APUSH Exam

Allegheny Mountains

Part of the Appalachian mountain range that extends from West Virginia through Pennsylvania.

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

Passed by president Wilson that made credit available to farmers at low-interest rates

Working Men's Compensation Act (1916)

Passed under Woodrow Wilson, provided assistance for federal civil service employees during periods of disability

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Pay off all war debts, create a national bank, proposed a tariff on import to generate revenue, proposed taxes on nonessential items like whiskey

Mestizos

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.

credit

People start to buy consumer goods and stocks without actually using money, they use credit from the bank

Free Soilers

People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories

Bracero Program (1942)

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms during a labor shortage when all the laborers were fighting in WWII

Nathaniel Bacon

Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony (bacon's rebellion)

William "Boss" Tweed

Polical Machine Leader of NYC's Tammany Hall. Corrupt in spending tax dollars. Stole millions of dollars from NYC. His political machine would inflate the prices and pocket extra money.

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Omaha Platform (1892)

Political agenda adopted by the Populist Party in 1892.

Huey Long

Political leader from Louisiana who criticized the New Deal and supported a "share the wealth" policy

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant, start the nativist movement

Know-Nothing Party (American Party)

Political party that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Robert J. Walker

Polk's secretary of treasury

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)

Prayer in classrooms was determined to be in violation of the First Amendment.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Court Packing Plan (1937)

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Great Society (1964-1965)

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. Focused on education, immigration and voter reform, and medical care for the poor and elderly

Alliance for Progress (1961)

President Kennedy's program through which the United States provided aid for social and economic programs in Latin America in order to prevent the spread of communism

four acre act

President McKinley signed a civil law that established a civilian government in Puerto Rico but did not give full independence

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's policy of linking American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad

Fair Deal (1949)

President Truman's proposals to build upon the New Deal with national health insurance, the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Labor Act, new civil rights legislation, and other initiatives; most were rejected by the Republican-controlled Congress.

American Neutrality in WWI

President Wilson's proclamation of neutrality to keep U.S. out of WWI

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (less powerful of the india companies, raided and looted)

Wilson's 14 Points

President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace, wilson proposed it because he believed that the US had an obligation to make the world safe for democracy -Points 1-4: deal with open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, the removal of trade barriers, and the reduction of military arms -Point 5: developed a fair system for solving disputes between colonies -Points 6-13: deal with self-determination (people can choose how they want to govern themselves, deals with how the government will form in new countries ) -Point 14: the creation of the league of nations US never joins the league of nations or signs the treaty of Versailles because Wilson dies of a heart attack

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)

President during the Cold War, new deal moderate republican

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Era of Forgetten Presidents

Presidents were less powerful that monopolists like Carnegie, Morgan, and Rockerfeller (presidents 18-25: grant, hayes, garfield, arthur, cleveland, harrison, clevelend (again), mckinley)

Violence in the Senate (1856)

Preston Brooks assaulted Charles Sumner with a cane in retaliation of the attack on his uncle.

Stock Watering

Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.

Model Treaty (1776)

Treaty "blueprint" written by the second continental congress (John) Adams in 1776 to guide the americans commissioners it was about to dispatch into the french courts (no political connection, no military connection, only commercial connection)

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal in central america

mass production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union. (only freed southern slaves so he does not make border states upset), south does not listen since they believe Lincoln is no longer their president which gives northerners a cause to fight for

Depression of 1893

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused by overspeculation. Cleveland turns to private banker JP Morgan and he agrees to lend the US govt 65 million dollars in gold to pull them out of the depression.

Philadelphia Plan (1969)

Program established by Richard Nixon to require construction trade unions to work toward hiring more black apprentices. The plan altered Lyndon Johnson's concept of "affirmative action" to focus on groups rather than individuals.

Robert La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and was a significant figure of the progressive movement

Gag Resolution (1836)

Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

18th Amendment (1919)

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

15th Amendment (1870)

Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery) - male suffrage granted

Bank of the United States - BUS (1791)

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan.

Tariff of 1842

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates to promote american industry, viewed as tyler as necessary for the country

quakers

Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people, unliked by most english settlers

Popé's Rebellion

Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.

Hully Gee

Pulitzer's comic strip, created term yellow journalism

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritan colony in New England who received a royal charter to start their colony in the new world

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, speaker of "City upon a hill", believed he had a calling from god to lead the colony

Virginia House of Burgess (1619)

Purpose: To make laws for the colony of Jamestown which later became Virginia. Contribution to Representative Government: They could make laws that could be vetoed by the Governor and directors of the Virginia Company

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax (this is the beggining of the govt making money from other places than tariffs)

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Tariff of 1832

Reduced the Tariff of 1828, but was not sufficient enough for Southerners

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson (according to jackson)

Goals of FDR's New Deal

Relief, Recovery, Reform

21st Amendment (1933)

Repeal of prohibition (18th Amendment)

Newt Gingrich

Representative from Georgia who led the "Contract with America" and eventually became the Speaker of the House; he and Clinton battled many times while he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget

Thomas Reed

Republican Speaker of the House in 1888, he gained a reputation for an iron grip over Congress and kept Democrats in line.

"Bloody Shirt"

Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. believed in laissez faire economics, american individualism, and free enterprise

Barry Goldwater (1964)

Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history.

Billion Dollar Congress (1889-91)

Republican-controlled Congress known for its lavish spending on the Grand Army of the Republic

War Hawks

Republicans during Madison's presidency who pressed for war with Britain

Mugwumps

Republicans who support the democratic candidate Cleveland because they distrust James d. Blaine (because of his financial corruption)

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war (Edwin Stanton - last of Lincoln administration) in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798-99

Response by Jeffersonian republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts that introduced nullification (a state can declare a federal law null or void), states the the states have federal rights the government cannot abridge,

Bonus Army (1932)

WWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding their bonus pay before the 1945 due date. Hoover responded to this by sending in the army to control the protestors

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients and prison reform - created first wave of US mental asylums

NYC Draft Riots of 1863

Riot that lasted for several days caused by drunken, pillaging mob of underprivileged and anti-black Irish Americans resisting the draft

Destroyers for Bases Agreement (1941)

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police. (6th amendment)

Brooks-Sumner Incident

SC Congressman Brooks (pro-slavery) took a cane to MA Senator Sumner (abolitionist) after he insulted SC, slavery, and Brook's uncle andrew butler.

Treaty of Velasco (1836)

Santa Anna "freed" Texas with this treaty

The Treaty of 1646

Treaty that ended the Anglo-Powhatan Wars and segregated the Indians from the settlers

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Appeasement

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money by Albert Fall

Powhatan

Wanted peaceful relations between his tribe & Virginia settlers; demonstrated by a mock execution of John Smith.

Powhatan Indians

Wanted peaceful relations between his tribe & Virginia settlers; demonstrated by a mock execution of John Smith.

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally during Prohibition

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

Secret negotiation attempting to acquire Cuba as a slave state from Spain that stated that if Spain didn't allow America to buy Cuba for $120 million, then America would attack Cuba on grounds that Spain's continued ownership of Cuba endangered American interests.(US fails to gain Cuba)

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who Believed in trickle-down economics

Congregational Church

Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church (a colonial response to the anglican church)

Second Seminole War

Seminoles in Florida resisted the pressures to relocate. Cheif Osceola staged an uprising in 1835 to defend their land. Jackson kept sending troops into Florida but the indians were masters of guerrilla warfare. .Osceola was captured by white troops. The government gave up on the war by 1842. By then the Seminoles had either been killed or forced westward

Debate in the Senate over the league of nations

Senate is divided into 3 parts on the league of nations: people for it - democrats, oppose it - republicans, reservationists - both agree and disagree with the treaty, like parts but not all

Nicholas Trist

Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War (negotiates the treaty of gadalupe hidalgo)

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Divorce Bill/Independent Treasury (1837)

Separating the government from banking all together by establishing and independent treasury

Aroostook War

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842

First Anglo-Powhatan War

Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy & English settlers in Virginia. English colonies, torched & pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish.

Black Hawk War (1832)

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and native tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

Hull House

Settlement home designed by Jane Addams as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones

She was a labor activist that took up the plight of women in the work world in the late 1800s.

Joint-Stock Companies

Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fun England's early colonial ventures.

Civilian Works Administration (CWA) (1933)

Short-term relief program, created public-works employment for the jobless during the winter

Pickney's Treaty (1795)

Signed by Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida

Wanghia Treaty (1844)

Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers (britain), greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

Roanoke Island (1585)

Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina (England tried to conquer it but it just disappeared)

Battle of Manila Bay (1898)

Site of the dramatic American naval victory that led to U.S. acquisition of rich, Spanish-owned Pacific islands

Charge of San Juan Hill (1898)

Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches

Conquistadores

Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.

Dixie

Slang term for the Confederacy, also a popular Southern song

The Burden of Bondage

Slaves were not permitted to read because reading brought ideas and ideas brought discontent. Slavery in the South was known as the "peculiar institution."

Leisler's Rebellion

Small New York revolt of 1689-1691 that showed class tensions between landlords and aspiring merchants

Caravel

Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey.

Redeemers

Southern Democrats who sought "Home Rule" in the South, and for it to be taken from republicans

Warsaw Pact (1955)

Soviet Allies that agreed to protect each other in the even of an attack, response to NATO

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.

Encomienda

Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.

Four Freedoms Speech (1941)

Speech given by Franklin Roosevelt where he outlined the nation's goals of freedom of speech and worship, freedom from want and fear

Missile Crisis (1962)

Standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in which the Soviets agreed to remove missiles from Cuba if the United States promised not to invade the island.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

States can regulate abortion, but not with regulations that impose "undue burden" upon women; did not overturn Roe v. Wade, but gave states more leeway in regulating abortion

No Child Left Behind Act (2001)

States must adopt education accountability standards States must annually test students. Sanctions against schools that fail to meet adequate yearly progress

USA Patriot Act (2001)

Strengthens the federal government's power to conduct surveillance, perform searches, and detain individuals in order to combat terrorism. caused by the 9/11 terrorist attacks

Scabs

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

Levittown

Suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families.

Brigham Young

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one.

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court decision that overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); the Court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

Supreme Court upheld laws limiting hours women could work to protect them (on the basis of the thought that they are weaker than men)- women are placed at a financial disadvantage since they now work fewer hours than men

Ex parte Milligan (1866)

Supreme court rules that military tribunals cannot try civilians in wartime if civil courts are open

Wabash v. Illinois (1886)

Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce

creation of the department of commerce (1903)

TR oversees the creation of the department of commerce. Created to settle disputes between workers and business owners

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues - angers the south since it favors the northern economy

Wartime economy in the US during WWI

Taxes were high, women got jobs because the men were fighting, there was higher demand of goods because all money made went towards war debt, economy switched to consumer-driven to producing war goods (guns, etc.)

Black Ivory

Term used for Slaves because they were so valuable, regarded as "investments"

Alphabet Soup

Term used to refer to the group of New Deal programs created to provide "Relief, Reform, and Recovery" for American citizens, banks, and businesses during the Great Depression

Old Lights, New Lights

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church.

Chesapeake Affair (1807)

The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the ship to board to look for british soldiers. In response, the ship is fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. (violate of US neutrality)

Battle of Hampton Roads (1862)

The Battle of the Ironclads; Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia): ended in a draw

Bill of Rights (1791)

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Reason why all citizens accepted the constitution. protected state and individual rights

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their ancestral lands to go to west of the Mississippi. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Rollback Policy

The Cold War foreign policy which claimed that communist states would not fail unless action was taken to reverse their growth or remove them.

Preston Brooks

Was a Congressman from South Carolina, notorious for brutally assaulting senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate.

Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

Washington declares United States neutrality in the face of emerging European conflicts (US needs to focus on its domestic affairs before getting involved in foreign affairs), starts a US trend of isolationism

poll taxes and literacy tests

Ways that tried to prevent African Americans from voting

49th Parallel

The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel

De Lome Letter

The Spanish ambassador insults President McKinley in this document; accused America of being weak and McKinley of being a people pleaser president

Robert McNamara

The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architech for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment.

Battle of Chancellorsville (1863)

The Union was defeated again with the Confederacy being led by Robert E. Lee. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was killed after accidentally being wounded here by one of his own men

Volstead Act (1919)

The adoption of the prohibition amendment, which banned the sale of alcohol, led to this act.

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American socity more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.

Gold Market Scandal

The attempt by Jay Gould and Jim Fisk to corner the gold market / Involved bribery, shady tactics, and straight up lying / Ended up sending gold prices skyrocketing

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States, killing nearly 2000 Americans. Caused many floods that destroyed New orleans

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

V-J Day (September 2, 1945)

The day Japan signed surrender documents

Pequot War (1637)

The expansion of English settlement led to wars against the native peoples. In this war, 700 Pequots were killed by the colonists and their Indian allies.

Causes of Spanish American War

The explosion of the USS Maine, the de lome letter, yellow journalism

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

The federal government established this in 1836 to be in charge of the relocated Indians. (sent native children away to boarding school to learn english)

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government, an important connection between the North and the West.

The election of 1796

The first real contested presidential election. Federalists support John Adams, Republicans support Thomas Jefferson. Adams wins, Jefferson becomes V.P.

Warrren G Harding's administration

The good (Secretary of state: Charles Evan Hughes, Secretary of treasury: Andrew W. Mellon, Secretary of Commerce: Herbert hoover) and The bad (Secretary of the interior: Albert fall, Attorney general: Harry M. Daughtery)

2013 government shutdown

The government shut down in 2013 for reasons involving the federal debt and the economic stat

Social Security Act of 1935

The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged and disabled

Habeus Corpus

The legal protection that prohibits the imprisonment of a subject without the subject being present at the court

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

House of Burgesses

The legislature of colonial Virginia

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period, 50 slaves attempt to go to spanish florida

Western Expansion

The people of the US want to move westward to try to make their own fortune, populations in the west rise

Big Stick Diplomacy

The policy held by Teddy Roosevelt in foreign affairs. The "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them. "speak softly": have good diplomatic relations.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

The program under which the US supplied other democracies with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945.

Dawes Plan (1924)

The provision of U.S. Loans to Germany to help meet reparation payments, which were also reduced. Makes the US a creditor nation

Saftey Valve Theory

The safety valve theory was a theory about how to deal with unemployment which gave rise to the Homestead Act of 1862 in the United States.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States who opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Battleship Missouri

The ship where the formal peace treaty was signed between Japan and the Allied forces

Little Red Schoolhouse

The stereotypical learning environment during the 1800s; consisted of one room, one stove, one teacher, and eight grades

Occupation of Alcatraz (1969-1971)

The take over of a closed prison by AIM in order to protest land rights.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)

The thirty-second president of the United States, he was the only American president to be elected to four terms of office. Democrat. Did not like to be photographed in his wheelchair that he needed since he had polio as a child. under his presidency, women play a big role in government. dealt with the depression by deficit spending.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old world societies after 1492.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

The treaty between Spain and Portugal divided the New World by giving a good portion to Spain, but also giving Portugal land in Africa and Asia, and part of modern-day Brazil.

