APUSH - By the People - Chpt 19

Reformers

*George, Bellamy, and Donnelly* and other authors like them were often unrealistic. Their images of a new perfect society seem romantic and their economic proposals unworkable. Nevertheless, in a county groping its way to a different economic order, all of them gave ideas, energy, and optimism to other ___. (569) 7 (Unrealistic Idealists)

Initiative Referendum Recall

*Grover Cleveland* and *Hazen S. Pingree* both moved from the mayor's office to become governor of their states. The move was not merely upward political mobility. Many progressive reformers became convinced that *legislation at the state level was essential to limit the power of corporations or corrupt urban machines*. Other state reforms became core progressive issues, especially proposals for _(1)_, _(2)_, and _(3)_, measures aimed at *limiting the power of political elites by giving voters the chance to change government policy*. South Dakota in the 1890s, Oregon in 1902, and then other states, especially in the West, began adopting these measures. _(1)_ laws allowed voters to *put new laws* on the ballot through a *petition* process while a _(2)_ allowed a similar process to *review legislation already in force* in a state. Finally, _(3)_ petitions and votes allowed voters to *remove public officials*—legislators, mayors, governors—from office before their terms ended. Never as popular east of the Mississippi as in the West, _(1)_, _(2)_, and _(3)_ were typical progressive measures, based on the same assumption that drove *muckraking journalists*: an educated and informed public would do the right thing once the right information was in hand. (576) 5 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

Cosmopolitan

*Hearst* also launched ___ magazine as a vehicle for investigative journalism. in 1893, S. S. McClure launched *McClure's Magazine*, which until 1926 was the leader in the investigative field. Investigative journalists—writing with the conviction that if people knew more of what was wrong in society they would act to change it---played a key role in the *Progressive movement.* (572) 1 (The Muckraking Journalists)

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 Civil Service Commission

*Roosevelt's* actions were not the first time that the Progressive movement led the federal government to take action. In response to the assassination of President *Garfield* by a disappointed office seeker in 1881, Congress passed the _(1)_, which sought to replace political patronage with merit in the selection of government employees. *Chester A. Arthur*, the vice president who became president when *Garfield* died, strongly supported the act and lost the backing of the bosses in his own party for doing so. The act created the _(2)_ whose job it was to give federal employees a measure of protection from losing their jobs over their political ideas while keeping federal civil servants—not elected officials—from actively fundraising or campaigning. In addition, in response to public pressure about the power of monopolies, Congress had passed the *Sherman Antitrust Act* in 1890, which its sponsor Senator *John Sherman* of Ohio said was to outlaw any business practices that would unfairly raise costs for the consumer. (585) 4

David Warlord Gifford Pinchot

*Roosevelt* also professionalized the protection of nature. He wrote that the "Nation as a whole should earnestly desire and strive to leave to the next generation the National honor unstained and the National resources unexhausted," and only new conservation efforts would preserve either honor or resources. He appointed a former *Rough Rider*, _(1)_, as a federal forest ranger with authority to protect the 4.15 million acres of federal land in Arizona and Colorado. He nominated _(2)_, who shared the president's commitment, to be head of the *Division of Forestry* and, later, head of the U.S. *Forest Service in the Department* of the Interior and gave him "an absolutely free hand." (587) 1

Sherman Antitrust Act

*Roosevelt* did not mention *Northern Securities* in his December speech, and some industrialists hoped that his speech was mere rhetoric. Men in February 1902, the attorney general announced that, at the president's request, he was filing suit under the 1890 __ to break up *Northern Securities*. To the new president, the *Northern Securities Company* was too big and too powerful, and the lack of competition on the rails meant that the new trust could charge virtually any rates it wanted to haul freight and passengers. (585) 3

Robert La Follette

*Roosevelt* was not alone in his estrangement from the *Taft* administration. Critics abounded, and Senator ___ of Wisconsin was hinting broadly that he might challenge *Taft* for the Republican presidential nomination in 1912. ___ was a different kind of progressive from *Roosevelt*. He advocated a more open nominating process for candidates and an income tax to limit the power of the very rich. He wanted to destroy the monopolies that *Roosevelt* wanted only to regulate. ___ was also appalled by concessions to the white South, believing that if African-Americans "had been fairly treated," then they would have been able to take the places now denied them as farmers and businessmen. (590) 1 (THE UNIQUE ELECTION OF 1912)

Ida Tarbell

*Taft* kept a key *Roosevelt*-*Taft* pledge and called Congress into special session in early 1909 to lower the nation's tariff rates. _(1)_, one of the best known muckraking journalists, insisted that the poor could not afford warm clothing because of the high tariff charged on imported wool, and many economists felt that overly high tariffs were protecting industries that no longer needed protection. Income and inheritance taxes seemed more equitable ways to pay for the government. But not everyone in Congress agreed, especially Rhode Island Senator *Nelson Aldrich* and House Speaker *Joe Cannon*. (589) 5

William Borah

*Taft* won in the states where delegates were controlled by caucuses while *Roosevelt* won nearly all of the states that held primary elections, including Pennsylvania, California, Minnesota, Nebraska, Maryland, South Dakota, and even *Taft's* home state of Ohio. After seeing the primary returns, Idaho Senator ___ declared, "There can be but one result, and that is the nomination of Mr. *Roosevelt*," and Nebraska's Senator *George Norris* happily said, "*Taft* is out of the race." *Taft*, however, was not out of the race. He still controlled the party machinery. When delegates were contested—and 254 convention seats were contested—the Republican National Committee decided who should vote at the convention. The committee awarded 235 of the contested delegates to *Taft* and only 19 to *Roosevelt*, sealing the nomination for *Taft*. (590) 4 (THE UNIQUE ELECTION OF 1912)

Thomas Nast John Kelly

*Tweed's* corruption was attacked by the cartoonist _(1)_ and eventually provoked a public backlash. Tweed was arrested, convicted of theft, and died in jail in 1878. Some of his collaborators fled the country. But *Tammany* survived, and the new leader, _(2)_ was the first of a long line of Irish politicians to direct *Tammany*. _(2)_ avoided the kind of theft that led to *Tweed's* downfall. But he did ensure that a tightly organized political machine maintained close links to immigrant communities and Catholic parishes, as well as local and district bosses. _(2)_ controlled the city s 40,000 jobs and made sure that loyal *Tammany* supporters-- those who remembered to vote the Tammany ticket on election day—got those jobs. (574) 2 (The Rise of Machine Politics and the Progressive Response)

William McKinley

A significant turning point in American politics came early in the morning of September 14, 1901, when president ___ died in Buffalo, New York. He had been visiting the Pan American Exposition when he was shot by a lone anarchist, *Leon Czolgosz*, on September 6. The president survived the bullet but died of the infection that followed. ___ was the third American president to be assassinated after *Abraham Lincoln* in 1865 and *James A. Garfield* in 1881. The fact that *Czolgosz* described himself as an anarchist led to a strong backlash against the anarchist movement, just regaining its political standing after the widespread hostility to anarchism engendered by the *Haymarket* violence of 1886. (584) 1

William Taft

After his reelection, Roosevelt's popularity only grew, and he and everyone knew that he could easily win a third term or, as his daughter Alice kept saving, "a second elected term" if he were a candidate in 1908. Nevertheless, he had promised himself and the country in 1904 that he would not seek a third term, saying as he claimed victory in November 1904, "The wise custom which limits the President to two terms regards the substance and not the form." As 1908 approached, the president was tempted to break the pledge but did not. Roosevelt's goal in 1908 was to find candidate who would carry on the policies that he had championed. He thought he had found just the right candidate in Secretary of War, ___. (589) 1

