APUSH Chapter 2

Conversion Experience

required of members of the Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church.

New Mexico

"The Land of Enchantment"

Prince Henry the navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation.

English "poor laws"

(English) those who didn't work were sent to a poor house. Establishes the idea that people are poor because of moral weakness.

Indulgences

(johann tetzel sold them) , Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. If you buy it- all sins relieved.

Hernan Cortes

1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

The Protestant

16th century religious movement led by Martin Luther that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the formation of Protestantism.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Vasco de gama

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean.

Joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Headrights

A headright is a legal grant of land to settlers. Headrights are most notable for their role in the expansion of the thirteen British colonies in North America; the Virginia Company of London gave headrights to settlers, and the Plymouth Company followed suit.

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal.

Virginia company of London

A joint stock company that recieved a charter from King James I to create a settlement in America. They provided the funding for the development of the Jamestown colony.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. 1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade.

Counter-Reformation

A time when the Catholic church banned books and used its courts to punish people who protested Catholic ways.

Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Anglicans

Belonged to church of England and came to America; "purified" version of Catholics.

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony. A town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620.

Acoma

Connects the anterior cerebral arteries at their closest juncture.

Enclosure movement

During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes.

Separatists

English Protestants wh owould not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620. 1st Protestant colonists, wanted a break with the Anglican church.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage.

Captain John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia.

Lost colony of Roanoke

English settlement in the Virginia Colony organized by Sir Walter Raleigh; abandoned the settlement or disappeared.

Spanish Armada, 1588

Fleet sent by Philip II of Spain against England, In his mind a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635).

The Doctrine of Predestination

God decided before birth whether a person was "saved" or doomed for hell; a key article of Calvinism; only the elect went to heaven, and fate could not be altered.

Encomiendas

Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Thomas Weston

London merchant who suggested that the Virginia Company form a joint-stock company and have colonists send back fish, furs, and timber in return for passage and supplies. Paid people's passage to the new world if they give furs and goods.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. Spanish for conquerors. Men who traveled extensively through the Americas, leading small armies of men, and who established themselves as imperial rulers.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador. Conquered Incas.

Juan de Onate

Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama.