APUSH exam 5 (unit 6)

Which of these factors prompted many plantation masters to reduce reliance on violence and adopt positive incentives to motivate slaves in the 1830s and 1840s?

Abolitionist scrutiny

Which of the following statements describes the institution of slavery in the nineteenth-century South?

About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

Which of the following characterizes the plantation labor system of the southern cotton industry?

African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long.

Abolitionist leaders used which of the following in their crusade to end slavery in the middle of the 1800s?

Aid to fugitive slaves

Which of these concepts became a central tenet of slave Christianity in the South in the nineteenth century?

All people as children of God

What did Alexis de Tocqueville mean when he used the term individualism to describe American society in 1835?

Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family.

Who founded the Liberty Party in 1840?

Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison

Which of these statements describes the planter aristocrats who lived in the cotton-growing regions of the South in the mid-nineteenth century?

Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system.

Which of the following describes the changes in slaves' living conditions in the early nineteenth century?

As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

How did the spread of industrialization in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s affect skilled artisans?

As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status.

In its campaign to end slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society embraced which of the following tactics?

Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe pen her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was published in 1852?

Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

During the 1840s, American women's rights activists focused on which of the following goals?

Strengthening the legal rights of married women

In the early 1800s, free blacks in the North were encouraged to "elevate" themselves through which of the following activities?

Temperance

Through which of the following movements did evangelical reformers succeed in effecting substantial legal and cultural transformations in early nineteenth-century America?

Temperance

Which of these groups accounted for the largest percentage of the white population in the mid-nineteenth-century Cotton South?

Tenant farmers and day laborers

"The Erie Canal . . . brought together people who might otherwise have preferred to remain apart, such as churchgoing . . . New England[ers], and rowdier, hard drinking . . . workers who didn't much care for . . . the moral conventions of their employers. It . . . brought . . . new books, newspapers, and magazines to affluent families . . . and inspired them to replicate the . . . genteel respectability they found there. It loosened apprentices and journeymen from their masters, but it did not erase the masters' . . . conviction that they were responsible for the conduct of their workers. . . . It fostered a belief among propertied families that . . . the world could be improved, that wicked people could become good, and that good people could become perfect." — Harry L. Watson, historian, Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay: Democracy and Development in Antebellum America, 1998 Which of the following developments most directly resulted from the changes Watson details in the excerpt?

The Benevolent Empire

The U.S. federal government participated in the expansion of slavery during the early to mid-1800s through which of the following?

The Indian Removal Act

Why did many northern wage earners not support abolition in the mid-eighteenth century?

Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs.

Which of the following is properly paired?

Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass

What prevented white southerners from working to diversify their economy in the nineteenth century?

Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

How did women participate in the abolition movement in the mid-eighteenth century?

Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

"[T]he Western world had typically connected church and state. Now the Americans undertook to experiment with their separation: Religion would be purely voluntary. The results astonished both friends and foes of Christianity. . . . Far from hindering religion, the American model of voluntarism hugely facilitated it, liberating powerful religious energies. Religion, which had played such an important part in the life of the American colonies, was reinvigorated . . . in the life of the American republic. . . . Americans . . . experienced widespread direct democracy through the creation, administration, and financing of churches and other voluntary societies. . . . Women, African Americans, and newly arrived poor immigrants were all participating in religion, often in leadership roles, before they participated in politics." — Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What God Hath Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 Which of the following most directly resulted from mid-nineteenth-century religious voluntarism as described in the excerpt?

Women's work for moral reform in urban areas

In the late 1840s and the 1850s, Emersonians did which of the following?

Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions

Which of the following examples embodied the synthesis of African and American culture that existed in the South in the 1850s?

Black evangelical Christianity

How did planters attempt to resolve a labor crisis in the cotton South in the early nineteenth century?

By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

Between 1820 and 1840, the economic conditions for casual day laborers in American cities changed in which of the following ways?

Casual day laborers bore the brunt of unemployment during business depressions.

Which of the following were core institutions for African American society in the mid-nineteenth-century South?

Church and family

The Oneida Community, founded in 1839 by John Humphrey Noyes, was known for which of the following practices?

Complex marriage

Which factor led to planters' need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally?

Congressional legislation

Which of these did elite Americans embrace after the Industrial Revolution in order to set themselves apart from other groups of Americans?

Conspicuous displays of their wealth through clothing and housing

By the 1830s, most laborers in the urban Northeast lived in which type of residences?

Crowded boardinghouses and tiny apartments

By 1860, the majority of African Americans lived and worked as slaves in which of the following regions?

Deep South

Horace Mann and Catharine Beecher were both actively involved in which of the following movements in the 1840s?

Educational reform

Mid-nineteenth-century publications such as Godey's Lady's Book and Catharine Beecher's Treatise on Domestic Economy did which of the following?

Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity

In the landmark case of Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837), Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the U.S. Supreme Court did which of the following?

Encouraged competitive enterprise, opening the way for legislatures to charter railroad companies

Which concept promoted by the Second Great Awakening reinforced its push for societal reform?