Lowell System

The use of water powered textile mills that employed young unmarried women in the 1800's

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all (consumers, corporations, labor, conservation)

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

There may not be a prayer, even a nondenominational one, in public schools

Second Red Scare (1950s)

There was again in the US a fear of communist gaining power.

Industrial Jobs

These attracted americans from the rural areas to the cities

Free Blacks

They were ex-slaves were either freed by their owners or escaped. The were considered free, but were still held under many restrictions and racial laws and found limited work. They developed their own communities, cultures, found work and were able to develop economically.

Weathermen

They were the most radical fringe of the Students for a Democratic Society, they embraced violence and vandalism in their attacks on American institutions.

Korean War (1950-1953)

This "forgotten war" had been fought because of the American policy of containment

Johnny Burgoyne

This British general who attempted to takeover Fort Ticonderoga and later surrendered at Saratoga

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) (1972)

This agreement froze each country's arsenal of missiles.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

U.S. acquisition of land south of the land below the mexican cession for $10 million; the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States

First Hundred Days (1933)

This is the term applied to President Roosevelt's first three months in taking office. During this time, FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910.

cattle drives

This refers to the forced migration of massive numbers of cattle to the railroads where they could be shipped to the East.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

This tariff replaced and lowered the mckinley tariff

Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hurt the economy.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and established the US borders

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

who was George Washington's cabinet?

Thomas Jefferson (secretary of state), Alexander Hamilton (secretary of the treasury), Henry Knox (secretary of war), Edmund Randolph (attorney general)

U2 Spy Plane Incident (1960)

U.S. spy plane was shot down over Soviet airspace; U.S. denied it was a spy plane, but the Soviets had the plane and the pilot

US annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so white plantation owners overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty to settle maine boundary disputes and end the aroostook war (US gets more land than expected)

Oregon Territory (1818)

US and the British agree to joint occupation (shared custody of Oregon), Russia later gets involved and joint owns it by 1819

Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)

US claims of innocent US Destroyers being bombed by North Vietnamese torpedo boats

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy (more of a statement) warning Britain to respect US neutrality and isolationism (main ideas: non-colonization, non-intervention)- The US did not have the military power to back up this doctrine

William Henry Harrison

US leader during the battle of tippecanoe and 9th President who dies of pneumonia a month after his inaugural speech

American Frigates

US ships that had reinforced iron sides so they were stronger and could sail with more firepower (Most famous USS constitution)

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

Don't Ask Don't Tell

Under Clinton administration. Concerns allowing gays into military but forbids begin openly homosexual.

The Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)

Unhappy with the taxes Parliament imposed on the colonies, colonists in Boston gathered in a crowd and began taunting British soldiers and throwing snowballs because they were upset at the death of an 11 year old boy in a protest. As a result, British soldiers fired into the crowd killing five people.

Dominion of Canada (1867)

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks from the United States and designed to strengthen the Canadians against the possible vengeance of the United States

Peninsula Campaign (1862)

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital

Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872)

Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earnings a lot of money. The company paid off members of Congress and the Vice President.

Railroads

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west, most significant development of the economy

Aaron Douglas

"Father of Black American Art"

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; created the first water powered cotton mill.

Shawnee Mission

"Puppet" government established by pro-slavery individuals in Kansas

noche triste (June 30, 1520)

"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernán Cortés and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlán, killing hundreds. Cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inagurating three centuries of Spanish rule.

Herbert Spencer

"Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures

Third War with England

"War" in which British and American writers "fought" with scathing written commentaries about the opposing country. It was fostered by lingering Ant-British feeling in America.

what do the colonies call themselves in the articles of confederation?

"a firm league of friendship"

ABC policy

"anybody but Carter"; spread by democrats and republicans

Horace Mann

"father of public education in america" who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (higher pay for teachers, longer school years, better conditions in schoolhouses, more schoolhouses, curriculum expansion)

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who led the Pottawatomie creek massacre

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty

Veteran Bureau Scandal (1923)

-$200 million dollars meant to build and fund hospitals was stolen from the Veterans Bureau -The head of the veteran's bureau stole the money

Treaty of Paris of 1763

-1763 -treaty that ended the French-indian war -entitles everyone who fought (british, spanish, french) to land -except native americans, causes tension and pontiac's uprising

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

-27 delegates from 9 of the colonies meet in NYC to issue the declaration of rights and grievances, in which they asked the king to repeal the tax legislation -They also agree to boycott British goods in the nonimportation agreements -Parliament repeals the stamp act in 1766 but made the declaratory laws

Trent Affair (1861)

-A Union warship stopped a British steamer, the Trent, and removed 2 Confederate diplomats -Britain started to send troops to Canada in retaliation, but the situation was resolved when President Lincoln freed the Confederate prisoners.

Shakers

-A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and that men and women are equal -welcomed african americans -Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.

Second Great Awakening

-A wave of religious fervor swept over the country in response to the rise of unitarianism -Believes there is a liberalization of religion, and people have moved too far away from the essential church teachings -Women became more involved in religion. -increase in membership in baptist and methodist churches

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

-Abe Lincoln's president 1. Amnesty granted to all who took an oath of loyalty to the US and pledge to obey all federal laws pertaining to slavery 2. High Confederate officials and military leaders were to be temporarily excluded from the process 3. Once 10% of the number of voters who had participated in the 1860 election take oat, that state could launch a new government and elect representatives to congress and be readmitted as a state

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

-American poet that was important in building the status of American literature -partially influenced by Transcendentalism but was not a transcendentalist -one of the most famous poets to come from America; wrote for the wealthy class; was adopted by the less-cultured class.

Noah Webster

-American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education and encourage patriotism -He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Mercantilism

-An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought -the idea that the colonies only exist for the mother country (Britain)

Sugar Act (1764)

-An import taxation on sugar form the west indies -First law passed by parliament for the sole purpose of raising revenue in the colonies for the crown to pay for the French and Indian war

The Klu Klux Klan

-Anti-foreign, ant-catholic, anti-jewish, anti-black, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, anti-bootlegger, anti-gambling, anti-adultery, and anti-birth control -Pro-white, anglo-Saxon protestant, "native" born Americans (whites, not the native Americans)

Exodusters

-Black freedman who left the south to seek opportunity in kansas (25,000 blacks from LA, TX, MS, from 1878-1880) -Abruptly stopped and failed when steamboat captains refused to transport more former slaves across the mississippi river (racism)

Causes of the War of 1812

-British impressment of American sailors -The United States suspected the British of encouraging Native American rebellion "War Hawk" Congressional leaders pressed for intervention -American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans and the British -War Hawks also wanted to annex Canada and Florida -Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled -Eventually, the United States sided with France against Britain -battle of tippecanoe, orders of council

Confederate commerce-raiders

-British shipyards were surreptitiously producing Confederate commerce-raiders. -The British ships left their ports unarmed, picked up arms elsewhere, and captured Union ships.

Battle of Quebec (1759)

-British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec -The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America. -the last time the french flag flies in canada

Compromise of 1850

-California would be admitted as a free state -The remainder of the Mexican cession would be divided into two separate territories: new Mexico and Utah (each of these territories will have popular sovereignty to decide whether they want slavery) -Texas would cede its claim to parts of new mexico territory and in exchange the government would cover texas' 10 million dollar war debt -The slave trade would be abolished in the district of Columbia, but slavery itself would continue -Congress would strengthen the fugitive slave act, by requiring citizens of any state, slave or free, to assist in capture and return of runaway slaves

President Lincoln's use of executive power during the civil war

-Called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the "insurrection" in the south (does not want to be perceived as the aggressor) -Authorized spending in the war -Suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus

Rise of the Automobile in the 1920s

-Cars allowed greater mobility to people -railroad companies suffer -gives americans a sense of independence -no licensing system at first

Five-Power Treaty (1922)

-Committed the US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to disarmament and reduction in military and naval build-up -Pact gave Japan naval supremacy in the Pacific

stem cell research - George bush

-Cut funding for stem cell research -Scientists believed that stem cell research could lead to cures for diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

-Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery and advocated for abolition -Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

-Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract. -reverses muller vs oregon -women are no longer entitled to special protection in the workplace

Confederacy Advantages in Civil War

-Defensive war -Military leadership (Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Jeb Stuart)

Andrew Jackson "born to command" political cartoon

-Depicted as royalty -Standing on the ripped-up constitution, the judiciary book, and the american system papers -Violates supremacy clause (no branch of government is above the law) -Holding a sceptre (Symbol of power/force) -Holding a veto in his hand: exploiting the veto -Eagle is used as a table leg: america is jackson's standing point to get higher in ranking

Insular Cases

-Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens. -The rule that if America takes over a country it doesn't automatically mean that the citizens of that country become US citizens, or that they are protected by the constitution

Washington Burned (1814)

-During the War of 1812, a British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and burned the White House Attack came in response to the American burning of Toronto -The armada proceeded toward Baltimore; America's Fort McHenry held firm through bombardment Inspired Francis Scott Key's "Star Spangled Banner"

impact of WWII

-End to the great depression -Post-war economic boom -Demographic shifts (Baby boom, Sunbelt (south) grows, African Americans move north) -End of isolation -Beginning of the cold war

Whig Political Party views

-Favored strong central government -Supported Clay's american system -Tended to support public school and moral reform (prohibition of liquor) -Favored by: new england area, protestants

Anti-Crime Bill (1994)

-Funding for 100,000 new police officers -Construction of more prisons -A federal ban on some assault weapons (expired in 2004)- attempt to enact gun control

Mexican Revolution

-General Huerta becomes president of Mexico and Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta as the president strongly dislikes him, sends troops to the borders -The US provides weapons to Huerta's enemies (Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, Venustiano Caranza) - they support his overthrow Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy in Mexico was a disaster

Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1872)

-Government agency that provided food, shelter, medical aid to newly freed slaves -The greatest success was education -Fisk and Howard universities, as well as 3,000 primary and secondary schools were established -Over 200,000 taught to read -Head of Bureau: General Oliver O. Howard

Union Advantages in the Civil War

-Greater population (22 million v 9 million) -Industrial advantage (80% of all manufacturing) -Weapons, interchangeable parts, muskets, guns

Paxton Boys

-Group of Scots-Irish led an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy lenient policy towards the Indians -Also led the Regulator Movement in North Carolina against eastern domination of the colony's affairs

impact of industrial revolution

-Increased standard of living -Urbanization (increase it city population) -The workplace becomes regimented and impersonal (each worker is another number rather than a person) -Women gained social and economic independence

Women in the workforce during the cold war

-Increases in scientific/technological advances put more women in the workforce -Creates tension between the idealistic women view vs the new women view -Helps create the feminist movement

WorldCom Scandal (2002)

-Inflated their assets by as much as 11 billion dollars, leading to lost jobs and 180 billion dollars lost for investors -Ceo Bernie Ebbers underreported line costs by capitalizing rather than expensing and inflated revenues with fake accounting entries -He got caught by the internal auditioning department who uncovered a lot of money in fraud -Ebbers went to prison -Leads to congress passing a bill to regulate businesses

Jackson's Inauguration

-Jackson invited the public to the White House to celebrate his Inauguration on -alcohol was served, and the people became a drunken mob -Thousands of dollars in damages, including broken china and broken windows, were done -The mob was only dispersed when the punch bowls were brought outside on the lawn

Election of 1832

-Jackson v Clay -Jackson wins relection since votes are split between clay and wirt -parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is -First time a third party was in an election, William Wirt (Anti-Masonic party: anti jackson party)

Prime minister George Grenville

-Least popular person in the colonies at the time -Advocated for a stricter enforcement of the navigation laws

20th Amendment (1933)

-Limits the number of terms a president can serve to 2 -Decreases "lame duck period" -Changes inauguration day from March 4 to January 20

14th Amendment (1868)

-Made after the civil rights act to bolster the cause so that southerners could not resist -Declared all persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens -Obligated states to respect the rights of US citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law"

underlying causes of the mexican war

-Manifest destiny -Desire of acquisition of california -America claims the loss of american lives -America has a desire for money for damages from the mexican government

panic of 1857 effects on the north

-Most hard hit from financial panic -Thousands of business closures

Congress' Plan for Reconstruction

-Motivation: revenge, concern for freedom, keep the republican party in power -Maintain wartime agenda: protective tariffs, the pro-business national banking system. -Liberal land policies for settlers, federal aid for RR development -Civil rights act of 1866: 14th amendment -Tenure of Office Act (1867) -15th Amendment (1869) -Reconstruction acts of 1867

Causes of Imperialism

-Overseas markets -Literature/Books (books that promote missionaries and a strong navy) -panama canal

Panama Canal

-Provides a shorter travel route and a decreased travel cost from the east coast to the west coast by boat -Causes a decrease in shipping costs and time

Esch-Cummins Transportation Act (1920)

-Railroad companies are allowed to privately manage themselves again -Repeal of progressive reform -removes the government from managing railroads

Black Belt

-Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves -emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.

American Progress Painting

-Represented manifest destiny, shows movement east to west -agriculture -electricity/ communication -spread of American process (Bible/Constitution)

Salem Witch Trials

-Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts -represents social class tensions -women who own property and are powerful get accused by lower class men -caused hysteria

Enron Scandal (2002)

-Shareholders list 74 billion in profits, thousands of employees, and investors lost their account -Many lost jobs -Ceo Jeff Skilling and former CEO Ken Lay: they kept huge debts off the balance sheets -Lay died before he could get jail time -They got caught by internal-whistling blowing and high stock prices fueled suspicion

Democrat political party views

-Small national government -Federal government should stay out of economic affairs and social issues -Favored by: south, west, and amongst workers in the urban areas

US-Cuba Relations

-Spain controls Cuba -Cuba resents Spanish imperialism, they want to be independent -They revolt to be independent Spanish put Cubans in reconcentration camps, many suffer -Cubans set fire to sugar plantations and hope the economic damage will push Spainish away -American investors have a lot of fo money riding on Cuban sugar so they get involved -The American public is sympathetic to the reconcentration camps -US SUPPORTS CUBA FOR ECONOMIC REASONS -Leads to the Spanish American war

Rise of Spectator Sports

-Sports emerge as a source of entertainment -helps the US economy

strength and weakness of britain during the American Revolution

-Strengths more people than the colonists (More manpower, 7.5 million British vs 2.5 million colonists) money, they have resources, financial ability to hire mercenaries have a navy professional army (50K men) loyalists and native Americans in the colony (did not support colony independence, were loyal to the crown) black loyalists are helped by the British after they lose to help find shelter outside of the colonies -Weaknesses Ireland was causing Britain trouble, diverting the attention the French are waiting for revenge from the French and Indian war British govt. is inept and confused British soldiers were reluctant to kill their American cousins Whigs in Britain cheered American victories British generals are second rate British have low supplies British are operating 3,000 miles away from home America is geographically expensive

strengths and weakness of the colonies in the American Revolution

-Strengths they believe in what they are fighting for their hearts and mind are dedicated to their cause solid leadership received French aid (Lafayette) foreign aid (Steuben helps train the colonists for war) fighting defensively (defensive strategy) self-sufficient (agriculture) women help the war effort (Look after farms and businesses while men are fighting) 5,000 black soldiers who fought for colonists -Weaknesses poor organization no money or supplies jealousy (competition among colonies)

The Colonists create a currency system

-The colonists see the issues of bartering so they make their own paper currency -England royally vetoes the colonists paper currency

decline of "king cotton"

-The south assumed the british would side with the confederacy because they were reliant on cotton -British is not as reliant as the south thought they would be 1. Britain had a surplus of cotton (no need for them to trade) 2. Britain also gets cotton from Egypt and India (other trade partners)

why did the US use atomic bombs on Japan?