Charles Murphy Factory Investigating Commission Frances Perkins

After the *Triangle Factory Fire* in 1911, _(1)_ knew they had to do something or lose the support of families who had lost so many daughters and sons in the fire. _(1)_ directed *Wagner* and *Smith* to sponsor the creation of the New York _(2)_, which the legislature approved within 3 months. Where *Tammany*-controlled police officers had harassed striking garment workers only months before, the *Tammany*-created _(2)_ hired some of the same strikers to investigate conditions in the city's garment industries, where they found unsafe and unworkable fire escapes and locked exits. A social worker, _(3)_, who had witnessed the *Triangle Fire*, was one of many to volunteer her services to the _(2)_. _(3)_ also wrote much of the legislation that came from the commission's work. In the 2 years, *Wagner* and *Smith*, working closely with _(3)_, pushed 36 measures through the New York legislature, including those requiring sprinklers in high-rise buildings, fire drills in large shops, unlocked exits, and a reorganization of the state *Department of Labor* to enforce the new regulations. (577) 3 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

William Hearst

Almost a decade later (The World esposes), ___, who had used the *Pulitzer* formula for his *San Francisco Examiner* exposes of the Southern Pacific Railroad, purchased the *New York Morning Journal* to compete directly with *Pulitzer*. ___ hired some of the country's best reporters, *Edward Markham, Ambrose Bierce, and Winifred Black*, and published his own exposes of New York City corruption. Many other newspapers began to imitate *Pulitzer* and ___. (571) 2 (The Muckraking Journalists)

Theodore Roosevelt

Although a keenly passionate advocate, ___ was not, however, the first president to care about conservation. *Harrison, Cleveland*, and *McKinley* all set aside federal lands for permanent parks, and both *Yellowstone* and the *Grand Canyon* were federal reserves before ___ took office. But from ___'s perspective, too few animals were protected, too little land had been put aside, and too little was being done to protect the environment. (586) 5

Joseph Pulitzer Charles Hughes

Although newspapers had been important in the United States since well before the *American Revolution*, newspapers changed significantly in the late 1800s. When _(1)_ bought the *New York Evening World* in 1887, he made it the largest circulation paper in the country with several innovations—banner headlines, comic strips, and investigative journalism. The *World* did an exposé of the speculative adventures of the managers of the *Equitable Life Assurance Society*, which the paper said were "gambling with the people's money." Public anger over this news of the insurance industry's excesses led to the election of a reforming Republican, _(2)_, as governor of New York in 1906 and to new regulations on the insurance industry. In addition, the huge response to the expose made the *World* a very successful paper. (571) 1 (The Muckraking Journalists)

Richard Ely

Another young scholar, ___ at Johns Hopkins University, also attacked the *Social Darwinists*. ___ had visited the town of Pullman before the strike and noticed that workers would not talk to him, fearing that he was a spy. He called the town culture "benevolent, well-wishing feudalism." As a counter to *Social Darwinism*, ___ was developing a very different economic theory that allowed for—indeed called for-government to intervene directly in the economic affairs of the country. (570) 5 (The Professors)

Robert La Follette

As *Roosevelt* waited, ___ campaigned for the nomination. Then in February 1912, ___ gave a speech in Philadelphia in which, either exhausted or drunk, he went on for over 2 hours, repeating himself again and again. He lost not only his audience but also the nomination with that speech. A week later, seven Republican governors asked *Roosevelt* to run. TR announced, "My hat is in the ring" and wrote, "I will accept the nomination for President if it is tendered to me." He also set out to be sure that the 1912 nomination was, in fact, so tendered. (590) 2 (THE UNIQUE ELECTION OF 1912)

Henry George Single Tax Movement

As a solution, _(1)_ proposed a 100 percent tax on any increase in the value of land or any rents on land. He argued, "We already take some rent in taxation. We have only to make some change in our modes of taxation to take it all." _(1)_ said that his proposal would reduce the value and cost of land, thus allowing workers to turn to farming if they wished, which would create a labor shortage that would inevitably raise wages and improve conditions in factories. While many economists argued with _(1)_'s logic, the _(2)_ became a political force, and single tax clubs sprang up everywhere. In 1886, *New York's Central Labor Union* persuaded _(1)_ to run for mayor of the city. Although _(1)_ lost, his campaign led to a permanent reform coalition in New York. (569) 4 (Utopian Idealists)

Immigrants

As cities grew, a new kind of urban politics took root in the United States, shaped by the fact that cities were the major points of entry for new ___ to the nation. Many ___ desperately needed services, especially help with a job. Some took quickly to city political life, finding in politics a way to gain social respectability (572) 5 (The Rise of Machine Politics and the Progressive Response)

Antiquities Act of 1906

Between 1906 and 1908, *Roosevelt* used—or misused, as his critics said—authority given to him by the ___ to declare a 295-acre stand of giant redwood trees just north of San Francisco as Muir Woods National Monument; 800,000 acres in Arizona as the Grand Canyon National Monument; and 2,500 acres, later expanded to 26,000 acres, as the Pinnacles National Monument in California. He also set aside the Natural Bridges National Monument in Utah and a dozen other similar monuments, ensuring that the land would never pass into private hands. (587) 2

Temperance

Certainly no political renewal movement was more rooted in Protestant Christianity than the women's campaign against alcohol that began in the 1870s. Early in the 1800s, many Protestant ministers began to oppose excessive drinking, and some Protestants took a strong stand against liquor. Still, most Americans continued, to drink alcohol. The *Panic of 1873*, however, led a group of Midwestern women to start a new ___ movement. Many women seemed to reach the same conclusion at about the same time: liquor was consuming their husbands' wages while leading the men to arrive home drunk and ready to abuse wives and children. The answer to this problem, and the key to defending their homes and families, they said, was a campaign against "Demon Rum." (580) 2

Henry Lloyd

Early in his career, ___ covered the *1877 railroad strike*. He wrote that if something did hot happen to improve the lot of the country's workers, "the country will drift into a convulsion as much greater than the convulsion that wrecked the Roman Empire." ___'s 1881 exposes of *Standard Oil Company* and his 1894 book, *Wealth Against Commonwealth*, denounced the monopolies as a threat to the welfare of everyday people. (571) 4 (The Muckraking Journalists)

Gifford Pinchot

Even though his attack on the trusts got most of the headlines, a short line in TR's December 1901 message to Congress said, "The preservation of our forests is an imperative business necessity." People like his friend ___ and members of the *Audubon* and *Sierra clubs* cheered. Western senators were furious at an attack on the prime source of wealth in their states. Again, some hoped that it was a mere rhetorical flourish. They soon learned differently. When *Roosevelt* came to the presidency in 1901, 43 million acres of land were included in U.S. forest reserves. When he left office in 1909, that number had increased more than fourfold to 194 million acres. (586) 6

Theodore Roosevelt

For the rest of his 7 years in the White House, ___ had a decidedly mixed record on African-American concerns. He did not mention black disenfranchisement or lynching in his first presidential message to Congress. However, in his 1906 annual message to Congress, he said, "The members of the white race...should understand that every lynching represents by just so much a loosening of the bands of civilization." They were important words, though with too little follow-up. In symbolic ways—the White House dinner and speeches on lynching—___ did more to support African-Americans than several of his predecessors or successors. In comparison to the energy he gave to other issues he considered important, however, his track record was certainly lackluster. (588) 3

Women

Governors and legislatures also adopted other reforms in the progressive era. Workers who were injured on the job had been left on their own or blamed for accidents, but progressives passed *worker's compensation laws*. Some passed limits on the length of the work day, especially for ___, and tried to regulate the safety of working conditions. (577) 1 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

