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APUSH Chapter 5

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Triangular Trade

A trade between America, the West Indies, and Africa, which some colonists took advantage of after the fall of the Royal African Company, and yielded great profits to its merchants.

Slander

A verbal attack on someone's reputation

The Zenger case is significant for A. making sedition illegal. B. establishing freedom of the press. C. guaranteeing backcountry residents equal representation in colonial governments. D. ensuring taxation through proper representation. E. linking voting rights and officeholding to property ownership.

B. establishing freedom of the press.

The single most important manufacturing activity in the colonies in the 1700s was A. blacksmithing. B. lumbering. C. rum and whiskey. D. carpentry. E. iron.

B. lumbering.

By 1775, which community could not be considered a city in colonial America...

Baltimore

The 1700's was an era of emerging doctors and physicians. When a physician was not available, who was next in charge to take care of the patients?

Barber

Provincial

Limited in outlook to ones own small corner of the world

What amusement was their in the colonies?

Lotteries, winter sports, cockfighting, horse racing, hunting, flirting, pool, etc.

John Peter Zenger

NY newspaper printer who was taken to court and charged with seditious libel (writing in a malicious manner against someone), found not guilty, important early victory of freedom of press

Benjamin Franklin

One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He was also the author of Poor Richard's Almanac.

Pro Bono Publico

One of the pseudonyms used by newspaper columnists on the eve of the Revolution, meaning "For the Public Good"

Lord Cornbury

One of the worst colonial governors, was a cousin of Queen Anne, who made him governor of New York and New Jersey.

Who had the right to vote by 1775?

Only white landowners.

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the antics of the Great Awakening.

What red letter were Boston homeless compelled to wear on their clothing?

A mob of Pennsylvania Scots-Irish Immigrants who led a revolt to protest colonial policies towards Native Americans

Paxton Boys

German settlement in the colonies was especially heavy in

Pennsylvania.

female camp followers

Performed necessary tasks in war camps, like cooking, cleaning, but also some ended up in combat (Molly Pitcher)

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

Phillis Wheatley

One of the least honored and most haphazard professions in colonial society was a...

Physician

African American contributions to American culture exclude...

Piano

Although American colonists weren't advanced in physical sciences, they were making contributions to:

Political Science

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

What are the voting restrictions in the colonies in the eighteenth century?

The upper class did not grant the lower class the ability to vote.

What effect did the war have on other minorities? How was it significant to African-Americans?

The war affected religious groups because the government funding for these groups was cut, while Catholics' power was increased because of French support. Its significance to African Americans was both limited and significant because although they received very few more rights, and about 20% were freed, it is more significant because the idea of freedom was ingrained in their heads.

What did Thomas Jefferson write about slavery in the first draft of the Declaration of Independence?

he called of the abolition of slavery (was edited out)

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) A conservative British politician who was generally sympathetic to the colonists' grievances, and who felt that Britain's colonial policies were misguided.

Charles Wilson Peale

(1741-1827) An American naturalist painter who was the preeminent painter of his generation. He was known especially for his portraits of George Washington.

Gilbert Stuart

(1755-1828) American painter, most famous for painting the portrait of Washington which was copied for the one dollar bill.

Second Continental Congress

1775 All thirteen colonies with the exception of Georgia sent representatives to this Congress which met three weeks after Lexington and Concord. The Congress took the following actions: Members agreed to support the war. They approved the Olive Branch Petition which made a final offer of peace to Britain, offering their loyalty to the British govt. if it resolved their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). They also passed the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms which stated the British govt. had left only two courses of action to the colonists - submission to tyrannical actions by British ministers or resistance by force. George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of a new colonial army.

Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

1775 At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed's Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed's Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.

Olive Branch Petition

1775 On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in August, 1775, passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Thomas Paine: Common Sense

1776 A British citizen, he wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. Common Sense spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

Battle of Saratoga

1777 In 1777, British General John Burgoyne attacked southward from Canada along the Hudson Valley in New York, hoping to link up with General Howe in New York City, thereby cutting the colonies in half. Burgoyne was defeated by American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777, at the Battle of Saratoga, surrendering the entire British Army of the North. The victory convinces the French to make an open alliance with the Patriots.

Conway Cabal

1777 Intrigue in the Continental Army to replace George Washington as commander of the Continental Army with General Horatio Gates. Washington was being criticized for his recent losses at Brandywine and Germantown and Gates had just won the Battle of Saratoga. Gates publicly supported Washington and the effort to replace him came to an end. This incident is a reminder that Washington came in for his share of criticism during the Revolution and did not have the mythical status he is later given in American history.

Valley Forge

1777-1778 Valley Forge was not a battle; it was the site where the Continental Army camped during the winter of 1777- '78, after its defeats at the Battles of the Brandywine and Germantown. The Continental Army suffered further casualties at Valley Forge due to cold and disease. Washington chose the site because it allowed him to defend the Continental Congress if necessary, which was then meeting in York, Pennsylvania after the British capture of Philadelphia.

George Rogers Clark

1778 American revolutionary general who conquered the Old Northwest. In 1778 Clark took an expedition into Illinois county and took the British-held settlements of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. Clark hoped to take Detroit as well but never received adequate supplies to advance on the settlement.

Disestablishment, Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

1779 Written by Thomas Jefferson, this statute outlawed an established church and called for separation of Church and State

Benedict Arnold

1780 Arnold was a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates' victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He was the most famous traitor in American history.

Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis

1781 Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the northern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.

Articles of Confederation

1781-1789 A document adopted in 1777 that articulated the powers of the Second Continental Congress. It preserved states' rights while authorizing a limited central govt. - the Congress—with some power to defend the Union and conduct foreign affairs. Since it allowed for no taxation, executive (president), or national judiciary, the Articles left the Congress too weak to carry out even its limited duties. It was replaced by the Constitution in 1789.

Society of the Cincinnati

1783 A secret society formed by officers of the Continental Army. The purpose of the group was to promote union and national honor, maintain wartime friendships, and look after members in need. George Washington was the first president and many of the Constitution's signers belonged to the group.

Treaty of Paris, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay

1783 They were the American delegates who signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783. They made the decision to start negotiations without the French and sign a preliminary treaty with Britain in 1782 and the final settlement (the Treaty of Paris) in 1783.

Treaty of Paris

1783 This treaty ended the Revolutionary War and provided for the following: Britain recognized the independence of the United States. The Mississippi River would be the western boundary of the United States. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and pay Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. British would abandon forts on Northwest territories The Treaty of Paris set the colonial boundaries as being the southern border of Canada, the northern border of Florida, the Atlantic coast, and the Mississippi River.

Shays Rebellion

1786 In winter the Shays rebels advanced on Springfield, Massachusetts hoping to seize weapons from the arsenal there. An army financed by a loan from a wealthy merchant set out from Boston to confront the rebels. Jan 1787 that army met Shays's band and dispersed them. Massachusetts offered protesters some tax relief and postponement of debt payments. The rebellion added urgency to produce a new national constitution.

Northwest Ordinance

1787 A major success of the Articles of Confederation. This ordinance set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood. It was one of the few accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation government.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 General Anthony Wayne gained control of the Ohio Valley when he defeated the Miami Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The victory ended the fighting between the Indians and whites over white settlement west of the Ohio River that had been ongoing since the early 1790s.

Treaty of Greenville

1795 The Miami Indians signed this treaty with the United States a year after their defeat at Fallen Timbers. The tribe relinquished land in the Northwest Territory in return for the federal government's recognition of their sovereignty over lands that remained under their control. This marked the first time the new federal govt. recognized the sovereignty of the tribes over Indian lands.

Great Compromise

2 houses (bicameral)- House of Reps (proportional to population) and Senate (Equal)

Iroquois Confederacy

5 powerful groups of native Americans that allied with the Dutch and later with the English - Dominated W. New England. - Traded with French, but sided with British in French and Indian War.

Germans

6% of the population by 1775, most were Proestant (primarily Lutheran) and were called the "Pennsylvania Dutch"

Scots-Irish

7% of population with population, over many decades, they had been transplanted to Nothern Ireland, squatted in the frontier of Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas

Why did Native American tribes try to make alliances with Europeans?

-Native Americans wanted to prevent the colonists from taking over their land

militia diplomats

-Nicknamed by John Adams -Diplomats sent to Europe from the colonies to win support for the war in European countries near end of Amer. Rev. -Wanted to make Trade Partnerships with Britain, but they refused

As a result of poor soil, all of the following conditions prevailed in New England except that A) reliance on a single, staple crop became a necessity. B) the area was less ethnically mixed than its southern neighbors. C) frugality became essential to economic survival. D) hard work was required to make a living. E) diversification in agriculture and industry were encouraged.

During the Salem witchcraft trials, most of those accused as witches were A) property-owning women. B) from the ranks of poor families. C) primarily un-Christian. D) women in their late teen years. E) from subsistence farming families.

In contrast to the Chesapeake colonies, those in New England A) had a more diversified economy. B) expanded westward in a less orderly fashion. C) had a more ethnically mixed population. D) were more oriented toward the individual than toward community interests. E) followed the land use pattern established by the local Indians.

In seventeenth century colonial America all of the following are true regarding women except A) women had no rights as individuals. B) women could not vote. C) women were regarded as morally weaker than men. D) a husband's power over his wife was not absolute. E) abusive husbands were punished.

It was typical of colonial New England adults to A) marry early and have several children. B) be unable to read and write. C) arrive in New England unmarried. D) die before becoming grandparents. E) live solitary lives.

Most immigrants to the Chesapeake colonies in the seventeenth century came as A) indentured servants. B) slaves from Africa. C) yeomen farmers. D) urban artisans. E) refugees from civil war in Europe.

The expansion of New England society A) proceeded in an orderly fashion. B) was a rather haphazard process. C) was undertaken by lone-wolf farmers on their own initiative. D) took place without the approval of the colonial legislature. E) led to little concern about the community as a whole.

The immediate reason for Bacon's Rebellion was A) Indian attacks on frontier settlements. B) the wealthy planter class losing control of the colony. C) a shortage of indentured servants. D) to halt the importation of African slaves. E) all of the above.

