APUSH II Midterm (Ch.27-32)
43) How were Hoover's ideals of individualism threatened by the widespread horrors of the depression? What ultimately made Hoover "give in"?
"Damming the Great Depression"/individualism didn't serve him well during a time when gov't handouts were absolutely needed and free enterprise was not a feasible option anymore. Hooover feared that a giving/involved gov't would make America weak. As local gov't agencies broke down, Hoover finally gave in and gave up his beloved individualism.
T.S. Eliot
"Lost Generation"/Modernist poet along with Stein and Pound - Educated by Pound - The Waste Land: Poem that depicts fragmentation and desolation of postwar society
Father Charles Coughlin
"Microphone messiah" Demagogue: FDR not left enough, not helping the people enough Catholic priest in Michigan "Social Justice" Anti-New Deal Became so anti-Semitic, fascistic, demagogic that he was quieted in 1942 by religious superiors Link bw fascism and economic crisis
Spanish-American War
"Splendid Little War" Cause: - US imperial desires (Cuba) - Concentration camps - "Give Cuba Freedom" (NOT) - Protect American economic interests Catalyst: - Started by the sinking of the USS Maine Effect: - Cuba (until Platt Amendment ends), Philippines (until WWII), Puerto Rico, Guam (and a debate over Philippines annexation) - US seen as dominant world power now - American prestige and martial spirit/increased imperialistic views - More unified America (not quite as divided between the North and the South, focused on foreign issues) - Full fledged eastern power bc Philippines
Progressive Leagues
(WOMEN used): National Consumers League Women's Trade Union League Children's Bureau Women's Bureau
Compare and Contrast the 1st New Deal and the 2nd New Deal.
*1st New Deal* "Hundred Days" More short term (especially in the beginning): Lots of relief measures and short term AND long-term recovery for those unemployed etc Relief: CCC, EBRA, AAA Recovery: TVA, bank holidays, NIRA (Public Works Administration): economic stability (REAL purchasing power, real wage growth) *2nd New Deal* More aggressive, long term, more reform AND social change (labor) Long-lasting economic welfare: Social Security Act, Wagner Act (labor: legalized unionization and collective bargaining), helped homeowners (United Housing Authority) Labor union help: socio-democratic (inspire change by giving them a choice) Long term recovery Works Progress Administration (Huge reach into American lives): similarity to public works administration, also had arts (had to be approved so that not communistic or fascist): PWA unconstitutional so went back and revised, very big administration Indian Reorganization Act *Similarities* - Fed gov't was gaining control of economy - Congress giving executive a lot of power (triples its reach, once gov't gets smaller, the power is handed to private companies)
1932 Election
*Democratic Platform* FDR! Represent "Forgotten Man" Balanced budget (makes for criticism later), massive social and economic reforms Decreased tariffs "Happy Days Are Here Again!" *Republican Platform* Reluctant Hoover and a reluctant party backing him Extravagant praise of Republican antidepression policies (umm...) Continued high protective tariffs "The Worst Is Past" Hoover (staunch conservative) stands by American individualism and free enterprise Both platforms trying to spin for a happy time period FDR wins in a landslide - One shift in election: blacks put their support behind Democratic party and FDR for the first time historically (they were among the hardest group hit by the Depression) - People voted for A new deal, not THE New Deal (they just wanted Hoover out and change to be effected)
Elkins Act of 1903
*Elkins Act of 1903* - Cause: Interstate Commerce Commission didn't work - Purpose: To curb the rebate evil/not allow railroads to give rebates - Progressive legislature passed by Roosevelt - Effect: Heavy fines on railraods that gave rebates and on shippers that accepted them
Hepburn Act of 1906
*Hepburn Act of 1906* - Cause: Interstate Commerce Commission didn't work - Purpose: Restrict free passes, ICC now goes to express companies, sleeping-car companies, ad piplines, ICC has real means to nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates - Another piece of progressive legislature passed by Roosevelt
Causes of World War I
*M*ilitarism - German submarines (to get US involved) - Competition bw coutnries to build military technology - Causes tension! (weapons race) - First war fought post-industrialization - new weapons of war: poison gas (blind/incapacitate the enemy, introduced by Germans)- chemical warfare, U-boat (different from submarines in the past bc able to attack other (merchant) ships, undetectable), - Trench warfare (mines, barbed wire, some *very* long, dugouts undertneath trencehs to go durig artillery, but roblem is there's a lot fo death and no land gained, alswe & dirty in trenches - Artillery: thoguht to cause a lot of death, but soldiers are hiding in trenches - Machine guns (brutal) - PTSD - Violence only surpassed by WWII (why would we enter another war after such a brutal one? bc treaty didn't have 14 points, nothing to stop these four things from happening again) *A*lliances - Common enemy - Common language - Similar economic interests - Ethnic/cultural similarities - *Germany declares war on Russia! (Fought in Africa, Europe, Middle East)* - Many secret alliances out in the open *I*mperialism - Wilson: saw that imperialism was what cuased teniosns that caused this war - Europe whose empires htat were borken down by WWI (Hitler, Treaty of Versailles- World War II) - Characterized by the race for colonies", created by competition for control of the most land possible *N*ationalism - World War II - Characterized by an increased demnd for self-determination, result of decades and centuries of subjugation (Sidenote: Wilson's 14 Points aimed to take these down)
