APUSH FINAL
Battle of San Jacinto
(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas
Judiciary Act of 1789
In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.
Tenure of Office Act (1867)
It was a measure passed by Congress in 1867 that prohibited the president from dismissing anyone whose appointment had required the consent of the Senate unless the Senate agreed to the dismissal. Passed because Johnson would violate it, it started the impeachment crisis.
Thomas Cole
Landscape artist who became a leader of the Hudson River School of painting/ known for painting nature scenes around the Hudson River Valley
Free Soilers
Northern antislavery politicians, like Abraham Lincoln, who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories
Utopian socialism
Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively
Lyman Beecher
Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States.
Stephen A. Douglas
Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine
Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse were Sioux chiefs who resisted and killed Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and his troops at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.
Stalwarts & Halfbreeds
Stalwarts - led by Conkling - favored the Spoils System Half-breeds - led by Blain - favored the merit system and civil service reform
Battle of Fallen Timbers
The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River
Slidell Mission (1845)
The US allowed Texas to enter the Union, and then sent a diplomatic mission to establish the Rio Grande as the new boundary and to buy the provinces of NM and CA from Mexico. Mexico refused to recognize him.
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
Second Continental Congress (1775)
They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence
Women's Christian Temperance Union
This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.
Tariff of 1816
This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Treaty under which government agreed to close Bozeman trail, and Sioux agreed to live on reserve along Missouri River. The Sioux were forced into this treaty. The treaty was only a temporary to warfare between Native Americans and Whites.
Triangle Trade - Middle Passage
Triangle Trade: A system in which goods and slaves were traded among britain, Africa and the Americas; Middle Passage: Trade route between Africa & the Americas
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
Annapolis Convention (1785)
Twelve representatives of five states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia) met at the Maryland State House in Annapolis to discuss interstate commerce. No decisions were made, but a consensus was reached that an even larger convention involving all the states should be held. (Philadelphia Convention (1787))
Anaconda Plan
Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south
General Winfield Scott
United States Army lieutenant general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. He was responsible for defeating Santa Anna. He also conceived the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan.
Sojourner Truth
United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
Harriet Tubman
United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
William Jennings Bryan
United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)
Sam Houston
United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)
William Bradford
United States printer (born in England) whose press produced the first American prayer book and the New York City's first newspaper (1663-1752), A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in private businesses (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
Bacon's Rebellion (1676)
Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.
William Henry Harrison
Was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
"City upon a hill"
Winthrop's name for Massachusetts Bay Colony symbolizing how it will be a Puritan example that others will look up to
Munn v. Illinois (1876)
a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.
Underground Railroad
a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
Bunker Hill
the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775), a battle that took place on the strategic point of Breed's Hill. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies. yet gave US confidence- It pushed Americans towards a final decision for war.
General Santa Anna (1834)
took over Mexican government and made himself a dictator; sent troops to Texas to enforce Mexican laws; people were angered and fighting broke out
DDT
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Fair Labor Standards Act
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Ghost Dance
A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.
W. E. B. DuBois
He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP.
"Tippecanoe & Tyler Too!"
"Tippecanoe and Tyler too", originally published as "Tip and Ty", was a very popular and influential campaign song of the colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election. Its lyrics sung the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the "hero of Tippecanoe") and John Tyler, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren.
"Virginia Dynasty"
"dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners
John Marshall - Marshall Court (1801-1835)
(Established court as co-equal branch with power of "judicial review"; rulings supported federal supremacy over the states and promoted commerce) Federal supremacy: Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Worcester v. Georgia Commerce: McCulloch, Gibbons, Dartmouth College v. Woodward
coureurs de bois
(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)
"Australian" Secret Ballot
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"Baby Boom" Dr. Spock
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"Cash and carry"
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"Gentlemen's Agreement" (1908)
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"Great Migration"
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"He kept us out of the war!"
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"I Love Lucy" - TV
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"Open Skies" Policy & Spirit of Geneva
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"Return to Normalcy"
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"Sun Belt"
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"The Big Four"
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"The Man Without A Party"
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"Welfare Capitalism"
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"White Man's Burden"
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"containment" - George F. Kennan "Article X"
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"keeping up with the Jones's"
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"military-industrial complex"
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"reconversion"
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"the elect" & predestination
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"white flight"
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(Hoover) Stimpson Doctrine (1932)
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100 Days
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14 Points
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16th Amendment
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17th Amendment
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1932 Election "New Deal"
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1948 Election - Thomas Dewey
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1953 Coup in Iran - the Shah
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19th Amendment (1920)
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1st 2 Party System Democratic -Republicans & Federalists
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21st Amendment
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22nd Amendment (1947,1951)
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3 Rs
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ACLU
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AFL-CIO merger
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Al Smith
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Alfred Dole
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Alger Hiss
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Alice Paul - NWP (1916)
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Alliance for Progress (1961)
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America First Committee -
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Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Mellon
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Anti-Imperialist League
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Antracite Coal Strike (1902)
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Army-McCarthy Hearings 1954
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Atlantic Charter
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Bank Holiday
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Battle of Midway (1942)
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Battle of the Bulge (1944)
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Bay of Pigs 1961
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Beats "beatniks" - Allen Ginsberg's "Howl"
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Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-1949)
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Big Bill Haywood
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Big Stick Diplomacy
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Black Cabinet
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Black Thursday and Tuesday (Oct. 1929)
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Bonus Army
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Boston Police Strike (1919)
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Boulder Dam (1931-1936)
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Boxer Rebellion (1900)
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Brain Trust
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka KS (1954)
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Bruce Barton: The Man Nobody Knows
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C.I.O. - John Lewis
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C.P.I. George Creel
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COLD WAR
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Carrie Chapman Catt - NAWSA (1900)
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Casablanca Conference (1943) "unconditional surrender" & Invasion of Sicily
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Castro's revolution in Cuba 1959
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Causes of the Depression:
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Charles Lindberg - Spirit of St. Louis
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Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) Koumintang
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Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech (1946)
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Circular loans
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City Manager
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Civil Rights Act of 1957
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Clayton Anti-Trust Act
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Commodore Dewey
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Conquistadores & "3 Gs"
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Conservation and preservation
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Consumerism - Credit
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Court-Packing Plan
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Cuba Libre! (1895)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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D-Day (6/4/44) - Stalingrad
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Dawes Plan (1924)
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De Lome Letter (1898)
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Dien Bien Phu (1954)
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Direct Primaries
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Dixiecrats (1948) - Sen. Strom Thurmond
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Dollar Diplomacy
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Dominion of New England (1685-1688 James II)
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Dr. Francis Townsend
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Drought conditions for farms
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Dust Bowl & Okies
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Earl Warren
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Easy credit & bank failures
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Eisenhower Doctrine
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Eisenhower's Farewell Address
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Election of 1912
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Elkins Act (1903) & Hepburn Act (1906)
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Emergency Banking Relief Act &
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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Encomienda & Mission Systems
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Espionage (1917) & Sedition Acts (1918)
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Executive Order 9066 - Manzanar - Internment
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Father Charles Coughlin
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Federal Farm Board (1929)
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Federal Reserve Act (1914)
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Federal Trade Commission Act
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Fireside Chats
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Five-Power Treaty 5-5-3-1.67-1.67
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Flappers, Vamps, "New Woman"
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Food Administration - Hoover
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Frank Norris The Octopus
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Frederick Taylor "Taylorism"
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Free Silver
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G. I. Bill of Rights (1944)
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General MacArthur
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General Tojo - Emperor Hirohito - bushido
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Gifford Pinchot - John Muir
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Glass-Steagall Act - FDIC
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Glorious Revolution - William & Mary (1688)
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Good-Neighbor Policy
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Great White Fleet
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H-Bomb 1950 & ICBMs
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HUAC - Smith Act of 1940
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Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)
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Harlem Renaissance:
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Harry Hopkins
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Hawaii Annexation (1900)
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Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
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Helen Keller
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. Lodge Corollary (1912)
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Henry Ford
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Hiroshima - Nagasaki
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Hitler- blitzkrieg & Mussolini
