Apush Chapter 25

Sports

• Baseball, America's national sport, became extremely popular during the Gilded Age, although it was segregated after 1887. • Horse and bicycle racing, boxing, football, and basketball also became popular spectator sports.

Old Immigrants and "New" Immigrants

-"Old" Immigrants (pre-1870s) • Were mainly Protestants from Northern and Western Europe • Came as families to settle on farms with family members or friends • Had money, a skill or trade, or an education -"New" Immigrants (pre-1870s) • Were mainly Catholics or Jews from Southern and Eastern Europe • Sometimes came alone, usually to settle in cities • Were often poor and unskilled After 1900, immigrants to the United States from Southern and Eastern Europe made up 70% of all immigrants. This was up from 1% in the mid-1800s.

During the Gilded Age, new kinds of entertainment emerged.

-Amusement Parks • Coney Island and similar parks offered roller coasters and other rides -Outdoor Events • Buffalo Bill 's Wild West Show toured America, as did circuses • Chautauquas offered storytelling, bands, singers, and lectures on politics and morals -Fun in the City • Vaudeville shows were a mixture of musical drama, songs, and comedy • Nickelodeons introduced motion pictures • Ragtime bands played in music halls

The newspapers of the Gilded Age both reflected and helped create mass culture

-Between 1870 and 1900, the number of newspapers increased from about 600 to more than 1,600 • Ethnic and special- interest publishers catered to the array of urban dwellers, especially immigrants.

Change in the Gilded Age

-Changes for women • Store-bought clothing, prepackaged foods, and indoor plumbing made some tasks easier • Rising expectations of cleanliness and more complicated meals made some tasks harder • Many women had to work outside the home to achieve a middle- class lifestyle. -Changes for men • Public transportation allowed families to live farther from the cities. • Men often had to commute long distances to work • Men worked hard, as the culture taught that hard work would pay off.

The Urban Frontier

-Growth of American cities was spectacular: • In 1860, no American city had a million inhabitants. By 1890, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia exceeded that amount • By 1900, New York had 3.5MM people; second largest city in world, after London • Skyscrapers allowed more people and workplaces to be packed onto a parcel of land • First skyscraper was a ten-story building in Chicago in 1885. The electric elevator enabled skyscraper usage • Architect Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) was known as the "father of skyscrapers," believed that "form follows function • Americans began commuting to work, using trolleys and eventually subways. Would enable suburban living in the ensuing decades • Industrial jobs drew people from farms as well as abroad, and into factory centers • Urban life held powerful attractions • Many negatives, too • Cities were monuments of contradiction

Education for All

-Immigrants • Schools taught immigrants English and helped them to acculturate -Women • A few careers were open to women • There was an upsurge in women 's colleges, and many state universities began to accept women -African Americans • Limited access to white African institutions led to a growth in Americans schools and colleges for African Americans

Rural-to-urban migrants moved from farms to cities in the 1890s.

-Immigrants, Farmers, and Migrants from the Rural Wes • Attracted to economic opportunities • Many moved because it was increasingly difficult to make a living on a farm • It was difficult for farmers to adjust to rigid schedules in crowded factories -African Americans • The majority of African Americans stayed in Southern cities • But African American migrants paved the way for a much larger migration after the First World War

Push factors for immigration are those that compel people to leave their homes. Pull factors are those that attract them to a new place.

-Push Factors • Farmers were pressured by land reform and low prices • Revolution and war disrupted economies and created political refugees • Religious persecution forced many to flee violence -Pull Factors • The U.S. offered inexpensive western farmland, as well as employment • Many so-called "chain immigrants" joined family already in the U.S. • Religious and political freedom existed in America

Various Artistic Triumphs

-Realism and regionalism (more than naturalism) energized American art • Epitomized by Thomas Elkins, Winslow Homer, James Whistler, and John Singer Sargent • Augustus Saint-Gaudens was a gifted sculptor -Music gained popularity: • America produced high quality symphony orchestras, notably in Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, & New York • Famed Metropolitan Opera House erected in 1883 • New strains of homegrown American music sprouted in South, another outgrowth of regionalist trend. Black folk traditions like spirituals and "ragged music" evolved into blues, ragtime, and jazz, transforming popular music in the twentieth century • Invention of phonograph by Thomas Edison allowed people to listen to pre-recorded music in their homes • Architects and planners tried to reshape American cities. The "City Beautiful" movement emphasized beauty and conveyed a sense of harmony, order, and monumentality • Copied European styles and planning ideas from master builder of Paris, Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann, known for his redesign of that city • American architects constructed grandiose urban landmarks such as New York's Grand Central Terminal (1913). Architect Frederick Law Olmstead sought to foster virtue and egalitarian values; designed New York's Central Park (1873) • World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago (1893). Architect and designer Daniel Burnham created an imposing landscape of pavilions and fountains to honor the 400th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage • Visited by millions; did much to raise American artistic standards and promote city planning

American innovators developed new technologies to improve living conditions.