-To save American lives -To demonstrate the power to the USSR -Revenge for pearl harbor -Belief that japan would fight to the last man (suicide and kamikaze pilots- committed to the cause)

Effects of the War of 1812

-U.S. economy was devastated. -war heroes are established (jackson, william henry harrison) -increased nationalism -led to the era of good feelings

Transcendentalist Movement

-U.S. literary movement -stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience -believed that knowledge transcends the senses and can't be found just by observation -knowledge comes from within the person -self-reliance, self-culture, and self-discipline -Influenced the antebellum reform movements.

More White-Collar Population

-U.S. population becoming better educated Workforce becoming more white-collar Job growth strongest for professional workers and weakest for manufacturing workers -Number of professional workers expected to increase

panic of 1857 effects on the south

-Virtually unaffected -Gives the south a false sense of confidence that contributes to their decision to secede from the union

why was General Douglas MacArthur fired?

-Wanting a larger-scale war in Korea than Truman -Ignored Truman orders and tried to escalate the US involvement in the war -Truman has to fire him

the flaws of the union draft during the civil war

-You can hire someone to fight in your place of pay a 300 dollar fine and not have to serve -Increases social class tensions (specifically among poor workers who cannot afford to pay the fine) -Civil war: "rich man's war, poor man's fight"

Great Awakening (1739-1744)

-a religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s -caused by boring sermons -first mass social movement in american history -more people become active in the church again

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

-abe lincoln vetoes 1. A state must have a majority within its borders take the oath of loyalty 2. A state must formally abolish slavery 3. No confederate officials could participate in new governments

Great Migration

-about 70,00 refugees left england, only 20-25,000 make it safely -attracted to massachusetts because they are puritan

Navigation Laws of 1763

-an attempt by Britain to restrict colonial trade by the use of the economic strategy of mercantilism -an attempt by Britain to increase the colonies dependence on Britain for trade. -hurt foreign merchants who depended on trade with other countries besides Britain -limited colonial manufacturing -served as a way to transfer wealth from the American colonies to Britain, by increasing the prices of British goods and lowering the prices that Americans received for the goods they produced

Presidential Reconstruction (1865)

-andrew johnson's plan for reconstruction 1. Pardons granted to those taking loyalty oaths 2. No pardons are given to high confederate officials and persons owning property valued over $20,000 3. A state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted 4. A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted

Chesapeake Bay

-bay on which Jamestown was built -suffered from disease -grew slowly -weak family ties -relied heavily on tobacco and slavery

Phyllis Wheatley

-born in africa -brought to boston as a slave -slaves were not formally educated, but she was unformally educated by her owners -becomes the first african american to publish a book of poems

Rise of Jazz (1920)

-born in new orleans -harlem renaissance

Lexington and Concord (1775)

-british commander sends troops to seize colonial military supplies in the town of concord since they are low on supplies -colonists attempt to fight back but are forced to retreat: britain wins

Pontiac's uprising (1763)

-cause: native response to the treaty of paris and not receiving any benefits -effect: attacked three british posts, illed 3,000 british colonists and military men

New England Family

-close knit communities -sum is greater than the community -religion related to govt. -early marriage leads to booming birth rate

Mormonism

-comprises the religious, institutional, and cultural elements of the most populace branch of the Latte Day Saint movement -Believed property should be shared and Polygamy was supported

Unitarianism

-derived from Deism -believed that God existed in only one person, and not the Trinity -did not believe in the divinity of jesus, they did believe in free will and salvation through good works -It appealed to mostly intellectuals.

John Quincy Adams difficulties as president

-doesnt have majority support -charges of corruption hang over him -refused to participate in patronage -less successful as president than as he was at secretary of state -angers westerners with his progressive beliefs (native americans being treated equally and no slavery)

The Stamp Act (1765)

-effort to raise funds to support british military forces -Required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper. -First direct tax paid by the people. -Boycotts were effective in repealing this Act.

King William's War (1689-1697)

-first of 4 wars -Also known as the War of the league of Augsburg -ends in a draw (tie) -treaty that ends the war states that all sides get the land they started with

Maine

-fishers, fur traders -there were failed attempts to take it over -eventually becomes absorbed into the MBC

New Hampshire

-fishing, trading -eventually joins the MBC, then later becomes its own state

Connecticut

-founded by dutch and english settlers -known as the constitution state -fundamental orders of connecticut -new haven: prosperous, combines with connecticut

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

-fourth and final war -started in america -directly involves colonists -main cause: conflict over the control of the ohio river valley -the british send George Washington to capture Fort Duquesne because it is near the ohio river valley -george washington is unsuccessful and forced to surrender

French canada

-french call canada "new france" -first permanent settlement: Quebec -samuel de champlain is the father of new france -autocratic: under complete control of the king -fur trade: hunted beavers for their fur -spread disease to natives -introduce alcohol to natives

Radical Whigs

-influenced american thinking -criticized the king -Fear the arbitrary power of the king/monarch and his ministers -View the king's power as a threat to liberty -They warn against political patronage, corruption and conspiracies

Nye Committee

-investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War -Claimed they had caused America's entry into WWI solely for their economic gain (they would make money for making war supplies). -Found no solid evidence, but found that wartime companies made a lot of money and that bankers suggested Wilson enter WWI to protect their bonds and loans -Results in an increase in support for US isolationism among Americans

Dominion of New England

-james ii response to the new england confederation -British govt. combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros) -ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-member of the women's right's movement in 1840 -advocated suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. -read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Great Migration (1916-1970)

-movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 -national disasters in the south displace African American men and women and put them out of work, so there is a large migration of African Americans from the south to the north -Over speculation in cities: large empty apartment buildings for them to live in

colonial everyday life

-no plumbing system or running water -food was plentiful -labor was heavy and constant -candles and whale oil provide light -no garbage disposal system

roadway system

-not reliable, not easily navigable -used for trade and transportation -people preferred to travel by waterways

Rhode Island

-open-minded and forward thinking -did not need property or be religious to vote or be in govt. -supported quakers

Rise of Radio in the 1920s

-people could hear news as it happened -creates a common american culture

New England Confederation

-primary purpose was defense against enemies -example of intercolonial unity

Lecomptom Constitution

-proslavery constitution in kansas -The document stated that the people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole, rather, they could vote on whether the constitution would be "with slavery" or "without slavery." -If slavery was voted against, then one of the provisions in the constitution would protect those who already owned slaves in Kansas.

push and pull factors for new immigrants

-push: lack of jobs, religious persecution, lack of land -pull: jobs, religious freedom, land, property

Taverns

-reliable source of democracy -considered the cradle of democracy-alcohol is served: people speak their mind more freely -open to all social classes -important info is spread -important for crystallizing public opinion

New England Geography

-rocky land -hot summers, cold winters -introduce livestock

John Quincy Adams achievements as secretary of state

-rush bagot agreement -british american convention -florida purchase treaty -monroe doctrine

Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)

-second of 4 wars -ends with the treaty of 1713: grants the british limited trade access to spanish america

Patterns of British Colonization

-similarities (similar language, felt they belonged to the motherland, allegiance to england) -differences (different economies, political systems, values, and patterns of settlement)

Dred Scott v Stanford (1857)

-the Supreme Court first ruled that because Scott was a black slave and not a citizen, he could not sue in Federal courts. -Since the 5th amendment forbade Congress from interfering with citizen's right to own property, and slaves were considered property, congress ruled that they could not make laws prohibiting slavery -stated that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional

The Boston Tea Party (1773)

-the british east india company is on the verge of bankruptcy -britain helps them back on their feet, but creates a new tea tax -colonists are outraged: they dress up as indians and sneak into the boston harbor -they dump chests of tea into the harbor in protests of the tax

mercantilism: theory vs practice

-theory:· mercantilism is selfish and oppressive -practice: · prior to 1763, the colonists experience no real burden cause by mercantilism because it was loosely enforced

King George's War (1744-1748)

-third of four wars -starts with the british and spanish in the war of jenkin's ear -french get involved: starts the war -drunken new england colonists capture louisbourg on behalf of england -the treaty that ended the war gave louisburg back to france -causes resentment towards the french from british colonists

Barter

-trading one object for another -The problem with the system: no standardized system of weights and measures, no way to see that what you are trading for has an equal value to your item

Laird Rams (1863)

-two Confederate iron warships were being constructed in Britain -designed to destroy the wooden ships of the union -Minister Adams warned "this is war" if the rams were released -Britain relented and bought the two ships for the Royal Navy

Southern Social Hierarchy

-wealthy planters: top level, most say in govt., society, economy, controlled the house of burgess -former indentured servants: landless whites

Reconstruction Act of 1867

1. Divide south into 5 military districts 2. Ex-confederate states had to ratify the 14th amendment and place guarantees in the constitution for granting the right to vote to all adult males regardless of race

Black Codes

1. Freedom and marriage were legally recognized 2. Forbade blacks from serving on a jury 3. A black person could be punished for "idleness" by being sentenced to work on a chain gang 4. Blacks were not allowed to vote 5. Prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land 6. Placed freedman in form of semi-bondage by forcing them to sign work contracts (vagrants or apprentices) 7. Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court 8. Varied from state to state (harshest in Mississipi, lenient in Georgia)

the north's anaconda plan

1. The naval blockade of southern ports, which would hurt the south who was heavily reliant on trade 2. Cut confederacy in ½ via Mississipi River 3. Attempt again to capture capital at Richmond, Virginia

James K. Polk's Four Point Plan

1. Wants to lower protective tariffs 2. Wants to restore the independent treasury 3. Wants to acquire california 4. Wants to acquire oregon

English Civil War

1. Was distracting old England, throwing the colonists upon their own resources

James K. Polk

11th president who wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. wanted to acquire California, and wanted to incorporate Texas into union.

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)

13th whig who secured Compromise of 1850 and was a supporter of Fugitive Slave Law, Faced secession threat

Mayans

1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.

James Buchanan

15th President who divided the powerful Democratic Party by enraging some Democrats of the North. He divided the only remaining national party and with it, the Union.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the Confederacy; opposed slavery

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States

Direct election of senators

17th amendment

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France made by Jefferson that doubled the size of the US.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico (mexican cession), was not passed by congress

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported popular sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses

Spanish-American War

1898 war that began when the United States demanded Cuba's independence from Spain

Cash & Carry Policy (1939)

1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam. Increases presidential power and escalates US involvement in Vietnam

Freedom Summer (1964)

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi sponsored by SNCC and CORE

Iranian Hostage Crisis

1979 kidnapping of American Embassy hostages in Iran. It lasted for more than a year. To resolve the Iranian Hostage Crisis, Carter first tried economic sanctions on Iran; this did not work. He then tried a commando rescue mission, but that had to be aborted. the hostages were released on the day of reagan's inauguration

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, compromise of 1877, first president to send troops to break up railroad strike

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, believed black people shoudl recieve a formal education and demand immediate equality, helped create NAACP

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction)

1st major battle of the civil war won by confederacy, proved war was going to be long and costly and contributes to the confederacy's confidence

Apollo 11 (1969)

1st successful moon mission by the US (Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong)

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

James Garfield

20th President who did not support political patronage, supported civil service reform, assassinated by Charles Guiteau

Chester A. Arthur

21th president after Garfield is assassinated, upheld garfield's policy of not using patronage, stalwart, pendelton act (1883)

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, laissez faire advocate

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; won electoral vote but lost popular vote

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: big stick diplomacy, panama canal, russo-japanese war, and root takhira agreement

John Adams

2nd president

1828 election

3 times the voter turnout than the 1824 election: jackson convinced voters he was "a man of the people" and would work for them. jackson winds over john quincy adams by using mud-slinging, saying he gave young US women to the russian czar. Jackson wins.

Jimmy Carter (1997-1981)

39th U.S. President. Democratic

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

how many articles in the constitution are there?

7 articles

Molasses Act of 1733

A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. It was an attempt by Britain to limit colonial trade. Led to bribing and smuggling.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show, who was also anti-semetic and facist

Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)

A German U-Boat sank the British passenger liner Lusitania (which was actually carrying ammunition) despite the American civilian passengers onboard.

Pony Express

A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along from Missouri to California; they could make the trek in 10 days.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

A New York State law fixing maximum working hours for bakers was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration.

Half-Way Covenant (1662)

A Puritan church document; allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church (led to increase in church members)

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony and challenged the concept of predetermination. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Species Circular of 1836

A United States executive order that was issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836. This required that government land be paid for in gold and silver.

Oklahoma City bombing (1995)

A bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City by militia-movement extremists.

How the Other Half Lives

A book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements in slums

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees (republican committee employees). Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Bolsheviks in American life.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A coalition that fought for Indian rights guaranteed by treaties

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Federalist Papers

A collection of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison anonymously to defend the Constitution in detail and attempt to get NY to agree with the constitution

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Cold War (1945-1991)

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. communism (soviets) vs capitalism (USA)

Senate

A council of representatives, equal number for each state

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire created by Samuel morse

Mechanical Reaper

A device that cuts grain at a faster rate created by Cyrus Mccormick, allowed for large-scale agriculture

John Slidell

A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico

The association

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods

U.S. Constitution (1787)

A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed.

Dust Bowl (1935)

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry, caused storms of dust that caused midwest land to be engulfed in dust and caused people to move west (okies)

stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party who supported the political machine and patronage.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression, widespread unemployment, and distress (jackson relocating money from the BUS and requires states government to pay with silver and gold instead of money- species circular act. many state economies collapse)

Impressment of American sailors

A forced enrollment of recruits for military duty (British capture American soldiers and forced them to fight - they thought they were fighting for France)

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Republicanism

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws, feared civic virtue would be overcome by greed, and supported a newfound idea of liberty

OJ Simpson Trial (1995)

A former football star who was accused of murdering his former wife and a young man in Los Angeles in 1994. He was eventually acquitted. This trial brought on a lot of racial tensions because most whites believed he was guilty while most blacks believed he was innocent.

George McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861, fired by Lincoln for being too "slow-moving"

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933)

A government program created by Congress to hire young unemployed men to improve the rural, out-of-doors environment with such work as planting trees, fighting fires, draining swamps, and maintaining National Parks.

Operation Wetback (1954)

A government program to roundup and deport as many as one million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States. The program was promoted in part by the Mexican government and reflected burgeoning concerns about non-European immigration to America. (957)

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

fur trapping

A large industry in the Rocky Mountain area

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages, leads to an increase in crime and organized crime

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate.

Kyoto Treaty (1997)

A legally binding international treaty where countries agreed to decrease their carbon emission to 5% below 1980 levels by 2012. The U.S. did not ratify mainly b/c China wasn't forced to make cuts.

"Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation.

Tet Offensive (1968)

A massive, coordinated Communist assault against more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam.

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Great Plains

A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America

Westward Expansion

A movement westward for jobs, land, hope, the gold rush, adventure, a new beginning and the transcontinental railroad. It lasted from 1850-1890

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

domestic feminism

A name for women's choice to have fewer children and smaller families and their growing power and independence. Was a turning point for women, whose role in society was rapidly progressing.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

American Peace Society

A pacifist society founded on the principles of William Ladd

Camp David Accords (1978)

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

City Upon a Hill

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "city upon a hill," watched by the world.

Marshall Plan (1947)

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe in order to contain communism

White Man's Burden

A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones (chinese exclusion act, literacy tests, APA)

Isolationism

A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations taken up by the US during WWI and WWII

Brinkmanship

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

Free Soil Party (1848)

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery since they believed it took jobs away from poor white people

Vietnam War (1954-1975)

A prolonged war between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. (USA lost)

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land and get govt. to care about former indentured servants who needed financial help

Tariff of 1833 Compromise

A result of Henry Clay's efforts to soothe South Carolina's worries about the Tariff of Abominations by gradually lowering tariffs over the course of 8 years

Whiskey Ring Scandal (1875)

A scandal during Grant's presidential administration involving his personal secretary. A group of mostly Republican politicians stole millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor by not collecting taxes and falsifying documents saying they did

Second New Deal (1935)

A second wave of programs aimed at economic recovery by social reform.

Manhattan Project (1942)

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. the scientists who made the bomb did not want it to actually be used

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

A secret group whose goal was to restore white supremacy, used violence towards blacks

Society of the Cincinnati

A secret society formed by officers of the Continental Army. The group was named for George Washington, whose nickname was Cincinnatus (greek emperor)

Intolerable Acts (1774)

A series of laws passed by the British Parliament after the Boston Tea Party intending to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance

New Deal (1933-1938)

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Panic of 1873 (1873-1879)

A severe international economic depression triggered by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories, farm products, risky loans, and overspeculation. Showed the tension between farmers and bankers (loans vs loaners_

Sexual Revolution

A social outlook that challenges traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships.

Silent Majority Speech (November 3, 1969)

A speech by Nixon which addressed his plans to win the war, and it called upon the silent majority of American's for their support in fighting the communist threat in Vietnam.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)

A strike organized by the United Mine Workers of America. Roosevelt becomes the first preisdient to side with workers in a strike.

pangea

A supercontinent containing all of Earth's land

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends (ex./ andrew jackson elects his political supporters and friends to the government)

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Kept African Americans in the perpetual cycle of poverty

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S, proposes a German-Mexican Alliance, and promises Mexico that they will get back the land lost in the Spanish American War. It was intercepted by the US, and increases anti-german feeling in america and helps the 18th amendment get passed

pocket veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping from the East's brutal conditions

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Articles of Confederation (1781)

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War by the second continental congress (main ideas: sets ground rules, gives states power, full faith and credit- states acknowledged other states' laws, congress collects tax but fo not raise tax, no way to create a national army or national currency so each state has different)

Sacco and Vanzetti Case (1921)

A well-known case in which two Italian-American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime, they were only convicted because the judge and jury were xenophobic

24th Amendment (1964)

Abolishes poll taxes

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Morril Tariff Act (1861)

Act that raised tariffs to more than double their prewar rate

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Reniassance.

Black Power Movement

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

Marcus Garvey

African American nationalist leader during the 1920s who supported a seperate-but-equal status for black people, was disliked by WEB Dubois, formed the UNIA (universal negro improvement association), and lead the pan-africanism movement

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Little Rock Nine (1957)

African American students admitted to Central High School, governor of Arkansas, prevent African American students, from attending the school and sent the Arkansas National Guard to the school. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by sending federal troops to school, and school was integrated.

Growth of the Suburbs

After World War II, people began to move away from cities, leading to suburban growth

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South. Led by Thaddeus Stevens (PA) and Charles Sumner (MA)

Malcon's Bill No. 2

After the Non-Intercourse Act expires, the new act allows free trade but gives President permission to end it if he feels necessary.

Pools

Agreement between railroads to divide competition. Equalization was achieved by dividing traffic.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. US joins in 1992.

three-fifths compromise (1787)

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Agreement that provided England would evacuate a series of forts in U.S. territory along the Great Lakes and pay for damages to US ships, and the US agrees to pay pre-revolutionary war debts

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to end the discrimination of japanese students in american schools

Three-sister Farming

Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Workaday America

Agriculture was the leading industry involving 90% of the people, especially tobacco and grain, fishing, trade

Kellog-Briand Pact (1928)

All the powers agreed to stop fighting and to settle all disputes peacefully with the advices/rulings of the League. Their armies would be used for self defense instead of war.

Treaty of Alliance (1778)

Alliance between France and the America in the American Revolution, formed after the Battle of Saratoga which showed France that the Americans had a chance to beat England

Potsdam Conference (July 1945)

Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. they talked about holding war crime trials for nazis.

Primary elections

Allow voters to indicate their preference for their parties candidate, Only registered members of the party to vote in their specific primary (Prevents party candidate sabotage)

Secret ballot

Allows for voter privacy, Voters are more likely to vote freely and for who they would like to win, Limits voter suppression

Benedict Arnold

American General who counters british generals attempts to conquer fort ticonderoga but later was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point

Creation of time zones

American and Canadian railroads began using four continental time zones to end the confusion of dealing with thousands of local times.

USS Arizona

American battle ship sunk at Pearl Harbor; over 1000 crew members died; floating memorial

USS Maine

American battleship that exploded and caused the Spanish American war. Yellow journalism told the american public that the spanish attacked the ship, when in reality the explosion was just caused by an accidental mishap in the ship.

clipper ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers.

James Gadsden

American diplomat, politician, and railroad promoter who negotiated the Gadsden Purchase.

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)

American hostages taken by US hating Shiites upon Shah's flight from uprising, botched rescue attempts. returned on Reagan's inauguration day.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician who went to french as an ambassador for the US (the French love him: they see him as the embodiment of the new democratic social order)

Margret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's

Dr. Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

Charles Lindbergh

American pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

Mary Lion

American pioneer in the field of higher education for women and founder and first principal of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Willamette River Valley

American settlement in Oregon instrumental to holding American soil

Open Door Policy

American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there

Lucy Stone

American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery (encouraged civil disobediance) and believed that people should ignore bodily desires and pursue truth through study and meditation. (wrote Walden)

Guam

Americans secured this remote Pacific island from Spain after the spanish american war. The US wants guam for naval reasons, since it is a good location for a naval base.

Augusta Savage

An African-American sculptor associated with the Harlem Renaissance who benefits from the works progress administration

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

An African-American woman who achieved nationwide attention as leader of the anti-lynching crusade. Helped found the NAACP.

Amelia Bloomer

An American feminist who challenged fashion during the time and invented the bloomer pants (comfortable pants for women- looked down upon to wear and seen as a joke since gender concepts are so engrained in everyones mind)

Caroline

An American steamer that was attacked by the British while it was carrying supplies to the insurgents across the Niagara River. It was set on fire and sank short of Niagara Falls. American Newspapers blow the event out of proportion which results in anti-british feeling in america and exacerbates tensions between them

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism. tried to assimilate and westernize natives.

ABC Agreement

An agreement between Britain and the United States developed at a conference in Washington D.C, stating that upon entry to WWII their first concern would be to get rid of hitler

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

electric elevator

An elevator operated by traction, in which steel cables with counterweights raise or lower the elevator car.

My Lai Massacre (1968)

An incident in which a company of American troops killed South Vietnamese civilians in 1968. The Army initially covered it up, but the story eventually got out in 1969, fueling increasing skepticism of both the Vietnam War as well as the honesty of the government's depiction of the war.

J.P. Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

Nation-States

An organized society with definitive territory, similar races, and the same language. A nation-state also has some form of organized government or leadership.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

An unsuccessful action by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with support and encouragement from the U.S. government, in an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.

William Seward and Alaska

Andrew Johnson's secretary of state, buys alaska for 7.2 million dollars. the american people do not agree and come up with names for the purchase (Seward's icebox, Seward's folly, Frigidia, Walrussia, Seward's polar bear garden). this proves to be a good decision later on when alaska provides an abundance of resources to the US

Church of England

Anglican Church (old church)

Republican Party

Antislavery political party that formed in the 1850's

Lord De La Warr

Arrived to Jamestown in 1610 with a war order against nearby Indians that caused a series of Anglo-Powhatan Wars.

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine. advocated for giving economic and military aid to middle eastern countries.

Declaratory Act (1766)

Asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense (encouraged people to support the independence movement)

Proclamation of 1763

Bans colonial settlement west of the Appalachian mountains

2008 Election

Barack Obama, first African American president, elected. john mccain runs on republican ticket

Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan which eagered America to enter the war.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812. (another example between western settlers and native americans)

Bank War (1832)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers. Jackson withdraws money from the BUS and redeposits to other smaller money holders

Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876

Battle between Sioux indians and U.S. government in which Colonel George Custer and won. Made many tribes comply with state terms. Leads to the treaty of fort laramie.

Battle of Long Island (August 1776)

Battle for the control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war.

what was the turning point of the American Revolution?

Battle of Saratoga

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

Battle that gave the Union control of the Mississippi and split the south in two, won by the north right after they won gettysburg

Persian Gulf War (1991)

Began when Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq, invaded the oil-rich country of Kuwait. This belligerent action threatened to disturb the world's oil supply. The UN responded with a trade embargo against Iraq, and eventually with an multi-national military fore that made Iraq withdraw from Kuwait.

Tuscarora War (1711-1713)

Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors were either sold into slavery or migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.

Malcolm X

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.

Double V Campaign

Black-Americans' campaign to earn victory in the home front (fight discrimination at home) and victory overseas (fighting the enemy Axis powers)

steamboats

Boats created by Robert fulton, powered by steam that increased the speed of river travel, allows water travelers to no longer be relient on the current/tide

Breaker Boys

Boys that worked in the coal mines for low pay and under dangerous conditions

how do the colonies relate to tenants?

Britain views the colonists as tenants because they think they are there temporarily to cultivate the land and be used for Britain's benefit. The colonists believe America is their land. Colonists are used to salutary neglect, so when England takes a more active role in the colonies it causes tension.

Orders in Council (1806)

British acts which prohibited trade with any French possession or ally by a neutral vessel and closes European ports under french control, helped cause the War of 1812

Atlantic Charter (1941)

British and American statement of goals for fighting World War II (aka 8 point plan for a postwar world)

Admiralty Courts

British courts run by the king that got colonists in trouble for not following british policies (No jury, Considered guilty until proven innocent)

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Creole Incident (1841)

British officials offered asylum in the Caribbean to a group of slaves who had rebelled and captured the slave ship Creole. This raised tension between Britain and the U.S.

Royal Veto

British right to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial system if it went against Mercantilism

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Brought about by the assassination of James Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs. Provided that Federal Government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that Government employees be selected through competitive exams.

Battle of Saratoga (October 1777)

Burgoyne's troops marched from canada in attempts to meet with Howe's troops, but their attempt is cut short when the colonists attack and they are forced to surrender (gives the colonists confidence)

Andrew Carnegie

By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Brady Bill (1993)

Called for a five-day waiting period for the purchase of a handgun.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life

Manila

Capital of the Spanish Philippines

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and criticizes relying solely on the gold standard

malaise speech (1979)

Carter gave this nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people.

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown but ruined the soil, labor intensive crop

Crittenden Compromise (1860)

Unsuccessful proposal aimed at resolving the secession crisis. -proposed: -Guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery and proposed extending the Missouri Compromise line to the west with slavery prohibited north of the 36° 30′ parallel and guaranteed south of it.

Cowboys

Cattle handlers who drove large herds across the southern Great Plains. The era of the cowboy lasted from 1870 to the late 1880s.

War Bonds

Certificates sold to citizens by the United States government to pay for the war

Vulcanized Rubber

Charles Goodyear

Burned-Over District

Charles Grandison Finney's popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. (all people in NY were converted, "no more fuel left to burn")

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance in the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Tienanmen Square (1989)

Chinese revolutionary movement that showed the animosity between the new and old chinese attitude towards religious freedom

16th Street Baptist Church Bombing (September 15, 1963)

Church that was bombed by the KKK two weeks after the march on Washington, killing 4 teenage girls

deficit-reduction bill

Clinton got this passed in 1993 and the economy would do better. The annual budget deficit became a budget surplus.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army and the first president who served without pay and was extremely trustworthy

Agribuisness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Communists who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union

compromise of 1877

Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction

General Stonewall Jackson

Confederate General at 1st Battle of Bull Run, one of the south's greatest military generals, killed in the battle of Chancellorsville

Merrimack and Monitor

Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Conflict between the US and Mexico that after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own; US troops fought primarily on foreign soil; covered by mass-circulation newspapers; Whigs opposed

Johnson's War on Poverty

Congress and the administration created a host of antipoverty projects. Programs were directed were directed to all poor Americans, but were also intended to increase economic equality for blacks. The U.S. became more of welfare state. (1004)

16th Amendment (1913)

Congress is given the power to tax incomes (the more money you make, the higher money you pay in tax - more to a higher tax bracket)

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

Congress regulates interstate commerce (ny and nj fighting over ownership of the hudson river)

Spot Resolution (1847)

Congressman Abraham Lincoln supported a proposition to find the exact spot where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory.

William H. Seward

Congressman of the "Young Guard" who fiercely opposed slavery and argued that Americans should follow a "higher law" (God's law) over the Constitution when it came to the issue of slavery.