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Ho Chi Minh & Vietminh
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Hoovervilles
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Hotline
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Huey Long
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Hungarian Revolt (1956)
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I.W.W. Wobblies
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Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil Co
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Ike's "New Republicanism"
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Immigration Act of 1924 (1890 census)
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Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard)
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Initiative, recall, referendum
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Insular Cases (1901-1903)
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Interstate Highway Act (1956)
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Isolationism
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J.P. Morgan
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Jackie Robinson
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Jacob Leisler & John Coode
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Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives
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James Oglethorpe / Georgia (1733)
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Jamestown & Southern Colonies:
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Jazz Age: Duke Ellington. Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith - The Jazz Singer
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John Adams
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John Coll
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John Foster Dulles & Allen Dulles
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John Hay - Open Door Policy (1899)
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John J. Pershing
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Jonas Salk
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Jones Act (1916)
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Josiah Strong
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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Keating-Owen Act (Child Labor Act)
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Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
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Keynesian Economics - "Pump Priming"
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Kim Il Sung & Syngman Rhee
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Korean War (1950-1953)
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Korematsu v. U. S. [1944]
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Lack of money supply
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League of Nations
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Lend-Lease Act (1940)
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Liberty Bonds
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Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities
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Little Rock 9
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Lost Generation: Hemingway, Fitzgerald
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Louis Brandeis
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Lusitania (1915) Sussex (1916)
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Manhattan Project - J. Robert Oppenheimer
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Mao Zedong & Communist China (1949)
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Marcus Garvey: UNIA "back-to-Africa"
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Marion Anderson
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Marshall Plan (1947-1951)
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Mary McLeod Bethune
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Massive Resistance - Southern Manifesto
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McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
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McCarran-Walter Immigration Act (1952)
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McClure's Magazine (1893)
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McNary-Haugen Bill veto (1928)
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Meat Inspection Act (1906)
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Mechanization & Automation
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Metacom & Wampanoags
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Middle Colonies & Other:
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Modernism vs. Fundamentalism
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Montgomery Bus Boycotts
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Moral Diplomacy
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Mormons (CJC) LDS (1830)
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Muckrakers
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Munich Conference
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NASA & the Apollo Program
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NATO (1949) - SEATO, Warsaw Pact (1956) - collective security
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NSC-68 (1950)
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National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
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National Origins Act of 1921 (1910)
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National War Labor Board (Taft)
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Nativism - Quota System
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Neutrality -
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Neutrality Acts (1936-1937)
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New Freedom
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New KKK
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New Nationalism
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Nikita Khrushchev
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Nixon's "Checkers Speech"
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Northern Securities Company
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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)
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Nuremberg Trials - War crimes
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Nye Commission (1936)
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Office of Price Administration (OPA)
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Organization of American States (OAS)
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Orval Faubus
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Overproduction in industry & farming
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Palmer Raids
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Panama Canal (1904-1914)
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Panay Incident (1937)
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Pancho Villa
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Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
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Pearl Harbor (12/7/41) "A date that will..."
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Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy (1910)
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Platt Amendment (1901)
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Plymouth Colony
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Poets: Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes
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Potsdam Conference - Truman "Gets Tough"
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Proclamation to the People of SC
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Progressive "Bull Moose" Party
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Prohibition: 18th Amendment & Volstead Act (1919)
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Proprietorship - Maryland (1634)
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Pueblo Revolt - Pope (1680)
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Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
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Puritans & Separatists
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Queen Liliuokalani
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Reciprocal Trade Agreements
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Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
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Recovery: NIRA (NRA), AAA, WPA
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Red Scare (1919-1920)
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Reform: SEC, FDIC
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Relief: PWA, CCC & TVA
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Remember the Maine! (1898)
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Resistance, sabotage, sambo
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Revivalists - Billy Sunday
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Robert LaFollette
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Rock & Roll & "Juvenile Delinquency"
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Root-Takihara Agreement (1908)
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Rosie the Riveter
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Rough Riders
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Russian Revolution
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Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
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SCLC & MLK Jr.
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Sacco & Vanzetti (1921-1927)
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San Patricio's Battalion
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Schenck v. U.S. (1919) "clear & present danger"
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Scientific Management
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Scopes Trial (1925)
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Selective Service Act (1917)
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Sen. Joseph McCarthy - McCarthyism
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Silent Cal
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Silver bugs & Gold bugs
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Social Security Act
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Socialist Party - Debs
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Soviet's - atomic bomb 1949
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Spanish Civil War (1936)
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Spanish-American War (1898)
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Speculation - "Buying on the margin"
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Sputnik (1957)
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Suez Crisis (1956-1957)
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Suffrage
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T.R.'s Square Deal (1901-1909)
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Taft
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Taft-Hartley Act (1947)- Sen. Robert Taft
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Tampico Incident
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Tea Act - British East India Co.
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Teapot Dome Scandal - Albert Fall
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Teheran Conference (1943) Western Front
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Teller Amendment
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The Jungle - Upton Sinclair
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The Organization Man, The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit & The Lonely Crowd
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Thurgood Marshall
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Treaty of Kanagawa
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Treaty of Paris of 1898
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Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
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Treaty of Versailles
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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
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Triple Alliance - Central Powers
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Truman Doctrine (1947)
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Truman's Fair Deal
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Trust-busting- Good Trusts and Bad Trusts
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Tuskegee Airmen & Navajo Code Talkers
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U-2 Incident (1960)
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UN Charter - Security Council
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Underwood Tariff (1913)
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United Mine Workers - John L. Lewis
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
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Utopia & "perfectionism"
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V-E Day V-J Day
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Valeriano Weyler
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WWII
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Wager Act (NLRB)
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War Industries Board - Baruch
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War Production Board (WPB)
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War declaration
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Washington Conference (1921)
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Yalta Conference (1945)- Big 3- Germany & UN
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Yellow Journalism - Hearst & Pulitzer
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Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
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blacklisting "Hollywood Ten"
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bomb shelters
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bootleggers, speakeasies
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bracero program - Zoot Suit Riots (1943)
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brinksmanship - massive retaliation
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genocide - Holocaust - "Final Solution"
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jingoism
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mutual assured destruction (M.A.D.)
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sit-down strikes
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suburbs - Levittown - tract housing
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tobacco - cash crops
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Bland-Allison Act (1878)
..., A United States federal law enacted in response to the Fourth Coinage Act that demonetizing silver. It was an attempt to bring back silver because gold was the only metallic standard before this act
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
..., Passed to appease pro-silver interests in the Midwest (Farmers), the act created inflation and lowered gold reserves thus causing the Panic of 1893.
Nat Turner (VA - 1831)
..., Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.
Antietam (1862)
..., The battle here was the bloodiest day during the Civil War (22,000 casualties in one day). and was the first Union victory in the eastern theater. When Lee and his troops left the battlefield. McClellan did not pursue because he was overly cautious. resulted in Eman. Proc.