What is the historical significance of the Quartering Act? Declaratory Act? Quebec Act? Townshend Acts? (chronological order)

-Quartering Act; (May 3rd, 1765) British law that ordered American governments to provide housing for British soldiers -Declaratory Act; (March 18th,1766) The declaration stated that Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies. -Townshend Acts; (June 15th-July 22nd,1767) The Townshend Acts of 1767 were a series of laws which set new import taxes on British goods including paint, paper, lead, glass and tea and used revenues to maintain British troops in America and to pay the salaries of some Royal officials who were appointed to work in the American colonies. -Quebec Act; (June 22, 1774) passed by the British Parliament to institute a permanent administration in Canada replacing the temporary government created at the time of the Proclamation of 1763. It gave the French Canadians complete religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law. The Thirteen Colonies considered this law one of the Intolerable Acts

treaty with spain of 1786

-Spain accepted US interpretation of the Florida boundary -Americans recognized Spanish possessions in North -America and accepted limits on the right of US vessels to navigate the Mississippi for 20 years

Examine how the Spanish exerted control of Native Americans in New Mexico in 1754. Examine how the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans shifted from armed conflict to "faithful friendship" and back again. Explore the cultural blending between the Spanish and Native Americans. Continuity over time is placing Native Americans on reservations in the late 1800's.

-Spanish purpose is to convert Native Americans to Christians. -Concept- relationship between Europeans and Native Americas shifted from armed conflict to "faithful friendship" and back again cycle that goes back and forth (push-pull relationship, peace-war,peace) -Intermarriage, assimilation of both cultures -Continuity over time is the Massacre of the wounded knee (1890), Federal government sets up Reservation system

What is the historical significance of the Boston Tea Party? Intolerable Acts? Committees of Correspondence? Stamp Act? (chronological)

-Stamp Act; (March 22, 1765) the British Parliament passed the "Stamp Act" to help pay for British troops stationed in the colonies during the Seven Years' War. It required the colonists to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various papers, documents, and playing cards. It was a direct tax imposed by the British government -Boston Tea Party; (December 16th,1773) The Boston Tea Party was a symbolic act that showed the British how far American colonists were willing to go to speak out for their freedom. The colonists were willing to give up whatever they had to defend their right for independence. -Intolerable Acts; (March24th,1774) were designed to punish the colonists especially in Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. -Committees of Correspondence; (March 1773) were the American colonies' means for maintaining communication lines in the years before the Revolutionary War. Sent letters and propaganda to colonies

Saratoga

-The turning point of the American Revolution. -Continental Army defeated the British. -France to openly support the colonies with military forces

Examine the purpose of John Dickenson's "Letter from a Farmer, 1768." What groups would have supported Dickenson's beliefs?

-Writing in response to British taxes, arguing "No taxation without representation" -British started taxing because of the debt from the French and Indian war -Groups that supported it was Sons of Liberty, backcountry rebels, patriots

Why were the colonists mad about the Stamp Act?

-colonists didn't have direct representation or consent for taxes in Parliament -colonists believed they had the basic right to have some governmental say in their economies (this led to less individual autonomies in the colonies)

What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?

-direct result of Pontiac's Rebellion -prevent colonists from settling on Native American land

General J. Burgoyne

A British general who submitted a plan for invading New York State from Canada. He attempted to advance troops from Canada to the Albany area but was forced to surrender at Saratoga 1777

What did many Enlightenment ideas inspire many American political leaders to emphasize?

-individual talent over hereditary privilege -Americans' view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty (based on religion)

What was John Locke advocating?

-life, liberty, and the pursuit of property; advocating natural rights for men and women

Articles of Confederation

-nations first constitution -adopted by the second continental congress -during the revolution. -states held most of the power -congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Republicanism

-power comes from people, representatives -independent landowner

FEDERALIST (policies)

-strong national government -government controlled by wealthy and educated citizens -favorable to trade, businesses and finance -A national bank -protective tariffs -strong ties with britain

Examine how the Spanish exerted control of Native Americans in New Mexico in 1754. Examine how the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans shifted from armed conflict to "faithful friendships" and back again. Explore the cultural blending between the Spanish and Native Americans.

-trying to Christianize (Catholicism) Native Americans helped the Spanish to gain control of the Native Americans -relationship shifted back and forth between good and bad due to alliances and war (French and Indian War, Pontiac's Rebellion) -cultural blending: intermarrying Native Americans with the Spanish (evolved a different relationship with Natives than the British did with them because of intermarriage)

About what percentage of the colonists were Patriot?

1/3 or 33% (were willing to pay high prices for their beliefs i.e. militiamen/minutemen)

The average age of the American colonists in 1775 was...

What was John Locke advocating?

"Life, liberty, and the pursuit of property" --> "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" in the Declaration of Independence

Land Ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land in the Northwest territory. It provided funding for a public school in every township by setting aside the proceeds from one section. Land was divided into sections and each section consisted of 640 acres at $1.00 per acre. The minimum purchase price of $640 greatly benefited land speculators since the ordinary person could not afford to buy 640 acres.

Revival Meeting

A meeting meant to revive interest in a religion

Allen Richard

A minister, educator, writer, and one of America's most active and influential black leaders. In 1794, he founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent black denomination in the United States. He opened the first AME Church in 1794 in Philadelphia.

Regulator Movement

A movement in North Carolina where dissenters, mostly Scots-Irish, believed that tax money was being dealt unfairly

John Peter Zenger

A newspaper printer from New York, was arrested and tried for seditious libel for attacking the royal governor. He was acquitted with the help of his lawyer, Alexander Hamilton. This was a huge step for the freedom of the press.

Great Awakening

A period of huge religious revival throughout the colonies, sparked by a few strong religious speakers, called the "new lights."

Phillis Wheatley

A slave girl from Boston, became a distinguished poet and was brought to England, where she published a book of her verses

Melting Pot

A society with a great diversity of cultures and races

Molasses Act

A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur

A French settler who posed the classic question on the racial identity of an "American"

Daniel Shays (157)

A Massachusetts war veteran who led debt-ridden farmers in a violent protest against the growing financial problems that the Articles of Confederation had caused. Though the rebellion was quickly put down, it notified leaders that our country needed a strong government.

Poor Richard's Almanac

A bestselling book written by Benjamin Franklin that was a compilation of many different sayings

Presbyterian Church

A branch of Protestantism which was influenced greatly by Calvinism

Baptists Church

A church founded by Roger Williams, which was largely based on Calvinism

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

Penal Code

A code governing crimes and punishment

Benedict Arnold

A colonial general who assisted Montgomery in the failed conquest of Canada 1775 and prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga, delaying the British assault on New York 1776. Later, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor 1778.

Robert Morris

A delegate to the Second Continental Congress. He agreed that Britain had treated the colonies unfairly, but he did not believe that the colonies should dissolve ties with Britain. He argued against the Declaration of Independence.

Why were farmers becoming limited?

Lack of Land

Did not contribute to the lack of development of art and artists in early colonial America...

Lack of talent among the Americans

How did the Confederate Congress attempt to solve the problem of the status of western lands that the states had given?

Land Ordinance 1785, process for surveying, planning and selling townships in the western frontier. The Confederacy recognized the pro-Confederate claims in western territories and they sent in troops to maintain control but they were soon defeated in battle

Why were the general atmosphere for colonial schools and colleges grim and gloomy?

Latin and Greek languages, focused on doctrine and dogma, and discipline was severe (Birched)

What was not a favorable profession in the 1700's?

Lawyer

Explain Triangular Trade

Leave New England with Rum and sail to the Coast of Africa. Trade the rum in Africa for captured African Slaves. Take the Slaves to the West Indies where a trade would be made for molasses. The molasses is then taken back to New England and turned into rum.

Molly Pitcher

Legendary woman who carried out water in pitchers to soldiers on the battlefield. She allegedly watched her husband fall and took his place on the battlefield

Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania

March 1, 1780. One of the first attempts by a government in the Western Hemisphere to begin an abolition of slavery. The Act prohibited further importation of slaves into the state, required of Pennsylvania slaveholders to register slaves, and established that all children born to slaves in Pennsylvania were free regardless of parents status.

Marquis de Lafayette

Marquis de Lafayette was a French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.

George Whitefield

Masterful orator, rekindled the religiousness of the colonies during the Great Awakening. He was a leader of the "new lights"

Naval Stores

Materials used to build and maintain ships, such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine

Colonial America was a ________ ______ due to Germans, Dutch, Scots-Irish, English, African, Welsh, etc.

Melting Pot

Constitutional Convention

Met in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation 55 delegates (planters, lawyers, generals) Also known as the Philadelphia convention

Second Continental Congress

Met in Philadelphia three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord. Delegates from all colonies, except Georgia, met and agreed to support the war, although they did not agree with the purpose of it. There were two sides, one was a group led by John and Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, these people had already favored independence and the other was a group led by John Dickinson who hoped for a quick reconciliation with Great Britain.

College education was at first geared toward preparing men for:

Ministry

Molasses Act

What Act passed by Parliament in 1733 was aimed at crippling America's trade with French West Indies?

Molasses Act

What was the primary source of livelihood for most colonial Americans?

Most colonists were farmers.

Virginia Plan (Large States)

Mostly written by James Madison called for 2 houses representatives would be proportional to population

What position did the Native Indians take during the Revolution? How did the Revolution affect them?

Native Americans were often split during the Revolution, most viewed the revolution neutrally, but it weakened many Natives trust for Americans because of their increasing demand for western lands. Therefore some native tribes were allied with the British.

The triangular trade involved the sale of rum, molasses, and slaves among the ports of

New England, Africa, and the West Indies.

Revivalist ministers who emphasized emotive spirituality and encouraged missionary work among the natives, as well as founding many long-standing educational institutes, such as Princeton, Brown, and Dartmouth.

New Lights

What proved to be a powerful agency for airing colonial grievances and rallying opposition to British Control that was created by Benjamin Franklin in the 1770's?