William Bryan Eugene Debs

Having failed miserably with the conservative *Alton Parker* in the 1904 election, the Democrats returned to _(1)_ for a third try for the White House. The Socialist Party was also growing in strength and their candidate, _(2)_, made a respectable showing. But the election was never really in doubt, and *Taft* won easily on the promise to continue *Roosevelt's* progressivism. (589) 3

William Tweed Abraham Oakley

In 1863 at the age of 40, _(1)_ became the chief of *Tammany*. He made sure one of his close allies, _(2)_, was elected mayor while he stayed in the background and kept control of the political process. _(1)_ became immensely wealthy as he and his *Tammany* associates benefited from—some said stole from--- development projects like the _(1)_ Courthouse in lower Manhattan (now the home of the city's school department) and Riverside Park, built over the New York Central Railroad tracks—beautiful municipal improvements that provided jobs but cost many times what they should have, with large kickbacks going to the chosen developers and to _(1)_ himself. (573) 3 (The Rise of Machine Politics and the Progressive Response)

Charles Sheldon

In 1897, ___, a young Congregationalist pastor in Topeka, Kansas, published a novel, *In His Steps*, which eventually sold 15 million copies. *In His Steps* told of a fictionalized minister who asks his congregation, "What would be the result, if in this city every church member should begin to do as Jesus would do?... What would Jesus do in the matter of wealth?" In the novel, the question "*What would Jesus do?*" transformed the town, Similarly, *In His Steps* also struck a chord in the country. ___'s question, "*What would Jesus do?*" led many Protestants to embrace reform movements. (581) 6 (The Social Gospel)

John Dewey Ella Young

In 1899, _(1)_ wrote *The School and Society*, describing what he thought a progressive approach to education should be, one that he had tried to create with his wife, Alice, and _(2)_, a Chicago teacher leader (who would later be superintendent of schools in Chicago, the first woman to lead a big city system). Together, they opened the *Laboratory School* at the University of Chicago in 1896, a child-centered approach. For _(1)_ and others, the focus was not on structure at all, but on the child. These child-centered progressives wanted to shift the emphasis in schools from the curriculum to the needs of the child. Progressive education meant many different things to different people, and _(1)_ represented only one aspect of it. Other educators who also called themselves progressives argued bitterly with him. For some, progressive education meant reorganizing schools to be more business-like, with centralized administrations and bureaucratic top-down modes of decision making. Progressive teachers wanted to restructure schools to give themselves more voice and more influence while also earning better pay and teaching smaller classes. For yet others, the goal was to make education scientific and to use standardized testing to improve schools. Certainly in the field of education there were many movements that called themselves progressive, and no one definition fit all of them. (578) 2 (Progressive Education)

Alton Parker

In 1904, the Republicans easily nominated *Roosevelt* for a full term. Having lost with *Bryan* in 1896 and 1900, Democrats were looking for a fresh face and nominated ___, chief justice of the New York Court of Appeals. It was not a close contest. ___ was a colorless candidate, but it is unlikely that any Democrat could have won. Republicans were the country's major party and *Roosevelt's* energy carried the day. He won by a landslide. (588) 5

Upton Sinclair The Jungle Federal Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act

In 1906, a young reporter named _(1)_ took a job in Chicago's slaughterhouses to report, from the inside, on the meatpacking industry. He found a world where workers suffered terrible injury, animals suffered inhumane treatment, and unsanitary conditions poisoned the meat consumed by Americans. When _(1)_'s expose, _(2)_, was published in 1906, the public response was immediate. Consumption of meat fell precipitously, and within months, Congress passed the _(3)_ and the _(4)_ regulating the meat industry as well as the food and drug industries. While _(1)_'s main goal had been to draw attention to inhumane working conditions, the primary result of his efforts was sanitary regulation of meatpacking plants. As _(1)_ reflected years later, "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach?' Nevertheless, the passage of reform legislation within months of a _(1)_'s book showed the power of such reporting and at the same time, raised journalism to new heights as a respectable profession. (572) 3 (The Muckraking Journalists)

Woodrow Wilson

In 1910, just as ___ saw some of his most cherished goals defeated at Princeton, the political bosses who ran the Democratic Party in New jersey were looking for an appealing candidate for governor. They offered ___ the nomination, and he surprised even his supporters by being a magnetic candidate, winning easily. Then, to the surprise of the bosses, ___ kept his word that he would be independent, broke with those who had put him in the governor's office, and refused to follow their lead in patronage. He governed as a progressive, getting the state to adopt workmen's compensation, a commission to regulate public utilities, and more open election laws, winning great popularity as well as the undying hatred of political bosses. ___ entered the Democratic nominating convention as a strong candidate, but not the leader. While *Clark* led on the first ballots, ___ kept gaining; on the 46 ballot, exhausted delegates gave ___ their party's nomination.(591) 4 (THE UNIQUE ELECTION OF 1912)

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

In Hillsboro, Ohio, women began to meet to pray and then to take their prayers into the local saloons or, if banned, to stand outside and pray. Through the depression winter of 1873-1874, Ohio women claimed credit for closing some 3,000 saloons. The following fall, in November 1874, 200 women from 17 states met in Cleveland and formed the ___. They were determined to make temperance—abstinence from liquor—the key moral and political issue of the decade. In the process, the ___ empowered a generation of women who had been taught that ladylike behavior meant quietly taking care of home and family and leaving politics to men. (581) 1

Ignatius Donnelly

In contrast to *Bellamy's* hopeful work, ___ wrote *Caesar's Column* in 1891, a book that described a country rigidly divided between a large working class living brutal lives and a small, comfortable elite. In ___'s fictional story, a few Americans are able to escape from their world and start a happy new community organized around the platforms of the *Greenback Party*, the *Knights of Labor*, and the *Farmers' Alliance*. (569) 6 (Utopian Idealists)

Christianity

In the late 1800s, reform movements seeking to improve the lives of working people, bring an end to municipal corruption, and build a just economic order often took on the language and style of evangelical religion. Both reform movements and religious revivals emphasized personal and social transformation. Both wanted changes in people's hearts and were unafraid to use government to bring about changes in behavior. Many reformers were themselves Protestants, and reform efforts were often rooted in the ideas and individualistic ethos of Protestant ___. (580) 1

Protestant Irish

In their campaigns for efficient urban management, progressive reformers sometimes came across as cold and heartless to residents who preferred the face-to-face dealings of old-style political bosses. Moreover, in their desire to cut costs, some reformers attacked services that others thought essential. Progressive reform was also seen—sometimes accurately—as an effort by an older _(1)_ and native-born elite to reclaim power from more recent immigrant groups, especially the _(2)_, who had built up their own political organizations. Nevertheless, candidates committed to cleaning up urban corruption and providing more efficient urban services came to power in a number of cities. Progressive reform cut across the political parties. Republicans and Democrats alike included both reformers and those who resisted reform. (575) 1 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

The Strenuous Life

Just before he became vice president, *Roosevelt* published ___ in which he argued that Americans were getting far too little time to replenish their bodies and souls in the great outdoors. But ___ in nature that he advocated was only possible if the wilderness and the wildlife were preserved for future generations to enjoy. Once he became president, *Roosevelt* combined all of this considerable enthusiasm for nature with his political skill to become perhaps the most conservation-minded of any president. (586) 4