Mexican Independence
1) Initial revolts started by American Indians and mestizoes (led by Father Hidalgo) 2) Fearing a repeat of Haitian Revolution, creoles take charge of independence movement 3) Army officer Iturbide defeated Spanish in 1824, declares himself emperor 4) Mexico becomes a republic 5)Mexico included Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Alta & Baja California, Colorado. ended by Treay of Cordoba 1810-1821
13th, 14th & 15th Amendments
13. abolished slavery, 14. Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws, 15. citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
Quebec Act (1774)
1774 the British government where the French were guaranteed their catholic religion permitted to retain many of their old customs and institution which did not include a representative assembly or trial by jury in civil cases. old boundaries of the province of Quebec were extended southward to the Ohio River
Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1774)
1774, British response to Boston Tea Party, took away right to self-government and private assembly until destroyed tea was paid for, esp. hard on boston and massachusetts --> became part of the desire for Declaration of Independence and led to creation of some amendments
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
Jay's Treaty
1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.
William Lloyd Garrison
1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
Crop lien system - Sharecropping
1860s-1920s. The "crop lien" system, whereby merchants advanced credit to farmers for a portion of the upcoming crop, most often resulted in overcharges and permanent indebtedness.
McKinley Tariff
1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history
William McKinley
25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist
Amelia Bloomer
3An American women's rights and temperance advocate. She presented her views in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. When Amelia was 22, she married a lawyer by the name of Dexter Bloomer. One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive.
Jacob Riis
A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.
Farmer's Alliance
A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy
John Adams
A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.
Lucretia Mott
A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848
Charles Finney
A Second Great Awakening evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time, (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.
American Colonization Society (1817)
A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.
Alamo
A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.
Ex parte Merryman
A Supreme Court case that Chief Justice Taney's ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional without an act of Congress. Lincoln openly defied the ruling by suspending it for the arrest of anti-Unionists during the Civil War. This shows how a president can sometimes overstep their power.
Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry.
Necessary and proper "elastic clause"
A clause in Article I, section 8, of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to do whatever it deems necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations; the basis for the implied powers.
Crittenden Compromise (1860)
A compromise by Senator Crittenden of Kentucky which proposed banning slavery north of 36 30, protecting it south, and allowing all new states to choose. -Shot down by Lincoln.
Oregon Question
A dispute between the British and the Americans over the boundary of Oregon. However, it was resolved by declaring the 49th parallel the official border, preventing war yet again.
Roger Williams
A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south
"peculiar institution"
A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.
Caroline Affair (1837)
A group of men led by William Lyon Mackenzie rebelled in Upper Canada demanded a more democratic government. There was much sympathy for their cause in the United States, and a small steamer, the Caroline, owned by U.S. citizens, carried men and supplies from the U.S. side of the Niagara river to the Canadian rebels on Navy Island just above Niagara Falls. On the night of Dec. 29, 1837, a small group of British and Canadians loyal to the Upper Canadian government crossed the river to the U.S. side where the Caroline was moored, loosed her, set fire to her, and sent her over the falls. Americans on the border were aroused to intense anti-British feeling, and soldiers under Gen. Winfield Scott were rushed to the scene to prevent violent American action. The Caroline Affair and the Aroostook War helped to make relations with Great Britain very tense in the years before the Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Virginia Company
A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607: founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies: confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights: 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.
Louis Sullivan
A leading architect of skyscrapers in the late nineteenth century, stressed the need for building designs that followed function. His works combined beauty, modest cost, and efficient use of space.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
Romanticism
A movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization
Denmark Vesey (SC - 1822)
A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.
Gilded Age
A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
Second Bank of the U. S.
A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit; modeled after Hamilton's original bank and fixing Revolutionary War debt
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
Carry Nation
A prohibitionist. She believed that bars and other liquor-related businesses should be destroyed, and was known for attacking saloons herself with a hatchet.
Dorothea Dix - Asylums (Penitentiary)
A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.
Society of Cincinnati (1783)
A secret society formed by officers of the Continental Army. The purpose of the group was to promote union and national honor, maintain wartime friendships, and look after members in need. George Washington was the first president and many of the Constitution's signers belonged to the group. Was disliked for pretentiousness
"Bleeding Kansas"
A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.
checks and balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
"pet banks"
A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.
Brook Farm- George Ripley
A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.
War of 1812 "Mr. Madison's War"
A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.
Closed shop
A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.
Aaron Burr
Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. Killed Hamilton in a duel
Quartering Act (1765)
Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.
Alien & Sedition Acts (1797-1798)
Acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government
"Midnight Appointments"
Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.
"exodusters"
African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.
Tuskegee Institute
Alabama trade school headed by Booker T. Washington; its purpose was to teach black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security.
First Continental Congress (1774)
All colonies but Georgia went to this Congress in Philadelphia in 1774 to determine how the colonies should react to what, from their viewpoint, seemed to pose an alarming threat to their rights and liberties; no talk of secession from England, just wanted to protest parliamentary acts and restore the relationship they had with Britain before the French and Indian War
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Allotted lands to various Indian tribes and extended protection through federal laws over the Indians. It was designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American Society. Dawes' goal was to create independent farmers out of Indians -- give them land and the tools for citizenship.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)
Ben Franklin Poor Richard's Almanac
Almanacs became the first books widely published, other than the bible, as families used them for medical advice, navigational and agricultural information, practical wisdom, humor, and predictions about the future and weather, this one became the most famous written.
The Gaspee Incident (1772)
Also called first blow of freedom. Shortly before midnight on June 9, 1772, approximately sixty armed men from Providence, Rhode Island set out in eight longboats for Namquid Point where His Majesty's Ship Gaspee had run aground. The majority of these men, who comprised the social elite of Providence, were disguised with black-smeared faces or Indian headdresses. Led by John Brown, a wealthy merchant and member of one of Rhode Island's most prestigious families
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.
George Washington
American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule
Robert Fulton
American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
Henry David Thoreau
American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.
Noah Webster
American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.
Herman Melville
American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels
Articles of Confederation (1781-1787)
Americans did not want control from a Monarch/king or a strong centralized gov.--- had little authority over the states
Confiscation Acts
An Act that declared that all rebel property used in war, including slaves, could be confiscated and declared that confiscated slaves were free forever.
Eli Whitney
An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged
Patrick Henry
An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a "state of defense" in virginia in 1775, he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, "Give me liberty or give me death." Henry served as Governor of Virginia from 1776-1779 and 1784-1786, and was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution.
Jefferson Davis
An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)
An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.
The Liberator
An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Ellis Island 1892
An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed into the USA if they were healthy
XYZ Affair
An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.
Aroostook War 1838-1839
An undeclared conflict between the United States and Britain over the boundary between Canada and Maine. No fighting occurred but tensions became so high that it is still known as a war.
"Melting Pot" theory
Analogy of American Immigration in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society.
American Temperance Society (1826)
Anti alcohol. Within five years of its founding there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages.
Roger Taney
As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.
John Winthrop
As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
King Philip's War (1675-1676)
As the English continued to push farther into Native American territory, Metacom (a.k.a. King Philip, son of Massasoit) forged an alliance between several tribes and launched an attack on English settlements and caused massive casualties. After a year of fighting the colonists won but this slowed westward expansion in New England.
Russell Conwell "Acres of Diamonds"
Baptist minister and his lecture, supporter of "wealth is available to all" theory. gave this lecture more than 6000 times between 1880 and 1900
Carlisle Boarding School
Boarding school for Native American children in Pennsylvania. Learned English and the ways of white Americans, founded in 1879 by Captain Pratt.
Impressment
British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)
British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake. Three Americans were killed and four others were taken captive and impressed into the British navy; aroused American anger and almost led to war
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.