Meat Inspection Act
*Meat Inspection Act of 1906* - Cause: Sinclair's The Jungle public reaction, horrible unsanitary conditions in meat factories - Purpose: Preparatino of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal insepction form corral to can - Effect: larger packers resisted features of the act, but also saw it as opportunity to drive smaller packers out of business - Progressive legislature passed by Roosevelt
Northern Securities case
*Northern Securities Case* - Another progressive piece of legislature passed by Roosevelt (good one to do for the public) - Roosevelt first trustbuster action - Northern securities: JP Morgan and James J. Hill virtual monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest - Roosevelt challenged very center of industrial aristocracy - Railroad promoters appealed to Supreme Court, Supreme Court ruled in favor of Roosevelt - Effect: Wall Street and businessmen pissed, Roosevelt definitely now seen as a trustbuster - Other trustbusting by Roosevelt: Beef trust, Sugar, fertilizer, harvesters, other key products HOW ROOSEVELT WASN'T ACTUALLY A TRUSTBUSTER - Understood it was politically popular, but didn't think it was sound economic policy - Combination and integration part of the age - Bigness doesn't always mean badness, why punish success?
Second Agricultural Adjustment Act
*Recovery* 1938 - Replacement for AAA (Butler vs US) - Continued conservation payments (could get payments if they followed agreage restrictions) - Not only fairer price but designed to give farmers a larger share of national income Great Depression causes: Overproduction, protectionism, unequal distribution of wealth
Fair Labor Standard Act
*Reform (Relief, Recovery)* June 25, 1938 (Wages and Hour Bill) - Set up minimum wage and max hours (kind of what NRA did at one point), labor by children under 16 forbidden - Reforms bitterly opposed by industrialists - Exclusion of agricultural, domestic, and service workers (blacks, Mexican Americans, and women) = not really FAIR labor act - Labor unionization thrived Great Depression causes: Unequal distribution of wealth, underconsumption
United States Housing Authority
*Reform (Relief, Recovery)* September 1, 1937 Agency designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost construction Effectiveness: Building fell short of needs (Opposition from real estate companies, landlords, and anti-New Dealers), but slum areas in America ceased growing and shrank for the first time in America Great Depression causes: Unequal wealth distribution, underconsumption
Reorganization Act
*Reform* - Created in 1939, this Act was meant to reorganize the executive branch of government to include six presidential assistants, move the bureau of the budget to the executive office, establish the national resource planning board, and to create a liaison officer for personal management of presidential control of the bureaucracy. - This Act is an example of reform because it permanently strengthened and organized the executive branch in order to give the president more power. The Act also created various boards that would protect America from another economic disaster if one so happened to occur in the future. - This Act was successful in creating a new cabinet agency, the federal security agency, and putting the Social Security Board under the jurisdiction of the executive branch. Also, the Act contributed significantly to strengthening and modernizing of the presidency to ensure that the president would sufficiently be able to interfere in times of disaster in the future.
Public Utility Company
*Reform* 1935 The Public Utility Holding Company was an act passed to regulate electrical facilities by restricting operations within states (so state regulation) or so that a single electrical system covered a small geographic area. This act served as a type of reform because it restricted and regulated electrical facilities so as to increase competition (so monopolies aren't possible). The law acted as a form of consumer protection, as it kept electrical companies from speculating with the client's money in a way that would significantly increase utility bills. Effectiveness It was successful for the majority of the 20th century, but was repealed in 2005 as it was said to be outdated (and it was replaced with the Energy Policy Act of 2005).
Resettlement Administration
*Relief (Recovery)* - Result of the Dust Bowl - Task of removing near-farmless farmers to better land Great Depression causes: unequal distribution of wealth
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
*Relief (Recovery)* Employment on useful projects Under the supervision of Hopkins The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was the most ambitious New Deal agency that sought to employ millions of unemployed workers (primary untrained men) for public works projects (including those in the arts). The WPA can be considered a form of recovery as its purpose was to help rebuild the economy by providing millions of jobs to unskilled Americans in infrastructure and public works' projects. The WPA can be considered effective as almost every community had a public works project as a result of this administration and almost 3.5 million people were employed (if they qualified through a relief agency) through this administration.
