APUSH, Chapter 11, Unit 4
Protestant Reformation
16th Century - Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530's when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.
Midnight Judges
1801 - Federal Justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary act.
Tripolitan War
1801 to 1805 - Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionalist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.
Louisiana Purchase
1803 - Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts of land for settlement.
Marbury v. Madison
1803 - Supreme Court case that established the principle of the "judicial review" - the idea that the supreme court had the final authority to determine constitutionality.
Corps of Discovery
1804 to 1806 - Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west.
Orders in Council
1806 to 1807 - Edicts issued by the British Crown closing the French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British Ports, thereby cutting off all American merchants from trade with both parties.
Chesapeake Affair
1807 - Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British Ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.
Embargo Act
1807 - enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The Embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809.
Non-intercourse Act
1809 - Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo act, it reopened trade with all but two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect.
Battle of Tippecanoe
1811 - Resulted int the defeat of the Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the prophet" at the hands of William Henry Harrison in the Indiana Wilderness. After the battle, the prophet's brother, Tecumseh forged an alliance with the British against the United States.
war hawks
1811 to 1812 - Democratic- Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the south and west, the war hawks resented British restraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism. Sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore this territory.
impressment
Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. Impressment was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.
Macon's Bill No. 2
Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the non repealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an Embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war.
John Marshall
Chief Justice who made himself famous during the Marbury vs. Madison case. He ruled that the Supreme Court could declare a law unconstitutional, establishing judicial review.
Revolution of 1800
Electoral victory of the Democratic Republicans over the federalists, who lost their congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.
William Clark
Explorer along with Merriwether Lewis sent out to explore the recently purchased Louisiana Territory. He served as the artist and cartographer. Their exploring lasted from 1804-1806. They traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration.
Napoleon Bonaparte
French general who became emperor of France, sold the United States the Louisiana purchase.
Albert Gallatin
Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury. He was very smart and left the majority of the Hamiltonian framework intact.
Aaron Burr
Jefferson's presidential candidate who received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency. He later joined a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York. He killed Alex Hamilton in a duel. He was arrested for treason.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
L' Overture skillfully led a group of angry ex-slaves against French troops in Santo Domingo. The French were unable to reconquer this valuable island and hence, had no use for Louisiana to serve as a granary for Santo Domingo. The inability of the French to regain possession of the island caused Napoleon to cede the Louisiana territory to the United States for 15 million dollars. Thus, Toussaint L' Overture's military vigor indirectly provoked Napoleon's decision to sell Louisiana to the Americans.
Tecumseh
Lead a confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi, inspiring Indian unity and cultural renewal. They were put down by William Henry Harrison's troops, in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Meriwether Lewis
Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The expedition was one of the main explorations of the West. The area explored was: The Missouri River through the Rocky Mountains.
Sally Hemings
One of Jefferson's slaves who he had sexual relations with and many children.
Judiciary Act of 1801
Passed by the departing federalist congress, it created sixteen new judgeship's ensuring a federalist hold on the judiciary.
patronage
Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon resuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees.
James Madison
President in 1812 who knew war with England was inevitable.
Robert R. Livingston
Regular minister in Paris who James Monroe was sent to meet up with. They decided to buy all of Louisiana for $15 million, $5 million over what Jefferson instructed them.
Samuel Chase
Samuel Chase was a strong supporter of the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, an ardent Federalist, and the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be impeached. A lawyer by proffesion, in 1796 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by president Washington. This was after he served as Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791. In 1804, for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials. The senate, however, in a decision that indicated reluctance to remove judges for purely political reasons, did not convict him, and he remained on the court until his death.
Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet")
Tenskwatawa began to form a confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi River; inspiring Indian unity and cultural renewal