Newspapers

Was America a true democracy in 1775?

No (but more democratic than England)

What led people into becoming homeless in New England?

No land for farming, war, etc.

Saratoga

October 17, 1777 American forces under Horatio Gates forced John Burgoyne to surrender his entire command. The battle was the turning point of the Revolution and after the colonists won this major victory, the French decided to support the colonies with money, troops, ships, etc.

Yorktown

October 19, 1781, last major battle of the Revolutionary War. American troops under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau trapped British troops under Charles Cornwallis and his troops in the Chesapeake Bay, with the help of Admiral de Grasse and the French fleet. Cornwallis was forced to surrender. Although not the last of the fighting, this signified the end of the war.

Treaty of Paris (145)

Officially stopped fighting (France and Spain agree), gives USA INDEPENDENCE AND LAND, and EVACUATED BRITISH from OCCUPATION.

Lexington and Concord (127)

Oficially igniting the Revolutionary War; General Thomas Gage wanted to come and arrest rebels Sam Adams and John Hancock without any bloodshed, taking weapon reserves he discovered they were hiding. However, the colonists knew about this and waited for their arrival. The minutemen vs. redcoats battle began, and the first shots fired indicated the start of a war between GBR and USA.

What was the cause of the Seven Years' War?

Ohio River Valley expansion

Orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the antics of the Great Awakening.

Old Lights

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

One of Jonathan Edwards' most famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell

John Burgoyone (139)

One of leader's in Britain's strategy to divide American in two and to conquer that way. He was ditched by Howe, left to finish the campaign up north (NY, etc.) by himself. He experienced multiple staggering defeats.

What profession was poorly trained and not highly esteemed?

Physicians

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

Proprietary Colonies

What areas in the colonies emphasized education more than the rest?

Puritan New England

Examine the purpose of John Dickinson's "Letter from a Farmer", 1768. What groups would have supported Dickinson's beliefs?

Purpose: writing to respond to taxes (taxes were started after the debt of the Seven Years' War) we're poor, and now you're taxing goods that we need to buy (now only less money in our pockets) If any mention of farmers writing document, compare to John Dickinson's "Letter from a Farmer" poor people vs. wealthy people in power (back country rebels would go behind him i.e. Shay's Rebellion, Whiskey Rebellion, etc.)

Nathaneal Greene (144)

Quaker from RI that Washington gave southern military command to.

What is the historical significance of the Quartering Act? Declaratory Act? Quebec Act? Townshend Acts?

Quartering Act (one of the acts put into place following Seven Years' War; end of salutary neglect), Declaratory Act (after repeal of Stamp Act- we have every right to tax you), Townshend Acts (paper, tea, lead b/c debt still), Quebec Act (part of Coercive Acts, punishment for Massachusetts' Boston Tea Party)

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

Regulator Movement

As opposed to other parts of America, New England education was primarily for what?

Relgion (Training future Clergymen)

Colonial schools and colleges placed their main emphasis on...

Religion

What did colonial schools and colleges place an emphasis on in their establishments?

Religion and classical languages.

New Lights

John Paul Jones

Revolutionary War naval officer. His ship, the Bonhomme Richard, was crippled in a battle with the British ship Serapis, yet when the British captain asked if Jones was ready to surrender, the answer came proudly, "Sir, I have not yet begun to fight." Jones went on to win the battle. He was the most famous of the American naval leaders.

In the south, the people with a lot of slaves were usually:

Rich

What was slowing rising and making some progress in the New World? (Botany, mathematicians, and astronomers)(EX. Ben Franklin and electricity)

Sciences

Scots Highlanders

Scots from the highlands of Scotland

What was one political principal that colonial Americans came to cherish above most others?

Self taxation through representation

One political principle that colonial Americans came to cherish above most others was...

Self-taxation through representation

What was a dreadful epidemic in the 1700's?

Smallpox

List popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women.

Sons of Liberty (Sam Adams), Spinning Bees (Mercy Otis Warren)

In 1760, fearful of heavy concentrations of resentful slaves, which colonial legislature unsuccessfully sought to pass legislation that would halt the further importation of slaves...

South Carolina

What is the continuity over time regarding the "Old Lights" and "New Lights"?

The "Old Lights" accusing "New Lights" of being lazy and criminal is similar to the nativist arguments towards immigrants , especially the Irish, in the mid 1800s

What were the American diplomatic goals at the start of the war?

The American diplomatic goals at the start of the war were to make the United States internationally recognized as an independent country, and to make allies (both militarily and for economic reasons) for the war.

What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create? What were its strengths and weaknesses?

The Articles linked the 13 states together to deal with common problems, the Congress still had no courts, no power to levy taxes, no power to regulate commerce, and no power to enforce its resolutions upon the states or individuals. One vote from nine states was required to approve bills dealing with war, treaties, finances, or the military. The Articles were the most practical form of government for the new nation. The establishment of a more formal and powerful central government would have caused even more problems at a time when the focus needed to be on the Revolution that had yet to be won.

Articles of Confederation: powers, weaknesses, successes

The Articles' weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it could not keep the country united. The Articles' only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. The Articles were abandoned for the Constitution. Government Under the Articles * Unicameral Legislature * One vote per state * 2/3 majority needed to pass legislation * Unanimous vote needed to amend Articles Weaknesses of the Articles * No national executive * No national court system * National government could not collect taxes * National government could not raise an army * National government could not regulate trade Problems under the Articles * Currency Problems: Many states printed their own money. The national currency, meanwhile, became almost worthless * Intrastate Commerce: States placed tariffs on each other's goods. This, combined with currency problems, led to a sharp decline in intrastate commerce * Foreign Trade: Other countries placed tariffs and trade restrictions on US goods; the US was not able to reciprocate. The absence of a strong navy also left US merchant ships vulnerable to pirates. * Foreign Affairs: The inability of the national government to raise an army left the US vulnerable. For example, key provisions of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War, were not enforced. As a result, the British continued to occupy forts in the Northwest territory -- landed that had technically been ceded to the US.

Why did the British decide to launch a campaign against the southern colonies in 1778? What advantages and disadvantages did each side have in this region?

The British decided to launch a campaign against the southern colonies because they felt the strongest base of loyalty to the crown was there, and they could enlist Loyalists in the fight.

How did the Revolution affect the way American women thought about their status? What changes resulted from this?

The Revolution gave American women the thought of freedom, and gave them more self-esteem. Although this thought did not appear in law till many years later. It also made women more independent because many times their husbands were gone to war, and they had to adjust and survive.

Social impact of the war

The Revolutionary War saw the emergence of the first anti-slavery groups, and many of the northern states abolished slavery after the war. Women gained a small status increase for their efforts in the war, but they were primarily valued as mothers of future patriots.

French Alliance of 1778 / Franco-American Alliance

The colonies needed help from Europe in their war against Britain. France was Britain's rival and hoped to weaken Britain by causing her to lose the American colonies. The French were giving secret financial aid to the colonists, but it was the news of the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga that persuaded the French to openly ally with the colonists.

What problems did the Americans face in providing the necessary supplies and equipment for the war and in paying for them?

The continental congress in fact had little real power. It asked the states to provide troops, money, and supplies, but without taxation power it could not force them to do so.

Seditious Libel

The crime of openly criticizing a public official

Popery

The fear that the pope would send representatives and bring Catholicism back to the colonies, leading to the eradication of "Catholic" holidays, such as Christmas.

New state constitutions during the Revolutionary War and after

The first set of constitutions drafted by the individual states placed most of the government's power in the legislature, and almost none in the executive in order to promote democracy and avoid tyranny. However, without the strong leadership of the executive, the state legislatures argued among themselves and couldn't get anything done. After the Constitution was written, the states abandoned these old constitutions and wrote new ones that better balanced the power between the legislative, executive and judicial branches.

What was it about the idea of a republican government that appealed to Americans?

The government belonged to the people and not one person.

What were the provisions of the Treaty of Paris in 1783? How did the Treaty affect relations among the United Sates, France, and Spain?

The provisions were that the United States received clear-cut recognition of independence, and a generous cession of territory from the southern boundary Canada to the northern border of Florida and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. This affected relations between the United States, France, and Spain because it left no buffer zone between the three, and although they were allies, they would argue over land in the future.

What was the significance of the Yorktown victory for the colonists? For the British?

The significance of the Yorktown victory meant that the war was for the most part over, and the Patriots could now move into setting up their new government, independent of Britain. For the British, many against continuing the war were raised in England, British representatives began to talk to American diplomats.

Slave Trade

The slave trade was banned in the northeast border and wanted to ban it throughout the nation (will stop in 20 years)

Examine how the British restricted colonial rights and how England's victory in the Seven Years' war was a turning point in their relationship with the colonists. Examine the factors that fueled the American independence movement.

Theme: debt (Proclamation Line) -factors that fueled independence: Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, as well as economic concerns over debt and implanting taxes and colonists saying no we don't wanna pay the taxes

Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston

These men, along with John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, made up the Committee of Five which drafted the Declaration of Independence.

What did colonial merchants do in reaction to the passage of British restrictions on trade?

They bribed and smuggled around the law.

which of the following is not true of the colonial Scots-Irish?

They fervently practiced their Calvinist religion, which forbade dancing, gambling, and liquor consumption.

Explain how the American economy strained the relationship between the colonies and Britain?

They had to begin buying from non British markets because the slow growing British population did not buy as much anymore.

What did British authorities do when several colonial legislatures attempted to restrict of halt the importation of slaves?

They repeatedly vetoed all of the colonists efforts.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

What was significant about the Anglican and Congregational Churches?

They were two "established churches" which means they were tax supported

What was a primary weapon used by colonial legislatures in their conflicts with royal governors?