Frances Perkins Robert Wagner Wagner Act Al Smith

Later, these New Yorkers would bring progressive legislation to a national stage. _(1)_ served as the head of the state's Department of Labor and then from 1933 to 1945 as the U.S. Secretary of Labor, the first woman to serve in a presidential cabinet. _(2)_ went to Washington as a U.S. Senator where he sponsored legislation creating the *Social Security system* and legislation guaranteeing unemployment insurance and workers' compensation. In addition, he sponsored the _(3)_, which gave labor unions the right to bargain effectively—the most important piece of labor legislation enacted in the United States in the 1900s. _(4)_ served as a progressive governor of New York in the 1920s and as the Democratic nominee for U.S. president in 1928, the first Catholic nominated by a major party. Progressive reform had influenced one of the most powerful political machines, *Tammany*, and in turn, *Tammany* had cultivated powerfully effective legislators who generated historic reforms. (578) 1 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

Theodore Roosevelt

Long before ___ became president, numerous people in the United States were thinking about how best to respond to the extraordinary changes brought about by *immigration, urbanization, and the rapid industrialization* of the country. Upper-class reformers, newspaper reporters, ministers, writers, and college professors proposed new ways of ordering economic and political life. At the end of the 1800s, *rapid industrialization and urbanization* across the United States produced a radically different intellectual climate. New ideas, and those who envisioned them, began to shape the future of industrialized America. (569) 2

Champ Clark Charles Murphy Woodrow Wilson

Many Democrats saw the Republican split as the chance for a Democratic presidency. _(1)_ of Missouri, the speaker of the house, was the frontrunner. He was popular within the party, but was a dull speaker. *Oscar Underwood* of Alabama was more conservative, but perhaps a better speaker than _(1)_. Others hoped to be kingmakers. _(2)_, the boss of *Tammany*, controlled the New York delegation while *William Jennings Bryan* controlled many other delegates. Finally, the governor of New Jersey, _(3)_, campaigned for the nomination. (591) 2 (THE UNIQUE ELECTION OF 1912)

Sereno Payne Nelson Aldrich

New York Representative _(1)_ proposed reducing the tariff rates and substituting an *income tax*. But when the bill reached the Senate, _(2)_ dropped the *income tax* and revised the tariffs up—significantly. _(2)_ acknowledged that the Republican platform had promised to revise the tariff, but he asked, "Where did we ever make the statement that we would revise the tariff downward?" Everyone knew that the downward revision had been the promise, but it was not the outcome. Even most moderate Republicans criticized the _(1)_-_(2)_ tariff, but *Taft* signed the bill. When Congress later passed bills to lower the tariff on cotton, wool, steel, and iron, *Taft* vetoed them. In the process, he built an alliance with the conservative _(2)_ wing of the party, losing the support of many *Roosevelt* progressives. (589) 6

Martin Lornasney John Fitzgerald Kennedy

New York was far from alone in the rise of *machine politics* that was often Irish dominated. Most large cities had something similar. Politics in Boston was played at the neighborhood level, where a number of legendary figures—*Patrick J. Kennedy* in East Boston, *John F. Fitzgerald* in the North End, *P.J. Maguire* and later *James Michael Curley* in Roxbury, and most powerful of all _(1)_ in the West End—each ruled their neighborhood. In 1905, *Fitzgerald* won election as mayor. He served two terms and was succeeded by his arch-rival *James M. Curley*, who dominated Boston politics for the next half century. *Fitzgerald's* favorite daughter, *Rose*, married *Patrick Kennedy's* son *Joseph*, and their son, _(2)_, became the first Irish Catholic elected president. (574) 4 (The Rise of Machine Politics and the Progressive Response)

Secular

Not all religious communities shared in the social gospel movement, however. Many first-generation Jewish immigrants put all of their religious energy into ___ political reform and labor movements. Some rabbis, in turn, worried that the focus on ___ politics would undermine the spiritual world of the immigrants. Parish priests in Italian, German, and Czech parishes in Chicago tangled with the anarchists and union radicals whom they saw as taking people away from the faith. Some Catholics focused on private devotional activities or large street festivals often devoted to the *Virgin Mary*, seeing their faith as a refuge from the larger society rather than a way to change society. They valued the ministry of individuals like *Frances Xavier Cabrini*—*Mother Cabrini*—sent to the United States by an Italian bishop in 1889 to serve the needs of the Italian immigrants but who, unlike *Cardinal Gibbons*, avoided labor organizing and politics. Religious people, like others, had widely differing ideas about how to live well in the new urban and industrial society of the United States. (583) 2 (The Social Gospel)

A Ballinger

Not surprisingly, given their very different personalities, tensions between the outgoing and incoming presidents began even before *Taft's* inauguration. *Roosevelt* expected *Taft* to keep most of the existing cabinet; *Taft* wanted some of his own people. Most disappointing to the conservationist *Roosevelt*, *Taft* replaced Secretary of the Interior *James R. Garfield*, an ardent conservationist, with an ardent ___, a Seattle lawyer and former reform mayor, who was more interested in exploiting public lands than conserving them. Nevertheless, *Taft* kept *Gifford Pinchot* on at the *U.S. Forest Service*, and *Roosevelt* sailed for Africa soon after the inauguration, confident that the country was in good hands. (589) 4

Political Machine Tammany Hall

Nowhere was the mix of urban growth, immigration, and the need for new services greater than in *New York City*. Within that mix in New York, a new kind of political organization, the _(1)_, was created. In _(1)_ constituents supported a candidate in return for anticipated favors, which would be repaid when that candidate was elected. New York's Democratic _(1)_ was known as _(2)_, named for the building where it first met. _(2)_ effectively ruled New York for most of the years from the 1850s to the 1930s. Many other urban _(1)_ were often associated with Irish political leaders, but _(2)_ predated the Irish influence. In fact, gaining access to _(2)_ was part of the Irish rise to power in New York City. (573) 1

William Taft Sixteenth Amendment

On many fronts, _(1)_ kept his pledge to carry out *Roosevelt's* policies, in some cases with more vigor than *TR* had ever shown. It was _(1)_, not *Roosevelt*, who decreed an 8-hour workday for government employees and who advocated the _(2)_ to the Constitution, passed in 1913, to ensure that federal income taxes could be collected. In addition, _(1)_ was a far tougher trustbuster than *Roosevelt*, breaking up *John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company* and bringing more antitrust suits in his 4 years than *Roosevelt* did in 7. (589) 8

Booker Washington

One of *Roosevelt's* first moves as president was to invite ___, the country's best known African-American, to the White House for a meeting and then, in October 1901, for dinner with the president and his family. No African-American had ever before eaten a meal as a guest at the White House. *Roosevelt* was making a very public statement about race relations in the United States. He was also taking a first step toward securing a full term as elected president for himself. ___ controlled a block of delegates to the Republican nominating conventions since even though blacks could not vote in the segregated South of *Roosevelt's* day, they could and did win election as delegates to national Republican nominating conventions. Although neither *Roosevelt* nor ___ discussed the dinner in public, the press made a great deal of the evening. While some reports were positive, papers like the *Memphis Scimitar* called the dinner "The most damnable outrage which has ever been perpetrated by any citizen of the United States." (588) 2

George Plunkitt

One of Tammany's district leaders, ___, was also a state senator. In 1905, ___ described how New York politics worked. He said that reformers failed to draw "the distinction between honest graft and dishonest graft. There's all the difference in the world between the two." ___ would have nothing to do with "dishonest graft—blackmailin' gamblers, saloon-keepers, disorderly people, etc." But there was another way, he said, "There's honest graft, and I'm an example of how it works. I might sum up the whole thing by sayin': "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em.'" He explained, "Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a new park at a certain place....I go to that place, and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood....ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight?" It was an arrangement that ___ saw no reason to hide. Reformers might not have liked it, but that was how cities worked in ___'s day. (574) 3 (The Rise of Machine Politics and the Progressive Response)