David Wilmot

Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories

Great Compromise (1787)

Connecticut Plan, agreement providing a bicameral legislature (senate and house of representatives)

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Constitution forbids state laws impairing contracts (First time SC invalidates state laws that conflict with the Constitution)

Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)

Constitution protects contracts from state encroachment (Woodward wants to be on the board of directors, dartmouth says no, sues dartmouth so they can become a state school and he can join. Dartmouth was made by a royal charter so you cannot change it)

Martin vs Wilks (1989) and Ward's cove packing vs Antonia (1989)

Court made it more difficult to prove that an employer practiced racial discrimination in hiring and made it easier for white males to argue that they were the victims of reverse

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Created Nebraska and Kansas as states & gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be either a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.; repealed Missouri Compromise; destroyed Whig party & led to emergence of Republican party

Veterans Bureau (1921)

Created by Congress in 1921, it was authorized to operate hospitals and provide help to WWI veterns so they can heal and acclimate back to normalcy

John Rockefeller

Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that made an amazing monopoly.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening

John Cotton

Criticized the Church of England, fled to Massachusetts Bay Colony, defended government's duty to enforce religious rules

Hoover Dam

Dam on the Colorado River that was built during the Great Depression and was a part of Hoover's public works programs

Seventh of March Speech

Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support of the Compromise of 1850 that causes him to lose the election since he loses northern supporters

Battle of Fredericksburg (December 1862)

Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines.

Yamasee Indians

Defeated by South Carolina in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern Colonies.

Richard Henry Lee

Delegate from virginia who declared that the US should be independant and enlisted Thomas Jefferson to write the declaration of independence

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Bloody Sunday (1965)

Demonstration March from Selma to Montgomery Alabama. Protest against voting rights. Peaceful March is turned violent by police violence

haymarket square bombing (may 4, 1886)

Demonstration by union workers where a bomb went off killing or injuries dozens. This event hurt the labor movement and the Knights of Labor

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

XYZ Affair (1797)

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when US representatives sent to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister (effects: US navy is created, the convention of 1800)

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

Henry Hudson

Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America.

Nativist Movement

Discrimination against immigrants (notably Irish and Germans), heavily anti-Catholic, sought to limit power of immigrants (Know-Nothing Party)

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Emma Willard

Early supporter of women's education -published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York -opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college

King Philip's War (1675-1676)

Early, bloody conflict between English colonists and Native Americans that lasted for several decades

panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by Inflation of currency due to the california gold rush, Overgrowth/overproduction of grain, and Over-speculation of land that mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Capitalism

Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism.

Voter Education Project (1962-1968)

Effort by SNCC and other civil rights groups to register the South's historically disenfranchised black population to vote

Interstate Highway Act (1956)

Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history

John Tyler (1841-1845)

Vice President to Henry Harrison; successor as President following Harrison's death; known as "Tyler too"; a Democrat at heart and contradicted many of the Whig Party's ideas

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

Victory in Europe Day- marking the surrender of Hitler

american historians

Emerged in the mid-1800s

Stonewall Riots (1969)

Violent clashes between police and gay patrons of New York City's Stonewall Inn, seen as the starting point of the modern gay rights movement.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010)

Employers with more than 50 employees must provide health insurance

industrial cities

Employment opportunities, increased size, segregated by race

Homestead Act (1862)

Encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for five years

Homestead Act of 1862

Encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for five years

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing american-japanese trade

Proposition 209 in California

Ended most affirmative action measures in CA by abolishing racial or gender preference in state hiring, contracting, and college admissions

Election of 1876

Ended reconstruction because neither canidate had an electorial majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Ending in a Japanese victory, teddy roosevelt helps write the treaty that ends the war which earns him a nobel peace prize. this influences the US relationship with Japan

William Howe

English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review (short term effect: decreases supreme court power, long term effect: increases supreme court power)

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

17th amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures) ("the original constitution")

the great ice age

Extended period (2 mill years ago) when glaciers and ice covered most of the North American continent

expansion

Extending the nation beyond its existing borders

who is the only president to serve four terms?

FDR

Yalta Conference (February 1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. They discuss plans for a postwar Europe -Divide Germany into 4 zones -Creating a peacekeeping organization (united nations) -Free elections in eastern Europe

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Failed proposal by James Tallmadge that did not allow for any more slaves to come into Missouri and stated that current slaves will be granted gradual emancipation

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

FDR's demagogue

Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr Frances Towson

James Madison

Father of the Constitution

Half-Breeds

Favored tariff reform and social reform, and civil service reform

immigration act of 1924

Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)

Federal officials promised to prevent settlers from taking American Indian land in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.

Chief Justice John Marshall

Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established judiciary as a branch of government equal to legislative and executive

Cuban Revolution (1959)

Fidel Castro overthrew the previous dictator, and introduced Communism to the island of Cuba.

John F. Kennedy

First Catholic president of the United States, youngest president

Fort Sumter, 1861

First battle (not really a battle) of the Civil War, was ultimately captured by the South -lincoln sends ships to south carolina with food and water to help northerners there -south gets offended and opens fire on the north -confederacy fires first in the civil war

Frances Perkins

First female cabinet member, US secretary of labor

Barbados Slave Code of 1661

First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th & 18th centuries.

Tehran Conference (November 1943)

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned to liberate france (d-day) and the soviets agreed to invade germany and declare war on japan

Canadian Shield

First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level.

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in North American founded by the Virginia Company.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)

First treaty between the US and an Indian Nation that forces natives are forced to give up most of their land

Victoria Claflin Woodhull (1838-1927)

First woman to run for President (had radical views and was seen as the devil by the public), her VP was Fredrick Douglas, ran on a third party ticket (equal rights party), First woman to testify before congress,

National Consumers League (1899)

Florence Kelley pressure laws for safeguarding women and children in the workplace

Battle of Acoma (1599)

Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.

Populist Party

Founded 1891 - called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers. encourage an increase in people's participation in government

Ms. Magazine

Founded by Gloria Steinem and several other women, provided viewpoints of feminist issues and familiarized its audience with the arguments and issues of the women's movement.

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army

Good Neighbor Policy (1933)

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (Democrat) vs Winfield Scott (Whig); whig party ends because they cannot chose a clear stance and agree on slavery

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England by pretending to be a citizen and recruiting soldier to fight in the revolution (violates US neutrality)

Lafayette

French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution and advocated for the french to aid the colonies since the beginning of the war

Squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded & "democratic" than its neighbors.

McCulloch vs Maryland (1819)

Further establishes the supremacy of the federal government over state government (maryland state govt attempts to tax federal govt)

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops (repealed), new one provides money to farmers to pay mortgages and loans

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

Sherman's March (1864)

General Sherman lead a union force, destroying everything the Confederates could use to survive, especially the railroad. He set fire to South Carolina's capital, Columbia.

General Zachary Taylor

General who led American troops to the Rio Grande in the mexican war

Hessians

German mercenaries hired by King George III to fight for Britain

Sussex Pledge (1916)

German pledge to warn neutral ships and passenger vessels before attacking

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I

martin luther

German theologian who led the Reformation, created the 95 theses

deficit spending

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes in order to recover a devestated economy

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. (more powerful that DWIC, focus on trade)

William Bradford

Governor of Plymouth Colony

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Quebec Act (1774)

Grant religious toleration and access to the Ohio Valley to French Catholics in Quebec (angers protestants in the colony since they don't believe in religious toleration and that the French Catholics are able to move west when the colonists aren't due to the proclamation of 1763)

William Belknap

Grant's secretary of war who was forced to resign after he was found to have accepted bribes from suppliers to the Indian reservations.

Freedom Riders (1961)

Group of civil rights workers who were met with violence who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)

Guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews & Atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period

Trickle Down Economics

Hamilton's economic theory that says that when the wealthy get tax breaks the wealth will trickle down to the lower classes

John Peter Zenger Trial(1733)

He published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies.

Washington's Farewell Address

He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances, sets the precedent for other precedents to serve two terms

Albert Fall

He was Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World"

Calvin Coolidge

He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.

Public Works Administration (PWA) (1933)

Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)

Incas

Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.

Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1933)

Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Historian who wrote the frontier thesis, which argued that the continuous existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation, and the end of this frontier marked the end the first chapter in American history.

ecological imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Hoover's Response to the Depression

Hoover took little action because he felt that the gov't would gain too much power if it got involved; he left it up to businesses and encouraged them to not fire their workers, and believed the economy would fix itself. then, he adopts a policy of trickle down economics, which upsets the american citizens

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing, created by Eli Whitney

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system (established multi-tiered economics and number of supreme court justices)

Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)

In 1859, abolitionist John Brown and his followers attacked the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He planned to arm local slaves, lead a slave rebellion, and establish a black republic. Instead, he was captured, tried, and executed for treason.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection to columbia. costs the US their relationship with latin america

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

In 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. repealed the dawes act.

Geraldine Ferraro

In 1984 she was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. She was a congresswoman running for Vice President with Walter Modale.

Large State Plan

Virginia plan, representation should be based on population of the state

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Referendum

Voters can approve laws (on a ballot)

Initiative

Voters can propose legislation

Recall

Voters can remove corrupt politicians from office

Mechanization

In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.

Buffer

In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British & Spanish territory.

Muslim Middlemen

In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen.

San Creek Massacre (1864)

Incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians

self-reliance

Independence; the capacity to rely on one's own capabilities and to manage one's own affairs.

Progressive Reforms

Initiative, Referendum, recall, secret ballot, primary elections, direct election of senators

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Insured loans for building and repairing homes

Albany Congress (1754)

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity

London Economic Conference (1933)

International economic conference called by League of Nations. FDR backs out, and chooses the US economy over the global economy, causing the conference to fall apart

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

NAACP (1909) (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Interracial organization founded to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. Founded by W.E.B. deBois.

Tobacco (Virginia)

Introduced by James Rolfe, saves the economy, but ruins the soil, takes lots of people to care for it (the primary source of labor: indentured servant)

Wright Brothers

Invented and flew the airplane for 12 seconds in kittyhawk, north carolina

Steel Plow

Invented by John Deere and was strong enough to cut through tough soil, which allows for western lands to be domesticated

Thomas Edison

Invented the light bulb

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone (made more jobs for women)

Transatlantic Cable

Is an undersea cable running under the Atlantic Ocean used for telegraph communications. The first was laid across the floor of the Atlantic.

Stimson Doctrine (1932)

Issued by Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, it was in response to Japan's violation of the Open Door policy when it attacked Manchuria in 1931. It stated that United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Bobby Kennedy

JFK's brother and attorney general. Assassinated 1968.

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans, one of the greatest victories for the US during the war of 1812 -the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S

Bank Charter Renewal

Jackson vetoes the bank (upsets influential northern voters who favored the bank)

Force Bill (1833)

Jackson's response to the South Carolina Exposition that allowed the president to use force (army/navy) to collect taxes

Oregon Controversy (1846)

James K. Polk wants to expand the US's western border but other countries own oregon

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

Japanese city that was hit with the first atomic bomb

Executive Order 9066 (1942)

Japanese-Americans forced into interment camps causing loss of homes and businesses

Black Friday (September 24, 1869)

Jay Gould and Jim Fisk bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit behind Grant's back. In order to lower the high price of gold, Grant's Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves, negatively impacting the economy and the value of gold

military reductions under Jefferson

Jefferson wants to reduce the size of the military because he wanted to avoid wars and entangling alliances but there are pirates, so Jefferson reluctantly dispatched the Navy.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel

Embargo Act (1807)

Jefferson's response to the Chesapeake affair that prevents exports from the US and closes of trade with other countries and hurts to US economy

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre(1856)

John Brown let a part of six in Kansas that killed 5 pro-slavery men. This helped make the Kansas border war a national issue.

Hubert Humphrey

Johnson's vice president

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Assassination of JFK (November 22, 1963)

Kennedy arrived in Dallas with his wife, Jacqueline. As the president and the First Lady rode through the streets in an open car, several shots rang out. Kennedy slumped against his wife. The car sped to a hospital, but the president was dead. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took the oath of office as president.

New Frontier

Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wants to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

Battle of Fort Henry and Donelson (Feb 1862)

Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky and gained the north control of Tennessee River

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution who always attempted to assert the power of the british monarch

Northern Pacific Railroad

Lake Superior to Puget Sound

Reservation System

Lands reserved for Indians and never protected because whites kept coming west.

Plantation

Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. European settlements established plantations in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, and the American South.

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Largest and bloodiest battle of the American Civil War, Union victory

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated White & Indian areas of settlement.

criminal syndicalism laws (1919-1920)

Law passed in the US during the Red Scare that made it illegal to advocate the use of violence to obtain social change.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

Laws designed to stamp out KKK terrorism in the South, said the government could use federal troops to prevent KKK violence

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

John Smith

Leader of Jamestown

Samuel Adams

Leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty

Terrence Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor

Daniel Webster

Leader of the Whig Party, expected to control harrison's presidency, then john tyler came in, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of the civil rights movement

Ida Tarbell

Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

Leading publishers of newspapers and magazines who used yellow journalism

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

General Oliver O. Howard

Led the Freedmen's Bureau and was sympathetic to the blacks.

End of Civil War (April 9, 1865)

Lee surrenders to Grant

Charter

Legal document granted by government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, & spelling out the attending rights & obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement.

Primogeniture Laws

Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration & settlement of the Americas.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal" were legal under the 14th amendment

Teller Amendment (1898)

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

War Powers Act (1973)

Limited president's power to use troops overseas in hostilities, put a time limit on use, and gave Congress final power to withdraw troops.

Suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus (1863)

Lincoln suspended this so anti-Unionists could be arrested without right to a trial

election of 1864

Lincoln vs George McClellan. Lincoln won easily because the south did not vote since they seceded, and there were three new free states (kansas, west virgina, nevada)

Lincoln vs. Douglas

Lincoln: -Long Established Government -Financially Stable Recognized at home and abroad -Inexperienced politician -Tactful, quiet, patent, but firm Douglas: -Legalistic, humorless, stubborn -Eloquent orator -Able administrator -Not personally popular -Often at odds with the Confederate congress -Overworked Devoted to the south

Affirmative Action (1965)

Lindon B Johnson, A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Pawnee Indians (1868)

Live in teepees and hunted buffalo. Live in the Midwest Plains region.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole (division between north (commerce based economy) and south (agricultural based economy))

Lindbergh Law (1932)

Made interstate abduction in certain circumstances a death-penalty offense. (charles linbergh's son was abducted and killed - which inspired the passage of this act)

Battle of Shiloh (1862)

Major battle in the West won by Northern General & future president, Ulysses S. Grant (shows the significance of scouts: spies)

Brain Trust

Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House

Plantation Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia (all reliant on slavery)

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848, california's populations heavily increase

Reganomics

Massive federal budget cuts, welfare reduced, personal and corporate taxes reduced, tax plan was characterized as "trickle-down" economics and supply side economics

Hartford Convention (1814)

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party and talked about thoughts of succession (formal withdrawal) from the union (they never came forward with this plan)

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican president who betrayed Texas

Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism Imperialism, Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Franz

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked.

Guantanamo Bay

Military base granted to the US in Cuba which is now used as a prison. suspected terrorists were detained here without trial.

