apush exam: period 4 (1800-1848)

american anti-slavery society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

harriet tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

andrew jackson

American lawyer, soldier, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. his presidency is one of the most important in american history, and represented an ever-chaning, rapidly developing democratic party.

whig party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats. they were a loose coalition who were unified by their dislike of democrat policies. they believed in federal activism, especially in social issues. many were deeply religious and supported the temperance movement as well. stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

forty-niners

Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.

american system

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

republic of texas

Created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led Texas to join the U.S. in 1845.

era of good feelings

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

horace mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s, soon coming to america, where the industry boomed. once they converted to compatible systems, the government paid for numerous ________ tracks to be built all over the country, which hastened progress. they efficiently connected americans and became part of the american identity as an industrialized nation.

sojourner truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

the north was becoming increasingly industrialized. technological advances in numerous areas, such as communication, transportation, industry, and banking were allowing the north to become the nation's commerical center. farming did not play a role up here due to cold conditions, and legal slavery was highly uncommon.

describe the economic developments of the north during this period.

the south was entirely agrarian. its chief crops, which were tobacco and cotton, required large acreage, which caused southerners to continuously look west for more land. anxious to protect the slavery they depended so much on, they also looked for new slave territories to incorporate into the union to combat northern legislation which tried to outlaw slavery.

describe the economic developments of the south during this period.

the west's interests were largely rooted in fur trading, farming, and real estate speculation. westerners distrusted the north, whom they looked to as the faraway home of banks which could take their land away. they did not agree with the rigidity of southern hierarchies either. despite western expansion being the core cause of some of the conflicts leading up to the civil war, westerners avoided involvement on the slavery issue because they believed that it didn't affect them

describe the economic developments of the west during this period.

they lived in a state of substinence poverty. they were housed in one room cabins which were typically shared with another family. conditions were extremely unsanitary. most worked extremely long hours doing tedious work, which were much worse in the deep south than the upper south. they lived in fear of their families being broken up by the sale of one or more of them, and they were tormented by cruel overseers. however, slaves learned to cope with their situation by developing their own culture which was a blend of christianity and african tradition. slaves also perfomed subtle forms of resistance, like secretly learning to read, that enabled them to keep their dignity

describe the lives of slaves in the south.

this was a class of people made up of tradesmen, brokers, and other professionals, who worked so that the women in their families didn't have to and could stay home and run the household. since wage-earning labor was most commonly performed away from the home, this added to the middle-class stigma that men went away and worked for their families while women stayed at home with the kids. they also constituted much of the market for luxury goods.

describe the middle class of the north.

unlike their northern counterparts, this group, all of whom owned successful plantations, dominated the south socially, politically, and economically. less than 1% of them owned more than 100 slaves. in fact, fewer than 10% owned over 20. nonetheless, they were still characterized by their usage of slave labor in their large plantations

describe the wealthy plantation class of the south.

a poorer class in which men worked in factories while women stayed at home and performed needlework. other members of this class worked as domestic servants, and most worked for the whole of their life. many of these families lived just above the poverty level, so an illness or injury could result in ruin.

describe the working class of the north.

erie canal

a canal that linked the great lakes to new york and to european shipping routes. because of this, it suddenly became necessary for midwestern merchants to sell to eastern buyers to make more money, something they weren't able to do often before the canals. the north became the center of commerce because of this. this canal caused everyone to make money, and soon other regions wanted to duplicate its success, causing the construction of thousands of miles of canals, most of which failed.

gold rush

a discovery of gold in the sierra mountains set off a gold craze throughout the world, causing over 100k people to migrate to the california territory in hopes of striking it rich. though this often didn't happen, they found cali hospitable to agriculture and settled the area.

monroe doctrine

a famous statement of american foreign policy created by james monroe. it dealt with mutual noninterference: if europe stayed out of the americas, then the unites states would stay out of european affairs. it also claimed america's right to intervene anywhere in the hemisphere if it felt threatened. no european country tried to interfere with the americas, so it worked (it actually wasn't this document that kept out european countries. due to war with napoleon, war weary europe did not have the resources necessary to do stuff in the americas)

power loom

a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side wit hthe spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles. manufacturers could now produce thread and finished fabric in their own factories quickly and efficiently, with a resulting product that was more high-quality and inexpensive.