Frazier-Lemke Act
*Relief (Recovery)* June 18, 1934 The Frazier-Lemke Act was issued on June 28,1934. This act of congress is what stopped banks from repossessing farms from their owners in despite of the bed economy. This act also allowed farmers to buy back their property years later. - Result of the Dust Bowl to help out hurting farmers - Suspended mortgages for 5 years (changed to 3 yrs after Supreme Court case) Great Depression causes: Not really (Overproduction and underconsumption, unequal distribution of wealth)
National Housing Act
*Relief* The National Housing Act was passed on June 28, 1934. This was an effort to make housing more affordable and prevent the rising number of foreclosures on houses following the Great Depression. (FHA?- small loans to householders to improve houses and compelte new ones, very popular) Great Depression causes: Unequal distribution of wealth
Immigration Act of 1924
*Representation of the antiforeign attitude in US during 1920's* Cause: - Isolationist America of 1920's had little use for the immigrants who began to flood into the country again as peace settled (800,000), many of them south and eastern Europe - "One-hundred-percent Americans": don't like this New Immigration (comparison to wave of immigration that came during Gilded Age), sickly Europe vomiting on America the "wretched refuse of its teeming shore" (sound familiar?!) - Emergency Quota Act of 1921 temporarily slowed immigration (3% of people nationality who had been living in US in 1910), allowed a lot of southern and eastern European immigrants (a large population already arrived in US by 1910) Effect: - Immigration Act of 1924 replaced stopgap legislation of Emergency Quota Act of 1921: now 2% and 1890 is the origin year, favored northern Europeans more than southern and eastern Europeans (favors Great Britain and Ireland) - Appease nativists - Upsets southern and eastern Europeans (Italians) bc promoting nativist belief that blue-eyed, fair-haired Europeans are of better blood - Also completely shut out Japanese immigrants from coming to America ("Hate America" rallies in Japan) - Canadians and Latin Americans excused from Immigration Act (bc close by, so easy to attract for jobs, and easy to send back home when not needed for jobs) Purpose: Freeze American racial composition! (largely northern European/ Anglo-saxon) - Marked end of an era (unrestricted immigration), mostly from Europe - Labor unions now based off of ethnicity, little parts of cities that were separated by ethnicity (employers played on ethnic differences, encouraged rivalries (divide and conquer)) Who opposed this? - Cultural pluralists (Supported ethnic differences and what that would bring to culture, defend ancestral customs of immigrations, supported American melting pot) - Horace Kallen (cultural pluralist): US should provide protective canopy for ethnic and racial groups to preserve their cultures - Randolph Bourne (cosmopolitanism): greater cross-fertilization among immigrants - Other reformers/progressives against immigration restriction: John Dewey, Jane Addams, Louis Brandeis Who support it? - Anti-immigration (Republicans) - KKK - Anti-Communist/radicals - Whites
trusts
*Roosevelt* - Good and bad trusts (good ones have public conscience, bad ones lust greedily for power) - Wants to react to public outcry towards trusts but not throw economy into the sh*tter
Causes of the Great Depression
*Speculation* *Fragile Banks* *Overproduction and underconsumption* *Protectionism* *Unequal Distribution of Wealth*
Red Scare
- (1919-1920) - Nationwide crusade against left-wingers whose Americanism was suspect Cause: Bolshevik Revolution Effect: nationwide crusade against left-wingers whose Americanism was suspect - Attorney General Palmer (arresting radicals) - December 1919, shipload of 249 alleged alien radicals deported on Buford (the "Soviet Ark") to "workers' paradise" of Russia - September 1920: Hysteria due to unexplained bomb blast on Wall Street - Some states mobilizing against radicals, 1919-1920 number of legislatures (anxiety of "solid" citizens) passed criminal syndicalism laws - Conservatives/businessmen used it to break up unions (Labor's call for "closed" union = Sovietism in disguise!) Anti-redism and antiforeignism display: ("Judicial lynching" according to liberals) Court case where two factory workers convicted of murder of Massachusetts paymaster, jury prejudiced against defendants bc defendants were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers, ended up being electrocuted- Martyrs in the class struggle
Result of Spanish-American War and Debate over Philippines