JP Morgan Northern Securities Company Limited

Only a month before Roosevelt spoke to Congress, *James Hill*, owner of the *Great Northern Railroad*, and * EH Harriman*, who controlled the *Union Pacific Railroad*, met with representatives of _(1)_, who controlled the *Northern Pacific Railroad*. These three lines were competitors across the northern plains. The competition among them kept prices low and helped farmers and industries who wanted to ship their products. As had been the case with steel less than a year before, such competition struck _(1)_ as terribly inefficient and a drain on profits. *James Hill*, * EH Harriman*, and _(1)_ solved their problem by creating a new entity, The _(2)_, to which they then sold all of their railroads. In place of competition, the transcontinental railroad routes would now be one happy family. (585) 2

Social Gospel Walter Rauschenbusch George Herron Josiah Strong

Other religious leaders began to talk of what they called the _(1)_, which was based on the idea that improving society was both the right thing for religious people to do and, indeed, God's will. There were many _(1)_ preachers, but the most prominent was _(2)_ whose 1917 book *A Theology for the Social Gospel* broadened the definition of sin from a focus on individual flaws to include social institutions that oppressed others. _(2)_ was far from alone in advocating a _(1)_. _(3)_ was a pastor whose most famous sermon, "The Message of Jesus to Men of Wealth" claimed simply that "a rich Christian is a contradiction of terms." _(4)_ edited a _(1)_ magazine, *The Gospel the Kingdom*, and published a book, *Our Country*, pleading for missionary work within American cities and around the world. In every city, local city mission societies carried out their own _(1)_ mission. (582) 1 (The Social Gospel)

Carry Nation

Others took the temperance cause in very different directions. ___, from Kiowa, Kansas, was married to a man who turned out to be a hopeless drunk. After he died, ___ moved and married a nondrinker. In response to what she believed was a call from God, ___ went back to Kiowa and smashed up the local saloon, breaking bottles, mirrors, and pictures. She followed up with "hatchetations" of other saloons and became a national symbol of one version of the temperance movement. (581) 4

Socialism

Progressive reformers believed that the country's political and economic systems could be fixed if honest people of good will put their minds to it. They had little interest in radical reforms like ___ and little sympathy for the old-line politicians like Boston's *Martin Lomasney*. They were what they said they were, reformers, trying to reform current structures of government. (574) 6 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

Seth Low Charles Murphy Robert Wagner Al Smith

Reform came to New York City by a different route. _(1)_, the president of Columbia University, was elected mayor of New York as an *anti-Tammany* candidate in 1901. He fought graft and instituted civil service reform, but _(1)_ was not popular, especially in communities that depended on *Tammany*, and he was defeated for reelection 2 years later. At that point, New York was back in *Tammany* hands, and *Tammany's* boss, _(2)_, was also the most powerful politician in the state although he held no office. After state elections in 1910, however, _(2)_ launched his own reform efforts. He selected two *Tammany* loyalists who were among the youngest and newest in the legislature, 33-year-old _(3)_ in the Senate and 38-year-old _(4)_ in the House, to be the party leaders. _(3)_ and _(4)_ were known as the "*Tammany Twins*." In their long political careers, they were also among the most important reformers in American history. (577) 2 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

William McKinley

Roosevelt soon outlined his departure from ___ and his determination to limit the power of industrial corporations. TR (as he came to be known to everyone) told Congress that "there are real and grave evils" that come from the power of the great corporations, and the federal government needed to assume the authority to supervise and limit that power. (585) 1

JP Morgan

Soon after the suit was announced, ___ visited the White House for a private meeting with the president and the attorney general. ___ told the president, "If we have done anything wrong, send your man to my man and they can fix it up." *Roosevelt*, who saw things quite differently said, "That can't be done," and Attorney General *Philander Chase Knox* added, "We don't want to fix it up, we want to stop it." ___ then asked if the government was now going to attack his other interests, especially U.S. Steel, and *Roosevelt* responded, "Certainly not—unless we find out that in any case they have done something that we regard as wrong." After ___ left, *Roosevelt* told *Knox* he found it quite revealing that ___ could deal with him only as "a big rival operator," with whom to make a deal. But there would be no deal. (585) 6

Theodore Roosevelt

Taking the oath of office, the new president promised "to carry out absolutely unbroken" the former president's policies. One observer responded, "yes, the same way one carries out the trash." That comment represented an accurate view of the new president. After a brief period of mourning, very brief for him personally, the White House and the country started to experience ___'s considerable reforming energy, which New Yorkers had known for some time. (584) 6

Edward Bellamy

Ten years after *Henry George's* book, ___, a journalist from Massachusetts, published *Looking Backward* in 1888. The book described a new perfect society in which class and class warfare had disappeared in a country of prosperous citizens who enjoyed their lives free of poverty or wealth and also free of lawyers and politics. (569) 5 (Utopian Idealists)

Trustbuster

The *Northern Securities* case took 2 years to move through the federal courts, but in March 1904, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed *Roosevelt's* interpretation of the *Sherman Act*. The majority opinion said that "No scheme or device could...more effectively and certainly suppress free competition" and ordered the *Northern Security* trust broken up into competing lines. From then on, *Roosevelt* would be known as the "___," and he liked the title. (586) 1

Sherman Antitrust Act

The *Pendleton Act*, however, covered only about 10% of federal employees when it was passed and none at the state or local level. The ___ had been a virtual dead letter after a series of court cases reduced its scope soon after it was passed. Suddenly, with the *Northern Securities* suit, a new administration was bringing the ___ back to life and warning of further progressive initiatives to follow. (585) 5

Ida Tarbell Ray Baker Lincoln Steffens

The January 1903 issue of *McClure's* included articles by _(1)_ as part of her continuing analysis of *John D. Rockefeller* and the *Standard Oil Company*, later published as *The History of the Standard Oil Company* in 1904; _(2)_'s report of visiting striking coal miners and their families; and the report by _(3)_ on "*The Shame of Minneapolis*" about the trial of the infamous four-term mayor of Minneapolis who got rich from payments from opium joints, unlicensed saloons known as "blind pigs," and "disorderly houses" of prostitution. Issue after issue of *McClure's, Cosmopolitan*, and daily newspapers were forcing cities to clean up corruption, compelling sometimes reluctant legislators to enact new restrictions on monopolies, and helping political reformers gain office. (572) 2 ( The Muckraking Journalists)

Cities

The United States grew from a little under 40 million people in 1870 to just Over 75 million people in 1900 (for comparison, the 2010 census showed the United States at over 300 million people). Perhaps one-third of the growth between 1870 and 1910 was due to immigration and two-thirds to a high-birth rate. While the population almost doubled, it also became concentrated in ___. Many of the nation's ___ were much larger and more densely populated in 1900 than they had been in 1870, when the majority of people still lived on farms and in rural communities. In 1870, the United States had only seven ___ with over 250,000 people and none yet held a million people. Thirty years later, three ___ had passed the I million mark—New York with 3.4 million, Chicago with 1.7 million, and Philadelphia with 1.3 million. There were also dozens of large ___ scattered among most of the states and territories of the union. Americans were adjusting to urban life, and the adjustment was not always easy. (572) 4