Free moral agency

In the cotton-growing regions of the South, which of the following was true of the gang-labor system of work?

Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers.

Which of the following describes German immigrants who settled in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s?

Germans were the second largest immigrant group and many settled in the midwestern states.

Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about which of the following in his essays and lectures?

He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature.

Which of the following statements is true about William Lloyd Garrison?

He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery.

In his 1829 pamphlet, An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, David Walker did which of the following?

He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed.

Which of the following statements about Emerson is correct?

He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion.

Which of the following individuals went to jail rather than pay taxes in support of the Mexican War and slavery?

Henry David Thoreau

Which of the following factors was critical in the ballooning populations of cities like New York in the mid-nineteenth century?

Immigration

Which of the following qualities did Henry David Thoreau urge in his readers, as demonstrated by the statement, "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer"?

Individuality

Which of the following attributes of American society did the planter aristocracy in the South value highly in the mid-nineteenth century?

Inequality

Which of the following describes The Book of Mormon, published in 1830?

It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection.

As a result of Turner's Rebellion, the Virginia legislature did which of the following in the 1830s?

It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization.

Which of the following describes the Fourierist movement in America?

It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities.

Why was the South on the cutting edge of the Market Revolution by 1840?

It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply.

Which of the following describes the purpose of Henry David Thoreau's book Walden?

It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life.

Many African American slaves who converted to Christianity compared themselves to which of the following groups?

Jews

Which inventor is properly matched with the item he invented?

John Deere—the steel plow

Which of the following methods was a highly uncommon form of slave resistance in the slave South?

Large-scale uprisings

Which of the following areas is correctly matched with its primary crop?

Louisiana—sugar

The Alabama Constitution of 1819 did which of the following?

Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

Efforts by women reformers to regulate sexual behavior resulted in laws in Massachusetts and New York that did which of the following?

Made seduction of women a crime

Which of the following statements characterizes the planter elite of the Upper South in the early and mid-1800s?

Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters.

Which of the following statements describes workers' approach to alcohol consumption in the 1820s?

Many workers used alcohol as an escape from the routine of work but also drank in their workplaces.

Who was a critic for the New York Tribune, an editor of The Dial, and the author of Woman in the Nineteenth Century?

Margaret Fuller

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of anti-immigrant sentiment in American cities in the mid-nineteenth century?

Minstrel shows

For which of the following reasons did the Salt Lake Mormons succeed and thrive in the nineteenth century even as other social experiments failed?

Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership.

Which of the following contributed to the harassment and persecution of Mormons at Nauvoo in the early 1840s?

Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections

"[T]he Western world had typically connected church and state. Now the Americans undertook to experiment with their separation: Religion would be purely voluntary. The results astonished both friends and foes of Christianity. . . . Far from hindering religion, the American model of voluntarism hugely facilitated it, liberating powerful religious energies. Religion, which had played such an important part in the life of the American colonies, was reinvigorated . . . in the life of the American republic. . . . Americans . . . experienced widespread direct democracy through the creation, administration, and financing of churches and other voluntary societies. . . . Women, African Americans, and newly arrived poor immigrants were all participating in religion, often in leadership roles, before they participated in politics." — Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What God Hath Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 Which of the following types of evidence would most likely support the conclusions Howe offers in the excerpt?

Nineteenth-century newspapers that covered local events and individuals in small towns

Smallholding planters in the nineteenth-century South owned about how many slaves, on average?

One to five

Which of the following was an evangelical movement that believed the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and people could attain complete freedom from sin?

Perfectionism

Why did a labor crisis develop in the Cotton South in the first few decades of the 1800s?

Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

Which of these factors explained the surplus of slaves in the Chesapeake region in the early nineteenth century?

Population growth through natural reproduction

Why did the United States decline to annex Texas in 1837?

President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery.

The American Lyceum movement of the 1830s engaged in which of the following efforts?

Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures

Which of the following were the three key elements of Clay's American system?

Protective tariff, subsidized internal improvements, and the national bank

Roman Catholic immigration into the United States in the 1840s had which of the following effects?

Protestants' rejection of their new Catholic coworkers undercut trade unionism.

Which of the following replaced canals as the primary form of transportation in the United States in the nineteenth century?

Railroads

Which of the following statements characterizes African American marriage customs in the slave South?

Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

The notion of slavery as a "necessary evil" and a "positive good" was supported by which idea?

Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson believe would promote an individual's mystical union with God and achievement of self-realization?

Spending time alone in nature

"The Erie Canal . . . brought together people who might otherwise have preferred to remain apart, such as churchgoing . . . New England[ers], and rowdier, hard drinking . . . workers who didn't much care for . . . the moral conventions of their employers. It . . . brought . . . new books, newspapers, and magazines to affluent families . . . and inspired them to replicate the . . . genteel respectability they found there. It loosened apprentices and journeymen from their masters, but it did not erase the masters' . . . conviction that they were responsible for the conduct of their workers. . . . It fostered a belief among propertied families that . . . the world could be improved, that wicked people could become good, and that good people could become perfect." — Harry L. Watson, historian, Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay: Democracy and Development in Antebellum America, 1998 Which of the following was the major cause of the developments described in the excerpt?