- 1898 Spanish and Amreican negotiators met in Paris Cuba freed from Spanish overlords Americans secured Guam, Spain ceded Puerto Rico (only territory ever annexed to US without explicit promise of eventual statehood) - Philippines= apple of discord - McKinley dilemma: couldn't honorably give islands back to Spanish misrule (after it fought a war to free Cuba) - Could let Filipinos govern themselves but they might fall into anarchy (then other countries will try to grab it and it'll be another war) - Maybe acquire all of the Philippines and give Filipinos their freedom later? - McKinley liked to listen to the public - Missionaries wanted new land to convert Catholics to Protestantism - Mrs. McKinley: deep concern for Filipinos - Wall Street wants profits in the Philippines - McKinley head "an inner voice telling him to take all the Philippines and Christianize and civilize them" --- outright annexation of the islands - Americans paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines - This land is different than just westward expansion/a land with very little people and eligible for statehood: Philippines ALREADY have their own culture, people, language, and gov't Opponents of annexation: such a step would dishonor and destroy America's commitments to self-determination and anticolonialism Supporters of annexation: continue a glorious history of expansion that had kept American civilization expanding and growing - Senate approved treaty with Spain!!! (paid them the $20 million)
Open Door Policy/China
- After China's defeat by Japan in 1894-1895, imperialistic European powers (Russia and Germany) moved in - Began to tear away economic spheres of influence from Manchu gov't - Americans increasingly alarmed: Churches worried about missionary strongholds, merchants worried Europeans would monopolize Chinese markets, American public, demanded that Washington do something - Hay (secretary of state) dispatched to all great powers a communication: Open Door Note (urged great powers to announce in their leaseholds/spheres of influence that they would respect certain Chinese rights/fair competition)--- but no consultation with China themselves! - All the great powers besides Russia agreed to it "Boxers": didn't want to be used as a doormat by the Western powers - Boxer Rebellion: murdered more than two hundred foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians, besieged foreign diplomatic community in capital of Beijing (Peking) - Multinational rescure force (American troops from -Philippines to protect some retaty and to keep Open Door propped open) - Allied invaders acted angrily and vindictively (asses Chine excessive debt of $333 million) - US remitted about $18 million to be used for education of selected group of CHinese students in the US (further westernization of Asia) - The Open Door would now embrace territorial in addition to commercial integrity integrity of China - Helped spare China possible partition in troubled years
Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914
- Also designed to target trusts from the Triple Wall of Privilege - Passed as an improvement for the Sherman Act (which wasn't enforced) - Included more crackdowns on businesses and also benefitted labor, protected labor unions from being persecuted as monopolies, human labor is now not "a commodity or article of commerce"
US almost going to war before Spanish-American War but then not (Diplomatic crises)
- America and Germany: Samoan Islands - Lynching of Italians in New Orleans - American demands on Chile after deaths of two American sailors - US and Canada over seals - US and Britain serious crisis: Jungle boundary in Venezuela US citing of the Monroe Doctrine and challenging world's greatest naval power shows that we think we're hot stuff Though war seems inevitable, Britain preoccupied w Germany so the Great Rapprochement occurred
Cuba after Spanish-American War
- American military gov't set up good things in gov't, finance, education, agriculture, and public health under leadership of General Leonard Wood of the Rough Riders - Frontal attack on yellow fever (by General Leonard Wood and by Colonel William C. Gorgas) - Experiments on American soldiers, mosquitoes found to be the cause - Following Teller Amendment, we withdrew from Cuba in 1902 - Old World Imperialists really upset - US couldn't turn it completely free: Germany could secure it - Platt Amendment: Cubans forced to write into their own constitution that they agreed not to conclude treaties that might compromise their independence (as America saw fit) and not to take on debt beyond their resources (as America measured) - America might intervene with troops to restore order when they wanted to - Cubans promised to sell or lease needed coaling/naval stations (Guantanamo) to US - Amendment abrogated in 1934
"Lost Generation"
- American writers/painters: artististic "Lost Generation" as expatriates in postwar Europe - Gertrude Stein (literary innovator) - Radically experimental poetry and prose (Three LIves, Tender Buttons, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas- her partner) - Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot as well as Stein: poets, in modernist literary innovation, exposed losses that came along w/modernity
Why was Wilson reluctant to go to war? Why did he change his mind?