Tom Platt Theodore Roosevelt

The boss of the Republican Party in New York, state Senator _(1)_, supported _(2)_ for governor in November 1898 because his war hero popularity and anti-corruption image seemed the only way to win the election and maintain Republican power. But once _(1)_ discovered that _(1)_ actually meant what he said, the boss decided he needed to get rid of the governor before he wrecked the Republican machine. _(1)_ planned to sideline _(2)_ by getting him the nomination as *McKinley's* running mate for 1900. _(2)_ did not want the nomination. In 1900, no sitting vice president had been elected president since *Martin Van Buren* succeeded *Andrew Jackson* more than half a century earlier. Even so, the nomination was hard to reject without seeming disloyal to the party. *McKinley* and _(2)_ won the election, and state politics in New York returned to normal. Then, only months into *McKinley's* second term, the president was dead and the reforming politician from New York was the president of the United States. At the age of 42, he was also the youngest president ever. (584) 5

William Tweed

The most famous, or infamous, of early *Tammany* bosses was ___, who led *Tammany* in the 1860s and 1870s. ___ was a Protestant of English background. After holding the office of alderman (city council member) and then being elected to Congress, ___ turned to where he saw the real power, in *Tammany*. (573) 2 (The Rise of Machine Politics and the Progressive Response)

Charles Fulton

The president's continued expansion of the amount of land protected by the federal government provoked resistance in Congress. In early 1907, Senator ___, a Republican from Oregon, attached an amendment to the *Department of Agriculture's appropriations bill* that said that no further forest reserves or expansions of reserves could be created within six western states without an act of Congress. When the bill reached the president, he had 10 days to sign it or risk having no funds to operate the *Department of Agriculture*. *Roosevelt* quickly approved a total of 21 new forest reserves in the six states—Medicine Bow Forest in Colorado, Priest River Forest in Idaho and Washington, Toiyabe Forest in Nevada, Blue Mountain in Oregon, and Olympic and Rainier forests in Washington. When the paperwork creating these new forests was done, *Roosevelt* then signed the agriculture bill with ___'s amendment, saying that no additional forests would be created. (588) 1

Henry Lloyd Muckraking Journalists

The trend toward investigative reporting to expose misconduct of important people or organizations was emerging even before *Pulitzer* and *Hearst* took advantage of it. _(1)_, who wrote for Chicago newspapers, became one of the the first so-called _(2)_. The term _(2)_ referred to the job of raking through filth. _(2)_ saw it as their duty to expose the filth of corruption. Not everyone liked the new investigative journalism, and those who objected included more than just those being investigated. President *Theodore Roosevelt* thought the journalists described problems but failed to offer solutions. It was *Roosevelt* who coined the term _(2)_. He said the journalists were simply raking up the _(2)_ from the bottom of society's pond) and the name _(2)_ stuck. For many, however, it became a term of respect. (571) 3

Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders

There was a reason that some referred to the new president as a cowboy. _(1)_ had already had an extraordinary career in and out of politics when he ascended to the presidency. Born to a wealthy New York family whose roots went back to Dutch New York, he grew up as a sometimes awkward and sickly child. He compensated by lifting weights and learning to box. He attended Harvard College, was elected to the New York state assembly at 23, a year after his marriage to *Alice Hathaway Lee*. When his wife died, _(1)_ abandoned politics for a cowboy life in the Dakotas. He soon returned to New York, married *Edith Kermit Carow*, and started on his rapid political ascent. He was appointed U.S. civil service commissioner at age 31, police commissioner of New York at 37, and assistant secretary of the Navy at 39. During the *Spanish-American War*,_(1)_ took command of a unit in Cuba known as the _(2)_, making himself a war hero. He was elected governor of New York when he had just turned 40 and was already plotting his own campaign for the presidency. (584) 3

William Taft

Through the spring, ___ and *Roosevelt* fought it out—__ always reluctantly, *Roosevelt* with his usual exuberance. In the South, ___ used the party machinery to control the delegates. *Roosevelt* defended his challenge saying, "If that be revolution, make the most of it." ___ responded, "This wrenches my soul....I do not want to fight *Theodore Roosevelt*, but sometimes a man in a corner fights. I am going to fight." (590) 3 (THE UNIQUE ELECTION OF 1912)

Progressive Party Jane Addams

Two months after the Republican convention, in early August 1912, a new _(1)_ held its convention in the same hall. The 14,000 delegates were mostly middle-class reformers—social workers, teachers, and owners of small businesses. It was the first major political convention to include female delegates, and there were many. Also attending were a few African-American delegates from border states and New England, none from the Deep South where Taft controlled the party. Few of the farmers and laborers representing past Populist Party conventions were there. The platform included support for the rights of labor unions, conservation, women's suffrage, the 8-hour workday, workplace safety, as well as unemployment and old age insurance. In a doomed effort to court white Southern votes, the platform was silent on the rights of African-Americans. By acclamation, the convention nominated *Theodore Roosevelt* for president and California Governor *Hiram Johnson* for vice president. In the first convention speech by a woman, _(2)_ seconded *Roosevelt's* nomination. *Roosevelt*, saying that he felt "as fit as a *Bull Moose*," happily accepted the nomination. A convention like no other launched a presidential election like no other. (591) 1 (THE UNIQUE ELECTION OF 1912)

Jane Addams

Under ___ leadership, *Hull House* did more than provide services to the poor. It also took the side of the poor in labor and legal disputes. When ___ realized that young women strikers were in danger of losing their company housing, *Hull House* launched a cooperative women's boarding house. Such direct support for strikers did not endear ___ to some of Chicago's most powerful leaders who were willing to tolerate, even support, social services but were hostile to her involvement in a strike. Nevertheless, such efforts solidified her base within the communities that mattered the most to her. (579) 1

Frances Willard

Under ___'s leadership, the WCTU broadened its goals while never losing sight of ending the use of alcohol. ___ was convinced that "much of the evil by which the country is cursed," especially the evil of drink, is the fault of "the men in power whose duty is to make and administer the laws." She took the organization into the political arena, demanding for women the right to vote so they could vote on matters affecting drink and the home. She coined the phrase "home protection" to describe the WCTU's agenda. If drink was destroying families, she argued, then Women needed the right to defend their families. the WCTU was going to pursue its mission of saving homes and reconstructing the nation, then ___ insisted, "We must show power." By the time ___ died, the WCTU had almost 200,000 members, a 12-story national headquarters in Chicago, and a powerful national presence. (581) 3

Mark Hanna

Vice President *Theodore Roosevelt*, who had been on a camping trip with his family in New York's Adirondack Mountains when *McKinley* was shot, arrived in Buffalo to take the oath of office. Sitting on the train bringing *McKinley'*s body from Buffalo to Washington, DC, was Ohio Senator ___, who had helped *McKinley* select *Roosevelt* as Vice President. ___ understood what the transition meant for many like him who constituted the old guard of the Republican Party. "Now look!" ___ muttered, "That damned cowboy is President of the United States!" (584) 2

John Dewey

When ___ set out for Chicago in July 1894, most of the nation's rail lines were shut down because of the *Pullman strike*. He found transit on a Michigan Central train that did not use Pullman cars. Traveling in the midst of a nationwide strike was informative to the young philosophy professor. He spoke with one of the *American Railway Union* organizers and wrote to his wife that "my nerves were more thrilled than they had been for years." He wondered "if I had better resign my job teaching & follow him round till I got into life." ___ was considerably less impressed by another passenger who was "voluble on the outrage" of the strike because it was preventing him from getting home for dinner. For ___, the focus was on higher considerations. (570) 2 (The Professors)

Frances Willard

When the WCTU began, ___, dean of women and professor at Northwestern University in Chicago, was too busy with her academic duties to pay much attention. Soon thereafter, however, she left Northwestern to become a full-time organizer for the WCTU. Five years later in 1879, ___ became its second president, and she led the WCTU for the next 24 years until her death in 1898, becoming probably the most prominent woman in the United States at the time. (581) 2

