APUSH Chapter 2 - European Powers in the Atlantic World (1607-1754)

Indentured Servant

4-5 years of servitude to a master in return for housing, board and a passage to America. At the end of their time they were supposed to receive benefits: clothes, tools, land etc. but generally weren't given anything.

Furs

By the end of the 16th century, France had developed a trade with its colony with fur.

Rebellion

Open defiance and opposition, sometimes armed, to a person or thing in authority.

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

Chickasaw Wars

example of French relations with the Native Americans; War fought in response to the tribe allying with the British and harboring Natchez tribesme

VA House of Burgesses 1619

first elected lower house in the legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. Over time, the name came to represent the entire official legislative body of the Colony of Virginia, and later, after the American Revolution, the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Plymouth 1620

joint-stock company effort; blown off course in the Mayflower, but they just settled where they ended up landing; the Mayflower compact was the first self-made government in North America; over half of them died in the first winter and the ones that survived only managed to do so with the help of the Indians; later in 1691 the Pilgrims and Puritans merged into Massachusetts

Philadelphia

(1681) Perhaps most properous area of early North American colonies. One of most successful cities in country for a time.

Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). The first cultural movement to unite the Thirteen Colonies. Associated with the democratization of religion. A period of huge religious revival throughout the colonies, sparked by a few strong religious speakers, called the "new lights."

Molasses Act

(1733) A British law that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into North American colonies. It was intended to maintain the monopoly of the American sugar market by the West Indies sugarcane growers. It was the least successful of the Navigation Acts, since it was avoided by smuggling.

George Whitefield

(1739) Stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed faith in Christ Jesus. Taught that with sincere faith, ordinary people could understand scripture without ministers. succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening

John Smith

- introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks

Barbados (Sugar)

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Changes in Clothing

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Escape

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The Carolinas (Rice)

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John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

John Winthrop

1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president., As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Puritans

1630- Nonsepratist. Predestination. Massachusetts bay colony. Calvinist. Church of England was too "pope-ish" (Catholic) Began seeking haven for puritans in New England

Puritan-Pequot War

1636: Believing they were God's chosen people, the Puritans often treated Native Americans with a brutality equal to that of the Spanish conquistadors and Nathaniel Bacon's frontiersmen. When the Pequot warriors resisted English encroachment a Puritan militia attacked a Pequot village and massacred more than 500 people.

Privy Council

A body of some thirty to forty advisers appointed by and responsible solely to the king. The Privy Council became the first agency of colonial supervision.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.1673 war broke out between English settlers and the Pequot people of New England. Pequots were almost wiped out. then colonies began to demand that Native Americans act white, and tensions peaked in 1675- Plymouth executed three Wampanoag men for murder, touching off this war- war ended 1678. bloodiest war in colonial history; colonists won; New England Indians eliminated as obstacle to west expansion; colonists united

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Glorious Revolution

1688; the parliament deposed King James II, a Roman Catholic who had asserted royal rights over the rights of Parliament. Parliament gave the crown to the Protestant King William III, a Dutch prince, and his British wife, Queen Mary II (daughter of James II), as joint rulers. When the crown was offered to William and Mary, they agreed to a Bill of Rights that severely limited the king or queen's power. The British Bill of Rights is often regarded as a forerunner to the United States Bill of Rights.

Salem Witch Trials

1690s. Colonists accused of witchcraft in a puritan village tried, extreme religious faith, stress from growing population and bad relations w/Natives narrowed opportunities for females to participate in Puritan society

Poor Richard's Almanack

1732-1758 containing many sayings called from thinkers of the ages emphasizing such home spun virtues as thrift industry morality and common sense Frankin wrote it

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Enlightenment

18th century movement led by French intellectuals who advocated reason as the universal source of knowledge and truth

Great Migration

1900 African-Americans moved from South to North. Segregation based on state laws....Jim Crow Laws..when they came up North there was no segregation.

Jonathan Edwards

A Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell. American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) (the Great Awakening)

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation."

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south. , 1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.

Anne Hutchinson

A dissident who questioned the doctrines of Puritan authorities, she believed in antinomianism (faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation) and founded the colony of Portsmouth in 1638 after being banned from Massachusetts Bay. She migrated to Long Island and was killed in an Indian uprising. In 1644, a charter granted the joining of Providence and Portmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island, by Roger Williams and served as a refure for people of various faiths.

