APUSH Chapter 9

Weakness of the Articles

Designed to be weak: no power to regulate commerce (States established their own different Navigation and tax laws and different tarrifs on different things= conflicted with each other and confusing), couldn't enforce tax collection programs (please contribute-voluntary, government got maybe 1/4 of taxes), and couldn't act directly on individual citizens

Federalism

government power is devided beween central government and states powers

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution"- wrote articles for Federal cause- Federalist #10 was the most influentional- drafted the first 10 ammendments of the Bill of Rights

Virgina Plan

"large state plan"= both houses should be based on population- weaker states feared large states would join together and force their ideas over small states- Large states= big advantage *House of Representatives*

New Jersey Plan

"small state plan"= equal representation in Congress by states, regardless of size or population *Senate*

Federalists

(George Washington, Ben Franklin)- mosed lived closer to the coast line, wealthier, more eduacated, better organized, controlled the press= over 1000 news papers published in 1780 and only 12 were anti-federalist

Antifederalists

(Samual Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry lee)- included state's rightes devotes, back country farmers, one-horse farmers (poorest classes; paper moneyites, debtors) opposed stronger federal government= strong state's rights

Objections to the Constituition

1 anit-feds=drawn up rich= anit-democratic 2. no bill of rights 3. no annual elections for congress 4. state sovereignty submerged 5. federal stronghold (D.C) moved from N.Y. as capital 6. creation of standing army 7. omnition of reference to God 8 ratifying with only 2/3 on board

Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of Confederation were effective in solving the problems that confronted the new nation.

1. Achievements: 1st constitution, held state together until constituiton was written, translated to French at battle of Saratoga to prove we had a government in the making, wesern lands were distributed equally (only 6 states had land w of Appalacions, all land was ceceded to central government at the disposal for the common benefit, room for new republican states in the future), delt with foreign affairs (departments of war, marine, and treasury established), encouraged state cooperation 2. Weakness: no power to regulate commerce (states free to establish individual tarrifs and Navigation laws-conflicted and confusing), could enforce tax collection programs (please contribute), goverment couldn't command, coerse, or control states or control individual citizens 3. Landmark: loss confederation, outlined general powers of central government (making traties & establishing postal service), kept union ideals alive, stes controlled their own sovereignty (free to control local affairs)

Describe the process by which the constitution was produced. What were the major issues and compromises in the process of producing the constitution?

1. Colonies drafted individual constitutions- Mass. vote on draft was used for official constitution, people wanted written government limitations and rights- congress appointed committy to draft Articles of Confederation but they wer too weak (no tax collection power, no executive, 1 state= 1 vote) 2. Alex. Hamilton summoned committy to follow up in Philly May 1787- 55 delegates from 12 states (not R. Is.)- scrap articles completely and restart 3. small state plan vrs. large state plan- Great Compromise= large in house of reps, small in senate, 3/5's compromise 4. separation of powers: exectutive(enforce laws), judicial (make sure laws are constitutional), and legislative(make laws) 5.42/55 remained to sign the constitution, 3 refused 6. Ratification process= elect reps to sign federalist of antifederalist for each state (anti-feds= no bill of rights, state sovereignty submerge/feds promised a bill of rights (Madison drafted first 10), Mass. ratifiaction stimulated other states to join until acceptence on June 1, 1788 7. Federalist Articles persuaded many

Analyze the extent to which the American Revolution represented a radical alteration in American political ideas and instituions. 1775-1800 ( to what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society. Address political, social, and economic effects)

1. Politically: English rule (absolute monarch) to republican democracy, more separation of powers, checks & balances, from parliament to presidential and judicial power, colonies already had fair self-government, written constitution was drafted and finalized 2. Economically: major cause of revolution was to be free from taxes and laws, gave control over economic policies, N & S had their own way of setting up an economy, inflation due to loose regulation and debt, began manufacturing after boycott on Brittish Goods 3. Socially: restricted slavery, slaves and women didn't get full rights promised, changed role of woment (they ran the farms, increased education, and became more involved in public life, stopped slave trade, total freedom of religion

Constitutional Convention

1786 in Maryland- 9 states had delegates, only 5 were represented fully- Alexander Hamilton saved it by issueing a follow up meeting in Philly to edit or change Articles of Confederation= May 1787 in Philly- 55 delegates form 12 states (not Rhode Island) Washington= Chairman- ended up completely rewritting constitution= throw out the old, write the new