Hazen Pingree

When the depression of 1893 put 25,000 of Detroit's 250,000 people out of work, ___, who did not want to increase municipal spending, convinced owners vacant lots to allow the city to use them, provided seeds and farm implement to the unemployed, and urged people all over the city to start their own potato patches and vegetable plots. In time, he became known as "Potato Patch ___ for his efforts. (576) 3 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

Eighteenth Amendment Nineteenth Amendment

Whether in the direct action of *Carry Nation* or the more organized approach of *Frances Willard*, the *temperance movement* changed the United States. It laid a solid foundation not only for the _(1)_ that in 1919 banned the manufacture and sale of liquor but also for the _(2)_ that a few months later in 1920 gave women the right to vote. The *temperance* crusade also demonstrated the power of organized religion, both in churches led by clergy and in extradenominational organizations often led by women. The United States in the late 1800s was still an overwhelmingly Protestant country, and a movement that could tap the Protestant religious fervor of the nation's majority could go far. (581) 5

Albion Small

While *Dewey* focused on philosophy and *Ely* on economics, ___ was helping to build the new academic discipline of sociology. For ___, sociologists did not simply study society; they meant to reform it. In 1896, ___ sought to help define his field when he wrote in the new American Journal of Sociology that "action, not speculation, is the supreme teacher." *Dewey, Ely*, and ___ were all part of a generation of academics who shared the goal of changing society. (570) 6 ( The Professors)

Gifford Pinchot

While *Roosevelt* was in Africa, word came to him in January 1910 that *Taft* had fired ___. ___ wrote to the former president, "We have fallen back down the hill You led us up." The tariff might be abstract to *Roosevelt*, but conservation was the issue nearest and dearest to him, and ___ was the agent *TR* had counted on to keep the movement alive in the new administration. (589) 7

Theodore Roosevelt Teddy Bear

While _(1)_ loved nature, watched birds, and as president saved thousands of acres of land from development, he was also an avid hunter who loved to shoot bear, cougar, or just about anything in the wilderness. However on one bear hunt in 1902, _(1)_ refused to shoot a bear that had been captured and tied to a tree so the president could have the honor of the shot. He was happy to kill many other bears on real hunts, but attacking a tied-up bear was unsportsmanlike. His refusal made national news and sparked a new craze, fostered by the Steiff and Ideal toy companies—a new toy known as a _(2)_ in honor of the president who would not shoot one. (586) 3

Political Machines

While the ___ met real needs for their poor and working-class constituents (and along the way made a few of their leaders very wealthy), the closed-door deals, the graft—"honest" or "dishonest"—and the political favoritism dismayed many. The ___ greatly increased the cost of municipal government. They also shut many out of office, especially the children and grandchildren of the native-born elite who thought it was their duty and destiny to rule. A new generation of political reformers began challenging the ___, making municipal reform an important element in the progressive agenda. (574) 5 (The Rise of Machine Politics and the Progressive Response)

James Gibbons

While the social gospel was a Protestant movement, social issues also swept Catholic America. Cardinal ___, the long-time archbishop of Baltimore and nominal leader of American Catholics, defended the American labor movement and the role of Catholics in it to a wary Vatican. ___ argued that the rise of monopolies with their "heartless avarice" demanded action. (583) 1(The Social Gospel)

Eugene Debs

With the nominations of *Roosevelt, Taft*, and *Wilson*—a former, the current, and a future president—the 1912 election was unique. In addition, a fourth candidate, ___, was once again the candidate of the *Socialist Party*, and by 1912, the *Socialists* were a force to be reckoned with. In local elections the year before, *Socialist* candidates had been elected as mayor in 56 cities and towns, and one of the party's candidates, *Victor Berger*, was elected to Congress from Wisconsin. The *Socialist Party*, always highly factionalized, enthusiastically nominated ___ as their standard bearer for a fourth time. Some *Socialists* worried that *Roosevelt's Progressive Party* would steal their platform, but while the *Progressive Party* called for governmental oversight of the monopolies, the *Socialists* called for government ownership of all large-scale industries—especially the railroads. Like the *Progressives*, the *Socialist* platform also called for shorter working hours, workers' compensation, electoral reform, and giving women the right to vote. (591) 5 (THE UNIQUE ELECTION OF 1912)

Social Darwinism William Sumner

Young intellectuals like *Dewey* were then challenging the dominant economic theory of the time, "_(1)_." The foremost American exponent of _(1)_, the economist _(2)_, opposed what he called "the absurd effort to make the world over." For _(2)_, *Charles Darwin's* description of biological evolution showed that the fittest of each species survive and thus shape the future. So, _(2)_ argued, in the social order, the fittest were rightfully the owners and the dominant class of society. Those less fit are condemned by their natural "unfitness" to be laborers and employees. Any interference with the systems _(2)_ argued, would destabilize the economy and weaken the nation. *Herbert Spencer*, a British writer, proposed similar ideas, coining the phrase "survival of the fittest." He, too, had a large following in the United States, especially among the wealthy. (570) 3 (The Professors)

Jane Addams Hull House

_(1)_ was born to a comfortable life in 1860 (her father was a friend of Abraham Lincoln's) and moved to Chicago in 1889 when she and her friend *Ellen Starr* opened _(2)_. Chicago's _(2)_, though not the first American settlement house, became the model for most others. _(1)_ said she was at _(2)_ to be a part of the community, not to offer help from above. She knew that she was living there as much to learn as to help her economically poorer neighbors. (578) 4

Theodore Roosevelt Jacob Riis

_(1)_'s hopes for the presidency were almost derailed by his differences with the old guard in the New York Republican Party. As governor, _(1)_ wanted to end corruption, tax the street railways, and provide for industrial safety as well as workmen's compensation for those injured on the job. He had advocated for the inspection of tenement housing since being shown their conditions by _(2)_. But not everyone in New York, Democrats or Republicans, liked those new ideas. (584) 4

Samuel Jones Brand Whitlock

_(1)_, served as mayor of Toledo, Ohio, from 1897 until 1904. _(1)_ started work as a day laborer, but eventually started his own oil company. When _(1)_ sold the company to *Standard Oil*, he emerged a rich man. Reform-minded business leaders nominated _(1)_ for mayor in Toledo in an effort to dislodge a corrupt machine. _(1)_ spent municipal funds freely, opening kindergartens, building parks, and instituting an 8-hour day for city workers. He also called on voters to renounce political parties, believing that a nonpartisan approach to politics would work best. The Republican Party, unhappy with _(1)_'s free-spending ways, refused to renominate him, but he was elected as an independent and continued to serve as a popular mayor until his death. His successor in office, _(2)_, continued his policies through four terms until President *Woodrow Wilson* appointed _(2)_ as U.S. ambassador to Belgium on the eve of *World War I*. Between them, _(1)_ and _(2)_ gave Toledo a national reputation for good government and effective public services when many cities were still mired in corruption and inefficiency. Other cities were also known for their progressive mayors, including San Francisco *James D. Phelan*, 1897-1902, and Cleveland's *Tom Lofton Johnson*, 1899-1909. (576) 4 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

John Dewey

__ is best remembered for his educational ideas, but his goal was a wider philosophical response to industrialism. ___ was born in 1859 in a small town in Vermont, studied philosophy at *Johns Hopkins University*, and taught at the University of Michigan. In 1894, ___ was invited to the new University of Chicago. ___ accepted the offer with enthusiasm. Chicago in the 1890s was the center of social reform in which ___ and his wife Alice were deeply interested. When it came time to make the move, however, had a hard time getting to Chicago. (570) 1 (The Professors)