- Americans favored neutrality (he wanted to get re-elected) - protect American commercial interests overseas - Changed mind: Zimmermann note, Sussex pledge, German U-boats (Germany's warlords: wage unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking all ships, including Americans, bc can't afford to choose between combatants and noncombatants- Wilson broke diplomatic realtions w Germany but no war until overt acts against *American lives*, but then U-boats started doing overt acts that resulted in American lives lost) "Made in Germany" - Also Russia dropped out of the war/Russian revolution! (Vladmir Lenin/Ulyanov)
Jacob A. Riis
- Another progressive writer/photographer - Danish immigrant - Reporter for the New York Sun, wrote How the Other Half Lives Depicted dirt, disease vice, misery of NY slums, book deeply influenced Roosevelt
Taft problems (that caused Roosevelt to run)
- Antitrust suit on US Stee - Payne-Aldrich Bill - Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel (Ballinger opened public lands to corporate development, Taft dismissed Pinchot (from Roosevelt times) as the Agricutlrue Department Division of Forestry
Temperance
- Attacked by reformers (alcohol connected w/ prostitution) - Woman's Christian Temperance Union - Anti- Saloon League
Henry Ford
- Best known industrial innovator during the 1920's - More than any other individual, put America on rubber tires - Empire built off of his mechanical genius, but ill-educated - Standardization! Efficiency! - So popular and well known that in 1923 he was the people's choice for the presidential nomination in 1924!
US bias towards British
- British censored war stories harmful to Allies, drenched US w tales of German brutality - Same language, close culture and economic ties - Kaiser epitome of arrogant autocracy - British blockade of German ships
Roosevelt Panic of 1807
- Came into second term (bosses hated him, seemed to be calling ever more for regulation) - Wall Street panic, bank runs, suicides, criminal indictments against speculators - Financial world blamed Roosevelt - Effect: paved the way for long-overdue monetary reforms- more elastic currency (Federal Reserve Act of 1913, preceded by the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908)
Airplanes in the 1920's
- Cause of automobile innovation/gasoline engines: Airplanes! - Wright brothers in 1903 in North Carolina - Airplanes ("Flying coffins") used in WWI - Subsidy from gov't for private airplane companies - Charles A. Lindbergh (he was the moral leader for many traditionalist whites during this time) - People mad at debunking of jazz age found a hero in Lindbergh ("Lone Eagle", "Lucky Lindy") Effect: - Provided American spirit with "another dimension" - Gave birth to a huge new industry - High accident rate in pilots - New weapon for war - World easier to travel - Popularity of Lindbergh shows
Pure Food and Drug Act
- Cause: Sinclair's The Jungle public reaction, horrible unsanitary conditions in meat factories - Purpose: Prevent adulteration and mislableing of foods and pharmaceutcials
Triangle Shirtwaist Company
- Cause: Violation of fire codes, deathtrap - Large outrage at this event - Effect: NY legislature passed much stronger laws regulating hours and conditions of sweatshop toil
William H. Taft and the Philippines
- Civil governor of the Philippines in 1901 - Strong attachment to the Filipinos, his "little brown brothers"
Newalnds ACt of 1902
- Conservation legislature - Washington atuhorized to collect money form the sale of public lands in the sun-baked western states and then use these funds for the dvelopment of irrigation projects (settlers paid cost of reclamation form now produtive soil) - Money put in fund to fund more enterpirses (Roosevelt Dam)
Randolph Bourne
- Cosmopolitanism: greater cross-fertilization among immigrants
Hatch Act
- Created in 1939, This Act was meant to prohibit employees of the District of Columbia and certain employees of state and local governments from participating in partisan political activity. The Act was meant to stop government employees from advocating for a particular candidate during primaries and general elections. - This Act is an example of reform because it created permanent regulations on government employees. In addition, the Act would prevent public servants from influencing the public during future elections by openly supporting a particular candidate. - This act helped ensure that politicians would advance their positions due to solely merit. Due to this, the results of elections in the future would depend more on the opinion of the public. Also, the Act prevented government employees from experiencing cohersion in the workplace.