36˚ 30' Line

Missouri's southern border, line established by the Missouri compromise that says all states above the line are freed states and all states below are slave states

Plantation Slavery

More than 75% of all slaves lived on plantations. Slaves tried to establish nuclear families on plantations, but these families were easily split up. As a result of this, African Americans adapted themselves to their uncontrollable conditions.

nuclear family

Mother, father and children living as a unit

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden that taught that religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization, that salvation can be acheived through good works, and wanted to rid society of its evils (temprance)

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities, growth of cities

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

Protestant Reformation

Movement to reform the Catholic church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, & encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.

Small State Plan

NJ plan, said representation should be equal based on every state

Bread Colonies

NY, NJ, PA (traded grain)

Middle Colonies

NY, NJ, PA, DE -similarities -fertile soil -broad expanse of land -rivers play a vital role -industry (lumber shipbuilding, commerce, seaports) -ethnically mixed -religious toleration -democratic control -human freedoms

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Name attached to five cases brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1883, the Supreme Court decided that discrimination in a variety of public accommodations was private discrimination and not state discrimination.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war and the economy. Added to the instability of the union economy

Battle of Austerlitz (1805)

Napoleon's major victory against Russia and Austria (established french army supremacy)

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending

Knights of Labor (1869)

Nationwide labor union that was open to all workers. The union reached its peak in 1886 before beginning a decline in membership.

Aztecs

Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

Sacagawea

Native American woman that helped Lewis and Clark by serving as their interpreter/ guide

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher

American Protective Association (APA)

Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s.

National Banking System (1863)

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds. First attempt for a unified national banking system since the BUS.

Black Monday (1987)

New York stock exchange went into free fall, worst one day decline in history. But markets rebounded quickly.

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons that bothered Boss Tweed

Lone Star Republic

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836 (they later try to join the US after gaining independence)

Neal S. Dow (1804-1897)

Nineteenth century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Main Law of 1851

Detente (Richard Nixon)

Nixon visits communist china and soviet Russia in an effort to ease tensions. Easing of tensions between US and Soviets and US and china

Cambodia (1970)

Nixon widened the Vietnam War by moving troops into this country to try and remove enemy camps.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party by appealing the the south's racist tendencies

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South

Philippines Independence

On July 4, 1946, full independence was granted to the Republic of the Philippines by the United States. (isolationism)

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

On this day the stock market boom had fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, when there were practically no buyers to be found. After that stock prices continued to go down until they finally hit bottom.

Homestead Strike (1892)

One of the largest disputes in U.S. labor history; angry steelworkers revolt over pay cuts, tarnished the union reputation

James Oglethorpe

One of the main founders of Georgia; fended off Spanish attacks from the South to make the colony a buffer between English & Spanish land. (believed in abolishing slavery)

The Country School

One room school typical of the 19th century rural schools created by Winslow Homer

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Opened US trade with all nations except Britain and France

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government

new right

Opposed affirmative action, feminism, homosexuality, pornography, and abortion

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

The British East India Company

Overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, to be a nice parent, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was a trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea and hence, the Boston Tea Party erupted.

Civil Rights Movement (

When African Americans fought for equal rights and equal protection under the law.

Natural Reproduction

Where most of the growth in the African-American slave population before 1860 came from

Monica Lewinsky

White House intern whose affair with Bill Clinton led to his impeachment

Rachel Jackson

Wife of Andrew Jackson who was accused of living with Jackson before they married and was still "married" when she married Jackson (her divorce was not final). called a wh*re to ruin jackson's campaign

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams, who was considered one of the earliest feminists when she asked her husband to give women rights in the declaration of independence in a letter

McGuffey Readers

William Holmes McGuffey, a PA teacher, created a series of elementary textbooks that became widely accepted as the basis of reading and moral instruction in hundreds of schools; extolled virtues of hard work, punctuality and sobriety

Adamson Act (1916)

Wilson pushed passage of this act that mandated 8 hour workday for workers on interstate trains and extra pay for overtime

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

Battle of Iwo Jima (1945)

World War II battle between Japanese forces and invading U.S. troops, invasion of the first Japanese home island

Hippies

Young people who rebelled against the mainstream culture of the 1960s

Young Guard

Young radical abolitionists more interested in purification of the Union than its preservation

"Lowell Girls"

Young single women that were the primary source of labor in the factory system in Lowell, Massachusetts (move away from their homes to work in factories)

Flapper

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion (short hair, smoke, drank)

Munich Conference (1938)

a 1938 meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, at which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia in return for Adolf Hitler's pledge to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders, and hitler would also gain the sudetenland

department store

a bigger, more industrial store housing several departments under one roof. puts many small buisness out of buisness. allows for mail orders

Electoral College

a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president (buffer between citizens and the election)

Nonimportation Agreements

a boycott of british good

Students for a Democratic Society

a campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. \

Myth of the Happy Slave

a cherished addition to the plantation family. To this image they contrasted that of the Northern wage slave, a wage-earning immigrant or free black who worked for his pennies in dark and airless factories.

Committees of Correspondence (1772)

a colonial network of passing information throughout the colonies made for intercolonial communication and unity

pueblos

a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States (built terraces)

Indian Removal Act (1830)

a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River, native americans use a diplomatic/legal approach by appealing the supreme court but the case was dismissed

Second Continental Congress (1775)

a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies in which they managed the colonial war effort, sent the Olive Branch Petition, named george washington the head of the continental army and adopted the Declaration of Independence

Mason-Dixon Line

a divider between free and slave states before the Civil War

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

a document written by the First Continental Congress that stated the main concerns and wishes of the colonies

anaesthetic

a drug used by americans in the early 1840s

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933)

a federal corporation established to construct dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley region to generate electricity as well as to prevent floods. established hydroelectric power in the tennesse valley, most revolutionary of all the new deal programs

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

a fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women and immigrants. They died because the doors were locked were locked from the outside to limit worker breaks. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.

Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)

a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War who pressured congress to pass legislature in their favor

town meeting

a gathering of local citizens to discuss and vote on important issues, promotes direct democracy

New Emigrant Aid Company

a group of abolitionists who paid some people to move to Kansas to make it a free state

the pilgrims

a group of english separatists who went to america in search of a place they could live freely, settled in Plymouth, massachussets

Scopes Trial

a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school

March on Washington (1963)

a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA)

a large regulatory agency of the United States Department of Labor that originally had federal visitorial powers to inspect and examine workplaces.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage (literacy tests)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union, blueprint for expansion (adding states to the colonies)

Cotton Gin

a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber created by Eli Whitney (increases the demand for slave labor since there is an increase in jobs, increase in demand for southern cotton, increases the northern economies dependance on southern agriculture)

mobster

a member of a criminal gang

Alamo

a mission and fort in San Antonio, Texas, where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the individual.

James John Audubon

a naturalist and painter best known for studying and illustrating American birds

Hilton R. Helper

a non-aristocrat from North Carolina, wrote The Impending Crisis of the South in 1857. He hated both blacks and slavery, and he attempted to use statistics to prove that the non-slaveholding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery

South Carolina Exposition (the Nullification Crisis)

a pamphlet written by John C. Calhoun advocating for states' rights to nullify laws, south carolina threatened to succeed the union if their demands aren't met, Jackson does not support the tariff, but disliked being publicly challenged more so he threatens to hang Calhoun and start a civil war

subway

a passageway under the ground; an electric underground railway. allows people to not live near their work

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

a permanent global institution to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes. US joins in 1995.

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption

"vote as you shot"

a powerful Republican slogan aimed at Union army veterans encouraging them to vote for Grant in the 1868 election

Frederick von Steuben

a prussian who helped train the colonial army and teaches them valuable war skills

slave auction

a public sale in which slaves were sold to the highest bidders

Rodger B. Taney

a racist Supreme Court Chief Justice who handed down the Dred Scott decision

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

a revolution led by the farmer Daniel shay to protest farm mortgage foreclosures. they protest for reduced taxes and uniform currency. the rebellion fails, but it tests the articles of confederation (it fails the test). it causes the country to consider making a strong central government

Zoot Suit Riots

a series of racially motivated riots during which Mexican Americans were attacked by white sailors and marines

Dred Scott

a slave who had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory and sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil

Mass Democracy

a society taking control of voting and choosing presidents to their liking

Succession

a state leaves the union

Fiscal Corporation

a strife to pacify Tyler's objects to a "fiscal bank" they passed another bill, but Tyler vetoed it. After this, he was rejected by his former Whig Party.

participatory democracy

a system of democracy in which all members of a group or community participate collectively in making major decisions

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Walker Tariff of 1846

a tariff-for-revenue bill that reduced the tariff from 32% to 25%.

new democrat

a term created by the Democratic Leadership Council in 1992, it means a more conservative, centrist Democrat.

New Negro

a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation.

Limited Liability Corporation (LLC)

a type of business with limited liability for the owners, with the advantage of not paying corporate income tax

skyscraper

a very tall building with many stories. helps cities grow. it was created with the help of steel and electric elevators

Blockade

a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy

frontier

a zone where no state exercises complete political control, no settlers

Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

a. Atomic bombs dropped (1945) b. Yalta Conference (1945) c. The beginning of the Baby Boom (1945) d. Truman Doctrine (1947) e. Marshall Plan (1947) f. NATO formed (1949) g. Cold War (1946-1991)

Theodore Dwight Weld

abolitionist who spoke against slavery; wrote the pamphlet American Slavery As It Is (1839) which made arguments against slavery; went to Lane Theological Seminary.

Stokley Carmichael

activist in civil rights, leader of SNCC (student non violent coordinating committee)

SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)

agreement between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter. Despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

agreement between US and the Soviet union Eliminated most medium range missiles from Europe.

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave, and required citizens to capture and return runaway slaves

National Recovery Administration (NRA) (1933)

allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. most unsuccessful of the new deal programs.

Grandfather Clause (

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable

the importance of the great lakes to the colonists

allows access to canada and the Mississippi river, and provides a faster way to get from Wisconsin to NY (most transportation happens via waterways)

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

allows the government to break up companies with control of a market; prevents monopolies

Alien Act (1798)

allows the president to deport any alien considered dangerous ot the country, the number of years an alien had to wait to become a US citizen goes from 5 --> 14 years, this law helped stop immigrants from voting for democratic republicans

Rodney King

an African-American motorist driver who, in 1991 was stopped and then beaten by Los Angeles Police Department officers

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American union general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin

Judiciary Act of 1801

an act passed by john Adams that appointed new federal judges ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary (midnight judges -> they were appointed last minute)

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - FDIC (1933)

an agency developed by the federal government to regulate banking and and investment activities

yellow dog contract

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

an agreement that Pilgrims wrote and signed describing how they would govern themselves in the Americas, the first step towards self-government

European Economic Community (Common Market)

an alliance formed by Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1957 and dedicated to developing common trade policies and reduced tariffs; it gradually developed into the European Union

American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1866)

an alliance of trade and craft unions

Platt Amendment (1901)

an amendment added to Cuba's constitution by the Cuba government, after pressure from the United States. stated cuba could not make any decisions without US approval. violates the teller amendment.

Canals

an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation.

The Grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies. Form the populist party.

Blue Laws (1610)

an attempt by the government to legislate morality (ex./ fined for bad behavior that wasn't illegal just inappropriate to do in public)

Treaty of Fort Atkinson (1853)

an attempt to establish peace among southern Plains tribes in order to ease white passage westward and facilitate the building of a transcontinental railroad through Indian lands.

Voter registration drives

an effort undertaken by government authorities as well as political parties and other entities to register to vote all persons otherwise entitled to vote.

Utopia

an ideal society (unrealistic since perfection is subejctive)

deism

an ideology relied on science rather than the Bible and they denied the divinity of Christ and original sin. They did believe in a Supreme Being who had created a universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.

League of Nations

an international organization proposed by the Wilson's 14th point of his plan and formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations (US never gets to join because Wilson dies of a heart attack)

United Nations (UN)

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

an organization that sought to apply non-violent protest as means of fighting segregation

Brutus #1

anti-federalist response to federalist #10 that discussed the issues of giving power to central government and believes the constitution will limit American's freedoms (expressed the needs for a bill of rights)

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

anti-union law passed by increasingly conservative Congress over Truman's veto.

Tenement Houses

apartments or rooms for rent within a larger building. very cramped and unsanitary. each family gets one room.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

arguably the most radical of all anti-slavery documents, caused a great stir when it was published with its call for slaves to revolt against their masters instead of waiting for someone else to free them

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence.

Federalist #10

article written by James Madison that supports ratification and defended the republican government proposed in the constitution

Charles Guiteau

assassinated President James to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

assisnated at Nashville in 1968, , MLK is shot by a sniper around 6 who is James Earl Ray

Mud-Slinging Campaign

attacking the other candidate and trying to damage the person's reputation by making malicious or untrue charges

A. Mitchell Palmer

attorney general who authorized anti-radical raids and deportations

Patronage

awarding political supporters with jobs (Jefferson doesnt use it)

What was FDR's first action as President?

bank holiday

what convinces france to ally with the colonists?

battle of saratoga

Nixon resigns (1974)

because he was facing impeachment, first and only resignation. resulted from political scandal in Democratic National Committee. also tried many of his administrators.

why does US focus on Canada in the war of 1812?

because they receive british weakness in canada

most respected jobs in colonial america

being a clergy member is the most highly regarded profession, physicians, jurists

Patriots

believed in independence and freedom from the crown (located in New England)

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944

better known as the GI Bill, it paid for returning soldiers to go back to school, and guaranteed loans for veterans to buy homes or property

Bunker Hill (June 1775)

between the colonists and the british, british take control but suffer double the casualties of the Americans which gives americans hope to continue fighting the war

Mulberry Street

big industrial city that runs through little italy in NYC

Frederick Douglass

black abolitionist who lectured for abolitionism; looked to politics to end slavery; had a newspaper called the north star (the north was their guidance and safe haven)

Perpetual cycle of poverty

black people, fresh out of slavery, are still oppressed and can not grow their wealth or status under these oppressive circumstances

Battle of Antietam (1862)

bloodiest one-day battle of the civil war that occurred in Maryland, union wins and leads abe lincoln to give the emancipation proclamation

female suffragettes reaction to 15th amendment

call to rally for women's rights also

Carrie Nation

called the bar room smasher, created sensation by raiding saloons and smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet

congressional debate of 1850

called to address the admission of California to the Union and threats of secession by southerners

Grace Coolidge

calvin coolidge's wife who was a flapper

temprance movement

campaign against the sale or consumption of alcohol, people view alcohol as a social evil, or an enemy of god

holidays

celebrated all holidays in colonial times but christmas

Senator Joseph McCarthy

censured (punished) by Senate for claiming that there were communists in the U.S. Army

Arminianism

challenged Calvinism predestination, believed individual free will (not god) determined an individual's faith

New South

changes in southern economy during reconstruction (post civil war) (south can no longer be as reliant on agriculture than they were)

south carolina

charles town (biggest tea port), grew rice, aristocratic, elite people lived there

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

clean air and water laws were enacted in part as a response to this

Boston Port Act (1774)

closed the port of boston, prohibiting trade in and out out the harbor until the destroyed tea was payed for

Five Civilized Tribes

collective name for the Creeks, Choctaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws and Seminoles (tribes that assimilated to american culture)

colonists attempted conquest of canada

colonists attempt to make canada a 14th colony, the French refuse because they do not need to become a colony since they already have access to the river valley and are allowed to practice religion freely under the Quebec Act

Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)

colonists create a petition as a response to bunker hill and they ask britain to return to the "former harmony" (salutary neglect. King george refuses the petition and sends Hessian mercenaries to the colonies.