Frederick Church
Central figure in the Hudson River School, pupil of Thomas Cole, known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places
Sumner-Brooks Conflict
Charles Sumner gave a speech against slavery and Kansas, calling out Sen. Andrew Butler of SC in particular. His viciousness enraged Preston Brooks, Butler's nephew. Several days after the speech, Brooks approached Sumner at his desk in the Senate chamber and began beating him with a heavy cane. His injuries were so severe that he could not return to the Senate for four years. Brooks resigned his seat.
Five civilized tribes
Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion
New Amsterdam
Colony established by the Dutch as an international trade center; taken over by the English
General Zachary Taylor
Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grnade Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylor's forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.
Committees of Correspondence
Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.
New Harmony - Robert Owen
Communal society of about 1,000 people established in Indiana by this idealistic Scottish textile manufacturer; an example of the utopian spirit of the age, the colony was ultimately unsuccessful, attracting radicals and scoundrels in additional to hard-working visionaries.
3/5s Compromise
Compromise made by Constitutional Convention to allow slaves to count as 3/5 of a person to count towards the population of a state for both representation and taxation
Mexican War (1846-1848)
Conflict between the US and Mexico that after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own. As victor, the US aqcuired vast new territories from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
separation of powers
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
Credit Mobilier
Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to congressmen and others created a major Grant administration scandal
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Court held that Indian tribes could not sue in federal courts but he did say that they were under the jurisdiction of the United States and could only give up their lands voluntarily.
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Court ruled that Scott was the property of Sanford and, as a slave, was prohibited from suing in court. Chief Justice Taney gives his opinion that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Decision adds to sectionalism between North and South that will lead to the Civil War.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery
Charter of Liberties (1701)
Created under "The Holy Experiment" by William Penn, this guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration
Andrew Carnegie
Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"
Pendleton Act (1885)
Def: U.S. legislation establishing the modern civil-service system of permanent federal employment based on merit. Sig: There was more opportunity for people to earn the position instead of being handed it which resulted in a slightly better government.
Navigation Acts (1650-1673)
Dictated that certain goods shipped from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World port and served as the foundation of England's worldwide commercial system- came out of the economic philosophy of mercantilism. It led to increased tension between Britain and the colonies
Henry Clay (KY)
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points.As Senator, he persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state
Freeport Doctrine
Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.
"Market Revolution"
Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR.
Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
Drew a distinction between state and federal citizenship and ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment does not guard against all instances of state discrimination. In its ruling, the Court considered the amendment's original purpose: to protect citizenship rights of freed slaves.
"perfectionism"
Due to the new liberal movements and religious fervor, many Americans believed that perfection was attainable. Therefore, a series of movements took place to perfect society, such as prison reform, temperance, etc.
Shays' Rebellion (1786-1787)
During a period of economic depression, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection. Citizens of Boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels, which put pressure on the American to strengthen the government and avoid further violence.
Lone Star Republic (1836-1845)
During the period in which Texas was independent, it was known as the "lone star republic." When Andrew Jackson was leaving office he accepted Texas' sovereignty and acknowledged it as a true state, though Texas would not achieve annexation until 1845 when President Tyler was leaving office. Significant because when Texas was finally annexed, the border dispute between Texas and Mexico would play a role in beginning the Mexican War
Panic of 1873 ("Crime of '73")
Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb overspeculation on Western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill", which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.
Panic of 1819
Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
Lasseiz Faire
Economic policy advocated Adam Smith, translates from French to "Free to do" It lets owners of industry set working conditions and run business without interference from the government
Fugitive Slave Law
Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.
Treaty of Paris of 1763
Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
"King Cotton"
Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond
Open shop
Factory or business employing workers whether or not they are union members; in practice, such a business usually refuses to hire union members and follows antiunion policies
Tallmadge Amendment (1819)
Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
Daniel Webster
Famous American politician and orator. He advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union. Webster-Hayne debates
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
Famous battle the occurred AFTER the War of 1812 is finished. Battle that made Andrew Jackson a war hero- he was able to bring together americans and inspire them to defeat the Brits.
"Join or Die"
Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War
Fort Sumter (1861)
Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; Lincoln sent supplies as a way to provoke the south (secretly) to begin the war. the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
Trusts
Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.
Lexington & Concord (1775)
First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston.
Sherman Antitrust Act
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
First women's rights convention in American History. Issued "Declaration of Sentiments"-declared "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.
Compromise of 1850
Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession
John C. Calhoun (SC)
Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights.
Joseph Smith
Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.
Hudson River School
Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River
American Antislavery Society (1833)
Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.
Joseph Henry Noyes
Founded the Oneida community in 1848 after undergoing a religious conversion
Sherman's "March to the Sea"
General Sherman led some 60000 troops on a march south across Georgia; burned cities and destroyed everything in his path; killed civilians, destroyed crops. Sherman believed in total war.
Granger Laws
Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional
Pilgrims
Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.
Assumption Plan
Hamilton's plan to assume all of the states' debts (by the feds). Meant to increase power of feds. TJeff and Madison opposed him, but Hamilton negotiated the deal by getting GW to move the capital south from NYC to a spot on the Potomac (modern day DC)
Bank of the United States
Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution
Report on Manufacturers (1791)
Hamilton's proposal for extensive federal stimulation of industrial development through subsidies and tax incentives funded by excise tax on whiskey distillers and tariffs on imports.
Webster-Hayne Debate
Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"
Thomas A. Edison
He perfected the light bulb in 1879. Technological advancement by creating generators, voltage regulators, electric meters, and insulated wiring. Phonograph, mimeograph, microphone, motion picture camera and film, battery, etc
Samuel Slater
He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.
David Walker
He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.
George A. Custer
He was a former general of the Civil War. He was nicknamed the "boy general." During the Sioux War of 1876-1877 he attacked 2,500 Sioux warriors near the Little Big Horn river in Montana and was completely wiped out. He and his 264 men's defeat was partially due to when two supporting colums failed to come to their rescue as reinforcement.
Benedict Arnold
He was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
Headright System
Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)
Home to many Puritans who left England because of the persecution they faced from the Anglican Church. Developed into a theocracy in which the church was central to all decisions; became the first English colony to establish the basis for a representative government. Leader was John Winthrop who envisioned the colony as a "City upon a Hill."
Horatio Alger - "Self-made man"
Horatio Alger wrote a series of dime novels that often features a poor boy who achieves success in the world. That success is usually the result of a bit of luck and a bit of pluck. Perpetrated the myth that anyone could make it in Gilded Age America
Presidential Reconstruction
In December 1863 Lincoln introduced the first Reconstruction scheme, the Ten Percent Plan, thus beginning the period known as Presidential Reconstruction. The plan decreed that when one-tenth of a state's prewar voters had taken an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, its citizens could elect a new state government and apply for readmission to the Union. In addition, Lincoln promised to pardon all but a few high-ranking Confederates if they would take this oath and accept abolition. The plan also required that states amend their constitutions to abolish slavery. Conspicuous in this plan was the stipulation that only whites could vote or hold office.
Salem Witch Trials (1692)
In Salem, Massachusetts, a hysterical witchcraft purge resulted in the deaths of 20 accused citizens. The delusion was caused by Puritan intolerance and belif in witchcraft.
Virginia Resolves
In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.
"Corrupt Bargain" of 1824
In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
Influential book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that showed the cruelty of slavery
internal & external taxes
Introduced by the British Parliament in 1765, the Stamp Act was an internal tax which few colonists could escape, all of the colonists were drastically affected by this tax. An example of an external tax is the Sugar Act passed in 1764 which raised costs only for a select group of people; public opposition to the tax was minute.
