APUSH Chapter 18

Dred Scott

(1800-1858) Black slave who sued his master for freedom, triggering the landmark Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection for slavery in the territories. Backed by abolitionists, he based his case on the five years he spent with his master in free-soil Illinois and Wisconsin.

Confederate States of America

Government established after seven southern states seceded from the Union, Later joined by four more states from the upper South

Lecompton Constitution

Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.

Freeport Question

Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.

Roger B. Taney

(1777-1864) Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1836 to 1864, Taney overturned Marshall's strict emphasis on contract rights, ruling in favor of community interest in the famous Charles River Bridge case in 1837. Maryland-born Taney also presided over the landmark Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress had no power to restrict slavery in the territories.

All of the following are true of the Crittenden amendments except: A) They were essentially designed to appease the South. B) They were flatly rejected by President Lincoln. C) They stipulated that slavery would be prohibited north of 36° 30'. D) They prevented slavery from becoming permanent in a territory. E) They called for federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36° 30'.

D) They prevented slavery slavery from becoming permanent in a territory

Members of the Know-Nothing party were all of the following except: A) Anti-Catholics B) Protestants C) Irish immigrants D) Nativists E) Anti-foreigners

C) Irish immigrants

After Abraham Lincoln was elected president, all of the following states seceded from the Union except: A)Alabama B) Texas C) Florida D) New Jersey E) Louisiana

D) New Jersey

Charles Summer

(1811-1874) Massachusetts senator and abolitionist, Sumner opposed the extension of slavery, speaking out passionately on the civil war in Kansas. Sumner is best known for the caning he received at the hands of Preston Brooks on the Senate floor in 1856. After his recovery, he returned to the Senate and led the radical Republican coalition against Andrew Johnson during Reconstruction.

Freeport Doctrine

Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglass in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's "Freeport Question".

Panic of 1857

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramazitex the horros of slavery. It heightened northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

John Jordan Crittenden

(1787-1863) U.S. senator from Kentucky who introduced a compromise in 1860 in an effort to avoid a civil war. Crittenden proposed to amend the Constitution to prohibit slavery in territories north of 36° 30' but to extend federal protection for slavery in territories to the south.

James Buchanan

(1791-1868) Fifteenth president of the United States, Buchanan, a Pennsylvania-born Democrat, sympathized with the South and opposed any federal interference with its "peculiar institution." As president, he supported Kansas's Lecompton Constitution and opposed the Homestead Act, antagonizing northern Democrats and hopelessly splitting the Democratic party.

John Brown

(1800-1859) Radical abolitionist who launched an attack on a federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in an effort to lead slaves in a violent uprising against their owners. Brown, who first took up arms against slavery during the Kansas civil war, was captured shortly after he launched his ill-conceived raid on the armory and was sentenced to hang.

Stephen A. Douglas

(1813-1861) U.S. senator and Democratic presidential candidate, Douglas played a key role in passing the Compromise of 1850, though he inadvertently reignited sectional tensions in 1854 by proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act. In 1858, Douglas famously sparred with Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln-Douglas debates, defeating Lincoln in the Senate race that year but losing to the Illinois Republican in the presidential election of 1860.

John C. Breckinridge

(1821-1875) Vice president under James Buchanan, Breckinridge ran as the candidate of the southern wing of the Democratic party in 1860 and lost the election to Abraham Lincoln. A Kentucky slave owner, Breckinridge acknowledged the South's right to secede but worked tirelessly to hammer out a compromise in the weeks before Lincoln's inauguration. Once the Civil War began, he served as a Confederate general, briefly serving as Jefferson Davis's secretary of war in 1865.

Which of the following is true of the panic of 1857? A) It was caused in part by gold pouring into the economy and inflating the currency. B) It undermined demands for free farms of 160 acres from the public domain. C) It hit the South harder than the North. D) It was far worse economically than the panic of 1837. E)It seemed to prove that cotton was a volatile and risky source of income.

A) It was caused in part by gold pouring into the economy and inflating the currency.

Who was chosen as the president of the Confederate States of America? A) Jefferson Davis B) Stephen A. Douglas C) James Buchanan D) John Jordan Crittenden E) Abraham Lincoln

A) Jefferson Davis

Which of the following applies to Hinton R. Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South? A) It argued that slavery was contrary to the religious values held by most Americans. B) It was banned and burned throughout the South. C) It was shunned by supporters of the Republican party. D) It predicted and called for a violent civil war between North and South. E) It aroused strong hostility to slavery among poorer, non-slaveholding whites.

B) It was banned and burned throughout the South.