General Douglas MacArthur

commander of the US forces in the the pacific against japan

Missouri Compromise (1820)

compromise by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, and Maine to enter the union as a free state (temporary fix for a deeper issue)

life as a slave

conditions varied but hard work, ignorance, oppression were a constant, Deep South: stable family, responsorial preaching, music

Casablanca Conference (January 1943)

conference between FDR and Churchill that produces Unconditional Surrender doctrine (they will fight until germany unconditionally surrenders)

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities within the United States

where were the pequots located?

connecticut's mystic river

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

what was the most important crop to ancient tribes/civilizations?

corn (maize)

tariff of 1857

created in response to the financial crash of 1857, reduced duties to 20%, northerners angered about low tariff walls, yet another source of north-south tension.

Yalta Conference

creates the UN

Causes of the Great Depression

credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks

Declaration of Sentiments

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights (suffrage, hold govt positions)

impact of transportation innovations on sectionalism

decrease in sectionalism, regions are now connected

solid south

democratic base in much of the south (political connotation: most people in the south are democratic)

Carpetbaggers

derogatory term for a northerner who moved to the south after the civil war for economic opportunity

Scalawags

derogatory term for southern democrats who supported the republican party after the civil war (seen as opportunists and traitors)

Milliken v. Bradley (1974)

desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines

Jim Fisk and Jay Gould

devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869

how do natives view the concept of "property ownership"?

did not agree, they thought no one man owned the land. everyone could use it because it is there for everyone.

Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune

director of minority affairs, oversaw the national youth administration

problems for natives in the industrial age

disease, fighting, and decrease in buffalo populations due to white settlers mindlessly killing them

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

document issued by the UN to promote basic human rights and freedoms

Powhatan confederacy

dominated the Jamestown river

Main causes of the Dust Bowl

drought, wind, human cultivation that led to land exhaustian

key authors of the industrial age

edward bellamy, hoaratio alger, frank norris, jacob riis

Federal style of architecture

emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint (columns, domes, pediments)

Hoover Flags

empty pockets turned inside out

Nixon Doctrine (1969)

encouraged Asian allies to slowly wean themselves off US military aid in the war on communism. Redefined the role of America as that of a helpful partner rather than a military protector.

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

ended the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Indian tribes agreed to give up their land, codified the unequal relations between the natives and Americans

Convention of 1800 Treaty

ends the war scared between France and America and ends the US peace time military alliance with France (contributes to US isolationism)

Intercolonial postal system

established in the mid-1700's, this service was slow and infrequent and not reliable

patent

exclusive rights over an invention; copyright

Hatch Act (1887)

extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

Tuskegee Airmen

famous segregated unit of African-American pilots, first african american aviators in the army, eventually become the air force

Hariet Tubman (araminta ross)

famous underground railroad conducter, escaped slavery and helped 300 other slaves escape also

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey (tests the constitution and it passes)

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

female SCOTUS elected by Clinton

Hiram Revels

first African American senator, Mississippi republican

Oberlin College

first college to teach women and African Americans

Janet Reno

first female attorney general appointed by Clinton

Sandra Day O'Connor

first female supreme court justice

Crispus Attucks

first person die first person to die from the American revolution for independance

President George Washington

first president of the US under the constitution, trailblazer who sets the precedent for future presidents, created the idea of the presidental cabinet

financial reform

first proposed by the Whig Party, which ended the independent treasury system

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

first written constitution in America, provides a foundation for the modern day constitution

what are the most important products to the virginia economy?

fish/cod

Opium War

fought between Britain and China over the rights of British traders to trade opium in China; Britain won in 1842, gaining control of Hong Kong.

Joseph Smith

founded Mormonism, translated the book of Mormon, died a martyr as Mormonism was found controversial due to polygamy

Robert Owen

founded a communal society in New Harmony, Indiana in 1825 to seek human betterment

Republic of Liberia

founded in 1822 as a place for former slaves.

John Humphrey Noyes

founder of Oneida Community

9/11 Terrorist Attacks

four airplanes were highjacked: three hit their targets, the fourth plane's passengers rushed the cockpit and forced the plane to crash into the ground. Osama bin Laden was identified as the person responsible for the terrorist attack.

Election of 1824

four candidates (john quincy adams, andrew jackson, henry clay, william crawford) - jackson wins the popular vote but not electoral college so decision is passed to the house, henry clay is head of house so he drops out, william crawford drops out because of health issues, so john quincy adams wins the election against andrew jackson

what did the pequot war lead to?

four decades or uneasy peace between puritans and natives, the pequot tribe is annihilated

Morill Act (1862)

gave federal land to the states to help make space for schools, gave land for education

British response to the Pontiac Uprising

gave natives blankets infected with smallpox in attempts to diminish their population (biological warfare) and the proclamation of 1763

Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933)

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Wagner Act/ National Labor Relations Act (1935)

gives workers the right to organize a union and bargain with management

three g's for european exploration

gold, glory, god

Schneck v. United States (1919)

government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils (charles schneck and his girlfriend give out pamphlets going against the draft, which reduces the war effort in the US, so they are arrested but sue to defend themselves)

Drought in the Great Plains

great plains does not have a constant source of water, so the farmers who live there have a tough time keeping plants alive.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

group formed by student activists; used the sit-in as an effective method of protest

Scots-Irish

group of immigrants from scotland who came to PA and squatted illegally in the American West (first settlers there)

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

group of mostly African American ministers who worked to fight injustice through nonviolence

Beatnicks

group of writers and artists who refused to conform to accept ways of dressing, thinking, and acting; to show their contempt for culture, they dressed carelessly and wore colorful jargon

Moral Majority

group that supported Reagan; returned to conservative, religious values. led by reverand jerry falwall, opposed sexual promiscuity, abortion, feminism, and gay rights. relied on TV to spread messages.

What happened in the American daily life after WWII?

growth of suburbs, highways built, more advertising, distribution of population increases

US vs Wong Kim Ark (1898)

guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in the US (wong born in USA, went to china to visit, and denied re-entry, so appealed to the supreme court)

western pioneers

harsh lives, poor and stricken with disease and loneliness

northern whigs

hated the party's platform (support of Fugitive Slave Law) but accepted the candidate

What does Jackson think of his presidency?

he views his presidency as a mandate from the US people to destroy the bank

Government Land Grants

helped entrepreneurs become wealthy

slave codes make slavery...

hereditary (if your parents are slaves you become a slave automatically)

Benjamin O. Davis

highest-ranking African American officer in the US Army

Mexican Cession

historical name for the region that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War

Changes for natives

horses (increases their mobility, able to travel further and to different locations), disease (bring members from different tribes together, tribes band together since single tribes are getting small from disease), trade (get firearms -> natives can hunt)

Yankee ingenuity

idea of an orderly New England town, with simple small-town democracy, improvisation, and adaptation intentiveness, technical solutions to practical problems, self-reliance, individual enterprise)

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Literacy test for immigrants

immigrants who do not speak english are forced to take literacy tests to enter the USA (sets immigrants up for failure)

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe. met with nativist sentiments

Old Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe

Effects of Urbanization

increase in crime rates, pollution, tenements, crowding, decrease in sanitation, disease, political machines

increase in population causes

increase in job opportunities in cities (factories), immigration increase, high birth rate

the economic structure in the south during the late 1860s

increasing monopolistic (dependent on cotton, become economically unstable, plantation owners over-speculate in land and slaves- they go into debt)

Meta Warrick Fuller

influenced w.e.b debois to support black visual artists monetarily

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

William Walker and Nicaragua

installed himself as leader of Nicaragua. instructed southern planters to take Nicaraguan farms. legalized slavery but was soon overthrown by the Nicaraguans and killed by neighboring Hondurans. Pierce commended him on his achievements

what is the natives only hope after the pequot war?

inter-tribal unity

Invasion of Kuwait (1990)

iraq invades kuwait for oil

impact of pearl harbor on americans

isolationist spirit disappears instantly, united and committed to victory, increased anti-japanese sentiment

famous painters during the harlem renaissance

jacob lawrence, ellis wilson, william h johnson, aaron douglas

Cab Calloway

jazz orchestra leader during the harlem renaissance

clashes between france and britain

king william's war, queen anne's war, king george's war, french and indian war

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

last major battle of Revolution, britain is forced to surrender since Washington's allied army with France is so strong

Employment Act (1946)

law that assigned to the federal government the responsibility for promoting full employment and price stability

civil rights act of 1875

law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation, declared unconstitutional by civil rights cases

civil rights act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens (said all african americans were US citizens)

Sedition Act (1918)

law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

law that set up a system of federal reserve banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic group. Congress did this to preserve white supremacy.

Clayton Antitrust Act

law that weakened monopolies and upheld the rights of unions and farm organizations (Made interlocking directorates illegal, labor unions and agricultural exempt from antitrust prosecution)

Naturalization Laws

laws made by Jefferson that decrease the amount of time it takes to become a US citizen from 14 years back to 5 years

Ethan Allen

leader of a Patriot group of fighters known as the Green Mountain Boys

President Thomas Jefferson

leaves the federalist framework of the govt. alone, repeals excise tax, focuses on unity of the USA

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) (1933)

loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments

Pullman Palace Cars

luxury passenger cars that were built and were very popular for travelers

the sewing machine

made in 1846 by Elias Howe; boosted northern industrialization. It became the foundation of the ready-made clothing industry.

Smith Act (Alien Registration Act of 1940)

made it a crime to advocate the violent overthrow of the government -Used to prosecute communists -Particularly those advocating strikes during the war

Clinton healthcare reform

main goal was health insurance for every American

Irish and Chinese immigrants

main groups who worked on the transcontinental RR (immigrants)

Fort Pillow Massacre (1864)

massacre of surrendered African-American troops was conducted by the confederacy

nomination convention

meeting at which a political party chooses a presidential candidate

irish and german imigrants

met with hostility in america, perceived as drunks (push factors: irish are fleeing potato famine and religious persecution, germans fleeing chaos from the war of 1848 and religious persecution. pull factors: the american dream, fresh start, religious freedom, jobs)

Texan Independence

mexico allows US citizens to settle in mexico and buy land for cheap if they agree to two things (convert to christianity and become a citizen). americans ignore the rules and fight mexico for their independance.

General James Wilkinson

military governor of Louisiana who helped Burr in his plans to acquire the Louisiana territory and make it his own country

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

what caused the molasses act?

more colonists are starting to trade with other customers besides the british empire, angers britain and causes the molasses act

north carolina

more diverse, grew tobacco, less reliant on slavery, squatters, more openminded, more democratic

mobocracy

more lower class people than rich, means for another rebellion

Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong

most famous jazz performers of the Harlem Renaissance

the white majority in the south

most population is south is white slave owners, land owners, and non slave-holding whites -the whites support slavery because they eventually wanted to hold their own slaves (american dream) and move up socially (social mobility)

Legacy of Reconstruction

mostly a failure, civil rights not fully addressed

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

movement organized for a nonviolent protest by Southern African Americans, but were arrested, hosed down and attacked by police dogs by the Birmingham police department

Progressivism

movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms (causes: populists, socalists, social gospel, female reformers, muckracking journalists)

property rights

natives do not agree with the concept of property ownership, sparks tension

Iroquois Confederacy

natives start to ally and band together with other tribes since singular tribes were getting so small due to disease death (Bound together five tribes-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Orondagas, the Cayugas, & the Senecas-in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.)

New England vs the middle colonies vs southern colonies

ne: least diverse colony, mc: most diverse, sc: not as diverse as sc but more diverse than ne

result of the civil war on the north

new millionares are made from profiting off of the war

Hoover Blankets

newspapers used as blankets

Bear Flag Republic

nickname for California after it declared independence from Mexico in 1846

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

schools begin to become _______________.

non-denominational

Clara Barton

nurse during the civil war who was called "the angel of the battlefield", Founded the American Red Cross

Patroonships

o Offered land to anyone who could guarantee they could bring over 50 people to settle in the colony

Pink Collar Ghetto

occupations that came to be dominated by women, like clerical and service work

Headright System (1618)

offers land to anyone who pays for someone else to come to America, and the people who come have to work as indentured servants for those who paid for their journey

ratification

official approval

"the beaver and the bible"

one for sustenance of the body (beaver), one for sustenance of the soul (bible)

Charles Grandison Finney

one of the greatest revivalist preachers who created the anxious bench

Electoral Count Act of 1877

passed by Congress in 1877, set up an electoral commission consisting of men selected from the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court. It was made to determine which party would win the election.

trolleys

passenger vehicles that use tracks and are powered by electric currents from overhead wires. above ground transportation. allows people to not live near they work.

the ohio river valley

people wanted to capture it because it flowed directly into the mississippi river which flowed into the gulf of mexico

Seperatists

people who wanted to seperate from the church

Jacob Riis

photographed "how the other half lives" (photographs that expose the slums and tenements in NYC - harsh living conditions)

James Van Der Zee

photographed Harlem in the 1920's

Berlin Wall knocked down (1989)

physical end of the cold war

Frances E. Willard (1839-1898)

pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union

Henry Clay's American System

plan for economic growth and unification of america, had three parts: 1. creation of the second national bank 2. protective tariffs 3. roads and canals

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Neutrality

policy of supporting neither side in a war

War of Jenkin's Ear (1739)

precursor or start to king george's war, caused by queen anne's war, war commander Jenkins got his ear cut off by an opposing commander and then he told jenkins to give it back to his king

The University of California vs Bakke (1978)

preference in admissions could not be given to members of any group (minority or majority) on the basis of ethnic or racial identity alone (race can be one of the factors, but not the only factor)

George H.W. Bush

president during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI, laissez faire economics

privateers

privately owned armed "legal pirate" ships that were authorized by the second continental congress to attack enemy ships

Wendell Phillips

prominent member of the anti-slavery society who did not eat sugar or wear cotton because they were the products of slave labor

Captain America comic books

promoted patriotism

what does the collapse of the dominion of new england do for the colonies?

promotes salutary neglect, glorious revolution

steps towards equality after the American Revolution

property requirements for voting are lowered (still exist thought), everyone uses the titles mrs and mr, separation of church and state

McCarren Internal Security Act (1950)

protect the United States against certain un-American and subversive activities by requiring registration of Communist organizations

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

protective import tax authorized by Congress in 1930 that had a negative impact on american and european farmers (need money from trade to pay war debt - when they don't trade they don't get it)

plays

quakers and puritans ban plays because they see it as immoral and a waste of time

McKinley Tariff of 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

Third Wave Feminism

reflects the views of younger feminists and stresses being involved in changing how society deals with HIV/AIDS, violence against women, economic crises, and other political and social issues.

