APUSH CH.16
Slave rebellions (4)
-1800 insurrection by a slave named Gabriel in RICHMOND VA -the 1822 Charleston rebellion led by Denmark Vesey -the 1831 revolt semiliterate preacher nat turner - never successful
What was not openly encouraged? (3)
-Breeding slaves wasn't encourages - thousands of them were sold down the river to toil as field gang workers, and women who gave birth to many kids were prized -Some were promised freedom after 10 kids born
West African Squadron (2)
-British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. -It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans.
How did cotton production affect the earth?
-Despite profits being quick and high, the land was ruined, and cotton producers were always in need of new land
Popularity of the Garrisonians (2)
-For a while, abolitionists like the extreme Garrisoniwns were unpopular, since many had been raised to believe the values of the slavery compromises in the constitution -His secessionist talks contrasted against Webster's cries for union
American Anti-Slavery Society
-Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists.
The South and immigrants (2)
-German and Irish immigration discouraged due to competition of slave labor, high cost of fertile land, and EU ignorance of cotton growing -the diverting of non British immigration to the north caused the south to be the most Anglo Saxon in the nation
The Liberator
-January 1st, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the first edition of it, triggering a 30 year war of words and firing one of the first shots of civil war
How did the plantation system impact the lives of women? (3)
-Mistresses of the house commanded a large household of mostly female servants -Mistresses could be kind or cruel, but at one point all of them abused slaves -slavery strained the bonds of womanhood
How did the slaves feel about these colonies? (2)
-Most blacks didn't want to be transported after being partially Americanized -By 1860, virtually all slaves were not Africans, but native born African Americans
Mason-Dixon Line (2)
-Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, -it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.
Who were the American abolitionists inspired by?
-Parliament member and evangelical Christian reformer William Wilberforce (inspired by white field)
Gag Resolution (4)
-Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. -Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners -the gag resolution passed every year for eight years -eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.
Who was the aristocrats' favorite author and why? (2)
-Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe) -helped them idealize a feudal society with them as kings and queens and the slaves as their subjects
Slave demographics in the south (2)
-Slavery also created majorities or near majorities in Deep South - states of SC, FL, MISS, AL, LA which accounted for half of all slaves in the south
American Colonization Society (1817) (4)
-Society that thought slavery was bad. -They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. -One of these colonies was made into what now is Liberia. -Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.
Frederick Douglass (3)
-The greatest black abolitionist - great speaker and fought for the black cause despite being beaten and harassed -His autobiography, Narrative life, depicted his struggle and origins and life
Northern economic dependence on the south (3)
-The south owed the north $300 mil by the late 1850s -northern factories depended on southern cotton to make goods -a disrupted labor system might cut off supply and cause unemployment
What caused many planters to go in debt? (2)
-The temptation to over speculate in land and in slaves -Slaves were valuable, but they were also a gamble since they might run away or be killed by diesease
Amistad (1839) (2)
-While transporting slaves from one port in Cuba to another, this ship was seized by the slaves in 1839. -The slaves sailed the ship northward to the United States, where their status became the subject of a celebrated court case; eventually most were able to return to Africa.
What did slaves do in order not to get punished badly? (3)
-Worked slowly as they could without getting lashed -Stole food and sabotaged expensive equipment -Occasionally poisoned master's food
David Walker (3)
-a black abolitionist -wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 -advocated for the end of white supremacy
What did the dominance of King Cotton lead to? (3)
-a dangerous dependence on a one-crop Econ -price level depends on world conditions -the system discouraged a healthy diversification of agriculture and manufacturing
What happened during the 1830s?
-abolitionism took off, with the second great awakening and other things providing support
What propaganda did the southerners resent? (3)
-abolitionist literature -though blacks couldn't read, they could interpret drawings -the Washington gov had to destroy abolitionist material when pressured by the southerners after a Charleston mob attacked abolitionist propaganda in the post office in 1835
Theodore Dwight Weld (4)
-against slavery -Inspired by Charles Grandison Finney -preached against slavery and wrote the pamphlet , American Slavery As It Is (influenced Uncle Tom) -appealed to rural audiences
What was the economic structure of the south? (2)
-became increasingly monopolistic -as land ran out, smaller farmers sold their land to large estate owners
Virginia Legislature Debate (2)
-defeated various emancipation proposals -after the debate, slave states tightened their slave codes and moved to prohibit any form of emancipation
How did the slaveless whites feel about the slave system? (3)
-defended the slavery system since they all hoped to own a slave someday - they could take pleasure in knowing that they would always outrank blacks -logic of economics join with racism
Before the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, what was slavery like in the South? (2)
-dying business since the south had to deal with depressed prices, unmarketable goods, and over cropped lands -After the invention of the Gin, growing cotton became widely profitable and easier so more slaves were needed
Sojourner Truth (2)
-free black woman in NY -fought for emancipation and women's rights
What was the situation like for blacks in the north? (5)
-free blacks were also unpopular -as several states denied their entrance -no the right to vote and most barred from public schools -Northern blacks were hated by Irish, with whom they competed for jobs -Anti black feeling was stronger in the north, where ppl liked the race, not individual and vice versa in the south
Comparing Douglass and Garrison (4)
-garrison was more concerned with his righteously -FD increasingly looked into politics to solve slave problem -He and others backed the liberty party in 1849, the free soil party in 1848, and the Republican Party in the 1850s -Many abolitionists supported the war as a price for emancipation
How did Garrison supporters critique him?
