APUSH 2 - Progressive Era

Lochner vs. New York (645)

1905 Held that "liberty of contract" was implicit in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment Involved a New York law that limited the number of hours that a baker could work each day to ten, and limited the number of hours that a baker could work each week to 60

Muller vs. Oregon (645)

1908 Justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period Upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Elkins Act (649)

A 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates. The railroad companies were not permitted to offer rebates. Railroad corporations, their officers, and their employees, were all made liable for discriminatory practices.

RMS Lusitania (672)

A British ocean liner 1915 - Torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat Heavy loss of life.

Social gospel (639)

A Protestant Christian intellectual movement Most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada Applied Christian ethics to social problems

Meat Inspection Act (650)

A United States Congress Act that works to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions

Roosevelt Corollary (630)

A corollary to the Monroe Doctrine States that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly

Referendum (641)

A direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal May result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy A form of direct democracy.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (628)

A treaty signed by the United States and the United Kingdom on 18 November 1901, as a preliminary to the creation of the Panama Canal

Australian ballot (641)

A voting method in which a voter's choices in an election or a referendum are anonymous

Holding companies (666)

A holding company is a company or firm that owns other companies' outstanding stock. The term usually refers to a company which does not produce goods or services itself; rather, its purpose is to own shares of other companies. Holding companies allow the reduction of risk for the owners and can allow the ownership and control of a number of different companies. In the United States, 80% or more of stock, in voting and value, must be owned before tax consolidation benefits such as tax-free dividends can be claimed. Sometimes a company intended to be a pure holding company identifies itself as such by adding "Holdings" or "(Holdings)" to its name.

Pure Food and Drug Act (650)

A key piece of Progressive Era legislation Enforcement was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Was principally a "truth in labeling" law designed to raise standards in the food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen Established a federal cadre of food and drug inspectors that one Southern opponent of the legislation criticized as "a Trojan horse with a bellyful of inspectors." Penalties were modest

Initiative (641)

A means by which a petition can force a public vote Signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters Direct or indirect Vote may be on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or local ordinance, or to simply oblige the executive or legislature to consider the subject by submitting it to the order of the day A form of direct democracy.

Indirect Initiative

A measure is first referred to the legislature, and then put to a popular vote only if not enacted by the legislature

Direct Initiative

A measure is put directly to a vote after being submitted by a petition

Recall (641)

A procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before his or her term has ended. Initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition

Root-Takahira agreement (631)

An agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan United States Secretary of State Elihu Root Japanese Ambassador to the United States Takahira Kogorō Signed on November 30, 1908,

Payne-Aldrich Bill (658)

Began as a bill lowering certain tariffs on goods entering the United States.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (646)

First mass organization among women devoted to social reform with a program that "linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity."

New Nationalism (662)

New Nationalism was Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election.

Muckrakers (639)

Reform-minded journalists who wrote largely for popular magazines Continued a tradition of investigative journalism reporting Emerged in the United States after 1900 Continued to be influential until World War I

Allies (670)

The Entente Powers or Allies were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The members of the Triple Entente were the French Republic, the British Empire and the Russian Empire; Italy entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915. Japan, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and the Czechoslovak legions were secondary members of the Entente.

Adamson Act (666)

The Adamson Act was a United States federal law passed in 1916 that established an eight-hour workday, with additional pay for overtime work, for interstate railroad workers. Named for Georgia representative William C. Adamson, this was the first federal law that regulated the hours of workers in private companies. The United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Act in 1917. Congress passed the Act in order to avoid a nationwide strike. When the railroads refused to abide by the law while their court challenge to its constitutionality was pending, the railway unions began preparing again to strike. The Supreme Court's decision brought the employers around, however, and they entered into settlement discussions concerning implementation of the law.

Central Powers (670)

The Central Powers were one of the two warring factions in World War I (1914-18), composed of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. This alignment originated in the Triple Alliance, and fought against the Allied Powers that had formed around the Triple Entente.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (666)

The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 was enacted in the United States to add further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency. That regime started with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful to consumers (monopolies, cartels, and trusts). The Clayton Act specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme, the exemptions, and the remedial measures..