Butternut Region

region made up of southern Ohio, Illinois, Indiana that opposed the antislavery war

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) (1933)

relieved unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs for anyone to do - no experience needed

calvinism

religion based on Calvin's teachings, becomes the dominant theology for american settlers

puritans

religious group that wanted to purify the church, wanted to stay in the church

john calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

election of 1860

republicans nominate abe lincoln, southern democrats nominate breckinridge, constitutional union party nominates bell, and northern democrats nominate stephen douglas. abe lincoln wins, which causes south carolina to secede from the union.

Quartering Act (1764)

required colonists to provide food and living quarters for british soldiers stationed in the colonies

Federal Securities Act (1933)

required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings and made them liable for any misrepresentations

LaFollette Seaman's Act (1915)

required decent treatment & a living wage on American merchant ships; unintended consequence = increased shipping costs

Obamacare (Affordable Care Act)

requires everyone to have health insurance -Expanded who is eligible for Medicaid -market place for health insurance (like travelocity) to maintain the rates. -The ideal is that the most affordable healthcare is the one you will choose. This creates competition between companies so they will have to keep prices low.

Animism

respect towards nature and the belief that nature is alive, practiced by ancient tribes

south central LA riots (1992)

response to proposition 209 and Clinton's view of affirmative action

The Constitutional Convention (1787)

response to shay's rebellion in which delegates meet in Philadelphia to revise/fix the Articles of Confederation, referred to as the bundle of compromises

Democratic National Convention 1968

resulted in division within Democratic Party between pro-war and anti-war factions

Headright System

rewarded land to settlers who payed for indentured servants voyages overseas, in return indentured servants work for the person who paid for their trip

what grew on slave farms in the south?

rice and indigo farms

Advertising in the 1920s

rise in advertising, new techniques and loud slogans used

higher education reforms in the 1870s

rise in universities/ colleges being created

Whitewater Affair (1992)

scandal against Bill Clinton concerning allegations of corruption in Bill and Hillary's real estate dealings

Iran-Contra Affair (1986-1987)

scandal that erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance. Talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity.

Submissionists

secessionists for the Southern states that supported the Union before the attack on Fort Sumter

War of 1812

second war of independence between Britain and USA that ends in a draw (results in an upsurge of nationalism in the USA)

what are different names of the war of 1812?

second war of independence, mr madison's war (by federalists)

Pentagon Papers

secret government documents published In 1971; revealed that the u.s. government had misled americans about the vietnam war.

Sons and Daughters of liberty

secret society organized for the purpose of intimidating and using violence towards tax agents and encouraging the colonists to resent Britain

John Crittenden

senator from Kentucky who tried to save the Union by proposing a last minute compromise (crittenden compromise)

Lindon B. Johnson

served 1963-1968, took over when JFK was assassinated, elected to one term

John Quincy Adams

served as sixth president after serving as the secretary of state

Land Ordinance of 1785

set up a system for surveying and dividing western lands which would later be sold and the money would be put toward eliminating national debt, blueprint for expansion (Added territories to the country)

Border States

slave slave states that did not secede and stayed loyal to the union (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware(1863-West Virginia))

social mobility in colonial society

social mobility is not outlawed, but there are many barriers for changing social classes

myth of social mobility

social mobility is part of the "american dream" --> moving to USA, making it from poor to rich. but the gap is getting bigger and it limits all possibility of social mobility

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

American Colinization Society

society founded in 1817 that tried to gradually eliminate slavery by transporting slaves back to Africa

Yankee

someone from New England

yank

someone from the US

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

southern rebellion against slavery led by Nat Turner; the rebellion was defeated. Enslaved Africans aboard the slave ship Amistad rebelled and took control of the ship in 1839. The ship landed in Long Island, but the Africans were eventually returned to Sierra Leone.

slavocrats

southerners who wanted new slave territories after the Compromise of 1850

Florida Purchase Treaty/ Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

spain sold florida to the USA

Gettysburg Address (1863)

speech given my President Abraham Lincoln to commemorate the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg

scouts

spies

Jermiad

spoke against the fact that the church was becoming less holy

how did the developing factory systems impact women and children?

started child labor, dangerous conditions for women and children. children are uneducated since they work instead or going to school.

Slave Culture

started off with an economic motive, then had a blatant shift to racial discrimination

Lincoln's First Inaugural Address

stated that no state can lawfully get out of the union but pledged there would be no war unless the south started it

Truman Doctrine (1947)

stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist internal left-wing (and therefore it was assumed "communist") movements and prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere.

State Constitutions

states has their own Constitution that sets forth the principles and framework for their government (all contain a bill of rights, how the citizens in that state vote, and separation of power)

Loyalists

stayed loyal to crown (Britain), did not want independence (located in the south)

how does mexico test the Good neighbor policy?

stealing US oil reserves and the US responds diplomatically and nonviolently

2008 Economic Crisis

stock market tumbled housing prices plummeted unemployment remained high Obama pushed a stimulus to create jobs. stimulus added to the debt

Greek Revival Architecture

strong interest developed in a revival of Gothic forms, with their emphasis on pointed arches and large windows

responsorial

style of preaching in which the congregation responds to the preacher with remarks of "amen"

southern whigs

supported the platform but not the candidate (they doubted his support of the Fugitive Slave Law)

what position did the five civilized tribes take in the war?

supported the south

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution who want a unified and strong government

Trenton (December 1776)

surprise attack that gave the colonists an advantage in the war, they attacked the drunken Hessians on christmas and caught them off guard

Tenant Farming

system of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter

The Golden Age of the Dutch

talented in the arts, strong navy, good trade

John Calhoun

the "Great Nullifier," proposed to return runaway slaves, give the South its rights as a minority, and restore the political balance. His ultimate plan was for America to have two presidents, one from the South and one from the North, each yielding one veto.

6 Day War (1967)

the 1967 war between Arabs and Israelis

Black Warrior

the American steamer which was seized by Spanish officials in 1854 as a show of force after Americans tried to seize Cuba by force

Wilmer McLean

the Civil War began in his front yard and ended in his parlor (Appomattox Courthouse) in Richmond, Virginia

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Kent State University Massacre (1970)

the National Guard was called out to police a protest on 4 May 1970 at the college → nervous soldiers fired into the crowd and killed 4 students

economic changes in the US after the American Revolution

the US is economically weak since they just became a country and they still have war debt from the french and Indian war and the revolution. they still have diverse trading partners but are no longer apart of the British mercantile empire.

a note and a boat

the USS Maine and the de Lome Letter

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial holdings in the Pacific

Townshend Act (1767)

the british place a light tax on certain goods (lead, paper, paint, tea) which led to more boycotts and nonimportation

First Continental Congress (1774)

the colonists response to what they viewed as Britain's alarming threats (intolerable acts) to their liberties

intercolonial unity

the colonists working together

state sovereignty

the concept that states have the right to govern themselves independent of the federal government

why did Jefferson struggle with the choice of whether to buy the Louisiana territory?

the constitutions did not confirm if its citizens are allowed to purchase land and Jefferson was a strict constitution supporter

Constitutional Interpretations

the creation of BUS leads to disagreements on how the constitution should be followed (Jefferson and Madison: strict, Hamilton: loose)

was the slave trade mentioned in the bundle of compromises?

the delegates do not address slave trade and agree to meet in 20 years to revisit the subject

Declaration of Independence

the document written by Thomas Jefferson recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Great Depression (1929-1939)

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

what did the pilgrims trade in plymouth? how was the economy?

the economy was sound, they traded fur, fish, and lumber

Okies

the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

James Fenimore Cooper

the first American novelist to gain world fame

Washington Irving

the first American to win international recognition as a literary figure

Blanche K. Bruce

the first black to serve a full term in the Senate, Mississippi republican

Panic of 1819

the first financial panic since George Washington's presidency (deflation, depression, bankruptcy, bank failure, unemployment, soup kitchens, debtor's prison overcrowded)

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

First Thanksgiving (1621)

the first winter was terrible for the pilgrims, the next autumn brought a bountiful harvest

Doctor Elizabeth Blackwell

the first women to graduate medical school in the US, opened the first infirmary hospital for women and children in NY

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House

Taxation without representation

the idea that it is unfair to tax someone without giving them a voice in government

Popular Sovereignty

the idea that the people of a territory should determine their territory's status of slavery. It was popular with politicians because it was a compromise between the abolitionists and the slaveholders.

civic virtue

the idea that the success of the democracy depends on the people, everyone needs to work to help the government

Republican Motherhood

the idea that woman, specifically mothers, needed to teach their children civic virtue and how to be productive members of the new nation

Gibson Girl

the idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by C. D. Gibson

farm factories

the introduction of mechanization into agriculture. the agricultural stations granted in the hatch act allowed farmers to experiment with new technology. the farmers needed to learn how to use the technology, this has a negative effect because it causes farmers to overproduced crops.

Virginia Company-Charter

the joint-stock companies receive a charter from King James I to explore the new world

The Mormons' Trek (1844)

the largest single migration in American history

Gloria Richardson

the leader of the Cambridge Movement

house of representatives

the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population

Westinghouse air brake

the marvelous contribution to railroad safety and efficiency which was generally adopted in the 1870s

Feminist Movement

the movement aimed at equal rights for women

Who supports John Quincy Adams?

the north

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

what was louisiana's most important port?

the port of new orleans (grants access to the mississippi river and the gulf of mexico, french are in the port of new orleans trying to cut off spanish access to the gulf of mexico)

Bully Pulpit

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public

American Revolution (1775-1783)

the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain to gain freedom

the mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620

who supports Andrew Jackson?

the south and west

what did the stono rebellion lead to and demonstrate?

the stono rebellion demonstrated resistance to slavery and led to tighter control of slaves

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

the u.s. army defeated native American peoples; resulted in the treaty of Greenville in which the chiefs surrendered claims to the Ohio territory

Total War in the Civil War

the union uses this tactic to attack every aspect of southern society

sensationalism

the use of exciting or shocking stories or language in the newspapers at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public interest or excitement.

Planter Aristocracy (oligarchy)

the wealthy plantation owners with many slaves stood at the head of society determining the political, economical, and social aspects of society; they were the face of the south

what position did britain take in the civil war?

they claimed to be neutral but usually took the south's side

where did the pilgrims first land in the americas? where did they end up settling?

they landed in provincetown, but settled in plymouth since province town's soil was too sandy and rocky for farming

Andrew Butler

this Senator from South Carolina was singled out in Charles Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech for choosing the harlot, slavery as his mistress

Second Era of Good Feelings

this brief period dawned after the Compromise in 1850, when talk of secession subsided and people of the North and the South were determined that the compromises should be final and the issue of slavery buried.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1933)

this gave the President the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange, creates the FDIC

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

time during Monroe's presidency when the country entered a period of national unity -debates over the american system (farmers dislike: felt it was promoting northern industry at the expense of southern agriculture) and slavery -panic of 1819

what is the effect of the french introducing alcohol to natives?

to this day native communities still have the highest rate of alcoholism

cash crop

tobacco

what did the mayflower compact lead to?

town meetings

Ralph Waldo Emerson

transcendentalist poet and philosopher; urged American writers to forget European traditions and write about American interests; wrote "The American Scholar," which was an intellectual declaration of independence.

Columbine High School Shooting (1999)

two high school seniors armed with guns and explosives waged a violent assault, they killed 12 fellow students and one teacher before shooting themselves; Increase in school security and mass movement toward gun control

General Burnside

union general successor after mcclellan, headed south to fight

National Labor Union (1866)

union that tried to unite all workers in USA and won 8 hour day for federal govt employees, excluded chinese people

US foreign policy after the American Revolution

unorganized -Britain doesn't allow US to trade with them -Spain controls the land west of the Mississippi and denies Americans access to the Mississippi river -France helps US in the AR and starts asking for reparations which the Americans don't have -pirates in north Africa attack US sailors -states fight among themselves with trade and tariff wars -no strong central government to regulate trade

McCarthyism

unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty (as by saying they were Communists)

Dennis vs. US (1951)

upheld the constitutionality of the smith act

Two house legislative body

upper house (appointed by the crown in royal colonies, chosen by voters of self-governing colonies), lower house (popular branch, elected by the people)

Roger Williams

upset that the massachusetts bay colony did not repay natives for the land they stole, put on trial and found guilty for spreading false info, banished from the massachusetts bay colony

Alfred T. Mahan

us navy captain who encouraged the idea that the key to world domination is control of the seas (advocated for a strong navy)

Goals of Progressivism

use governmental power to correct the many social and economic problems associated with industrialization

Television Advertising

uses words, sounds and images to attract costumers

Pullman Strike

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide

conservatism

wanted to amend the articles of confederation, supported a strong central government

Paul Revere and the Minutemen

warned the colonists about british invasion in lexington and concord

Impeachment of Bill Clinton

was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of perjury (lying under oath) about his affair with Monica Lewinsky

Watts Riots (1965)

week-long violence in LA after white cop struck black bystander at traffic arrest. increase in militant confrontation in the civil rights movement.

Battle of Trafalgar (1805)

when the British fleet destroyed the French/Spanish fleet keeping Napoleon from taking Britain (established British naval supremacy)

when do the british finally offer the colonists to have home rule?

when the colonists ally with the french

Emmett Till

whistled at a white woman and was later beaten and killed by the woman's husband

Coretta Scott King

wife of Martin Luther King Jr.; active in the women's movement; worked to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Elenor Roosevelt

wife to FDR. most active first lady in history who redefined the role of the first lady. powerfully influenced the politics of the national gov't battling for the impoverished and oppressed.

Donna Shalala

woman to be on Secretary of Health and Human Services appointed by Clinton

White Flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

fiscal bank

would establish a new Bank of the United States went through Congress, but President Tyler vetoed it

The Feminine Mystique (1963)

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that led to the start of the civil war and helped the north win

Upton Sinclair

wrote "the jungle" (exposes the horrors of the meatpacking industry, leads to the FDA and protections for the consumer by the government)

Lincoln Steffens

wrote "the shame of the cities"(talks about the relationship between government and big business and how it is corrupt - how the government is easily bribed to give special treatment to big business)

Herman Melville

wrote Moby Dick

Ray Stannard Baker

wrote a book exposing racial discrimination and suppression ("following the color line")

John Spargo

wrote a book exposing the hard conditions of child labor ("bitter cry of the children")

William Lloyd Garrison

wrote a militantly anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator, favored immediate emancipation and inspires the anti-slavery society

Edgar Allan Poe

wrote with a pessimistic tone, unlike the literature at the time

influential authors during the harlem renaissance

zora neale hurston and langston hughes