They withheld the governors salary until he yielded to their wishes.

treaty of paris

This treaty ended the Seven Years War, and Spanish-American War -British wanted peace after Cornwallis' defeat led to public outcry in Britain -Resulted in recognition of US. as independent country

Judith Sargent Murray

This women wanted equal education and rights for women. -Said women as smart as men and deserve to be educated -defended Mary Wollstonecraft

Thomas Jefferson (133)

Thomas Jefferson was a member of the House of Burgesses, wrote the Declaration of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the President of the United States of America. He did all these things before, during, and after the Revolutionary war. With his Declaration of Independence he declared the colonies' freedom from England. While President, he bought the Louisiana Purchase and had Lewis and Clark to explore it. Republican; believed in agrarian society with power given mainly to the states.

American Patriots (133)

Those oppossing the British; those supporting the national cause for independance and a new nation: America

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Triangular Trade

Declaration of Independance

Written by Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, and John Adams, it was a declaration of the separation of the American colonies from England. It consisted of 2 parts, the first was the restated familiar contract theory of John Locke which said that the government protects the rights of life, liberty and property. However Jefferson changed property to "the pursuit of happiness." The 2nd part of the Declaration was a list of alleged crimes of the king.

Thomas Paine (136)

Wrote "Common Sense", Thomas Paine was a passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. Paine had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England. Over 120,000 copies of his book were sold and this helped spark the colonists rebellion later that year.

Farmers that owned their own land along with few to no slaves?

Yeoman Farmers

This 1735 trial of a New York newspaper editor for criticising a British-appointed governor. It resulted in a not guilty verdict, since the articles were based on fact, not slander. This acquittal was the first important victory for freedom of the press in the colonies. Andrew Hamilton, a well-known Philadelphia lawyer, represented the defendant at no charge.This helped result in freedom of the press.

Zenger Trial

Jean Jacques Rousseau

a French man of the Enlightenment who believed that human beings are naturally good and free and can rely on their instincts and government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Saratoga (140)

a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyone were defeated.

Tyranny

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Republicanism

a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them

Connecicut and Rhode Island

elected their own governers under self-governing charters

Pontiac's goal was to

eliminate white people from the Ohio valley

which country did not experience major revolutions after the french and Indian war

england

Wars in the 1690s and 1700s

enriched a number of merchants in the New England and middle colonies; also created many widows and orphans

George Whitefield

even better than Edwards, an orator of rare gifts, imitators copied his emotional shaking sermons and his heaping blame on sinners

John Adams believed revolution was possible if

farmers agreed with mob action in cities such as boston

The passage of increasing British restrictions on trade encouraged colonial merchants to

find ways to smuggle and otherwise evade the law by trading with other colonists.

during the war for independence, slaves

fought for both the English and patriots

What did Washington do in the Seven Years' War?

fought for the first time (received war experience)

Painters

froqned upon as pursuing a worhtless past time; John Trumbull of Connecicut was discouraged as a youth by his father; Charlies Willson Peale best known for portaits of George and slo ran a museam ect.; Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley had to go to England to complete their careers

what patriot revolutionary hero served as an effective officer in the British army during the seven years war?

george washington

Lord Cornbury

governer of New York & New Jersey who was a drunkard, spendthrift, grafter, embezzler, religious bigot, and vain fool, cousin of Queen Anne

Sovereignty

government free from external control

Compared to the 17th century, American colonial society in the 18th century showed

greater gaps in wealth and status between rich and poor.

What was significant about the Spanish settlement sin the late 1700s?

intermarrying (cultural blending i.e. Catholicism)

The Anglican Church suffered in colonial America because of

its poorly qualified clergy and close ties with British authorities.

New Jersey (small states)

kept the confederation's one-house equal vote Congress could not set taxes- Powers the AOC did not have before Congress would elect a weak executive consisting of more than one person

Colonial Architecture

largely imported from the old world and modified to meet American needs, log cabin borrowed from Sweden, classical, red-bricked Georgian style of architecture was introduced in 1720 from England

agriculture

leadind industry; Maryland and Virginia, tobacco was the staple crop, and by 1759, New York wsa exporting 80,000 barrels of flour a year

what was the response of the ottawa chief pontiac to the occupation of indian lands in the ohio river valley and michigan by the british after the seven years war?

leading an armed rebellion of other allied indian tribes against british forts across the region

The high natural fertility of the colonial population

led to the increase of American population to one-third of England's in 1775

Education

most important in New England (used to train future clergymen), Problems: time for school was spent on farm labor, only well-to-do children could afford to attend, schools tended to focus on dead languages

Besides offering rest, refreshment, and entertainment, colonial taverns served an important function as centers of

news and political opinion.

Examine the relationship between Anglican ministers and the "New Light" supporters, especially those living in the backcountry in the South.

occurred during the Great Awakening: "Old Lights" (Anglican ministers) were not in favor of "New Lights" who wanted to put emotion into ministry b/c of social tensions with the back country people -"Old Lights" described "New Lights" as being criminals and lazy.... Nativist movement: didn't want new ideas coming in, wanted to keep their own

Landless whites

owned no land and either worked for a landowner or rented land to farm

taverns

places of gossip and news

virginia statute of religious liberty

principle of religious toleration established in Virginia, and written by Thomas Jefferson -seperation of church and state -freedom of religion

Mary Wollstonecraft

published the Vindication of the Rights of Women, articulating ideas of woman's rights and roles in society.

The heavy immigration of Germans, Scots-Irish, Africans and others into the colonies

resulted in the devlopment of a colonial "melting pot" only one-half English by 1775

James Madison

the Father of the Constitution kept detailed noted of the meetings and suggested many of the ideas that led to the formation of a strong national government

what did the final draft of the declaration of independence not include?

the abolition of slavery

where was much of the seven years war heavily fought?

the caribbean

what was the war that started near Pittsburgh in 1754 known as in north america?

the french and Indian war

what argument did the british government make to justify to the colonists assessing new taxes on the north american colonists?

the french and indian war had protected the american colonists, and they should pay their fair share to defer the war's cost

clergy

the most honored profession in the colonial times

The primary reason for the spectacular growth of America's population in the eighteenth century was

the natural fertility of the population.

Indentured servants

the paupers and the criminals sent to the criminals sent to the New World. (also known as "jayle birds") Some were victims of Britians unfair laws and did become respectable citizens

What did John Locke and Thomas Paine base their arguments on?

the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment (as well as the Great Awakening)

Anglican Church

this church was disestablished, Quakers were frowned down upon because of pacifism, and Catholicism gained popularity after help from French.

Shay's Rebellion

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticized and led to the demise of the Articles of Confederation (the weak central government was not working) Uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent creditors from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

What was the purpose of Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"?

to inspire colonists (to eventually form the Declaration of Independence)

Why did Native American tribes try to make alliances with Europeans?

to keep their land

Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware

under proprietors and chose the govners themselves

two-hosue legistlative body

upper house appointed by royal officials or proprietors lower house elected by the people

A primary weapon used by colonial legislatures in their conflicts with royal governors was

using their power of the purse to withhold the governor's salary.

summary of the constitutional convention

we have a stronger federal government. People still concerned about power and want protection must now be ratified by states

the daughters of liberty assisted in the revolution by

weaving homespun cloth to assist in colonial boycotts

Black Slaves

were the bottom of the social ladder with no rights or hopes of moving up

George Washington

when Congress recognized the need for a centralized military in America, they chose Washington as the single commander and chief, because of his considerable military experience, being an advocate of independence, and he was admired and trusted by all Patriots

in fighting the British, washington

wore down British forces with non-traditional tactics

The constitution gives too much power to the executive branch of government. It would soon become a monarchy

ANTI-FEDERALIST

The national government would be located too far from most people's communities to allow them to participate

ANTI-FEDERALIST

it is dangerous not to list the powers of government in order to put clear limits on them

ANTI-FEDERALIST

the constitution gives the national government too much power at the expense of the state government

ANTI-FEDERALIST

the supremacy clause means all the nation governments laws are superior to the laws made by the states. As a result, it would only be a matter of time before the state governments are destroyed

ANTI-FEDERALIST

the new nation would be so large and diverse that people would not be able to agree on their common welfare

ANTIFEDERALIST

Articles of Confederation

Adopted by congress in November 1777 (not ratified until 1781), only confirmed the weak decentralized system in operation. The federal governments powers over individual states were very limited. The federal government was unable to levy taxes directly on the people, unable to regulate trade, and gave only one representative per state despite the size of the population.

What happened westward after British victory in the Seven Years' War?

After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands (Pontiac's Rebellion, thought European alliances would help them to keep their land)

Cession of western land claims

After the Revolutionary War, many states claimed all of the western land between their northernmost and southernmost borders, which meant that many strips of land were claimed by more than one state. The Continental Congress was trying to get the states to ratify the Articles of Confederation, but Maryland refused to ratify it until all the states gave their western land claims.

What was the leading industry in America?

Agriculture

Beaver Wars

Also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars - encompass a series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America. Encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade and the trade between European markets and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. These wars were brutal and considered on the bloodiest series of conflicts in the history of North America. As the Iroquois succeeded in enlarging their territory, they destroyed several large tribal confederacies, including the Huron...and pushing some west of the Mississippi River and south into the Carolinas. As the Iroquois became trading partners with the English, their alliance was a crucial component of the later English expansion.

How did the Treaty of Paris of 1783 fail to resolve problems between the United States, England, and Spain?

America established itself as a nation and it directly bordered England's colony of Canada and the Spanish colony of Florida. In addition, although the French aided the American in fighting the British, the French were not included in the signing of the Treaty of Paris. American trade was no longer under the British Empire, the newly independent America became a new competitor in Atlantic trade, and America had natural resources that could be exported for Atlantic Trade.

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated the Great Awakening, a period of renewed interest in religion in America

Charles Peale

An American painter famous for his portraits of George Washington who dabbled in a variety of other areas, such as taxonomy and dentistry.

John Copley

An American painter who fled to England to avoid the American Revolution, as he was regarded as a Loyalist.

Benjamin West

An American painter, was forced to go overseas to England to complete his training and find subjects to gain a living.

John Trumbull

An accomplished American painter, was discouraged from painting in Connecticut because of lack of artistic culture, and moved to London

Molasses Act

An act intended to end American trade with the French West Indies passed by Britain, which was largely overridden by smuggling and bribery.