Reservation Policy
It was a new federal policy developed in the Gilded Age to deal with the Indians out West. In the 1830s, the US began the removal policy, in which it gave Indians any land they wanted west of the Mississippi forever.
Pequot War (1637)
It was an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. The result was the virtual elimination of the Pequot tribe.
Homestead Strike (1892)
It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.
Writs of assistance
It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.
"Age of the Common Man"
Jackson's presidency was the called the Age of the Common Man. He felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected.
Lewis & Clark - Corps of Discovery
Jefferson chartered Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the Corp of Discovery to travel across America to find the Northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean. They were to creat geographic data, maps, collect information about species, journal what they saw, and create diplomatic ties with the Indians.
"Revolution" of 1800
Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.
Republican agrarianism
Jeffersonian idealism, an ideal America of small, intra-dependent island communities, which would create the most equal nation of self-reliant farmers. However led to the expansion of plantations based on slave labor and brutality towards Indians. Influenced by Malthus.
Pottowatomie (1856)
John Brown and his sons hack apart 5 pro slavery men. This sets off guerilla warfare in KS. (part of Bleeding Kansas)
Harper's Ferry, VA (1859)
John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged
John Smith
John Smith took over the leadership role of the English Jamestown settlement in 1608. Most people in the settlement at the time were only there for personal gain and did not want to help strengthen the settlement. Smith therefore told the people, "people who do not work do not eat." His leadership saved the Jamestown settlement from collapsing.
Redeemers
Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.
Chief Joseph
Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations
Eugene Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
Appomattox Court House (1865)
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattoz Court House in Virginia TERMS Confeds surrender all equipment and arms except the officers' revolvers and swords Confeds keep horses for plowing Oath of loyalty to union, soldiers home
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Legalized segregation with regard to private property.
Townshend Acts (1767)
Levied taxes on imported items such as paper, glass, and tea; these taxes were designed to address colonial resistance to "internal taxation" like the Stamp Act, which had no connection to trade and was intended only to raise revenue. However, the colonials viewed the Townshend Acts as revenue-raising measures and refused to pay these taxes as well.
Battle of Bull Run (1861)
Lincoln sent troops to attack the confederate capital. Union and Confederate troops clashed between Washington D.C. and Richmond, Virginia. Finally the Union troops retreated. Results: Lincoln appointed a new commander of the Union army of the East, General McClellan commander. In the end he turned out to be too cautious
Helen Hunt Jackson (1881)
Lobbied for Indian rights and against government policy Published A Century of Dishonor -detailed government fraud and corruption in Indian affairs, as well as the many treaties broken by the U.S. Joined Indian Rights Association to end the Indian way of life by suppressing communal activities, reeducating Indian children, establishing individual homesteads to assimilate Indians into white society
Philadelphia Convention (1787)
May-September 1787. Considered one of central events in the history of the United States. Called to address problems following independence from Britain. Originally intended to revise Articles of Confederation, many proponents set out to form a new government rather than fix the old one. Resulted in the formation of the Constitution of the United States.
Texas Revolt
Mexico encouraged Anglos to move to Texas for inexpensive land and agreeing to follow Mexican laws but as the population increased the Anglos wanted their own self-government. Mexico refused and Stephen Austin, a leading Anglo, led the revolt against Mexico in 1835. Santa Anna won few early battles but in the Battle of San Jacinto Mexico lost and Santa Anna was captured and later released by Texan Leader Sam Houston.
Copperheads
Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation. Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There was really no victory for this group.
Impending Crisis of the South (1857)
NC Hinton R. Helper, Used statistics to demonstrate to southerners that slavery had a negative impact on south's economy
National Security Act (1947) Dep of Defense,
NSC, & CIA
Greenbacks
Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold.
Sectionalism v. Nationalism
Nationalism refers to a social movement that focuses on the good of the nation while sectionalism puts the wants and needs of an area (a state as opposed to the nation) first
Know-Nothings (American Party)
Nativist, anti-immigrant party in mid-1800s that gained tremendous support in a short amount of time then died out suddenly
Erie Canal (1825)
New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.
Thomas Nast
Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.
"King Mob"
Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy
New England
Northern colonies. They were more religious, and had more large families. They tended to have tight-knit communities, lived longer, had larger towns, and lived closer together.
French alliance in 1778
October 17 the American defeat the British army at Saratoga, New York, in 1777. The victory led directly to the United States' first major foreign policy agreement the Franco-American Alliance of 1778. The treaty brought France into the American Revolution on the side of the U.S., giving the continental army a needed edge over England.
Olive Branch Petition
On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.
Jonathan Edwards - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741)
One of the "new light" preachers, he was at the forefront of the Second Great Awakening. In one of his, and certainly the colonies, most famous jeremiad, he urged his congregations to absolve themselves of sin and seek salvation from an "angry God" who holds them in contempt for their sin and wickedness - a sentiment made clear in his sermon
Frederick Douglass
One of the most prominent African american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in Maryland. He was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the North Star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.
Antifederalists
Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry.
New Jersey Plan
Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.
Sons of Liberty - Samuel Adams
Organized to punish Tax Collectors and lead by Samuel Adams; leads to the repealing of the Stamp Act
Stephen Austin
Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish
Sugar Act (1764)
Part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6 cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for the first time adopted provisions that would insure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts; and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies.
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect.
Declaratory Act (1766)
Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.
Act of Toleration (1649)
Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.
William Penn
Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.
Barbary Pirates (1801-1805)
Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations
James K. Polk
Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.
"American blood has been spilled on American soil!"
Polk's message to Congress
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Popular uprising of Whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on Whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.
Nicholas Biddle
President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.
Booker T. Washington
Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."
Lecompton Constitution (1857)
Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.
Clay's American System
Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.
Morrill Tariff Act (1861)
Protective tariff passed due, in part, to the secession of seven southern states. Provided badly needed revenue to the Union during the Civil War and demonstrated the ability of Congress to pass legislation without southern obstruction.
Land Ordinance of 1785
Provided that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. The area was to be surveyed before the sale and settlement thus avoiding lawsuits. This was an ingenious plan by the government in a way to make up war debt while simultaneously preventing any aggravation from a group of citizens who weren't keen on paying taxes. It also laid the foundation for the westward expansion without too much governmental intervention.
Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction
Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war
Robber Barons
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
Macon's Bill #2 (1810)
Replaced the unsuccessful Non-Intercourse Act and tried to change British and French economic policy. It reopened U.S. trade with all nations including Great Britain and France but threatened to restore the Non-Intercourse Act if they failed to comply with U.S. demands.
"Declaration of Sentiments"
Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.
Scalawags & Carpetbaggers
Scalawags are hope to gain political offices with the help of the African-American vote and then use those offices to enrich themselves. Carpetbaggers where Democrats that used an equally unflatterring name for Northerners who moved to the South after the war.
"Seward's Folly"
Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase
Horace Mann
Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
Commodore Matthew Perry (1853)
Sent by president Fillmore to negotiate trade with Japanese, led to the Treaty of Kanagawa 1854
Sir Edmund Andros
Sent from England to govern the dominion of New England; was very unpopular due to increase of taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles
Panic of 1893
Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Anne Hutchinson
She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal. (428)
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Sitting Bull was arrested by the Indian Bureau for distributing the peace. A riot breaks out in his house and 14 Indians and policemen were killed. Police army comes to Wounded Knee and kills 350 women and children
Jane Addams - Hull House
Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.
Peggy Eaton Affair
Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.
War Hawks
Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
Pinkney's Treaty (1795)
Spanish agree to open Mississippi River to American trade through New Orleans.