-skyscrapers • Steel-frame buildings ten stories or taller, built because there was limited room left on the ground. -safety elevators • Elevators that would not fall even if the lifting rope broke -central heating systems • Systems made to carry heat to all parts of a building.

As cities grew, planners designated different parts of cities for different functions

Cities set aside space for heavy industry, financial institutions, homes, and public spaces such as libraries and government buildings. —> Parks were also important to plan for. Frederick Law Olmsted designed many well-known parks, including New York City's Central Park.

America's major cities were manufacturing and transportation centers

The cities were clustered in the Northeast, on the Pacific Coast, and along the waterways of the Midwest.

What is conspicuous consumerism?

the spending of money on and the acquiring of luxury goods and services to publicly display economic power of the income or of the accumulated wealth of the buyer.

Asian Immigrants

• Chinese and other Asian immigrants crossing the Pacific were processed at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. Many Chinese were turned away. • Some Chinese immigrants were detained at Angel Island for weeks or months in poor conditions. • They waited to see if they would be allowed to stay in the United States.

In addition to losing their voting rights, African Americans also faced widespread segregation in the South and in the North.

• Constitutionality of Jim Crow laws was upheld by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • African Americans refused to accept their status as second-class citizens. Several leaders emerged, calling for equality.

Immigrant's Traditions

• Despite the hopes of settlement workers, immigrants often held on to their traditions. • They established their own fraternal lodges, schools, and religious institutions such as churches. • Immigrants' children, however, became more Americanized.

The New Immigration

• During the period 1850 to 1870, more than two million immigrants came to the U.S. • In the 1880s, more than five million arrived -Came from southern and eastern Europe • Italians, Jews, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles. By the first decade of the twentieth century, they constituted 66% of total inflow • Many new immigrants never intended to become American citizens; were single men who intended to return home with money earned in America • Those who stayed struggled to preserve their traditional culture • Children of immigrants learned to speak fluent English. Often rejected the "Old Country" ways in their desire to plunge into mainstream American life

W.E.B. Du Bois disagreed with Washington.

• Harvard scholar W.E.B. Du Bois argued that blacks should demand full and equal rights immediately; rejected Washington's gradualism and separatism • Du Bois felt the burden of achieving equality should not rest on the shoulders of African Americans alone • Believed Washington was condemning blacks to manual labor and perpetual inferiority • A founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) • Argued for the "talented tenth" of the black community to be given full and immediate access to mainstream American life

Movement towards cities

• Immigrants and rural Americans were attracted by jobs in factories or service industries. • People with a degree of wealth opened shops. • Women's opportunities dramatically expanded. They could work in factories, take in boarders, or be domestic servants.

Nativism

• Immigrants often dealt with nativism and hostility from native-born white Americans. • Religious differences sparked suspicion among groups, and competition for jobs and housing led to divisions and prejudices • Many were alarmed because new immigrants had high birthrates; viewed as a threat to American culture • Nativists claimed immigrants imported dangerous ideas of socialism, communism, and anarchism

Population increases from the 19th to 20th century

• In 1860, most Americans lived in rural areas, with only 16% living in towns or cities with a population of 8,000 or more. • By 1900, 32% - 15 million Americans - lived in cities with populations of more than 50,000. • This period was the beginning of an upsurge in American urbanization that brought changes to the country.

Immigration Restrictions

• In 1882, Congress started to restrict immigration to the United States. • The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited the rights of Chinese immigrants in the U.S., and forbade the naturalization of Chinese residents • Congress passed another law that prohibited the immigration of anyone who was a criminal, a pauper, immoral, or likely to need public assistance • Other federal laws lengthened the list of undesirables to include the insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and people carrying contagious diseases • In 1917, literacy tests were used to limit immigration

Mass transit reshaped American cities.

• In 1888, Richmond, Virginia started using streetcars powered by overhead electric cables • Within a decade, every other major city followed • Electric streetcars were quieter, cleaner, and more efficient than coal-driven commuter trains or horse-drawn trolleys • Traffic congestion often prevented streetcars from running on schedule. • In 1897, Boston solved this problem by building the nation's first subway system, and New York City followed suit in 1904. • Mass transit made it possible for middle and upper-class people to move to the suburbs.

Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)

• In his 1873 novel, The Gilded Age, novelist Mark Twain satirically depicted American society as gilded, or having a rotten core covered with gold paint. Emphasized political corruption and speculative greed. • Most Americans were not as cynical, but Twain's label stuck, and historians call the late 19th century the "Gilded Age."

Immigration After 1865

• In the 1840s and 1850s, German and Irish Catholics immigrated to the United States • Despite prejudice against Catholics, their children were often able to blend into American society • In the 1870s, fear grew that "new" immigrants would destroy American culture • The foreign-born population of the U.S. nearly doubled between 1870 and 1900.