What was created by the mid-1700s that helped connect the Atlantic seaboard colonies of Great Britain to each other in a more cohesive manner...

An intercolonial postal system

What were the two denominations that enjoyed the status of "established" churches in various colonies?

Anglican and Congregational

The two denominations that enjoyed the status of established churches in various colonies were the

Anglicans and Congregationalists.

What was a largely imported from the Old World which greatly helped Americans. (ex. Log cabin)

Architecture

John Locke (146)

Argued that political authority was dervied not from the government, but form the governed. Product of the Enlightenment whose philosophies were integral to the new American mindset.

16th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignity

Arminianism

Thomas Paine

Author of common sense, migrated from England to America 15 months before the war, argued that the problem with England was the king and the corrupt system that allowed him to rule. He wanted to turn American anger away from specific parliamentary measures to the the English constitution itself.

All of the following were consequences of the Half-Way Covenant except A) it weakened the distinction between the "elect" and others. B) it maintained the original agreement of the covenant. C) it conferred partial membership rights in the once-exclusive congregations. D) it increased the numbers of church membership. E) women became the majority in the Puritan congregations.

As a result of Bacon's Rebellion, A) African slavery was reduced. B) planters began to look for less troublesome laborers. C) Governor Berkeley was dismissed from office. D) Nathaniel Bacon was named to head the Virginia militia. E) better relations developed with local Indians.

By 1700, the most populous colony in English America was A) Massachusetts. B) Virginia. C) New York. D) Pennsylvania. E) Maryland.

In the seventeenth century, due to a high death rate families were both few and fragile in A) New England. B) the Chesapeake colonies. C) the middle colonies. D) Georgia. E) Florida

Many of the slaves who reached North America A) came from eastern Africa. B) were originally captured by African coastal tribes. C) were captured in southern Africa. D) eventually gained their freedom. E) settled in the middle colonies.

Most of the inhabitants of the colonial American South were A) large merchant planters. B) landowning small farmers. C) landless farm laborers. D) black slaves. E) native Americans.

Puritans refused to recognize a woman's separate property rights because A) of the short life span of New England women. B) they worried that such rights would undercut the unity of married persons. C) New England families were so rare. D) there was so little land available. E) of all of the above.

Slave Christianity emphasized all of the following in their faith except A) Jesus was the Messiah who would deliver them from bondage. B) the concepts of humility and obedience. C) heaven was a place where they would be reunited with their ancestors. D) God's freeing the Hebrews from slavery. E) using religious songs as encoded messages about escape.

The English justified taking land from the native inhabitants on the grounds that the Indians A) were not Christians. B) wasted the earth. C) burned woodlands. D) refused to sell it. E) all of the above.

The New England family can best be described as A) relatively small in size due to the frequency of deaths from childbirth. B) a very stable institution. C) a limiting factor in the growth of the region's population. D) not very close-knit. E) similar to the family in the Chesapeake colonies.

The Salem witchcraft trials were A) a result of Roger Williams's activities. B) the result of unsettled social and religious conditions in rapidly evolving Massachusetts. C) caused by ergot in the Puritans' bread. D) unique to the English colonies. E) accusations made by the daughters of business owners.

The majority of African slaves coming to the New World A) went to English North America. B) were delivered to South America and the West Indies. C) came to New England. D) were brought by the Dutch. E) died before reaching their destination.

The population of the Chesapeake colonies throughout the first half of the seventeenth century was notable for its A) fast growth rate. B) scarcity of women. C) low death rate. D) stable family life. E) large percentage of middle aged men.

The special characteristics of New England's population led to the observation that these colonists "invented" A) premarital sex. B) grandparents. C) family life. D) religious piety. E) women's rights.

Throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century, the Chesapeake colonies acquired most of the labor they needed from A) African slaves. B) white servants. C) captured Indians. D) West Indian natives. E) prisoners of war.

What were the political ramifications of the surging population growth in the American colonies from 1700 to 1775? A. the number of colonies more than doubled from six to thirteen B. the ratio of American colonists to English subjects dramatically declined C. there were massive food shortages in the colonies D. the immigrant population surpassed those born in the colonies E. More people moved from the countryside to the growing cities

B. the ratio of American colonists to English subjects dramatically declined

What was lacking in the colonies, which is now taken for granted?

Basic Comforts (Heat, light, running water, etc.)

What were manufacturing jobs in America?

Beaver hats, Iron forges, Spinning, Weaving, and crafts people (Carpenters), Lumbering

American colonists sought trade with countries other than Great Britain....

Because they needed markets besides Great Britain to sell their surplus goods and correct trade imbalance with Britain

Who were the main colonial leaders in the effort for American independence?

Benjamin Franklin John Adams George Washington

Who were the least fortunate class of people?

Blacks

Education was mainly for _______. And was reserved for leaders, not citizens.

Boys

What were the middle colonies known as due to it's industry?

Bread Colonies

Explain England's gains and losses at the end of the French and Indian War.

Britain achieved major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at a tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies (end of salutary neglect, taxes)

Lord Cornwallis (144)

British commander in the South. Victory in Camden, south Carolina caused Congress to recall HOratio Gates and General Washington gave southern command to Nathaneal Greene. Lost battle of Yorktown and surrendered with 7,000 men., commander of the British forces in the American War of Independence (defeated by Americans and French at Yorktown)

Jayle Birds

British convicts who were shipped to America involuntarily. They included robbers, rapists, and murderers, but some were simply highly respectable citizens who had simply had been victimized by the strict English penal code

Northwest posts

British fur-trading posts in the Northwest Territory. Their presence in the U.S. led to continued British-American conflicts.

Lord Cornwallis

British general whose campaigns in the south led to his defeat at Yorktown, right before Treaty of Paris

Who was William Pitt?

British prime/foreign minister (made false promises to colonists about expanding westward at the conclusion of the Seven Years' War); sent 30,000 British troops and British navy into the French and Indian War

African American contributions to American culture include all of the following except A) jazz music. B) the banjo. C) the guitar. D) a variety of words. E) bongo drums.

As slavery spread in the South, A) social differences within society narrowed. B) the great plantation owners worked less. C) gaps in the social structure widened. D) planters tried to imitate the ways of English country gentlemen. E) it also increased dramatically in New England.

Compared with most seventeenth-century Europeans, Americans lived in A) relative poverty. B) larger cities. C) affluent abundance. D) a more rigid class system. E) more primitive circumstances.

English yeomen who agreed to exchange their labor temporarily in return for payment of their passage to an American colony were called A) headrights. B) burgesses. C) indentured servants. D) slaves. E) birds of passage.

Seventeenth-century colonial tobacco growers usually responded to depressed prices for their crop by A) selling slaves to reduce productive labor. B) selling land to reduce their volume of production. C) growing more tobacco to increase their volume of production. D) planting corn and wheat instead of tobacco. E) releasing unneeded indentured servants early.

Southern colonies generally allowed married women to retain separate title to their property because A) of religious beliefs. B) of English tradition. C) southern men frequently died young. D) southern families were stable. E) of a smaller number of men than women.

The Puritan system of congregational church government logically led to A) an authoritarian political government. B) the early establishment of religious toleration. C) democracy in political government. D) the end of town meetings. E) none of the above.

The Salem "witch hunt" in 1692 A) was the largest "witch hunt" in recorded history. B) was the first in the English American colonies. C) was opposed by the more responsible members of the clergy. D) was ultimately of little consequence for those who were accused of witchcraft. E) did not see anyone put to death.

Thomas Jefferson once observed that "the best school of political liberty the world ever saw" was the A) College of William and Mary. B) Virginia House of Burgesses. C) New England town meeting. D) Chesapeake plantation system. E) the English parliament.

While slavery might have begun in America for economic reasons, A) it soon became clear by 1700 that profits were down. B) race was rarely an issue in relations between blacks and whites. C) racial discrimination also powerfully molded the American slave system. D) profit soon played a very small role. E) Europe profited most from the institution.

__________ reaped the greatest benefit from the land policies of the "headright" system. A) Indentured servants B) African slaves C) Merchant planters D) New England colonists E) Slave owners

Despite the constant threat of smallpox, American colonists resisted inoculation mainly because A. vaccines were rare and untested. B. doctors were poorly trained. C. ministers regarded inoculation as tampering with God's will. D. home remedies worked well in fighting and treating the virus. E. several prominent citizens had survived the disease.

C. ministers regarded inoculation as tampering with God's will.

The term triangular trade describes A. the three main staple crops that each colonial region relied on for trade: grain in the North, tobacco in the Chesapeake, and rice in the South. B. the exportation of colonial goods to other European countries through British middlemen. C. rum sent from New England to trade for slaves in Africa, who were then exchanged for molasses in the West Indies that could be sold back to New England. D. the trade network that included Indian fur traders, West Indian sugar growers, and British merchants. E. the notion of the East and West Indies as part of the broader American system of commerce.

C. rum sent from New England to trade for slaves in Africa, who were then exchanged for molasses in the West Indies that could be sold back to New England.

Which of the following was not among the generally small scale manufacturing enterprises in colonial America?

Carriage manufacturing.

1780's Depression

Caused by a post-war decrease in production and increase in unemployment, and also caused by tough interstate commerce rules which decreased trade.

Most famous because of his portraits of George Washington and his museum, this painter was frowned upon because free time was supposed to be devoted to religion.

Charles Willson Peale

best know for his portraits of George Washington, also ran a museum, stuffed birds, and practiced dentistry in addition to his art.

Charles Willson Peale

With regard to government authority, the Scots-Irish colonists...

Cherished no love for the British or any other government

Little Turtle

Chief of Miami people. Led his followers in several major victories against the United States forces in the 1790s during the Northwest Indian Wars.

What was the most honored profession?

Christian ministry

Established Churches

Churches funded by taxes, such as the Anglican and Congregational churches

Orthodox

Classic or accepted

New Lights

Clergymen who defended the Great Awakening for reinvigorating American religion

Common Sense (132)

Common Sense written in 1776 was one of the most potent pamphlets ever written. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England, because it was the whole English Constitution that was wrong, so it was only COMMON SENSE to break away from it because it was irreparable. The author Thomas Paine introduced such ideas as nowhere in the universe is a smaller heavenly body control a larger. For this reason their is no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America. The pamphlet with its high-class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a few months.