cotton gin

a machine that revolutionized southern agriculture by making it much easier to remove seeds from cotton plants. it made it much easier and cheaper to use cotton for textiles, and the demand for cotton things grew rapidly in the early 1800s. as demand grew, so did production in the south, which intensified the south's dependence on slave labor.

market economy

a market in which people trade their labor/goods for cash, and then use that cash to buy other people's labor/goods. to do well in an industry like this, one had to specialize in a particular product. they grow more quickly and provide more service than a subsistence economy. a downside of this economy was that it was prone to rapid change. this was the kind of economy america was developing during this time period, especially in farming. single crop farmers could offer buyers more of what they wanted and become successful from that, at the expense of their self-sufficiency.

texas

a mexican province that grew rapidly due to the high amounts of american settlers coming into the area, who were attracted there by the government's liberal land policies. however, the settlers completely disobeyed the set of rules that the mexican government laid out for new citizens. mexico attempted to regain control of the area, but the settlers rebelled and declared _____ an independent nation.

coffin handbill

a pamphlet created by adams' supporters that accused jackson of murdering his enlisted men during the many skirmishes he took part in during the indian wars.

jacksonian democracy

a political movement that descended from jeffersonian republicanism. unlike the jeffersonians, this political party would benefit from universal white manhood suffrage, which meant that all white males, even if they didn't own property, would be able to vote. they also approved of a strong and effective presidency, which jackson promptly provided. this theory is not a coherent way of how the government should function. supporters of this movement saw themselves as champions of liberty.

tecumseh

a shawnee chief who attempted to unify local native american tribes to create a larger federation of warriors with which to defend their homelands of indiana and illinois from american expansion. he and his confederacy allied with the british to achieve this. however, at the battle of tippecanoe, he and his confederacy were defeated by american general william henry harrison.

nat turner's rebellion

a slave named nat turner had a vision, and he took this vision as a sign from god to free his fellow slaves. so, he rallied a gang of slaves that broke free from their plantations and mutilated and killed 50 whites. the virginia legislature retaliated hard, executing 200 slaves, some of which weren't even involved in the rebellion. many southern states created slave codes also.

mcculloch v. maryland

a supreme court ruling that declared that states could not tax the national bank, thus establishing that national law was superior to state law.

morse code

a telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals)

oregon territory

a territory located farther west and north where settlers were pouring into from all over america. however, the british were also in this area, claiming it for canada. russia also staked a claim. however, through a treaty, the us settled the dispute wih the british

thomas jefferson

a virginia statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He had previously served as the second vice president of the United States under John Adams between 1797 and 1801. he would be the first democratic-republican president, with a presidency that started strong but had a tumultuous end.

midnight appointments

before he left office in 1801, adams worked tirelessly to fill in as many government positions as he could with federalists, since the only federalist stronghold governmentally during this time was the supreme court.

-clothing manufacturers, which transformed textiles into finished products. -retailers, who sold finished products. -brokers, who were men that bought and sold both raw and finished products and trafficked them among manufacturers and retailers -transportation industry-grew due to the need to be able to transport products all over the country. -commercial banks lent money so that the wheels of commerce could keep on rolling.

besides the textile industry, what other industries dominated the north?

cattle ranching

an industry in the west that utilized cattle drives. This was when a large herd of cattle was moved from the ranch to a market place where they could be sold. A lot of the original cattle drives went from Texas to the railroads in Kansas.

the prophet

brother to tecumseh, he attempted to stir up a revival of traditional native american culture and tradition. though, once tecumseh had died, most gave up hope.

lewis and clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

tariff of 1828 (tariff of abominations)

Tariff passed by Congress that imposed very high duties on imports ( 62% tariff on 92% of imported goods). Southerners protested because it increased the cost of the manufactured good they bought. It was said to have been passed not to raise money but to protect the interests of Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern farmers.

impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

second bank of the united states

chartered in 1816 by madison, this bank needed a recharter by 1833, since its original charter would expire after 20 years. however, jackson vetoed congress's attempts to recharter the bank, and he began taking money out of this bank and placing it in pet banks.

fur-trading

common commercial enterprise on the frontiers, also called "over mountain men", they were often the first pioneers in the region and constantly moved further west. they hunted the beaver to near-extinction, and tended to stay in oregon.