Washington's "Farewell Address" (1796)
Speech written by Washington after his time as president was up that warned America to avoid political parties, since they could be devisive, and avoid alliences in Europe.
People's Party (Populists)
Started as Farmer's Alliance, farmers came together and became organized, translated into Populists. Wanted to unite farmers of south/west/poor blacks and whites and industrial/factory workers
Pullman Strike (1894)
Started by enraged workers who were part of George Pullman's "model town", it began when Pullman fired three workers on a committee. Pullman refused to negotiate and troops were brought in to ensure that trains would continue to run. When orders for Pullman cars slacked off, Pullman cut wages, but did not cut rents or store prices.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (1799)
Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. (219)
Border States
States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.
Federalists
Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Supreme Court case that established the Court's power to invalidate state laws contrary to the Constitution; in this case, the Court prevented Georgia from rescinding a land grant even though it was fraudulently made.
Ex Parte Milligan (1866)
Supreme Court decision involving presidential war powers; civilians could not be tried in military courts in wartime when the federal courts were functioning.
Jim Crow Laws
The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965
"Trail of Tears"
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Knights of Labor - Terrence Powderly
The Knights of labor dreamed of a national labor movement. This organization was founded in Philadelphia in 1869, and was led by Uriah Stephens, who was also the head of the Garment Cutters of Philadelphia. They welcomed all wage earners, and demanded equal pay for women, an end to child and convict labor, and cooperative employer-employee ownership. In their organization, they excluded bankers, lawyers, professional gambler, and liquor dealers.
House of Burgesses (1619)
The London Company authorized the settler in Virginia to summon an assembly as a form of representative self-government. The House of Burgesses was the beginning of democracy as well as the first self government in the New World.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
The U.S. Army convinced a group of Cheyenne to stop raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation peacefully, where the army attacked and killed about 150 people while burning the camp.
Freedman's Bureau
The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.
U. S. v. E. C. Knight (1890)
The case began when the E.C. Knight Company gained control of the American Sugar Refining Company. By 1892 American Sugar enjoyed a virtual monopoly of sugar refining in the United States.President Grover Cleveland ordered the government to sue the Knight Company under the provisions of the Sherman Act.The court ruled 8 to 1 against the government, declaring that manufacturing (i.e., refining) was a local activity not subject to congressional regulation of interstate commerce.
Boston Massacre (1770)
The colonials hated the British soldiers in the colonies because the worked for very low wages and took jobs away from colonists. On March 4, 1770, a group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment.
Roanoke (1585)
The colony in Dare County, present-day North Carolina, United States was a late 16th-century attempt to establish a permanent English settlement in what later became the Virginia Colony. The enterprise was financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh and carried out by Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville, Raleigh's distant cousin. The final group of colonists disappeared during the Anglo-Spanish War, three years after the last shipment of supplies from England. Their disappearance gave rise to the nickname "The Lost Colony."
Popular sovereignty
The concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or Free
common schools and normal schools
The early nineteenth-century movement was grounded in the belief that a successful republican government depended on an educated citizenry. This defined a need for free tax-supported public schools, which all children were expected to attend. Horace Mann was the recognized leader of this movement.
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
The federal government reduced the protective Tariff of 1816, but South Carolina wanted the tariff lowered to pre-1816 rates. This led to a confrontation between the federal government and South Carolina and almost led to a civil war.
Jamestown (1607)
The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
James Madison
The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.
Peter Stuyvesant
The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.
Republican motherhood
The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children through homeschooling
antinomianism
The idea that faith alone (not good deeds) is necessary for salvation, associated with Anne Hutchinson
Boss Tweed - Tammany Hall
The infamous Tweed ring of NYC, headed by "Boss" Tweed, employed bribery, graft, and fake elections to cheat the city of as much as $200 million. Tweed was finally caught when The New York Times secured evidence of his misdeeds, and Tweed, despite being defended by future presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden, was convicted and imprisoned.
Stono Rebellion (SC -1739)
The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.
Federalist Papers
The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to convince the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did.
spoils system
The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.
MA 54th Regiment
The regiment was one of the first official African American units in the United States during the Civil War.
deism
The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
Haymarket Riot (1886)
The riot took place in Chicago between rioters and the police. It ended when someone threw a bomb that killed dozens. The riot was suppressed, and in addition with the damaged reputation of unions, it also killed the Knights of Labor, who were seen as anarchists.
Brigham Young
The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.
"Great American Desert"
The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Known as this before 1860, they were the lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast.
Force Acts of 1870 & '71
These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its forces to physically end the problems.
Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr
These due men adorned the 1800 Democratic-Republican ticket in a geographic balance. Although loosing the election, the main candidate on this ticket would become vice-president due to a Hamiltonian plot to get Adams out of power
Baptists & Methodists
These two southern religions began after the Revolutionary war accepting slaveholders into their congregations and rejecting the black which the once invited into their churches. By 1830 many sermons were pointing out the divine causes for slavery, reversing their stance over 60 years
Literacy Tests & Grandfather clause
These were techniques to reduce black voting. Lit tests weren't equally difficult for blacks & whites & were rarely fairly administered. The poll tax was a tax to be paid before one could vote. Poor blacks often couldn't afford it. some states sent whites due date reminders for this tax but didn't for blacks. To prevent poor whites from being disenfranchised by literacy tests and poll taxes, the grandfather clause allowed a man to vote if his grandfather could vote prior to Reconstruction.
Patroonships
These were vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. They were granted to promoters who would settle at least fifty people on them. They had difficulty attracting peasant labor, and most were not successful.
Strict constructionists
They think that Congress should be able to exercise only its expressed powers and those implied powers absolutely necessary to carry out those expressed powers
"The Society of Friends" - Quakers
They were a group of dissenters who arose in the mid-1600s. They refused to support the Church of England with taxes, built simple meetinghouses, congregated without a paid clergy, "spoke up" in meetings when moved, and kept their hats on in the presence of their betters. They took no oaths, refused military service, and advocated passive resistance.
George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
This Catholic nobleman was granted control of land by the Chesapeake Bay for his loyal service to king Charles I; established the proprietary colony of Maryland; wanted to achieve great wealth and create a haven for his fellow Catholics, but died before he could
Connecticut Plan "The Great Compromise"
This Compromise at the Constitutional Convention provided that Congress would have one house with representation based on population (the House of Representatives favoring the large states) and one House with equal representation (the Senate; favoring the small states).
Embargo Act (1807)
This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
Mayflower Compact (1620)
This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
This document was the first written constitution in the American colonies. It was prepared as the covenant for the new Puritan community in Connecticut, established in the 1630s. This document described a system of government for the new community that expanded democracy to non-church members.
Manifest Destiny
This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
Shakers - Mother Ann Lee
This group, founded in the 1770s by "Mother" ann Lee, also redefined the traditional roles of men and women. They believed in complete celibacy. No one could be born into the faith but they had to choose it. They got their name from the idea that they "skake" themselves free from sin through a chant and dance. Women and men had sexual equality but women tended to have more power.
The Great Migration
This occurred when large numbers of Puritan families ventured across the Atlantic, seeking religious freedom and a fresh start. It occurred in the 1630s and the destination was the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
"A Model of Christian Charity"
This spelled out the Massachusetts Bay colony's social and political ideals. It declared that Massachusetts "shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us." (Winthrop) The settlers would build a harmonious, godly community in which individuals would subordinate their personal interests to a higher purpose. The result would be an example for all the world and would particularly inspire England to live up to its role as God's "elect nation".
10% Plan
This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.
Gospel of Wealth
This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
"Waving the Bloody Shirt"
This was a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South.
