APUSH Chapters 23-25
Plessy v. Ferguson
"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of Jim Crow laws
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. FIRST TIME IMMIGRATION IS RESTRICTED ON BIAS.
US vs EC Knight
(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Civil Rights Cases 1883
(A single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems). Legalized segregation with regard to private property.
Union Pacific Railroad
(USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants
Why did the government give out land to build the RR?
1) Got cheap rates for government freight 2) Giving away land was easier than raising taxes. 2) Towns sprung up around RR's
What were the causes of the Panic of 1873
1) Overproduction 2) Over Speculation: Too much money loaned out
What were some challenges of living in the city?
1) Urban Poverty 2) Lack of clean water 3) Limited trash disposal 4) Rise tenements/ slums 5) Segregated Neighborhoods
Munn v. Illinois
1877 Supreme Court decision that allowed states to REGULATE certain businesses within their borders
Wabash vs. Illinois
1886 - Stated that individual states can control trade in their states, but cannot regulate railroads coming through them. Congress has exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. States cannot regulate or place restrictions on businesses which only pass through them, such as interstate transportation.
When was the first billion dollar congress?
1888 --- BENJAMIN HARRIS WAS PRESIDENT.
The McKinley Tariff
1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history
Homestead Strike
1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
W.E.B. DuBois
1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910
NY is the ________ largest city in the world
2nd
Stalwarts
A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
A law that required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race.
Central Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH
Bessemer Process
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.
Horizontal Integration
Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
Ida Wells
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores
Pools
Agreement between railroads to divide competition. Equalization was achieved by dividing traffic. (Had fixed rates and shared profits)
Who invented the telephone?
Alexander Graham Bell
Ellis Island
An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy
American Protective Association (APA)
An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration
Pullman's Strike
Bitter labor conflict in Chicago that brought federal intervention and the jailing of union leader Eugene V. Debs
Andrew Carnegie
Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL
"Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt
Built the New York Central Railroad System. Offering superior railway service at lower rates, he amassed a fortune of $100 million.
Mexican jobs
California agriculture
Who killed James Garfield? Why?
Charles Guiteau... a job was not given to him.
Where was the first skyscraper in the US?
Chicago
What ended the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
Civil Rights Cases 1883
The Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west. EAST TO THE WEST
Settlement House Movement
Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous
John Rockefeller
Creator of the --Standard Oil Company--who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly.
Rebates
Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone.
Whiskey Ring
During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
Election of 1876
Ended reconstruction because neither canidate had an electorial majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised
Interstate Commerce Act
Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices
Grange Movement (1867)
Farmers demanding change
Fredrick Taylor
Father of efficiency -----First assembly lines
Half-Breeds
Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.
Mandatory High School
Fought Child Labor Americanized students
Harace Greeley
Founded the New York Tribune. The most influential newspaper from 1840s to 1870s.
Panic of 1873
Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver
Who said, "Time is money, so don't waste time."
Fredrick Taylor
Which president served on 2 separate occasions
Grover Cleveland
Which president was a huge supporter in Laissez Faire?
Grover Cleveland
Who created social darwinism?
Herbert Spencer
Laissez-faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
American Railroad Association
In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320)
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Increased the amount of silver the gov. bought for coinage, but the money supply did not increase enough to satisfy silver supporters
By 1900, America becomes the leading ___________________________ in the world.
Industrial Power
Who bailed out the US during the depression of 1893?
JP Morgan --> Lent $65 million in gold
carnegie sold his steel company to ______ who created ______
JP Morgan who created US Steel.......... first $billion company.
Who was in charge of the Hull House?
Jane Adams
Compare the Knights of Labor and the AFL.
Knights of Labor: open membership, skilled and unskilled AFL: Only accepted skilled workers who must belong to a trade union representing their craft.
Johnston Flood (1889)
Largest manmade attack on US Soil beside 9/11
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
The Knights of Labor
Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked
Graft
Legal corruption
Anti-Saloon League
National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.
Old vs. New Immigrants
Old: Northern European (English, Germans, Irish Catholics), assimilated easier, high skill level, often spoke English New: South/Eastern, wouldn't assimilate, close- knit community, uneducated, poor, unskilled laborers
Horatio Alger
Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work
Vertical Integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
The depression of 1893
Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.
Booker T. Washington
Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."
Salvation Army, YMCA
Provided food, housing, and supplies for the poor and unemployed.
The Railroad Strike of 1877
Railroad workers throughout the U.S. went on strike to protest the lowering of their salaries; when more than a hundred people died during violence related to the strike, Hayes used federal troops to suppress the uprisings.
Hull House
Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould
Stock manipulators and brothers-in-law of President Grant, they made money selling gold.
US vs Wong Kim Ark
Supreme Court ruling which guaranteed citizenship to anyone born in the United States.
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. "Millionaires are a product of natural selection."
The Gibson Girl
The idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by a magazine image that showed that woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by Charles Dana Gibson.
How was the Transcontinental Railroad funded?
The railroad was funded by the Big Four Sacramento Merchants, private investigators, and the US Government. The Government provided the land and the private industry builds the tracks.
The Gospel of Wealth
This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
Who is the "Wizard of Menlo Park?
Thomas Edison
Who exposed Boss Tweed?
Thomas Nast
The Populist Party
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies. "PEOPLE'S PARTY"
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Very religious, sought to improve life by outlawing immoral things. Tried to realize goals through Women's Suffrage Radical member - Carrie A. Nation
Boss Tweed
William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.
Who invented the airplane?
Wright Brothers
bussiness cycle
a cycle or series of cycles of economic expansion and contraction.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
a national organization of labor unions founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers
Mugwump
a person who is unable to make up his or her mind on an issue; a person who is neutral on a controversial issue.
Tammany Hall
a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act
an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States
Comstock Law (1873)
forbade publishing of "provocative" sexual material (e.g. discussion of birth control) Promoted family values, clean living, and religious virtues. Targeted poor and immigrants
Jews and Italians jobs? ____ ____ shops of NYC
garment manufacturing
Thomas Edison inventions
light bulb, phonograph, motion picture camera
Credit Mobilier Affair
northern scandal in which railroad investors were stealing govt money which was supposed to finance RR and investors bribed Congressmen with free shares of RR stock
Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch
open churches in working class districts
The Era of Good Stealings
post-Civil War period marked by corruption in the railroad industry, stock market, politics, and judicial system.
Social Gospel Movement
preached salvation through service to the poor
What is stock watering?
railroad promotors grossly inflated their claims about a stock and sold stocks far above the railroad's actual value.
Grantism
synonym for political corruption
Taylorism
the methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the processes of mass production in which each worker repeatedly performs one specific task