How did the the pamphlet, Common Sense, impact American Opinion?

Common sense said that they needed to stop the tyranny of the king and that the system was corrupt, this pamphlet changed many people's opinions and convinced many others of his views. Ultimately, its impact would lead to a series of events that would liberate America from Britain.

In 1775, these were the only churches established (tax-supported) in particular colonies in America...

Congregational and Anglican

Old Lights

Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening

What is the continuity over time with Native Americans?

Continuity over time is placing Native Americans on reservations in the late 1800s.

What is the continuity over time regarding economic tensions and views held by the Populists in the late 1800s?

Continuity over time is the economic tensions and views held by the Populists in the late 1800s. As the British colonies moved further west in the decades before the Revolution, they disrupted the existing French-Indian fur trade.

Disallowed Powers

Could not tax Could not regulate trade Could not draft troops Could not enforce laws

Olive Branch Petition

Created by the second continental congress in 1775, it was the last conciliatory appeal to the king approved by the congress before the war for independence ensued.

By the end of the seventeenth century, indentured servants who gained their freedom A) often gained great wealth as more land opened for settlement. B) rarely returned to work for their masters. C) almost always found high-paying jobs in the cities. D) had little choice but to hire themselves out for low wages to their former masters. E) often returned to England penniless and broke.

Compared with indentured servants, African American slaves were A) less reliable workers. B) more likely to rebel. C) cheaper to buy and own. D) a more manageable labor force. E) less expensive to buy but more expensive to keep.

During the seventeenth century, indentured servitude solved the labor problem in many English colonies for all of the following reasons except that A) the Indian population proved to be an unreliable work force because they died in such large numbers. B) African slaves cost too much money. C) in some areas families formed too slowly. D) Spain had stopped sending slaves to its New World colonies. E) families procreated too slowly.

The impact of New England on the rest of the nation can best be described as A) greatly exaggerated. B) generally negative. C) confined primarily to New England. D) extremely important. E) moderately important.

The late-seventeenth-century rebellion in New York was headed by ____________________, whereas that in Maryland was led by __________. A) Nathaniel Bacon, Catholics B) William Berkeley, slaves C) Puritans, Indians D) Jacob Leisler, Protestants E) the Dutch, Catholics

Urban development in the colonial South A) rivaled that of New England. B) kept pace with the growth of large plantations. C) led to the construction of an excellent highway system. D) was slow to emerge. E) occurred without the development of a professional class.

Which of these did NOT contribute to the increasing social stratification and declining opportunities for social mobility in pre-Revolutionary America? A. The growth of slavery in the Chesapeake B. The emergence of a wealthy merchant class C. Declining supplies of unclaimed land in New England D. The rising number of convicts sent to the colonies E. The impact of the wars of the 1690s and 1700s

D. The rising number of convicts sent to the colonies

Which of these is NOT numbered among Benjamin Franklin's many contributions to America? A. Poor Richard's Almanack B. Inventions C. Scientific Experiments D. Writing the Declaration of Independence E. The first public library

D. Writing the Declaration of Independence

In the early eighteenth century, the Puritan religion declined for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. decreased interest in its complicated doctrines and long sermons. B. disapproval of its efforts to loosen church membership requirements. C. liberal challenges to older ideas about salvation. D. increased tithing (taxing) of church members. E. heightened support for Arminian assumptions about free will.

D. increased tithing (taxing) of church members.

Newburgh Conspiracy

Dec. 1782 - March 1783 The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to address Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan.

Allowed Powers

Declare war and make peace/foreign relations Issue money Maintain army and navy

What was a deadly killer to young people, especially in the 1730's?

Diphtheria

Birching

Disciplining a child by being hit with a branch of a birch tree

state constitutions

During the war, most states had their own const. to spell out the rights of citizens and set limits on the gvns. power.

As the seventeenth century wore on, regional differences continued to crystalize, most notably A) the use of indentured servants. B) loyalty to England. C) the continuing rigidity of Puritanism. D) the breaking of the Atlanta economy. E) the importance of slave labor in the south.

The Half-Way Covenant A) allowed full communion for all nonconverted members. B) strengthened the distinction between the "elect" and all others. C) brought an end to the Jeremiads of Puritan ministers. D) resulted in a decrease in church members. E) admitted to baptism but not full membership the unconverted children of existing members.

The combination of Calvinism, soil, and climate in New England resulted in the people there possessing which of the following qualities: A) energy. B) stubbornness. C) self-reliance. D) resourcefulness. E) all of the above.

The slave culture that developed in America A) was derived exclusively from African roots. B) rejected Christianity. C) was Muslim in its religious teachings. D) contained many Western elements that remained thoroughly European. E) was a uniquely New World creation.

The slave society that developed in North America was one of the few slave societies in history to A) produce a new culture based entirely on African heritage. B) rebel against its masters. C) reduce their numbers by suicide. D) develop its own techniques of growing corn and wheat. E) perpetuate itself by its own natural reproduction.

When new towns were established in New England, all of the following were true except A) a land grant was given by the legislature. B) a meeting house was built. C) a village green was laid out. D) schools were required in towns of more than fifty families. E) families did not automatically receive land.

Which of these did NOT result form the Great Awakening? A. The authority of older clergy was called into question. B. Many new churches were established. C. A new wave of Christian missionaries attempted to convert Indians and slaves. D. Several colleges and universities were founded. E. There was a heightened sense of sectional and regional differences.

E. There was a heightened sense of sectional and regional differences.

All of the following statements are true about the Scots-Irish immigrants to Pennsylvania EXCEPT A. they were the first to settle the American West B. They were not actually of Irish descent C. Many of them united with the American revolutionaries D. they brought with them the know-how for whiskey distilling E. they were tolerant of local Indians

E. they were tolerant of local Indians

Before 1775 where was 95% of America's population located?

East of the Allgehnies/ Rural Areas

William Howe (138)

English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill. Howe did not relish the rigors of winter campaigning, and he found more agreeable the bedtime company of his mistress. At a time when it seemed obvious that he should join the forces in New York, he joined the main British army for an attack on Philadelphia. Abandoned Burgoyone and their plan to divide and conquer (sandwich USA troops), and, leaving the latter alone, left him to later fail miserably in battle.

A bill of rights is unnecessary because the powers of government are limited by the constitution

FEDERALIST

A bill of rights would give the impression that the people could only expect protection of those rights that were actually listed

FEDERALIST

A large republic, where the government was on the basis of checks and balances, and the power was divided between the national and the state governments, would be better. Under such a government, it would be more difficult for special interests to attain their goals and violate common welfare.

FEDERALIST

It could not become a tyranny because of the limitations placed on it by the system of checks and balances and separation of powers

FEDERALIST

Its powers are limited to tasks that face the entire nation, such as trade currency and defense. Experience has shown that a stronger national government is needed to deal with these problems

FEDERALIST

The constitution gives the Congress and the Supreme Court ways to check the use of power by the executive branch so it cannot become a monarcchy

FEDERALIST

The powers of the national government are separated and balanced among the three branches so no one can dominate the others

FEDERALIST

the constitution provides adequate protections for the state governments to prevent their being destroyed by the national government

FEDERALIST

The population of the thirteen colonies, mainly Anglo-Saxon, was the least mixed to be found anywhere in the world. (True/False)

False

Libel

False publication intended to ruin someone's reputation

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths., the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) the British defeated the colonial forces

What rewarding industry happened in all the American Colonies and stimulated shipbuilding?

Fishing and Whaling

Pugnacious

Fond of fighting

Daniel Shays

Former captain in the continental army, issued set of demands for paper money, tax relief, a moratorium on debts, the relocation of the state capital from Boston to the abolition of imprisonment for debt. Led to Shays' Rebellion.

French Huguenots

French protestants who came to the New World to escape religious prosecution in France

Who encouraged the end of salutary neglect?

George Grenville (British prime minister at the time)

Bill of Rights

George Mason proposed adding a bill of rights to protect individuals,t was defeated at the convention (but was added later)

One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.

George Whitefield

Hessians (139)

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Hessians

German soldiers hired by King George III to smash colonial rebellion. They were had powerful military skills, but they were more concerned about personal gain (money) than about who won the war.

Where was German settlement heavy? Where was Scot-Irish settlement heavy? Where was African settlement heavy?

German- Pennsylvania. Scot-Irish- Pennsylvania. African- Southern colonies.

The two largest non-English white ethnic groups in the colonies were the

Germans and the Scots-Irish.

Pennsylvania Dutch

Germans who migrated from Europe to Pennsylvania fleeing religious persecution, as they were primarily Lutheran. "Dutch" was a corruption of "Deutsch"

Which was not considered to be a colonial naval store...

Glass

Second Continental Congress (132)

Held after Lexington and Concord (all states except Georgia participated); where all colonists agreed to a war, but disagreed on its purpose. Some, such as the Adams cousins, wanted complete independance from GBR while others, more moderate, wanted major reforms with the country.

Almshouses

Houses designated to aid the widows and orphans of Philadelphia and New York

What case showed the first sign of freedom of the press?

John Peter Zenger who worked for NY Newspaper was charged for writing something bad about another person. He won this case with Andrew Hamilton defending him.

an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War famous for his historical paintings including his Declaration of Independence, which appears on the reverse of the $2 dollar bill.

John Trumball

An American theologian and congregational clergyman whose sermons stirred the religious revival (Great Awakening); known for sinners in the hands of an angry god sermon.

Johnathan Edwards

The First Great Awakening was one of many religious revivals. What preacher began this by telling sermons like "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Jonathan Edwards

Northwest Ordinance

- allowed settlement/government of Northwest Territory - freedom of religion ** Prohibited slavery

John Locke

- life, liberty, and property. - social contract of gov, people have the right to revolt if gov. is bad. - consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the Decl. and Const.