'Federalist Papers'

85 articles written by John Jay, James Maddison, and Alexander Hamiltion= promoted the ratification of the constitution= Madison's #10 was the most influential- impossible to extend republican government over a large territory

Articles of Confederation

Adopted in 1777, drafted shortly before independence= written constitution (Mary. was the last to ratify)- Stated all must contribute to the 'common benefit'- admitted republican states to the union and delt with foreign affairs, kept weak executive (king george III)- union was more like a 'loose friendship'- passed with 9/13 majority with 1 vote per state= landmark, 1st written constitution, needed federation not condfederation= stepping stone

Limited Government

Based on consent of the people- Power of government limited by the written constitution= virtue of the people, guarantior of liberty, order and justice

Ratification Process

Candidates elected to represent state as anti-federalist or federalist (special elections were held to determine candidates)- ratify or not ratify the ocnstitution- 4 small states joined right away, Mass. was the most vital to ratify (they were 50% each side as a large state= convinced other states to ratify constitution)

Popular Sovereignty

Conserved Republican government- federalists.= sovereignty (power) of the people was in every branch- executive, legislative, and judicial/ anti-federalist= sovereignty of the people was only in judicial- kept liberty and order

Separation of powers

Executive: president= enforce the laws, call meetings, and veto legislature/ Legislative: parliament or congress= make the laws/ Judicial: judges and courts= makes sure the law is constitutional (state branch)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Judicious Compromise- territory of the NW belonged to federal government until it had 60,000 people= admitted to congress as a state- also forbade additional slavery, already present slavery could stay

Written Constitution

Reference to the limitations and rights of a group of people(Bill of rights, election of Leg.= represent all, written power of the government(king George III)- individual colonies made their own first (Mass. submitted their final draft for the people to vote on, only to be changed by another convention)

Bill of Rights

Madison drafted the first 12 ammendments, 10 were accepted- protected the basic rights of citizens- no Bill of Rights in the origional constitution bothered many and kept them from ratifying

Shay's Rebellion

Mass. 1786- farmers (veterans of the revolutionary war- fought for a better life) were in poverty= losing farms- Captain Daniel Shays led- demanded state issue paper money, lighten taxes and suspend property take overs- attempted to enforce but were crushed by small Mass. Army- debt relief Bill was passed *made it clear a stronger government was needed to keep the union together*

1st anti-slavery society

Philly Quakers in 1775

3/5's Compromise

South= yes, slaves should count to vote (love the person hate the race)/ North= no, slaves are not citizents (love the race hate the person)- compromise that slaves counted as 3/5's of a person when voting

Egalitarion Ideas

asserting a belief of social or political equality

Speculation

buy land and sell it= new futuristic idea (gambling)-300% profit or people borrowed what they couldn't pay back= inflation- wealth was being distributed

Abolition of Slave trade

called by congress in 1774- no more imports, slavery already present can stay, some N. states abolished or provided for gradual emancipation of slvery

Democratic Elements

consent of the governed

Pre-Constitution Problems

debters feared powerful federal government would force them to pay- different opinions on how to obtain goals= how strong should states rights be? Centeral government?- some states had paper money others still had solid gold and silver- main problem was how to control commerce

Civic virtue

democracy depended on this- the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good

Checks and Balances

doctorine of self-rule and self limiting system, liberty with boundries= constitution elevated revolutionary ideals while setting boundries to them

Judicial Review

legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary= if a large enough group wants a law changed, it begins in the judiciary and works its way up for review by higher branches- established by *Marbury vs. Madison court case*

Role of Women

not equal rights-some served in the military- cultivate civic virtue in the home 'Republican Motherhood', eduacation opportunities began to expand for a better, smarter family

Great (Connecticut Compromise)

representation by population in the House of Representatives (large state plan) and equal representation in the Senate (small state plan)- each state has 2 senators & every tax bill or revenue must originate in the house- limited executive (elected by the people, make appointments and judgeships, veto power), congress had power to declare war, Election of president first went to electoral college then to house of Representatives if no clear majority, 3/5's compromise

Land Ordinance of 1785

the acreage of the old NW should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off National debt- 6 mile squares (36 sections)- 16th used for public schools

Charles Beard

wrote economic Interpretation of the constitution- constitution was only created to protect the rich