Who primarily made up the Constitutional Union party? A) Know-Nothings and Republicans B) Whigs and Know-Nothings C) Know-Nothings and Democrats D) Republicans and Whigs E) Democrats and Whigs

B) Whigs and Know-Nothings

What was the Kansas conflict over slavery known as? A)The Civil War B) The Sumner-Brooks clash C) Bleeding Kansas D) The crime against Kansas E) Bludgeoning Bully

C) Bleeding Kansas

Who were border ruffians? A) The leaders of a puppet government at Shawnee Mission B) Republican party agitators who stuffed ballot boxes in Kansas C) Proslavery Missourians who rushed into Kansas to vote illegally and battle antislavery forces D) Antislavery men who established an extralegal regime of their own in Topeka E) Proslavery raiders who shot up and burned a part of the free-soil town of Lawrence

C) Proslavery Missourians who rushed into Kansas to vote illegally and battle antislavery forces

What did Stephen A. Douglas argue in his Freeport Doctrine during the Lincoln-Douglas debates? A) That Congress should reopen the Atlantic slave trade B) That a new version of the Missouri Compromise was needed C) The Dred Scott decision was unconstitutional D) That slavery would remain illegal if the people of a territory voted it down, regardless of the Supreme Court's contrary decision in the Dred Scott case E) That no matter what the people wanted, the Supreme Court was law

D) That slavery would remain illegal if the people of a territory voted it down, regardless of the Supreme Court's contrary decision in the Dred Scott case

All of the following were true of the Dred Scott decision except: A)The case could have been thrown out on technical grounds alone. B) A majority of the Court decreed that because a slave was private property, he or she could be taken into any territory and legally held there in slavery. C) The Supreme Court ruled that because Scott was a slave, and not a citizen, he had no right to sue for his freedom in federal court. D) The Missouri Compromise, banning slavery north of 36° 30', was repealed. E) The Court ruled that the Compromise of 1820 had been unconstitutional all along: Congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories, regardless of what the territorial legislatures themselves might want.

D) The Missouri Compromise, banning slavery north of 36° 30', was repealed.

At the Democratic convention of 1860, Senator Stephen Douglas did which of the following? A) Supported the proslavery Lecompton Constitution, meaning that he completely repudiated his doctrine of popular sovereignty B) Gained support of southern fire-eaters as a result of his stand on the Freeport Doctrine C) Won the presidential nomination on the first ballot D) Favored the extension of slavery into the territories and the annexation of slave-populated Cuba E) Failed to muster the necessary two-thirds vote, so the entire body dissolved

E) Failed to muster the necessary two-thirds vote, so the entire body dissolved

As provided to Congress, what did the Lecompton Constitution provide for? A) John Brown to be governor of the new state of Kansas B) A prohibition against either New England or Missouri involvement in Kansas politics C) The admission of Kansas as a free state D) A statewide referendum on slavery to be held after Kansas's admission to the Union E) The admission of Kansas as a slave state

E) The admission of Kansas as a slave state

Crittenden Amendments

Failed constitutional amendments that would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty. Proposed in an attempt to appease the South.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Abraham Lincoln

(1809-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States, he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union. He was assassinated in 1865.

Henry Ward Beecher

(1813-1887) Preacher, reformer, and abolitionist, he was the son of famed evangelist Lyman Beecher and brother of author Harriet Beecher Stowe. In the 1850s, he helped raise money to support the New England Emigrant Aid Company in its efforts to keep slavery out of Kansas Territory. After the Civil War, he emerged as perhaps the best-known Protestant minister, in part because of his ability to adapt Christianity to fit the times, emphasizing the compatibility of religion, science, and modernity.

Preston S. Brooks

(1819-1857) Fiery South Carolina congressman who senselessly caned Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in 1856. His violent temper flared in response to Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech, in which the Massachusetts senator threw bitter insults at the southern slaveocracy, singling out Brooks's South Carolina colleague, Senator Andrew Butler.

Constitutional Union party

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

Tariff of 1857

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.

What was the reaction of most Northerners to John Brown? A) They regarded Brown as insane and dismissed his raid as the act of a madman. B) They condemned the raid on Harper's Ferry but mourned Brown as a martyr after his execution. C) They joined a write-in campaign to cast protest votes for Brown as president. D) They saw Brown's raid as the first step in an inevitable Civil War. E) They expressed remorse that Brown had been able to garner so much support from northern intellectuals.

B) They condemned the raid on Harper's Ferry but mourned Brown as a martyr after his execution.

Harpers Ferry

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed southerners, who believed that northern s shared in brown's extremism

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Douglas won the election, but Lincoln gained national prominence and merged as the leading candidate fort the 1860 Republican nomination.

The Impending Crisis of the South

Antislavery tract, written by white Southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that nonslaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy.

Bleeding Kansas

Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national Civil War.

Dred Scott v. Stanford

Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States.

Who did Democrats nominate as their presidential candidate in the election of 1856? A) Franklin Pierce B) James Buchanan C) John C. Fremont D) Millard Fillmore E) Stephen A. Douglas

B) James Buchanan