Examine the relationship between Anglican ministers and the "New Light" supporters, especially those living in the "Old Lights" accusing "New Lights" of being lazy and criminal is similar to the nativist arguments towards immigrants, especially the Irish, in the mid 1800's.

-Anglican church does not support New Light and banned speaking about it -Old lights were accusing the New light supporters of being lazy and criminals, compare to nativist movement (1840's) know nothing, party did not like the Irish

What was the purpose of Thomas Paine's, "Common Sense"?

-Criticizing British rule in the colonies, encouraging colonies to declare independence and form a Republic

Why were sectional tensions over slavery increasing in the late 1700's?

-Decade after revolution ends -Invention that perpetuates slavery -Eli Whitney created the Cotton Gin -Result= slavery became big in the south

Examine how the British restricted colonial rights and how England's victory in the Seven Years War was a turning point in the relationship with the colonists. Examine the factors that fueled the American independence movement.

-Ended salutary neglect within the colonies by taxing and ending forms of self-government -Economic concerns, enlightenment writers, and the Great Awakening -Refer to chart- causes of 7 years war and after effects

ANTI-FEDERALIST (policies)

-Limited national government -government controlled by ordinary citizens -favorable to farmer, artisans, and skilled workers -state banks -free trade -strong ties with France

Battle of Fallen Timbers

-Native Americans defeated in Ohio Valley -ended Indian efforts to halt white settlement in the Northwest Territory

Examine the social and economic inequalities in colonial society. Focus on the Regulator movement in North Carolina (1769). Continuity over time is the economic tensions and views held by the Populists in the late 1800's. As the British colonies moved further west in the decades before the Revolution they disrupted the existing French-Indian fur trade.

-Regulator movement - resisting government having control -Social/economic tensions with backountry rebels vs. the people in power -Paxton Boys (backcountry rebels) -Continuity over time 1890's- Populist party- people have power

Bacon's Rebellion was supported mainly by A) young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land. B) the planter class of Virginia. C) those protesting the increased importation of African slaves. D) people from Jamestown only. E) the local Indians.

Paxton Boys

A group of Scots-Irish from the outskirts of Philadelphia, protested the Quakers' leniency toward the Indians. Their actions sparked the Regulator Movement in North Carolina

Scots-Irish

A group of people from the Scottish lowlands, who migrated restlessly, moving to Ireland, and ending up in North America. They were very separate from other cultures, and were largely very poor

Speculation

A hypothesis

land ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers

Ordinance of 1784 and 1785

A law that set up townships in the western lands, which became known as the northwest territory. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress could not raise money by direct taxation of the American citizens. The ordinances raised money through the sale of land mostly to the west of the original states.

Which of the following was the surest path to quick wealth in eighteenth-century America? A. Commerce and land speculation B. Tobacco farming C. Wheat cultivation D. Fishing E. Buying and selling slaves

A. Commerce and land speculation

What did Parliament hope to accomplish with the Molasses Act (1733)? A. Cut of American trade with the French West Indies B. Generate new revenue from the colonies C. Install tariffs on goods that were not sent through England first D. Stifle growing colonial commercial independence E. Dramatically reduce whiskey and rum production

A. Cut of American trade with the French West Indies

The ethnic diversity of the eighteenth-century American colonies is significant because it A. paved the way for a new, multicultural American identity. B. fueled heightened tensions within the colonies. C. made unity against the British difficult to achieve. D. resulted in eighteen non-English signatories to the Declaration of Independence. E. caused the eventual rift between the northern and southern colonies.

A. paved the way for a new, multicultural American identity.

Early college education in New England was designed to A. prepare young men to become ministers. B. educate future leaders. C. create an enlightened citizenry. D. teach boys to read and write. E. encourage more men to enter the professions (law, medicine, etc.).

A. prepare young men to become ministers.

The constitution does not include a bill of rights which essential for protecting individuals against the power of the national government

ANTI-FEDERALIST

First Continental Congress

All colonies but Georgia went to this Congress in Philadelphia in 1774 to determine how the colonies should react to the alarming threat to their rights and liberties, wanted to protest parliamentary acts and restore the relationship they had with Britain before the French and Indian War

Loyalists

Also known as Tories, the group of American colonists that remain loyal to the king during and after the American Revolution. When the British lost the war many left the United States.

Patriots

Also known as Whigs, the people who were rebelling against Britain during the war, they were considered traitors to the British Empire, and their goal was to fight against the oppression of England

Prohibitory Act (132)

As a response to the Olive Branch petition aling with rejecting it; closed off all colonies from trade and gave the people no rights whatsoever (except for repenting rebels), also no conseccion to American demands.

How did the Battle of Saratoga affect American diplomatic efforts?

At this point, other nations believed that America had a chance at winning the war. In France, this is one of the major factors that lead to a French-American alliance. England realized that the battle for America would not be a crushing of a small rebellion, and strengthened their commitment, deciding to enlist the support of the loyalists instead of deploying a full scale army.

The person most often called the "first civilized American"

Benjamin Franklin

The "headright" system, which made some people very wealthy, consisted of A) using Indians as forced labor. B) giving land to indentured servants to get them to come to the New World. C) giving the right to acquire fifty acres of land to the person paying the passage of a laborer to America. D) discouraging the importation of indentured servants to America. E) giving a father's wealth to the oldest son.

The New England economy depended heavily on A) slave labor. B) the production of many staple crops. C) fishing, shipbuilding, and commerce. D) tobacco. E) all of the above.

The physical and social conditions of slavery were harshest in A) Maryland. B) Virginia. C) South Carolina. D) Massachusetts. E) Pennsylvania.

What were highly valued for it's tar, pitch, rosins, and turpentine for England's Navy?

Colonial Naval Stores

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army -first president

Sept 17 1787

Constitution was signed (without a bill of rights)

For their labor in the colonies indentured servants received all of the following except A) passage to America. B) a suit of clothes. C) a few barrels of corn. D) a headright. E) at times a small parcel of land.

For those Africans who were sold into slavery, the "middle passage" can be best described as A) the trip from the interior of Africa to the coast. B) the easiest part of their journey to America. C) the journey from American parts to their new homes. D) the gruesome ocean voyage to America. E) none of the above.

Over the course of the seventeenth century, most indentured servants A) became landowners. B) devolved into slavery. C) managed to escape the terms of their contracts. D) faced increasingly harsh circumstances. E) saw their wages increase.

What religion stemmed from the Enlightenment?

Deism

After 1680, reliance on slave labor in colonial America rapidly increased because A) higher wages in England reduced the number of emigrating servants. B) planters feared the growing number of landless freemen in the colonies. C) the British Royal African company lost its monopoly on the slave trade in colonial America. D) Americans rushed to cash in on slave trade. E) all of the above.

Articles of Confederation (133)

Government System used during the Revolution, confirmed the weak, de-centralized system that was already in place. It appointed the Continental Congress as the leading body, but most power was held individually by the states. During the war, under the AOC, no one really knew exactly how much power the government could excersice.

It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased compositeness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

Great Awakening

Nathanael Greene

Greene exhausted British general Cornwallis by dividing American forces into small, fast-moving contingents and refused to participate in open battle. Greene received reinforcements and combined all his forces to meet and fight the British. Greene withdrew but Cornwallis lost so many men he abandoned the Carolina campaign and retreated to Yorktown. He eventually helped clear Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.

One feature of the American economy that strained the relationship between the colonies and Britain was the...

Growing desire of Americans to trade with other nations in addition to Britain

Benjamin Franklin

He represented the United States in France and worked to convince the French to recognize and ally with the new nation. His popularity in France helps the American cause.

Roger Sherman

He suggested a compromise to resolve the disagreements

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Criminals sent to the new world

Indentured servants

What were the lower classes consisting of?

Indentured servants and convicts

Fervid

Intensely emotional

The triangular trade of the colonial American shipping industry...

Involved the trading of rum for African slaves

Joseph & Mary Brant

Iroquois leaders who helped persuade the Mohawks, Senecas, and Cayugas to support the British in later stages of the Revolution. protect selves from land-hungry colonists.

Joseph and Mary Brant (141)

Iroquois people (widely respected) that persuaded the Indians to join the British in their cause, also attracting the support of other tribes as well (did so because they thought they could gain some of their lands back should the Americans lose).

What caused the Anglican church to suffer a reduction in membership in the colonies?

It clung to a faith that was less fierce and more worldly that the religon of Puritan New England. The sermons were shorter, hell was less awful, and amusements were not as frowned upon.

Regulator Movement

Who stated, "no taxation without representation", and which group was this motto used for?

James Otis; Stamp Act Congress

Common Sense

January 1776, written by Thomas Paine, argued that it was common sense for America to break completely with such a corrupt government that inflicted brutality on its own people and dragged Americans into wars they didn't want to fight.

Loyalists (Tories) (133)

Loyal to the king and thus Britain, opposors of the Patriots

The most important manufacturing enterprise in colonial America in the eighteenth century was...

Lumbering

What was the most important manufacturing activity?

Lumbering

What were the manufacturing enterprises that were being done in colonial America in the eighteenth century?

Lumbering, naval stores, rum, beaver hats, and carpentry.

Thomas Jefferson

Main author of the Declaration of Independence

Traditional in England, education was only for?

Male aristocrats

An armed march in Philadelphia in 1764 by Scots-Irish colonial immigrants, protesting the Quaker oligarchy policy toward the Indians was known as...

March of the Paxton Boys

Western Confederacy

Native Americans formed the Western Confederacy with the goal of keeping the Ohio River as a boundary between Indian lands and the United States. Little Turtle was one of the leaders. The wars that followed were known as Northwest Indian Wars

Secular

Not church-affiliated

Benjamin Franklin's publication which emphasized industry, morality and common sense which was more widely read than any other book in the colonies except the Bible (Honesty is the best policy)

Poor Richard's Almanack

This writing by Benjamin Franklin contained information about common sense, industry, and morality.

Poor Richard's Almanack

Benjamin Franklin

Poor Richard's Almanack very influential, firts "real" American, expermients with science help advance sciene

What influenced the shift of balance of power between the colonies and Britain?