"implied powers"
Those delegated powers of the National Government that are suggested by the expressed powers set out in the Constitution; those "necessary and proper" to carry out the expressed powers
Clay's Compromise Tariff
To compromise and prevent Jackson from crushing S.C. and becoming more popular, the president's rival, Henry Clay, proposed a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20% to 25%.
John C. Fremont - Bear Flag Revolt
U.S serviceman who led the Bear Flag Revolt against Mexico while surveying land in California as the Mexican-American War started.
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
U.S. acquisition of land south of the Gila River from Mexico for $10 million; the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States. However, the route was never used.
Anti-Saloon League
U.S. organization working for prohibition of the sale of alcoholic liquors. Founded in 1893 as the Ohio Anti-Saloon League at Oberlin, Ohio, by representatives of temperance societies and evangelical Protestant churches, it came to wield great political influence.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada; also settled boundary of the Minnesota territory (giving iron-rich Mesabi range to US)
Quasi War
Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court of the United States held that ONLY the Supreme Court of the United States has the power to declare laws unconstitutional. Established judicial review.
Nullification Crisis 1832
Under Jackson. Caused by the Tariff of 1828 (taxing rate was 48%). South Carolina is not going to pay that tax. Jackson supported states rights but sends troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff of 1828. Nullified the Force act - congress allows Jackson to send troops to South Carolina.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.
Jay Gould
United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)
Washington Irving
United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859), wrote Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, first American author recognized abroad
Virginia Plan
Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population.
Stamp Act (1765)
Was issued in order to raise revenues to support the new British military force. Mandated the use of stamped paper certifying the payment of taxes. Colonist were angrily aroused and felt that this act was jeopardizing the basic right of the colonists as Englishmen.
Chicago School of Architecture
Was led by Louis H. Sullivan. It used cheap steel, reinforced concrete, and electric elevators to build skyscrapers and office buildings lacking of any exterior ornamentation. (935)
Liberia (1822)
West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s
Panic of 1837
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
George Whitefield
Whitefield came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening. He was a great preacher and everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.
"Cross of Gold"
William Jennings Bryan's famous speech that criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on this
Emma Lazarus
Woman who wrote the poem, "The New Colossus," whose words were hung in the Statue of Liberty museum. The poem expressed the welcoming of immigrants by the US
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Written by John Q. Adams, this doctrine stated that Europeans could not intervene in the Western Hemisphere in exchange, the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies and wars. If Europe intervened, the U.S. would interpret this as dangerous to U.S. national security and take appropriate action.
McGuffey Reader
Written by influential Ohioan William McGuffey, a powerful teacher-preacher. The grade-school readers sold 122 million copies. McGuffey's Readers hammered home lasting lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.
James Fennimore Cooper
Wrote numerous sea-stories as well as the historical romances known as the Leather stocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many people consider his masterpiece. , First American before 1830 to use National Heritage as a theme in his adventure novels.
Nathanial Hawthorne
Wrote the scarlet letter about a puritan adulteress; he also wrote about the concepts of evil, sin and death
William G. Sumner
Yale professor that promoted the theory of laissez faire and that success and failure in business were governed by natural law and that no one had the right to intervene- Social Darwinism
Homestead Act (1862)
\ Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects
William Berkeley
a Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890
Halfway Covenant (1662)
a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. It was promoted in particular by the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose. First-generation settlers were beginning to die out, while their children and grandchildren often expressed less religious piety, and more desire for material wealth.
George McClellan
a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.
Tecumseh - Indian Confederacy
a group of Native Americans in the Old Northwest that began to form in the early 19th century around the teaching of Tenskwatawa (The Prophet). The confederation grew over several years and came to include several thousand warriors. Shawnee leader Tecumseh, the brother of The Prophet, developed into the leader of the group. Deemed a threat to the United States, a preemptive strike against the confederation was launched resulting in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe. Under Tecumseh's leadership, the confederation went to war with the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. Following the death of Tecumseh in 1813 the confederation fell apart.
John Peter Zenger (1735)
a landmark case in the development of common law protection for free speech; verdict of "not guilty" on a charge of seditious libel against the governor of New York.
Gettysburg
a large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
Transcendentalism
a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.
Gold Rush
a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.
Nativism
a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones
John Tyler "His Accidency"
a term for Tyler during his presidency (1841-1845) because he had become president "by accident"- with Harrison's death. This was a derogatory nickname, he was very unpopular because of his lack of a true party and his inactive role as president. He vetoed almost every important bill that came to his office, and every member of his cabinet except one, Daniel Webster, resigned.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)
agreement that ended the Mexican War; under its terms Mexico gave up all claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande and ceded California and the Utah and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States paid Mexico fifteen million dollars for the lands, but the land cession amounted to nearly half that nation's territory.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty; under its terms, the United States paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the United States surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas).
Wade-Davis Bill
an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.
John D. Rockefeller
an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history
Samuel F. B. Morse
an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code
Yellow-dog contract
an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.
Joint-stock companies
an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business
Cultural Nationalism
an effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impacts of globalization, especially the penetrating influence of U.S. culture
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
another one of the Government's acts worked to encourage more settlers into the Great Plains (passed along with the Homestead Act of 1862). the Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges, eventually, agricultural science became a huge industry
"Burned-over District"
area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.
virtual vs. direct representation
basic principal was right of people to be taxed with their consent absurd to english who employed "virtual representation" (parliament members represent interests of whole nation) vs. american "actual" representation elected and accountable to community
Little Big Horn (1876)
battle between the combined indian armies of Crazy Horse, Chief Gall and Sitting Bull, attacked Colonel Custer's men in the Seventh Cavalry, native americans killed the whole cavalry and custer himself, one of the only wins for native americans at this time
Merrimac & Monitor
battle between the ironclad ships that the North and South used during the Civil War; the Merrimac (south) fought breaking through the blockade placed around the their seaports; the Monitor (North) fought to keep it in place
New Two-Party System
began with the Election of 1840, Democrats and Whigs,both parties supported Jeffersonian republicanism. All classes and all sections joined both parties and thus eliminated possibility of sectionalism
salutary neglect
british colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government
"Log Cabin" & "Hard Cider" Campaign (1840)
campaign between Van Buren and Harrison, Harrison and the Whigs represent themselves with honest symbols like log cabin and hard cider (take after Jackson's self made man trend) even though he wasn't actually low born
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
case in which the Supreme Court prevented the New Hampshire from changing Dartmouth's charter to make it a public institution; the Court held that the contract clause of the Constitution extended to charters and that contracts could not be invalidated by state law. The case was one of a series of Court decisions that limited states' power and promoted business interests
George Fitzhugh - Cannibals All! (1857)
claimed that slaves were actually better off than the immigrant workers in the North
indentured servants
colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years
Whigs
conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster
Cornelius Vanderbilt
created a railroad empire worth millions by crushing competitors and ignoring protests from the public. by the time of his death in 1877, his companies controlled 4,500 miles of track and linked New York City to the Great Lake Region- son continued the empire
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries- popular sovereignty
electoral college system
delegates assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that state's representatives and senators; instituted because the delegates at Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule
Hartford Convention (1814)
delegates from the new england states rejected the radical calls for secession (bitterly opposed to the war and the republican government in washington). but to limit the growing power of the republicans in the south and west, they adopted a number of propsals. one of them called for a two-thirds vote of both houses for any future declaration of war
Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
disarmament pact between US and Britain; strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes; the agreement was extended to place limits on border fortifications; border between US and Canada is the largest unfortified border in the world
"New Lights" & "Old Lights"
division of religion as a result of the Great Awakening. New Lights:emotional salvaton. Old Lights: traditional calvinist principle of rational puritans and limited theocracy
Pan-American Conference (1889)
first headed by Blaine and held in Washington, D.C.; led to the formulation of a plan for reciprocal tariff reduction and the beginnings of long and increasingly important inter-American relations
ratification
formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty
Oneida Community 1848
founded in New York It practiced free love ("complex marriage"), birth control (through "male continence," or coitus reservatus), and the eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring. This curious enterprise flourished for more than thirty years, largely because its artisans made superior steel traps and Oneida Community (silver) Plate
Stamp Act Congress - James Otis
group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent, a young lawyer in Boston, argued that colonists should not be taxed by Parliament because they could not vote for members of Parliament. "no taxation without colonist representation"
Martin Van Buren
he was the eighth president of the united states who was experienced in legislative and administrative life. he passed the divorce bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system. VP to Jackson
Frederick Jackson Turner "Frontier Thesis" (1893)
important idea about the frontier- thesis said that in 1893 the frontier was closed,he said it was important because americans always had to have a frontier
Gabriel Prosser (VA - 1800)
in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.