Horace Kallen
- Cultural pluralist: US should provide protective canopy for ethnic and racial groups to preserve their cultures
Direct cause of World War I
- Death of heir to throne of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian - Germans struck France through unoffending Belgium (sucks Great Britain in on France's side bc Belgium next to Great Britain)
Gifford Pinchot
- Dedicated conservationist - Effective use of nature - "Rational use" philosophy: systemic harvesting of millions of trees in sprawiling national forests - Chief forestor: wilderness waste (Hetch Hetchy)
Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
- Designed to target trusts from the Triple Wall of Privilege - Presidentially appointed commission to investigate industries engaged in interstate commerce - Commissioners supposed to crush monoploy
Fordism
- Developed by Henry Ford, perfected after two failures: assembly-line production! - Very economical methods, made car available to common American - Largely responsible for the growth/popularity of automobiles during the 1920's
Movies/Film in the 1920's
- Edison inventor - Birth of a Nation: glorified the Ku Klux Klan - Hollywood: already the movie capital of the world! - Motion picture truly arrived during WWI, used for anti-German propaganda - Sometimes had sex scenes in the(obviously some people against this) - "Talkie"- blackface (no longer "silent" films, everything had sound) - Actors and actresses often known more than politicians by American public - Some critics pissed at what radio and movies brought/vulgarization, others encouraged it - Ignorance of ethnic communities decreased with movies/immigrant child generation - Working-class political unity (that outweighed ethnic differences)
Education and Science in 1920s
- Education: Number of 17 year-olds graduating double in 1920s (more than 25%), John Dewey (progressive education) - Science: Massive public-health program (Rockefeller Foundation), life expectancy increase - *Both under fire from Fundamentalists!*
Fundamentalism
- Emphasis on literal reading of the Bible, vibrant force in American spirtual life (despite the fact that many AMerican Christians coming to realize/connect scientific discoveries with religion) - Argued against scientific developments and progressive education: teaching of Darwinian evolution was destroying faith in God and the Bible!, contributing to moral breakdown of youth during the jazz age! - Fundamentalists tried to make teaching evolution illegal, 3 states accepted this, Tennessee (heart of Bible Belt)
Anti-Imperialist League
- Fight McKinley's expansionist moves - Presidents of Stanford, Harvard, Mark Twain, even Andrew Carnegie WHY AGAINST IT? - Filipinos thirsted for freedom (violates "consent of the governed" philosophy in Declaration of Independence and Constitution) - Costly and not likely to ever turn a profit - Propel US into political and military cauldron of East Asia WHY ARE IMPERIALISTS FOR IT? - Patriotism - America's "civilizing mission" (Social Darwinism/religion) - Played up possible trade profits/Wall Street
Philippines and US after we Annex Philippines
- Filipinos thought that they would be given freedom after Spanish-American war (like Cubans) BUT US excluded them from peace negotiations with Spain - Filipino bittterness twoard occupying American troops= open insurrectoin in 189 under Emilio Aguinaldo - Poorly equipped Filipino rebels soon melted into jungle to wage vicious guerrilla warfare - Now American soldiers viewed Filipinos as dangerous enemies of the US (whereas before they were "rescuing" innocent victims of Spanish tyranny) - "Race war"- both sides perpetrated sordid atrocities - American soldiers: forcing water down victims' throats, reconcentration camps rivaling those in Cuba (SO AMERICA'S A HYPOCRITE/JUST LIKE SPAIN) - Americans ended Filipino insurrection in 1901 when they captured Aguinaldo, but sporadic fighting dragged on (4,324 Americans and more than 200,000 Filipinos) - McKinley's "benevolent assimilation" fo Philippines was very very slow, lots of money into Pihlippines/economic ties, good school system, Enlgish seond langue BUT - Vast expenditure which profited America little was not well received (Filipinos hated compulsory Americanization, wanted liberty) - Finally got freedom on July 4th, 1946 (but before then, thousands of Filipinos emigrated to the United States!) Side-note About Filipino Life/Culture: - US promised to build democracy in Philippines - Small group of Filipino students to US to make connection/future leaders of independent Philippines, but small student group found little favor in adopted country - Most Filipino immigrants to US: not to learn but to work (Hawaii) - Work on mainland: not as hard but not as steady either--- many worked seasonally, California - Filipino Americans overwhelmingly male - Intermarriage: sensitive topic (Filipino males often accused of "attacking white women" etc. couldn't go near them for threats of violence) - After WWII Filipino immigration increased (planes)
Puerto Rico after Spanish-American War
- From beginning, Puerto Rico anomalous- not a state or territory - Foraker Act of 1900: Puerto Ricans limited degree of popular gov't (outlawed cockfighting) - Congress granted Us citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917 but no full self-rule - Many inhabitants wanted full independence even though improvements in education , sanitation, and transportation by the US - Many Puerto Ricans moved to NYC Legal problems: - Do they have the same flag as US? - Have to abide by the same tariffs/ Bill of Rights? - Citizens or subjects? Insular cases: badly divided Supreme Court decreed, that the flag did outrun the Constitution, the COnstitution did not necessarily extend with full forced to PUerto Rico (Puerto Ricans and Filipinos might be subject to American rule, but they didn't enjoy all American rights--- how fair (NOT)!) Side-note/their life: - By occupying Puerto Rico, US caused many Puerto Ricans to become US immigrants - Population surge (US improved health/sanitation) - Sugar (monopoly) and coffee plantations ruined by hurricanes: no wage labor so unemployment rate soar - US citizenship in 1917: no immigration hurdles, many went north to find jobs - Migration slowed in 1920s due to Great Depression - WWII ended in 1945, sudden advent of cheap air travel: immigration explosion (boats expensive but planes nope) - Puerto Ricans could go back and forth between US and their home - Going back and forth hurt Puerto Ricans' education/English profiency - Deep-seated racism in America - Poorest groups in US but still better than on the island