labor unions

cretaed around the 1840s and 50s when working conditions really began to deteriorate, workers created these to support their interests. these early unions weren't very effective as they were small and they were met with much protest from industry

jeffersonian democracy

This is the phrase used to describe the general political principles embraced by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson favored reducing the size and scope of the national government. Once in office, he announced conservative fiscal policies that reduced the public debt also supported simplicity, disliking especially the ceremonial aspects of the Federalist administrations. Jefferson articulated a clear vision of what type of society and citizenry he thought was best suited for protecting American virtue: an agrarian society in which all men were honest, hardworking, and responsible—promoted independence derived from self-sufficiency.

john tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

panic of 1819

following a period of economic growth, this panic seemed to completely derail the era of good feelings. it was a result of intensive economic growth, inflation, and land speculation, which all destabilized the economy. many couldn't repay the loans doled to them by the national bank, the consequences of which were numerous foreclosures and business failures. though many were thrown into poverty, no political resistance rose as a result of this panic, and monroe was still able to win reelection.

john c calhoun

his fame began as a war hawk in the war of 1812.

since it was cut off from trade with europe due to the war, american manufacturing sustained a big boom during this period, with new england at its center. after the war, america became less dependent on foreign imports.

how had american manufacturing changed after the war of 1812?

burr-hamilton duel

in 1804, burr attempted to run for governor of new york. hamilton campaigned against burr. when burr lost the election, he accused hamilton of sabotaging his political career, later challenging him to a duel in weehawken, new jersey. at the duel, burr shot and mortally wounded hamilton.

immigration waves

in the 1840s and 50s, northern cities faced wave after wave of german and irish immigrants coming to live there. this was due to famine in these countries.

specie circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

embargo act of 1807

issued by jefferson, this act completely shut down the us's import and export business. it was disastrous. th economy of new england, which heavily relied on trade, completely collapsed, and smuggling became commonplace. many new englanders turned to british canada for trade, completely disregarding the law. this act caused many democratic-republicans to lose congressional seats in the 1808 election.

aaron burr

served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.

southern paternalism

slaveholders saw themselves as guardians of a familial relationship between masters and slaves given to them by fate and heritage; believed it was their duty to house, feed, and make the slaves work.

yeomen

small southern landowners who owned either one or two slaves, or none at all. they worked on small tracts of land with their families, growing subsistence crops, raised livestock, and sometimes produced cash crops.

landless whites

southern farmers who either farmed as tenants or hired themselves out as manual labor.

war hawks

southerners and westerners who were anxious to create a war with britain. they saw the war as an opportunity to grab new territories in both the south and west, and maybe even annex canada. they were led by henry clay and john c. calhoun

election of 1824

there were four candidates in this election (adams, jackson, crawford, and clay), and none of them won a majority of the election. the country wasn't sure who would be president. andrew jackson won the popular vote and had the most electoral votes, but because there was no majority, the election would be decided by the house of reps. henry clay, who was speaker of the house, endorsed adams there, and adams was essentially handed the victory. jackson, pissed off at this, called it a "corrupt bargain".

non-intercourse act of 1809

this act, attempting to heal the disaster caused by the embargo act of 1807, reopened trade with most nations. however, trade with britain and france was still banned.

12th amendment

this amendment allowed election voters to vote for a party ticket, instead of having whoever comes in 2nd for the presidency be the vice president.

john quincy adams

monroe's excellent secretary of state who was responsible for negotiating numerous treaties which fixed us borders and opened up new territories, the most famous being the adams-onis treaty, through which the us gained florida. he had to deal with multiple south american uprisings and made sure that the us recognized all of these new countries so that we could gain more trading partners. unfortunately, his presidency wasn't as great.

trail of tears

the "civilized" cherokee tribe lived just outside of georgia, when gold was found in their lands. the citizens of georgia demanded that the cherokee comply with the indian removal act, which demanded that thet resettle in oklahoma. jackson supported this argument, saying that moving away from white society would be beneficial for the native americans to protect themselves. the cherokee refused and brought their case to the supreme court, which ruled in their favor, nonetheless, jackson ignored the ruling and forced them out of georgia. to get to oklahoma, they had to follow this harsh path of travel, on which thousands died of illness and starvation.