The American people grow wealthier

• Industrialization and urbanization changed the lives of American workers, as more people began to work for wages rather than for themselves on farms. • More people were wealthier; more products were available. • Some believed that this led to a culture of conspicuous consumerism • By the 1870s, many big cities had department stores, which turned shopping into a form of entertainment for middle-class men and women. • Department stores attracted customers with widespread advertising and a variety of high- quality goods at fair prices. • Some measured success by what they could buy; they equated purchasing power with a higher standard of living • In this period, the cost of living decreased because manufactured products and new technology cost less • Also, better sanitation and medical care contributed to a longer life expectancy.

Booker T. Washington was the most famous black leader of the late 19th century

• Leader of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, which taught useful trades to blacks to acquire self-respect and economic security • Washington believed that black citizens should focus their energies on building up their own economic resources through hard work and enhance their education, instead of using those energies to overturn Jim Crow. Emphasized the pragmatic over idealistic via the concept of "accommodation" • Washington believed economic independence would lead to black political and civil rights

Melting pot

• Many believed that American society was a "melting pot" where white people of different nationalities blended to create a single culture. • This model excluded Asian immigrants, who became targets of social and legal discrimination.

Rapid population growth led to problems.

• Many neighborhoods became overcrowded. • Some poor workers lived in crowded tenements, which usually were unhealthy and dangerous because they had few windows and little sanitation.

During the Gilded Age, reform movements continued.

• Militant suffragists formed National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1890, but pragmatic Carrie Chapman Catt deemphasized the "equality argument" and instead stressed desirability of giving women the vote to continue their traditional duties • Reborn suffrage movement and women's organizations largely excluded black women • Ida B. Wells inspired black women to mount a nationwide anti-lynching crusade • Various temperance organizations gained influence - Frances Willard and Carrie Nation used very different methodologies in their fight against alcohol

Immigrants in America

• Once in America, immigrants had to find a home and work. They also had to learn English and new customs. • Many stayed in cities and took jobs in factories. They lived in ethnic neighborhoods, called ghettos. • Large cities such as New York, San Francisco, and Chicago had huge immigrant populations by 1890. • Immigrants had some help coping with their new surroundings. • Settlement houses created Americanization programs to help recent immigrants learn English and adopt American dress and diet • Jane Addams (1860-1935) founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889, dedicated to helping urban masses assimilate into American life. Women founded settlement houses in other cities, such as Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York • Became centers of women's activism and social reform; offered women various opportunities • Immigrants formed fraternal associations - based on ethnic or religious identity - which provided social services and financial assistance

Consumption patterns

• One of the effects of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising was that Americans became more alike in their consumption patterns. • Rich and poor wore the same clothing styles • People bought the same kinds of products • This phenomenon is known as mass culture

Public education

• Public education expanded rapidly, as grade- school education became compulsory, more teenagers began attending high schools, and kindergartens opened. • As a result, the literacy rate climbed to nearly 90% by 1900 • Schools began to do a better job of preparing people for careers. • Schools taught skills that workers needed in fledgling industries • Teachers attended training schools, and reformers such as John Dewey introduced new teaching methods • Universities began to provide specialized training for urban careers such as social work

During the Gilded Age, literature and art that explored harsh realities was popular

• Stephen Crane wrote about New York slums • Horatio Alger wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work • Robert Henri and others developed a style of painting known as the Ashcan School, which depicted the squalor of New York slums

Journey to America

• The decision to come to America was often a difficult one. • Immigrants usually brought only what they could carry. They traveled by steamship in steerage, where conditions were crowded and illness spread quickly. • After the long journey, the steerage passengers were processed at stations, such as Ellis Island in New York Harbor. • There, officers conducted legal and medical inspections. Only 2% of immigrants were denied entry into the United States.

Immigrants transformed American Society

• They fueled industrial growth - helped build the railroads and worked in factories, mills, mines • Their traditions became part of American culture • In 1886, the Statue of Liberty arose in New York harbor, a gift from France • The United States owed much to these immigrants - for the dedicated work ethic, intellectual contributions, courage, and diversity they brought to American society • Immigrants owed much to the United states and Americans, too!

Cities had filthy, unpaved streets and sanitation problems, conditions perfect for breeding epidemics.

• To solve these problems, governments and city planners tried to regulate housing, sanitation, sewers, and public health • They began to take water from clean reservoirs and to use water filtration systems • Cities responded to the threats of fire and crime with professional firefighting teams, uniformed city police forces, and new electric streetlights. • Despite the peacekeeping efforts of police, conflicts between different racial groups, classes, and neighborhoods remained.

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

• Two newspaper publishers who achieved mass circulation through sensational news coverage. • Joseph Pulitzer believed that the job of a newspaper was to inform people and to stir up controversy. His papers were sensationalistic. • Sensationalistic newspapers of William Randolph Hearst competed with Pulitzer's newspapers for readership.

Why did most people prefer the city to the country

• Workers' children could attend city schools • Churches, theaters, social clubs, and museums offered companionship and entertainment • Most city workers were able to enjoy a higher standard of living, and some moved into the growing middle class

Ways in which African American voting rights were restricted in the South

• poll taxes • literacy tests • grandfather clauses • violence • Segregation via Jim Crow laws became the norm, and African Americans lost voting rights • The many strategies used to keep African American voters away from the polls were very effective.