-he was cruelly pointing out the issue with America but not providing solutions
Who were the mountain whites? (4)
-lived isolated in the wilderness -hated white aristocrats and blacks, - were key in crippling the southern secessionists during the civil war -spoke Elizabethan like
Africans and religion (3)
-mixed the Christian religions with their own -sang Christian hymns as signals and codes for news of possible freedom -many of them sang songs that emphasized bondage (let my people go)
How much cotton was the South producing? (2)
-more than half of the the world's supply of cotton - had an advantage over countries like the industrial giant England, who needed cotton to make cloth and other goods
Martin Delany (2)
-one of the few people who seriously reconsidered black relocation to Africa, -Also fought for black rights
What did defenders of slavery do? (5)
-organized a campaign about positives of slavery, forgetting about their previous doubts on the morality of slavery -argued masters taught slaves religion, made them civilized, and gave them happy lives -north free blacks were persecuted and harassed -southern black slaves were treated well, given meals, and cared for in old age -didn't have to worry about being unemployed or trapped in stuffy factories
Rev. Elijah P. lovejoy of Alton (4)
-questioned the chastity of Catholic women -had his printing press destroyed four times - was killed by a mob in 37 -he was abolitionist martyr
Why were slaves not allowed to read?
-reading brought ideas and ideas brought discontent
How did the South feel about the North? (2)
-resented northerners who got rich at their expense while they were dependent on the north for food, clothes, and manufactured goods -The south repelled European immigrants, who went to the north, making it richer
How did the whites react to the rebellions? (3)
-scared them, which led to tightened rules -Whites became paranoid of black revolts, -slavery supporters had to degrade themselves, along with their victims, as noted by black leader Booker T Washington
Who were beneath the whites that owned a couple of slaves?
-slave less whites (¾ of white population) that lived simply and poorly
What were slave auctions like? (2)
-slaves being inspected like animals and families separated -Harriet Beecher Stowe seized the emotional power of this scene in Uncle Tom's Cabin
Although slave importation ended in 1808...(4)
-smuggling of them continued due to their high demand and despite death sentences to smugglers -The slave increase (4 million by 1860) was mostly due to natural reproduction -Slaves were an investment and thus were treated better and were spared the most dangerous jobs like putting roof on house, swamp draining or blasting caves -Usually Irishmen did this
How did the abolitionists provoke more violence? (3)
-speeches provoked violence - mob outbursts in the north, such as the 1834 trashing of Lewis Tappan's NY house -In 1835, garrison escaped a mob that dragged him around the Boston streets
Slave Families (2)
-stable two-parent homes and continuity of family identity across generations was evidenced in the widespread practice of naming kids for grandparents or adopting the surname of a forebear's master -In contrast to white masters, Africans avoided marriage of first cousins
responsorial style of preaching
-the congregation frequently punctuates the minister's remarks with assents & amens
Free blacks in the Deep South? (2)
-they were usually mulattoes, freed when their masters died -Many owned property; few owned slaves
Nat Turner's Rebellion
-uprising and slaughter mostly Virginian women and kids led by black preacher Nat Turner
What were the slaveless whites known as? (2)
-white trash, hillbillies, and clay eaters and were described as listless, shiftless, and misshapen -not lazy, rather sick and suffered from malnutrition and parasites like hookworm from eating and chewing clay for minerals
Who were beneath the aristocracy? (3)
-whites that owned one or two, or a small family of slaves -they worked on the land with the slaves - the only difference between them and the northerners was that the slaves lived with them
What did the wealthy aristocracy of the South do? (2)
-widened gap between rich and poor -hampered tax-supported public education because the rich planters sent their kids to private institutions
What were the free blacks prohibited from doing in the South? (3)
-working certain jobs and testifying against whites in court -vulnerable to being put back into slavery by slave traders -they were examples of what might be achieved by emancipation, which is why they were resented by slavery supporters
Slave breaker
A person who specializes in destroying the wills of unruly slaves.
What were laws that tried to protect slaves like?
Difficult to enforce
What was more common in the upper south in smaller plantations?
Forced separation of families
How was the abolitionist movement received in the south?
It was under attack
What were slaves denied?
Slaves had no dignity, were illiterate, and had no chance of achieving the American dream
Why weren't lash beatings that common?
The master could lower the value of the slave if he whipped too much
By 1850, what kind of families owned slaves?
The wealthy aristocracy of the south
How did the North also take part in the slave trade?
They transported cotton to England and the rest of Europe
Wendell Phillips
a Boston patrician known as "abolition's golden trumpet" who refused to eat cane sugar or wear cotton cloth
What happened by 1859?
abolitionist outcries impacted northern minds and were beginning to swat more toward their side
In general, what did all slaves experience?
hard work, no civil or political rights, and whipping if orders not followed
What did the South believe about England?
since England was so dependent on them, if civil war was to break out, England would support the south
In the upper South, what were the free blacks descended from?
those freed by the idealism of the revolution (all men created equal)