Dollar diplomacy (657)

The effort of the United States to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries

Federal Reserve Act (665)

The Federal Reserve Act is an Act of Congress that created and set up the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, and granted it the legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (now commonly known as the U.S. Dollar) and Federal Reserve Bank Notes as legal tender. The Act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.

Federal Trade Commission Act (666)

The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 (15 U.S.C §§ 41-58, as amended) (FTC Act) established the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a bipartisan body of five members appointed by the president of the United States for seven-year terms. The FTC Act was one of President Woodrow Wilson's major acts against trusts. Trusts and trust-busting were significant political concerns during the Progressive Era. This commission was authorized to issue "cease and desist" orders to large corporations to curb unfair trade practices. This Act also gave more flexibility to the U.S. Congress for judicial matters. It passed the Senate by a 43-5 vote on September 8, 1914, and, without a tally of yeas and nays, it passed the House on September 10.

Jones Act (667)

The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (P.L. 66-261) is a United States federal statute that regulates maritime commerce in U.S. waters and between U.S. ports. Section 27, better known as the Jones Act, deals with cabotage (i.e., coastal shipping) and requires that all goods transported by water between U.S. ports be carried in U.S.-flag ships, constructed in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and crewed by U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents. Consequently, the purpose of the law is to support the U.S. maritime industry.

Tampico Incident (669)

The Tampico Affair started off as a minor incident involving U.S. sailors and Mexican land forces loyal to General Victoriano Huerta during the guerra de las facciones phase of the Mexican Revolution. The misunderstanding occurred on April 9, 1914, but would fully develop into the breakdown of diplomatic relations between the two countries, and the occupation of the port city of Veracruz for over six months.

Workingmen's Compensation Act (666)

The United States Employees' Compensation Act,(Pub. L. 267 codified as ), is a federal law, enacted on September 7, 1916. Sponsored by Sen. John W. Kern (D) of Indiana and Rep. Daniel J. McGillicuddy (D) of Maine, it established compensation to federal civil service employees for wages lost due to job-related injuries. This act became the precedent for "Disability Insurance" across the country and the precursor to broad-coverage health insurance. President Woodrow Wilson signed H.R. 15316 into law on September 7, 1916. The Federal Employees' Compensation Commission was the original administrator of the FECA. However, the Commission did not exist at the time the FECA went into effect and claims accumulated for more than six months while members were selected and sworn into office. The Federal Employees' Compensation Commission officially began its duties on March 14, 1917. The Commission was abolished on May 16, 1946 by President Harry S. Truman as part of the Reorganization Act of 1939. Its duties were transferred to the Federal Security Agency on July 16, 1946.

Underwood Tariff (664)

The United States Revenue Act of 1913 also known as the Tariff Act, Underwood Tariff, Underwood Act, Underwood Tariff Act, or Underwood-Simmons Act re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, well below the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909. It was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on October 3, 1913, and was sponsored by Alabama Representative Oscar Underwood.

New Freedom (661)

The campaign speeches and promises of Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential campaign. They constituted the reforms promoted by Wilson. They called for less government, but in practice as president he added new controls such as the Federal Reserve System and the Clayton Antitrust Act. More generally the "New Freedom" is associated with Wilson's first term as president (1913-1917). As President, Wilson focused on three types of reform: 1. Tariff Reform: This came through the passage of the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913, which lowered tariffs for the first time since the American Civil War and went against the protectionist lobby. 2. Business Reform: This was established in 1914 through the passage of the Federal Trade Act, which established the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and halt unfair and illegal business practices by issuing "cease and desist" orders, and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act.3. Banking Reform: This came in 1913, through the creation of the Federal Reserve System, and in 1916, through the passage of the Federal Farm Loan Act, which set up Farm Loan Banks to support farmers.

Hetch Hetchy Valley (654)

The name of a valley, a reservoir and a water system in California Was renowned for its natural beauty - often compared to that of Yosemite Valley - but also targeted for the development of water supply for irrigation and municipal interests

U-boats (672)

U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word U-Boot, a shortening of Unterseeboot, which means "undersea boat". While the German term refers to any submarine, the English one (in common with several other languages) refers specifically to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and World War II. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role (commerce raiding), enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping. The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada, the British Empire and the United States to the islands of Great Britain and (during World War II) to the Soviet Union and the Allied Countries in the Mediterranean. Austro-Hungarian submarines of World War I (and before) were also known as U-boats.