Hay-Paucefote Treaty
- Gave US legal means to build a canal somewhere
Confused Invasion of Cuba by US in Spanish- American War
- General William R. Shafter (as Spanish "armada" go to Cuba), his troops "wofeully unequipped" for war in Cuba (had stuff for cold climate) - Rough Riders (part of the invading army) Short on discipline, long on dash (Western cowboys, some ex-polo players and ex-convicts) - Colonel Leonard Wood, organized principlaly by theordore Roosevelt (resigned from Navy Department to serve as lieutenant colonel) - Indescribable confusion at congested Tampa, Florida Shafter's landing (bc of diversion of Cuban insurrectos) met little opposition - Rough Riders and Colonel Roosevelt took part in birksin figthing on Jly 1 - Santiago surrendered - Now descent upon Puerto Rico, even less resistance Spain signed armistice August of 1898 - If Spain had been able to hold on for a few months more in Cuba, American army might have lost (malaria, typhoid fever,, bad meat)--- 12 times more men died of disease rather than in battle
Modernism
- Global movement that inspired American writers/artists during the 1920's - Questioning of social conventions and traditional authorities - H.L. Mencken
Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916
- Granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability Wilson presidency
Nineteenth Amendment
- Granted women the right to vote! - Wilson only did it bc he had to during WWI - Suffrage supported the war, we must take part in the war effort in order to earn a role in shapign the peace - Despite gaining suffrage, economic gains for women during war not that great (women gave up jobs after men came home)
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)
- Had to do a draft bc western front would collapse (w/Russians out, French desperately needed troops) - Conscription - A few women serving in navy - African Americans served in AEF in strictly segreagte dunits and usually under white officers, blacks assigned to construction battalions or unloading ships vs fighting
US and Hawaii
- Hawaii from early on attracted Americans (shippers, sailors, whalers) - 1820 first NE missionaries, sugar production good there - Americans: Hawaii is extension of our coastline, State Department warns other areas to keep off - Treaty w native gov't: priceless naval-base rights at Pearl Harbor (1887) BUT: - Old World diseases= native population/whites ⅙ what they were before, Chinese and Japanese immigrants (worries that Japan will intervene) - Sugar markets went bad: McKinley Tariff barriers against Hawaiian sugar so white American planters now want annexation of Hawaii to US - Queen Liliuokalani: No, native Hawaiians should control islands - Successful revolt by whites (assisted by Americans) - Treaty of annexation to US but Harrison term ended, Cleveland came in, revoked treaty bc US had "gravely wronged" Queen Liliuokalani - Majority of Hawaiian natives opposed annexation, so "sugarcoated annexation" of Hawaii put on the backburner
Frederick W. Taylor
- Inventor, engineer, and tennis player whose inventions went towards efficiency of cars - Sought to eliminate wasted motion (Scientific Management)
Compare/contrast 1920's with Gilded Age
- Laissez-faire capitalism - Unequal distribution of wealth - Larger feeling of EVERYONE optimistic in 1920's vs only robberbarrons in Gilded Age (people in 1920's, including Hoover, argue that this capitalism is different)
Roosevelt Corollary
- Latin american debt defaults led to Rooseveltian involvement in Latin American affairs - Didn't want Germany or Britain to get there first and stay there (regardless of Monroe Doctrine): Nations can't push US around! We control Western hemisphere! (Big Stick Policy) Roosevelt Corollary- US would intervene in event of future financial malfeasance by Latin American nations - Effective in Dominican Republic in 1905 TR's rewriting of Monroe Doctrine promoted the *"Bad Neighbor"* policy Used to justify wholesale interventions and repeated landings of marines (Caribbean= Yankee lake) Revolutionary disorders in Cuba= appeal from Cuban president, US marines landed
Rough Riders
- Led by Roosevelt - Not prepared for tropics - Lives lost in Spanish-American war were due to bacteria and disease, not really directly from the war/warfare
Al Capone
- Major racketeer of the 1920s, head of Chicago outfit, open violence but not convicted bc police on his side, eventually went to prison for income tax evasion
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
- Martyrs in class struggle - Involved in notorious case, convicted of murder of Massachusetts paymaster and his guard Italians, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers (jury prejudiced against them) - After six long years, the convicted men were electrocuted Seen as a "judicial lynching" by liberals
McKinley vs Bryan 1890
- McKinley renomination by Republicans (he won war, rich real estate, safeguarded gold standard, brought promised prosperity of full dinner pail-?) - Teddy Roosevelt, VAP campaign, cowboy hero Governor of NY (local political bosses found him too headstrong, wanted to make him VP so he's out of their hair) - WIlliam Jennings Bryan (odds-on choice of Democrats) *Main issue: Republican overseas imperialism* Bryan: Lincoln abolished slavery for 3.5 million AFricans, but McKinley reestablished it for 7 million Filipinos--- Roosevelt "out Bryaned Bryan", touring w his revolver/cowboy personality - McKinley won by a lot more than he did in 1896 - Win for Republicans NOT mandate for or against imperialism Mandate: Prosperity and Protectionism New York bosses happy as Roosevelt VP, out of their hair
Why did Americans favor neutrality?