Samuel Chase impeachment
in revenge of the marbury vs madison case, federalists atteptempted to impeach a Samuel Chase, a supreme court justice, but he hadn't comitted any crimes.
Economic Nationalism
is a term used to describe policies which emphasize on domestic control of the economy, labor and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital.
Neutrality Proclamation (1793)
issued by George Washington, established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict
Emancipation Proclamation (1862)
issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moral cause in the war
Specie Circular
issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
Black Codes
laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers
Samuel Gompers
led the AFL (American Federation of Labor), a skilled craft union, fought for wages and working conditions, they went on strike, boycotted and used collective bargaining
Pacific Railway Act (1862)
legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)
"The Holy Experiment"
name for William Penn's idea that people of different nationalities and religious beliefs could live peacefully together in his Pennsylvania colony
Ashcan School of Art
part of realist movement focused on everyday life often of rough urban squalor use dark pallet, applied paint thickly, and visible brush strokes
Patriots vs. Loyalists
patriots- were colonists who favored war against Britain. Loyalists- American colonists who remained loyal to Britain.
Anti-Masons
people who believed that the Free-Mason Society was "undemocratic" and "exclusive" because it was a secret society. Formed part of the Whig Party, because both Jackson and Van Buren were Free-Masons
Loose constructionists
people who favored a loose reading of the Constitution, especially the elastic clause in order to expand central government powers. Mindset formed the core of the Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton.
Missionaries
people who spread the Christian message to other people, usually in other lands
Albany Plan of Union
plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown
Imperialism
policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
Democratic Party
political party led by Thomas Jefferson; it feared centralized political power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties with France. It was heavily influenced by a agrarian interests in the southern states.
Godey's Lady's Book
popular magazine marketed specifically for women which contained art, poetry and articles; a place where women could get their works published and important topics could be discussed
Common Sense - Thomas Paine
powerful pamphlet telling the colonists to break free. British were trying to destroy colonies' natural rights. Government is there to protect life liberty and property. Power came from people, not kings. Colonies don't benefit from British Empire.
Interstate Commerce Act
prohibited rebates and pools, required railroads to publish rates, forbade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one over the same line
Report of Public Credit (1790)
report by Alexander Hamilton in which he proposed that the federal government assume the entire amount of the nation's debt and the federal government should have an increased role in the nation's economy
Edward Bellamy- Looking Backward
rivaling Henry George, he wrote Looking Backward, a utopian novel, published in 1888, it described the experiences of a young Bostonian who went into a hypnotic sleep in 1887 and awoke in 2000, finding a new social order in which want, politics and vice were unknown. The society had emerged through peace and evolution, and all of the trusts of the 1800's joined together form one government controlled trust, which distributed the abundance of the industrial economy equally among all people. "Fraternal cooperation" replaced competition, there were no class divisions, and there was great nationalism.
Ragtime: Scott Joplin
scandalous, fusion of marches and jigs out of African American mixed with classical
Susan B. Anthony
social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation
Railroad Strike of 1877
strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad quickly spread across 11 states and shut down 2/3rds of the country's rail trackage; railroad workers were joined by an estimated 500000 workers from other industries in an escalating strike that was quickly becoming national in scale; Hayes used federal troops to end the labor violence
James Buchanan
the 15th president of the united states (1857-1861). he tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both north and south, and he was unable to forestall the secession of south carolina on december 20, 1860.
"exodusters"
the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
the Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
the acquisition by the United States of America of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. What was purchased was France's claim only, not the actual territory, which belonged to the tribes which inhabited the area. Napoleon Bonaparte
Nueces or Rio Grande?
the dispute of the Southern border of Texas was between these two bodies of water
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
Henry George Progress & Poverty (1879)
the economic thinker and philosopher,had a crazy life of ups and down- at one point was begging for money on the street. basic idea he addressed was why does poverty exist especially among so much wealth- he concluded that the reason was because the system was unfair- in that a fewmonopolists took money and bought land and because of the rising value of land they accumulated great wealth and passed it on in inheritance, that they received "unearned increment" parasites of society- he believed that no one was responsible for rising land values and that all land was initially the public's
Social Gospel
the idea that churches should address social issues, predicting that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity
"Cult of Domesticity"
the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house
Yorktown (1781)
the last major engagement/battle of the war. Washington's armies along with the French naval fleet surrounded British troops leading to their surrender. Ended the American Revolution.
Ida B. Wells
the lynching of blacks outraged her, an African American journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged African Americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life.
The Bank War
the name given to Andrew Jackson's attack on the Second Bank of the United States during the early years of his presidency. Andrew Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as a monopoly. The Bank of the United States was a private institution managed by a board of directors. Its president, Nicholas Biddle, exercised vast influence in the nation's financial affairs.
Omaha Platform (1892)
the party program adopted at the formative convention of the Populist (or People's) Party held in Omaha, Nebraska on July 4 1892
Judicial review
the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional
Edmund "Citizen" Genet
the strange French emissary who alone and without the American government's permission attempted to raise an Amerucan army to fight the British and the Spanich in the Angl-Franco conflict
"Era of Good Feelings"
the years of Monroe's presidency, during 1817-1825 people had good feelings caused by the nationalistic pride after the Battle of New Orleans and second war for Independence with British, only one political party was present, on the surface everything looked fine, but underneath it all everything was troubled, conflict over slavery was appearing and sectionalism was inevitable, Missouri Compromise had a very dampening effect on those good feelings
Treaty of Paris of 1783
this treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River
Boston Tea Party (1773)
to protest tax on tea, the "sons of liberty" disguise themselves as Indians and dump the tea held on ships into the Boston harbor
Coxey's Army (1894)
unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched to Washington demanding a government road-building program and currency inflation for the needy; Coxey was arrested for stepping on grass at the Capitol and the movement collapsed.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty.
Lowell System
was a paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods
French Revolution (1789)
was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets.
John O'Sullivan
was an American columnist and editor who used the term "Manifest Destiny" in 1845 to promote the annexation of Texas and the Oregon Country to the United States.
French & Indian War (1754-1763)
was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of all of New France east of the Mississippi River, as well as Spanish Florida. The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. To compensate its ally, Spain, for its loss of Florida, France ceded its control of French Louisiana west of the Mississippi.
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, well after the Battle of New Orleans had begun.
First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)
wave of religious revivals; led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; Old Lights versus New Lights; encouraged missionary work to slaves and Native Americans
Grimke Sisters
were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.