Population boom

What was established in the mid-1700's that allowed people to communicate, although slow, infrequent, and not very good on secercy.

Postal System

What was a prescription for smallpox?

Powdered dried toad

Richard Henry Lee's Resolution

Richard Henry Lee's Resolution of June 7, 1776 Stated that the colonies should be independent and sever all political ties with Britain. It was adopted by Congress and was the first step towards independence.

Schisms

Rifts in belief between two opposing parties

What were dangerous, treacherous ways of transportation in the early colonial age?

Roads

What were means of transportation?

Roads and rivers

What was travel/ transportation like in the colonies in the eighteenth century?

Roads were mainly unused because they were dangerous and dusty, they mostly traveled by ship(but it took much longer)

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

Royal Colonies

Although manufacturing in the colonies was of only secondary importance, the colonies did produce...

Rum, beaver hats, lumber, and iron

What is the historical significance of the Boston Tea Party? Intolerable Acts? Committees of Correspondence? Stamp Act?

Stamp Act (led to Stamp Act Congress), Committees of Correspondence (Sam Adams and others kept an eye out for suspicious British stuff), Boston Tea Party (due to Tea Act; the principle of it, not the tax itself), Intolerable Acts (punishment to people of Massachusetts for Boston Tea Party- Quebec Act)

Olive Branch Petition

Still pledge loyalty to King George III but are still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George III didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion

What new attraction set up in the 1700s was a new way of delivering gossip and news?

Taverns

places where people could be amused on stops by main routes or cities. People liked to play pool, bowl, gamble, and gossip here.

Taverns

Why did the British "Southern Strategy" backfire? What were the consequences of their final defeat?

The British overestimated the amount of Loyalists in the south, there were many more Patriots than Britain had thought. The consequences of their final defeat were that the war ground into a draw in the north, and with no fighting in the south, the pressure was off the Patriots. Also, with this victory, the Patriots had even more momentum and reason to fight.

What was the most honored profession?

The Christian Ministry(Clergy)

Most honored of proffessions in 1775

The Christian Ministry/ Clergy

What church grew from the Puritan Church and was included in every New England Colony except Rhode Island?

The Congregational Church

July 4, 1776 and the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was signed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4. It dissolved the colonies' ties with Britain, listed grievances against King George III, and declared the colonies to be an independent nation.

First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

Who were the Loyalists? Explain the reasoning for their decision.

The Loyalists were those that remained loyal to the crown. They remained loyal because they were often officeholders who would loose their luxurious positions because of the war, many were merchants tied to trade of the imperial system, and others were isolated people who didn't mind Britain, and therefore remained loyal.

Why was the New York campaign a setback for the Native American tribes?

The New York campaign was a setback for Native Indian tribes because it destroyed the plan of many Iroquois chiefs who hoped to involve Indian forces in the English military effort, thinking that British victory would help slow white movement into tribal lands. It also resulted in a split of the confederation, for half supported the British, the Oneida and the Tuscarora supported the Americans, and Onondaga were split.

The first American college free from denominational control was...

The University of Pennsylvania

Identify the advantages and disadvantages of both the Patriots and the British on the eve of the Revolutionary War

The advantages of the Patriots before the revolutionary war was that they were in possession of the land and knew how to defend it, and they had motivation, while the British soldiers had almost no motivation, and some even argue that Howe secretly wanted the Patriots to win. However, the Patriots did not have any sort of military, while the British had perhaps the most dominant military force in the world.

Stratification

The arrangement of classes in social structure

On the eve of the American Revolution, social and economic mobility in the colonies decreased for all of the following reasons except...

The average size of New England farms increased dramatically

English officials tried to establish the Church of England in as many colonies as possible because...

The church would act as a major prop for royal authority

Olive Branch Petition (132)

The last conciliatory appeal approach made by the colonists before they deemed arms necessary; rejected by King

Gentry

The most powerful members of a society

What was the primary reason for the spectacular growth of America's population in the eighteenth century?

The natural fertility of all American's.

Jonathan Edwards

The outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Rack-renting

The practice of landlords greatly increasing the rent of their tenants, forcing already impoverished tenants to pay more

In colonial elections...

The right to vote was reserved for white male property holders

What was the function of taverns?

They spread public opinion and agitation as the revolutionary movement gained momentum.

Veto

To reject

Bendict Arnold (144)

United States general and traitor in the American Revolution because he believed the American cause was hopeless

Thomas Jefferson

Virginian, who wrote most of the Declaration, with help from John Adams and Ben Franklin, he borrowed ideas from local "declarations" made within colonies. Approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism, and limited central government

What created a class of widows and orphans who became dependent on charity?

War

French and Indian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

George Washington (135)

Washington managed to lead a small army to the eventual victory (no one wanted to serve in the army because they realized how crappy their chances were). Since there was no established government, he proved to be the only stability for the soldiers and for the American people. Washington pulled his small force back into Fort Necessity where he was overwhelmed (1754) by the French. He was the commander of Virginia's frontier troops as a colonel (came from a wealthy background). Left the army in 1758. Also the first President of the United States. Took office (Apr.30, 1789) in New York City.

The riches created by the growing slave population in the American South...

Were not distributed evenly among whites

What was the staple crop in the Chesapeake?

Wheat Cultivation

What crop began to be produced in large quantities by 1759? New York was a major exporter of this crop.

Wheats and Grains

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams, asked him to make the new code of laws for America more favorable to women. She wanted protection for women against abusive and tyrannical men.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the home front. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

pincer's strategy

William Howe's plan to divide the U.S. and separate N.E. from rest of colonies and meet up with John Burgoyne, but Howe decided to occupy Philadelphia instead, leaving John Burgoyne isolated and causing John to accept defeat at Saratoga.

Shay's Rebellion

Winter of 1786-1787 Occurred in the winter of 1786-7 under the Articles of Confederation. Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to courts and prevented the government from arresting or repossessing the property of those in debt. The federal government was too weak to help Boston remove the rebels, a sign that the Articles of Confederation weren't working effectively

Valley Forge (139)

Winter quarters of George Washington. During the winter of 1777, American army spent time there, weak and hungry.

The primary source of livelihood for most colonial Americans was

agriculture.

Why were sectional tensions over slavery increasing in the late 1700s?

all about money because of the cotton gin (Eli Whitney) in terms of slavery

What occurred during and after the American Revolution in terms of the awareness of inequalities?

an increase awareness of inequalities occurred, and motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments

Land Of Opportunity

anyone willing to work hard could from rags to riches, class differences did emerge as a small group of aristocrats (rich farmers, merchants, officials, clergymen) had much of the power

Three-Fifths compromise

count 5 slaves for every 3 men for taxation and representation

John Locke

believed that governments were formed to protect what Jefferson called, "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness", was used in the first part of the Declaration of Independence.

Among the many important results of the Great Awakening was that it

broke down sectional boundaries and created a greater sense of common American identity.

What effect did the Declaration have on the struggle for Independence?

created unity within the colonies

The most honored professional in colonial America was the

clergyman.

An unfortunate group of involuntary immigrants who ranked below indentured servants on the American social scale were

convicts and paupers.

the french and Indian war resulted in

deep and severe English debt

What was the significance of the movement led by Daniel Shays?

he wanted the government to give the farmers tax relief, more time to pay off debt, and imprisonment for inability to pay off debt should be abolished

Plantation Owners

immensely rich, had many slaves, top of the southern social pyramid

Yorktown (145)

in 1781 during the American Revolution the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops. The fighting was over,but THE COLONISTS HAD NOT YET WON THE WAR.

The large profits made by merchants as military suppliers for imperial wars

increased the wealth of the 18th century colonial elite

One way in which Indians and Africans were similar to whites in 18th century North America was they

increasingly mingled and intermarried with people from beyond their original ehtnic group or tribe.

Examine the social and economic inequalities in colonial society. Focus on the Regular Movement in North Carolina (1769)

inequalities: slaves and women :Regulator Movement in North Carolina= back country people, social economic tensions -populists = (also called the 'peoples' party) farmers and other workers who didn't have a lot of rights, banning together and fighting against a big business (like Rockefeller)

The march lead on Philadelphia protesting the group that was kind to Indians?

march of the Paxton Boys (Scots-Irish)

what did the events surrounding the attacks by the paxton boys on local delaware indians suggest about the evolving conflict between rural whites and indians of the frontier?

rural whites were increasingly likely to view killing all indians as the best way to manage the intermittent conflict between the two parties, regardless of whether a particular indian tribe was allied with the british or the french

what body signed the declaration of independence?

second continental congress

George Washington

served as president of the convention

triangular trade

ship would leave New England with rum and go to the Gold Coast of Africa and trade it for African slaves, then it would go to the West Indies and exchange the slaves for molasses which it'd sell to New England

"Yeoman" farmers

small farmers, owned their land and , maybe, a few slaves, under plantation owners

after the conclusion of the seven years war in 1763, which colony was transferred to Britain in exchange for the return of Cuba and the Philippines to Spain?

spanish florida

what act would make a lawyer in colonial america the most resentful

stamp act

Established Churches

tax supported churches: Church of England (Anglican Church) was official in Georgia, both Carolinas, Virgina, Maryland and a part of New York; had shorter sermons, unpopluar for no resident bishop. Congretional church: grown from the Puritan church and was eastablished in all the New England colonies except Rhode Island

in his pamphlet, common sense, Thomas Paine argued

that the colonies must separate from england

John Burgoyne

the British general who captured Fort Ticonderoga from the Americans but lost at the battle of Saratoga

William Howe

the British general who was supposed to help Burgoyne at Saratoga but instead went off to capture Philadelphia, English -General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill.

salutary neglect

the unofficial British policy of lenient or lax enforcement of parliamentary laws regarding the American colonies during the 1600s and 1700s. This policy was followed to keep colonial allegiance while allowing Britain to focus its attention on European policies

the difference between the British taxes imposed on the colonists in the 1760's and taxes of earlier periods were

they aimed to generate revenue for the British government

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