martin van buren

the 8th president who continued jackson's hard currency practice, insuring that money would be hard to come by and greatly worsening the depression. the depression lasted through his term, and because of it, he was not reelected.

louisiana purchase

the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi.

hudson river school

the first distinct school of american art. these artists wanted to create a specific vision for american art, and they painted landscapes that portrayed the beauty of wild america.

steamships

the invention of the steam engine led to the invention of these boats, which could travel much faster than sailboats. they became very important freight carriers. however, they tended to malfunction from time to time.

eli whitney

the inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, both of which revolutionized the american economy.

spoils system

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters. jackson did this during his presidency much to the protest of the people, despite the fact that every other president before him had done the same thing.

immediatists

people who wanted emancipation at once

temperance societies

popular reform groups, usually led by middle and upper class women, who attempted to encourage people not to drink. some even sought outright prohibition of liquor. they would remain prominent until the 18th amendment. it was widely supported by the protestant church. the secret motivation behind this movement was to undermine the heavy drinking culture of irish and german immigrants.

judicial review

review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.

yes, it was highly dangerous, due to an unforgiving terrain and climate, as well as hostile native americans and mexicans.

was western settlement dangerous?

miners

western workers who mined for gold and iron in mines all over the west.

adams was faced with a contrary congress, many of whom initially supported jackson and states' rights. they blocked any and all his attempts to strengthen the government.

what caused the faultiness of the adams presidency?

the frontier presented a tough climate and elements to live in, as well as hosting a myriad of hostile tribes. nonetheless, it offered a host of new opportunities for prosperity that weren't located in the cities of the east. women made a good living performing domestic work and operating boardinghouses and hotels. the west symbolized freedom and equality for many

what positive and negative effects did going west bring?

benefits: -cities were the easiest places in the country to find jobs. -cities offered more opportunities for social advancement, such as labor unions and changes to the public school system. -cities offered a wider variety of leisure opportunities, such as sports and theatre. downsides: -cities lacked powerful urban governments to oversee their advancements. -modern waste disposal, plumbing, sewers, and incineration were not where they should be, creating extremely dirty cities. -people lived close together, which with the sanitation problems that they frequently faced, made epidemics common.

what were some benefits and downsides to living in an american city?

-the unfair impressment of american citizens into the british navy, which proved that britain clearly didn't respect the us as a real nation. -chesapeake-leopard affair, in which the hms leopard attacked the uss chesapeake in american waters. -the embargo act, which attempted to restrict trading ships from leaving the us, which aggravated the british as well as the americans -madison placed yet another frustrating embargo on the british due to the macon bill no. 2, which caused the british to step up their attacks on american ships, which further brewed pro-war sentiments at home

what were some of the factors that contributed to the outbreak of the war of 1812?

nullification crisis

when the tariff of 1828 was passed in 1828, john c calhoun, jackson's vp, anonymously wrote a pamphlet, which argued that the states who felt the tariff was unfairly high could openly nullify the law. by 1830, southern states were openly discussing nullification, prompted by a desire to nullify protectionist tariffs which hurt southern trade with britain. though jackson supported states' rights, he thought that nullification endangered the union, and thus passed the tariff of 1832 which lowered rates in order to appease the south. when south carolina nullified this too, jackson enacted a force bill which would call in troops to enforce the bill, but calhoun and clay negotiated a secret compromise which cooled things down.

war of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

david walker

Black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves; wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World."- called for a bloody end to white supremacy; believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

boom and bust cycle

An economic cycle in which high demand and production leads to prosperity followed by depression

squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. these people were extremely common in the western frontier.

essex junto

New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. this was a group of extreme Federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated New England's secession from the U.S.

james madison

The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, he was the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.

missouri compromise

by 1820, there was 11 slave states and 11 free states. also during this time, the territory of ________ was being considered for statehood. yet, that would've interupted the equilibrium between slave and free states. to fix the situation, clay came up with a compromise consisting of four steps: 1. missouri is admitted as a slave state 2. maine (part of mass.) is admitted as a free state 3. drew a line between slave and free states at the 36'30 line. 5. established the southernmost border of missouri as the northernmost point at which slavery would be allowed in the western territories of the us.

gambling and prostitution

two other things that were fought against by temperance suppoters.

interchangeable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces. prior to this invention, manufacturers built weapons by hand with custom-fitting parts so that each machine was unique, a process that was costly and time-consuming. this was another thing that revolutionized manufacturing and made hard jobs much, much easier.

dairy farming and grain production

what two industries transformed the ohio valley?

