APUSH Ch. 26 Exam Review ('70s-'80s)

Energy Crisis of the 1970s

When Carter entered office, inflation soared, due to the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

Domestically, President Gerald Ford:

failed to revive the economy

Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative:

forced the Soviets to spend extensively to keep pace

Reagan remarked in his inaugural speech that, "government is not the solution to our problem;

government is the problem."

In foreign policy, Reagan:

initiated the largest military buildup in American history

The Reagan administration's initial response to AIDS was to:

largely ignore it as a gay disease

The handling of the Iranian hostage crisis:

made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept

Revelations of the Iran- Contra affair indicated that Reagan had violated his pledge to never:

negotiate with terrorists

The Equal Rights Amendment:

passed Congress but failed to get ratified by 38 states

In his relations with major communist powers, President Nixon:

signed a strategic arms limitation treaty with the USSR

Reagonomics was based on:

supply-side economics

Ronald Reagan's economic policy focused on:

tax cuts

The Camp David Accords involved all of the following EXCEPT:

the creation of a Palestinian state on the West Bank

A crisis in Iran involved all of the following EXCEPT:

the takeover of Iran's government by hard-line Communists

The Iran-Contra affair:

was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration

"Yuppie" was a term for:

wealthy, young urban professionals of the 1980s

New Federalism

(1969) Introduced by Nixon; turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems); attempts by Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants.

Nixon and Cambodia

1970, Nixon ordered troops into Cambodia to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail and other supply lines used by North Vietnam, even though Cambodia was neutral. In 1970, he ordered air and ground strikes in Cambodia. This is the most controversial act of his to end the Vietnam War. Destabilized the nation.

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right conservative activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the '60s. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them.

Whip Inflation Now (W.I.N.)

1974; Ford replaces Nixon as president; Whip Inflation Now was a campaign slogan promoting Ford's ideas to help the recession and inflation problems; a program by the Ford administration to curb inflation and dramatic price increases by putting pressure on businesses to lower prices and deter consumers from hording goods

Which person is generally considered to be the founder of the nation's conservative movement?

Barry Goldwater

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Cartel comprising Middle Eastern states and Venezuela first organized in 1960. OPEC aimed to control access to and prices of oil, wresting power from Western oil companies and investors. In the process, it gradually strengthened the hand of non-Western powers on the world stage. (961)

In a historic move, in 1972 President Nixon opened diplomatic relations with:

China

Jimmy Carter and the USSR

Created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Reagan in the next election.

How did the Rust Belt get its name?

Economic decline lead to abandonment of industrial factories

Gerald Ford

First president to be solely elected by a vote from Congress. He entered the office in August of 1974 when Nixon resigned. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. The Vietnam War ended in 1975, in which he evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam. He closed the war.

The leader of the Moral Majority was:

Jerry Falwell

The writer Tom Wolfe dubbed the 1970s the "_____ Decade."

Me

The reform-minded Soviet premier who emerged in the mid-1980s was:

Mikhail Gorbachev

Nixon and Vietnam (Vietnamization)

Military strategy launched by Richard Nixon in 1969. The plan reduced the number of American combat troops in Vietnam and left more of the fighting to the South Vietnamese, who were supplied with American armor, tanks, and weaponry.

Moral Majority

Political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality.

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions.

"Peace through Strength"

Reagan's policy of combating communism by building up the military, including aggressive development of new weapons systems.

Détente

Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals: the Soviet Union and China.

The EPA, OSHA, the National Trans, Safety Board were established during what administration?

Richard Nixon

The Iran-Contra Affair

Scandal that erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance. Talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity.

Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979-1981)

The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president

What were the results of the U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia in 1970?

The invasion destabilized the nation

Watergate Scandal

The scandal the Nixon administration committed during the '72 presidential election where hired "goons" broke into Democrat HQ at Watergate hotel for any dirt. This scandal revealed several other dirty plays Nixon's administration did the years leading up to the election and forced him to resign and killed the faith the public had in the government.