The Market Revolution

Which of the following Puritan ideas became a middle-class conviction with a secular twist during industrialization in the early 1800s?

The Protestant work ethic

The public movement for women's rights developed out of which of the following sources in the 1840s?

The Second Great Awakening

Which of the following was the critical catalyst for antebellum reform movements?

The Second Great Awakening

The construction of the Erie Canal had which of the following negative consequences?

The construction of the canal and its heavy use altered the ecology of the entire region.

Which of these factors created a major economic obstacle for small, family farmers aiming to improve their lot in the mid-nineteenth-century South?

The cotton revolution

"[T]he Western world had typically connected church and state. Now the Americans undertook to experiment with their separation: Religion would be purely voluntary. The results astonished both friends and foes of Christianity. . . . Far from hindering religion, the American model of voluntarism hugely facilitated it, liberating powerful religious energies. Religion, which had played such an important part in the life of the American colonies, was reinvigorated . . . in the life of the American republic. . . . Americans . . . experienced widespread direct democracy through the creation, administration, and financing of churches and other voluntary societies. . . . Women, African Americans, and newly arrived poor immigrants were all participating in religion, often in leadership roles, before they participated in politics." — Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What God Hath Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 Which of the following activities from the middle of the nineteenth century most closely resembles the religious voluntarism Howe describes?

The creation of self-help associations by free blacks in Philadelphia

Which of the following statements characterizes the domestic slave trade in the nineteenth century?

The domestic market brought wealth to American traders.

Which of these factors contributed to the development of an increasingly homogenous African American culture in the rural South in the nineteenth century?

The domestic slave trade

Which of the following statements characterizes the cotton planter class in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas in the mid-nineteenth century?

The goal of the planter class was to make money.

What was the gag rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836?

The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House.

The cotton boom that began in the 1810s set which of the following results in motion?

The redistribution of the African American population

"The Erie Canal . . . brought together people who might otherwise have preferred to remain apart, such as churchgoing . . . New England[ers], and rowdier, hard drinking . . . workers who didn't much care for . . . the moral conventions of their employers. It . . . brought . . . new books, newspapers, and magazines to affluent families . . . and inspired them to replicate the . . . genteel respectability they found there. It loosened apprentices and journeymen from their masters, but it did not erase the masters' . . . conviction that they were responsible for the conduct of their workers. . . . It fostered a belief among propertied families that . . . the world could be improved, that wicked people could become good, and that good people could become perfect." — Harry L. Watson, historian, Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay: Democracy and Development in Antebellum America, 1998 The developments described in the excerpt were most directly associated with which of the following occurring in the United States at that time?

The rise of the middle class

Which of these inventions spurred the growth of agriculture in the Midwest in the 1840s?

The steel plow

Which of these factors contributed to the tremendous increase in commercialized sex in the new cities of the mid-nineteenth century?

The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs

Which of the following was the message of Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, published in full in 1818?

The suggestion that an industrious man could become wealthy

Why was the domestic slave trade crucial to the southern economy?

The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations.

Which of the following statements was true of the American South in 1860?

The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the economies of the North and the South in the mid-nineteenth century?

The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South.

The Shakers' name came from which of the following?

Their particular form of worship

Which of the following factors explained the rapid growth of western cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New Orleans?

Their role in transportation networks

By the early 1840s, Garrison and his supporters in the American Anti-Slavery Society had transformed their agenda in which of the following ways?

They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks.

Which of the following describes the nineteenth-century Shakers?

They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.

Why are the Oneidians, Shakers, and Fourierists historically significant?

They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

Which of the following did Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville have in common?

They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.

What prevented planter elites from exercising complete political dominance over the Cotton South in the 1830s and 1840s?

They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men.

Which of the following describes the residents of the Brook Farm community of the 1840s?

They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life.

Which of the following describes the minstrel shows that became popular in American cities in the 1840s?

They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.

Which of these statements describes Southern rice planters of the mid-nineteenth century?

They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy.

Children born in slave communities in the nineteenth-century South often shared which of these characteristics?

They were named after family members.

Which of the following statements describes the class of propertyless whites living in the South in the mid-nineteenth century?

They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites.

What was the purpose of the Female Moral Reform Society, which middle-class New York women founded in 1834?

To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families

Which of the following was a result of the Turner Rebellion of the 1830s?

Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented.

Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Ralph Waldo Emerson were well known for their involvement in which of the following movements?

Transcendentalism

The philosophy that people could gain mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses is known as which of the following?

Transcendentalism

Under the task system, slaves were required to

complete a precisely defined job each day.

Mob violence against abolitionist efforts in the 1830s and 1840s was

often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages.

In their book American Slavery as It Is, Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters

presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery.

During the 1840s and 1850s, Roman Catholic churches in the United States were known for

providing community services and a sense of group identity for most Irish and many German immigrants.

The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by

separating family members through sale and trade.