-the machine parts industry-without whitney's invention of interchangeable parts, machines would've been impractical because they were too expensive to build and fix. -assembly line production-a production technique that divided labor into a number of tasks and assigning each worker to one task. this made it much easier for workers and created many more products.

what two things did eli whitney's invention of interchangeable parts create?

he continuously fought them.

what was andrew jackson's opinion on reform movements of the time, which called for increased government activism for the poor?

it's hard to define, as western borders constantly changed. in 1800 it would've been considered lands just east of the mississippi. in the 20sm it would've been considered land acquired in the louisiana purchase. with the addition of texas, california, and the oregon territory, a new west was established near the pacific.

what was considered "west" during this period?

most immigrants were from germany and ireland. they were met with resentment, especially from the working class, with whom they competed for jobs

where were most immigrants from during this time? how did people react to them?

macon bill no. 2

passed in 1810, this bill reopened trade with both france and england, with one catch. madison promised that if one of the countries renounced its interference with american trade, he would cut off trade with the other one. france was quick to do this, so madison was forced to place an embargo on british trade, worsening relations.

the shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy, which caused their numbers to diminish.

canal era

1820s-1830s resulted in an expansion of canals and greater access to goods from the west at a cheaper cost to consumers in the east. The canal age contributed to greater trade. The most famous one is the Erie Canal which spans from Lake Erie at Buffalo, NY to the Hudson River in Albany, NY. it was eventually undermined by railroads.

force bill

1833 - this authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

american colonization society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s. people could now communicate from long distances more efficiently than ever, and their benefits became widely recognized throughout the nation.

second great awakening

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

national woman suffrage association

A suffrage group headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony that stressed the need for women to lead organizations on their own behalf. The NWSA focused exclusively on women's rights — sometimes denigrating men of color, in the process — and took up the battle for a federal women's suffrage amendment.

lowell system

A system of factory labor that used "mill girls" and relied on female and child labor to produce goods. Young women left home to live at strict boarding houses and work, earning a sense of independence, while under vigilant supervision and a highly structured and restrictive private life. Most girls worked for a few years then moved on to marry or leave the factory in search of other work opportunities. The Lowell system was significant because as oppressive as it was, it allowed young women a taste of freedom and independence, previously unavailable to them.

tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

"pet" banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

frederick douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

william henry harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience. famous participants include: nathaniel hawthorne, ralph waldo emerson, henry david thoreau.

manifest destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. it would be at the forefront of almost all american minds throughout the 19th century as the country expanded into the midwest and the west coast.

mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT. they proved to be very successful in utah because of their strong sense of community, and because of this, they still exist today.

henry clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

hartford convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalists much of their influence. they were never again an effective party after this.

samuel slater

Memorized Richard Artright's design for the machines and brought them over to the united States from Britain, starting the industrial revolution in america.

indian removal act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

william lloyd garrison

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

national road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

free blacks

They were ex-slaves were either freed by their owners or escaped. The were considered free, but were still held under many restrictions and racial laws and found limited work. They developed their own communities, cultures, found work and were able to develop economically.

panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

congressional caucuses

congressmen whose responsibility it was to pick their parties' nominees and electors. after the chaotic election of 1824, this system declined.

jackson believed that was an unconstitutional monopoly that put northern interests ahead of western ones. the supreme court responded by loosely interpreting the commerce clause of mcculloch v. maryland, dismantling jackson's argument.

why did jackson try to dismantle the bank? how did the supreme court respond?

marbury v. madison

william maybury, one of adams' midnight appointments, sued james madison (now sec. of state) for refusing to certify his appointment. chief justice marshall was a federalist like maybury, but did not know if the court could force jefferson to accept maybury. so, the court ruled that maybury had a right to his judgeship but the court could not enforce his right due to the judiciary act of 1789 (which said that the supreme court could force officials like madison to accept judiciary appointments if need be) being unconsitutional, because it took too much power away from the other two branches. this was a landmark case and it established judicial review.