Hull House

___ and similar settlement houses in other cities organized badly needed social services in poor urban neighborhoods. *Lillian Wald* and *Mary Brewster* founded the *Henry Street Settlement* and the *Henry Street Visiting Nurse Services* in New York City's Lower East Side. Others settlement houses, including __, did the same. Visiting nurses based in settlement houses visited the tenement apartments of the poor and brought medical help. (578) 5

William Tweed

___ and the New York political bosses who came after him robbed the city shamelessly, by one estimate taking 45 million dollars (1 billion in current dollars). At the same time, the *political machine* made sure that the city's poor—or more specifically, those among the city's poor who supported them on election day—got jobs when they needed them. When necessary, *Tammany* created more jobs than the city needed to be sure that every loyal voter got one, even if that meant that the city had 20 inspectors for its four water pumps and Central and Riverside parks were kept immaculate by an impressively large number of park workers. *Tammany* and other *political machines* could also be counted on for more direct aid when it was needed---a handout to tide a family over a rough spot, a basket of food for the holidays, someone to show up at court and indicate to the judge or district attorney when charges should be dropped. (574) 1 (The Rise of Machine Politics and the Progressive Response)

Theodore Roosevelt

___ had been president for less than 4 months in December 1901 when he sent his first annual message to Congress. The new president said that, in light of the "tremendous and highly complex industrial development" in the country, the "old laws, and the old customs which...were once quite sufficient to regulate the accumulation and distribution of wealth...are no longer sufficient." He asked Congress for new laws and new presidential authority to meet the new situation. ___ was ready to act. (568) 1

Woodrow Wilson

___ had only held elected office for 2 years. He was an expert on constitutional law with a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins, who had served as the president of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910. He had sought to transform Princeton from a country club for rich boys to a serious academic institution. He battled with faculty, alumni, and trustees and showed little aptitude for compromise. (591) 3 (THE UNIQUE ELECTION OF 1912)

Theodore Roosevelt

___ kept up the pressure for change. In a series of speeches in the summer of 1902, he told audiences, "The great corporations which we have grown to speak of rather loosely as trusts are the creatures of the State, and the State not only has the right to control them, but it is in duty bound to control them wherever need of, such control is shown." His natural inclination to expand the government's power to supervise corporations was supported by many in Congress and by muckraking publications like *McClure's*, which ___ may have disliked, but which nonetheless provided him with new ammunition with every issue. ___ wanted a new cabinet-level Department of Commerce with investigative authority, a ban on secret deals between railroads and specific companies (of the sort that launched *Rockefeller's* oil empire), and additional funds for the Department of Justice to expedite antitrust cases. Ironically, once ___ had won his *Northern Securities* victory and gained the tools that Congress gave him, he did not pursue many other antitrust cases. The *Taft* and *Wilson* administrations would use the new tools more than ___ himself. The president had made his point. As was often the case during his 7 years in office, having done so, he moved on to other issues. (586) 2

Theodore Roosevelt

___ rejected the radicalism of Democrats like *William Jennings Bryan* or Socialists like *Eugene V. Debs*. He insisted, "it cannot too often he pointed out that to strike with ignorant violence at the interest of one set of men almost inevitably endangers the interests of all." He was full of praise for the corporate leaders who had created great wealth. Nevertheless, he asserted, "There is a wide-spread conviction in the minds of the American people that the great corporations known as trusts are in certain of their features and tendencies hurtful to the general welfare." And since the "conditions are now wholly different," therefore "wholly different action is called for." As ___ defined those "wholly different" actions in the weeks and months that followed, it became clear that he was charting a new course in American politics. He was no radical, but he was not a *McKinley* Republican either. He was determined to address the anger that fueled strikes—though certainly not adopt the economic changes advocated by many strikers. In addition, he was committed to changing urban and industrial conditions and conserving the country's natural resources. (569) 1

John Dewey

___ saw the ideas of *Spencer* and *Sumner* as easy but unethical justifications for privilege. Instead, ___ believed that wise people could and should intervene in the economy to make it more just. His thinking was shared by a generation of philosophers including *William James, Charles S. Peirce*, and future Supreme Court Justice *Oliver Wendell Holmes*, who in the 1880s and 1890s doubted all ideological certainties and certainly did not want to see *Social Darwinism* become the dominant mindset in society. (570) 4 (The Professors)

Grover Cleveland

___ was elected mayor of Buffalo, New York, as a Democrat in 1881 with a promise to clean up the municipal corruption. ___ established a reputation for honesty, especially after he rejected a street-cleaning contract approved by the city council as a "bare-faced, impudent, and shameless scheme ___'s honesty led to his election as a reform governor of New York and, only 2 years later, to the presidency and the White House. (576) 1 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

Hazen Pingree

___ was elected mayor of Detroit, Michigan, as a Republican reformer. Born in Maine in 1840, ___ served in the Union army, then moved to Detroit where he went to work in a shoe factory, and by the 1880s, owned one of the largest shoe manufacturers in the Midwest. In 1889, Republican business leaders, determined to oust Detroit's Democratic machine, sought out ___ who quickly took to politics, was a tough campaigner, and became a popular mayor. ___ challenged the awarding of city contracts for the schools, ferries, toll roads, and street and sewer services. When the private *City Railway Company* wanted a long-term contract, ___ forced them to cut fares from 5 cents to 3 cents, a significant benefit to Detroit's citizens. (576) 2 (The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government )

Theodore Roosevelt

___'s obvious joy at life and enjoy loved having a young and enthusiastic chief executive. A friend once said of ___ that he "wanted to be the bride at every wedding and the corpse at every funeral?' ___'s large family brought life and vitality to the previously staid White House. Alice, daughter of his first marriage, was a young adult who flirted with and charmed everyone she met, including Ohio Congressman *Nicholas Longworth* whom she married in a White House wedding. She would continue to charm Washington society for the next three-quarters of a century. The president and Edith's younger children, Ted, Kermit, Ethel, Archie, and Quentin played at the White House, chasing rabbits on the White House grounds, marching with the White House police, and riding bicycles on the lawn and occasionally down the stairs. (588) 4

Henry George

___, a young journalist in California, was deeply troubled by the *railway strike of 1877*. Two years later, he published *Progress and Poverty*. The book quickly became a bestseller. ___ understood that there were benefits from industrialization, but the result, he said, was that "from all parts of the civilized world come complaints. ..of want and suffering and anxiety among the working classes." (569) 3 (Utopian Idealists)

William Taft

___, who had served as a federal district court judge in Ohio before becoming governor general of the Philippines and then secretary of war, would have loved an appointment to the Supreme Court, one he finally won in 1921 when *Warren Harding* appointed him, But in 1908, *Roosevelt* had picked ___ as the successor most likely to continue his programs, and once *Roosevelt* had made up his mind, there was little that ___ or anyone else could do to stop him. (589) 2

Jane Addams Hull House

in 1913. when _(1)_ had been living at _(2)_ on Halsted Street in Chicago for more than 20 years, she summed up her belief about the role of the settlement house and all efforts to improve society. "We have learned to say," she wrote "that the good must be extended to all of society before it can he held secure by any one person or any one class; but we have not yet learned to add to that statement, that unless all men and all classes contribute to a good, we cannot even be sure it is worth having." While many progressives might have agreed that society must find a way to extend the good things of life to all citizens, far fewer would have agreed with _(1)_ that all citizens needed to play a role in defining what "good" looked like. Nevertheless, she held firm on both points. At _(2)_, social reformers met those they were trying to help in face-to-face encounters, and all involved learned from each other. (578) 3