Radical Whigs

A group of British political commentators. They were very nervous about the power of Parliament and the arbitrary powers of the monarch. They warned the colonists to be always on the lookout for a violation of their rights.

Huron Confederacy

A group of Indians similar to the Iroquois. French joined them in the fight against the Iroquois. Iroquois tried to get rid of NH. Development of firearms-French resisted selling their guns to them (their allies) so now the Iroquois had an advantage. So, Iroquois devastated the them. Most were incorporated into their own population. Increased Iroquois power, and Iroquois became feared throughout Europe. Dutch formed an alliance with the Iroquois, which kept other Indians from attacking them.

Catawba Nation

A group of the remains of several different Indian tribes that joined together in the late 1700's. The Catawba Nation was in the Southern Piedmont region. Forced migration made the Indians join in this group.

Lutherans

A member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther. Luther and his followers had become a separate religious group

Pilgrims

A member of a Puritan Separatist sect that left England in the early 1600s to settle in the Americas. Plymouth.

Mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry

Metis

A person of mixed French-Canadian and Native American ancestry

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

City Upon a Hill

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "city upon a hill," watched by the world.

Nathaniel Bacon

A planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land

Pueblo Revolt

A revolt stages by the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish colonists in 1680. The colonists were outnumbered 2,000 to 30,000 by the Pueblos, whose discontent was growing due to the efforts of the colonial government's and missionaries' to suppress tribal rituals. The sparks of the revolt, though, were major droughts and raids by neighboring Apache tribes. A religious leader named Pope led this revolt, which led to the death of hundreds of hundreds of European settlers, the capturing of Santa Fe, and drove the Spanish temporarily out of the region. Twelve years later though, the Spaniards returned and crushed a last revolt in 1906.

Navigation Acts

A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies. Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Joint-Stock Company

A type of business structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions. These private trading companies sold shares to investors who provided start-up funding. In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition.

Maryland Toleration Act of 1649

Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all.

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts, Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who led an attack on villages throughout New England. This was the largest conflict in 1675.

Powhatan

Algonquian Indian chief; Indian name Wa-hun-sen-a-cawh or Wahunsonacock. He was the leader of Powhatan's Confederacy, an alliance of about 30 tribes that were located primarily in eastern Virginia. Often noted for his ruthlessness, he made peace with the colonists after his daughter Pocahontas married Englishman John Rolfe in 1614

Wool Act

All wool produced in the colonies could only be exported to Britain, protected Britain at colonies' expense. Another part of the British mercantilistic system, this act restricted and rechanneled infant colonial manufacturing.

Lord Baltimore

Also known as George Calvert, this man received a portion of the Virginia colony from King Charles I. This man's charge was to create a colony that would serve as both a haven for Catholics and turn a profit for the Crown. Before he could set forth on his mission, he died, leaving the colony in the hands of his son, who then established the colony of Maryland.

Benjamin Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Molasses Act, 1733

British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown. As Virginia's tobacco production soared, planters purchased indentured servants, thus increasing the flow of immigrants to the colony.

Corporate Colonies

Charter Colonies; led by joint-stock companies and run as a business with the backing of wealthy investors

Royal Colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

Restoration Colonies

Colonies created following the Stuart restoration in 1660 when England again took interest in America. The colonies enabled England to control the East Coast, Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. These colonies had governments that made a social hierarchy geared toward a dominant wealthy class. A number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the latter half of the 17th century, ostensibly as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration. The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus. The two major restoration colonies were the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina.

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their charters from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval. Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

Jamestown 1607

Colony in Virginia, The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony. The settlement became part of the Joint Stock Virginia Company of London in 1620. Grew to be a prosperous shipping port. Named in honor of King James I

Smuggling

Common activity in which the colonists engaged to avoid the restrictive, unpopular Navigation Laws. Britain ignored this until French-Indian war, when the British tried to stop it, colonists became furious

Virginia Colony

Home to tobacco, John Smith, the House of Burgesses, William Berkeley, Bacon's Rebellion, Pocahontas, John Rolfe and the Headright System

John Cotton

Criticized the Church of England, fled to Massachusetts Bay Colony, defended government's duty to enforce religious rules. Believed that only the spiritual "elect" should have any authority, caused dissension in colony and would eventually lead to the founding of new colonies. Criticized the Church of England, fled to Massachusetts Bay Colony, defended government's duty to enforce religious rules.

Separatist

English Protestants wh owould not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Slave Trade

European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.

James Ogelthorpe

Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life

George Fox

Founded the Quakers. They believed that each person was gifted with the "inner light." Founder of the Society of Friends known as quakers and founded pennsylvania.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

The Mayflower

In 1620, the Pilgrims wanted to separate from the Church of England. They set sail from Plymouth, England on the Mayflower, headed toward Virginia, but the ship was blown off course and landed in Provincetown, Mass.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised.

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Founding of Pennsylvania

Penn made it his mission to help Quakers in England emigrate.Charles II paid debt to Penn's dead father in the form of land. PA. Advertised!! Had good indian relations, mild climate and fertile soil. Proprietor had absolute power. Penn was challenged and as a result the Charter of Liberties was created

William Penn

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Prussia formally GAINED SILESIA. Austrian throne saved. Prussia becomes one of "Europe's Great powers". Spain/Britain renew slave imports from Treaty of Utrecht. This was the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession by giving the Prussians land, taking land away from Maria Theresa, but still allowing her to rule., Even though Maria Theresa had recently given birth, she journeyed to Hungary. There she held her infant in her arms as she asked the Hungarian nobles for aid. Even though the nobles resented their Hapsburg rulers, they pledged to give Maria Theresa an army. Great Britain also joined Austria to fight its longtime enemy France, which was Prussia's ally. Although Maria Theresa did stop Prussia's aggression, she lost Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. With the acquisition of Silesia, Prussia became a major European power. 1748 treaty, often thought to be more of a truce, that allowed Prussia to retain seized territory. , Eng. forced to give back the land they won; colonists unhappy about their work being undone

Two Treatises of Government

Published anonymously by John Locke in 1689. First treatise attacks patriarchalism, and the second treatise outlines the theory of civil society based on natural rights and social contract. Life, Liberty and Property.

Non-Separatist

Puritans who wanted to reform the church from within instead of splitting from the Anglican Church (Church of England)

Presbyterian Revival

Samuel Morris, inspired by George Whitefield, leads a group of Virginia Anglicans away from the church. Presbyterian New Lights preach to the group, they become Presbyterian, more Presbyterians. Virginia gentry feel threatened, Presbyterian meeting houses closed to prevent the spread of multiple religions. Threatened the social authority of the Virginia gentry; joined with Samuel Morris and the group of Anglicans out of the Church of England

Congregationalism

Set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Congregationalism was a church system in which each local church served as the center of its own community. This structure stood in contrast to the Church of England, in which the single state church held sway over all local churches.

Revival/Revivalism

Term first started being used during the Second Great Awakening

Praying Towns

Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized

The Atlantic World

The interactions among the peoples and empires bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Started during Age of Exploration.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to Spanish Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go. Encouraged by Spain

Currency Act, 1751

This act applied only to Massachusetts. It was an attempt to ban the production of paper money in Massachusetts, but it was defeated in Parliament.

Beaver Wars

Wars that resulted from furious trading and hunting of Beaver pelts by the Dutch, the French, and the New Netherlands. The Overhunting of Beavers sent prices so high in 1742 that the Dutch armed the Iroquois and what resulted was bloody battles against Pro-French tribes.

Casta System

Was a social hierarchy based on how European you were. Wealth, education, and physical appearance helped determine how an individual might be viewed. peninsulares, creoles, indios, negroes. mestizo and mulatt

Charter of Liberties, 1701

a charter, signed by Penn, which established a representative assembly in Pennsylvania, and stated that the lower counties (Delaware) of the colony could establish their own representative assembly. (1701); this was provided to the Pennsylvania colony It guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Sabotage

a deliberate act of destruction or disruption in which equipment is damaged

Whig

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster, Another name for revolutionary Patriots.

Planter Aristocracy

was the head of the southern society. they determined the political, economic, and even the social life of their region. the wealthiest had home in towns or cities as well as summer homes, and they traveled widely, especially to europe. they were defined as the cotton magnates, the sugar, rice, and tobacco nabobs, the whites who owned at least 40 or 50 slaves and 800 or more acres