between 1900-1920
wanted to create a welcoming environment for American companies that wanted access to raw materials and bankers who were worried that their investments may not be paid
Zimmerman Telegraph
when British spies intercepted a message by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman calling on MExico to join in a coming war agianst the US and promising to help it recover the territory lost in the Mexican-American war
how was the 19th amendment passed
women's patriotic service pushed the administration toward full-fledged support for woman suffrage
was progressivism elitist?
yes because most progressives cared about the fitness of voters, not the quantity and wanted a democracy run by experts