- Money (business recession) BUT eventually war actually helped economy - Didn't want to be drafted - Far away war (weren't passionate about it) HAD TO USE PROPAGANDA To help get popular support for war - Profits of neutral trade
Changes in Lifestyle during the 1920's: Urbanization, Women/Feminism, Religion, Sex, Music, African-American culture, Cultural liberation
- More Americans lived in urban areas than the country - Often finding more employment in cities (clustered in low-paying jobs of a few types, such as retail clerking and office typing): "women's work" - Birth- control movement (Margaret Sanger) Alice Paul's National Woman's Party, 1923, for Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution - Old traditionalists: HAS THE WORLD GONE MAD?! - Churches affected by feminism: Fundamentalists fell to the Modernists (God was "good guy" and the universe was a bad place) - Some churches attempted to fight the Devil w/literal weapons (automobiles, golf links), advertised to get young people in churches - 1920s: to old people, erotic eruption! Flappers (yearned-for independence by some American women), one piece bathing suits: Sigmund Freud (sexual repression responsible for many nervous and emotional ills), teenagers ofc pioneered these new sexual ideas - Music: Jazz went along with the sexual flappers, loose, white people got the profits of the jazz but weren't the creative ones (Handy, "Jelly Roll" Morton, Louis Armstrong, Joe "King" Oliver) - Racial pride for northern black communities that emerged during and after WWI - Harlem (one of largest black communities in the world) - Vibrant creative culture that gave birth to poets like Langston Hughes - United Negro Improvement Association (represented race pride) - Cultural liberation - Freedom in literature and arts too - Decade after war, artists and writers often from ethnic and regional background different from Protestant New Englanders who usually were the contributors to American culture - Energy of youth/era, inspired by Modernism (global movement) - Writers attacking traditionalism/exploring post-war America and society (Lost Generation) - Playwrights too
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
- Most important piece of economic legislation bw Civil War and the New Deal - Designed to target banks part of the Triple Wall of Privilege - Nationwide system of twelve regional banks (a little private but with a lot of public control) - Banks required to issue paper money ("Federal Reserve Notes") so that money supply is more elastic
Eleanor Roosevelt
- Powerful political asset to FDR - Champion of dispossessed ("conscience of the New Deal") - Condemned by conservatives and loved by liberals (just like her husband)
Hetch Hetchy Valley
- Preservationists lost a major battle in 1913, federal gov't allowed city of San Francisco to build dam for its municiapl water supply) - Divide in conservationists: Sierra Club preservationists, Hetch Hetchy shouldn't be touched, but Gifford Pinchot (Rooseve'ts chief forestor) thought that wilderness was waste, believed in effective use of nature
John Dewey
- Professor at Columbia, forefront of educational theory during 1920s - "Learning by doing", progressive education (greater "permissiveness"), workbench as essential as blackboard, "education for life"
Ida Tarbell
- Progressive muckraker - Most eminent woman in muckraking movement - Scathing history of Standard Oil Company ("Mother of Trusts")
Economy in the 1920s
- Prosperity put "roar" in the twenties - Good 1919 after WWI, falter in 1920-1921 w/recession, then sprint forward for 7 yrs Causes: - Tax policies of Secretary Andrew Mellon and the recent war = economy growing! - Efficient machinery (relatively cheap energy from newly tapped oil fields) = efficient laborer- assembly-line production Effects: - New industrial revolution - Machinery was the 'new messiah", automobile principal prophet - New industries! Energy industry (supply machines), - Automobile AUTOMOBILE: Shift in economy from mastery of production to mastery of consumption (is there a market for these goods?): ADVERTISING! - Need to increase consumption= advertising! make Americans want more, more, more - Essentially the Great Depression Bruce Barton (The Man Nobody Knows): Jesus Christ was the greatest adman of all time - Sports big business in consumption-focused economy, - Babe Ruth more well-known than most politicians - Buying on credit: People feel like they have the money to do so for the first time (disposable income), get things NOW, prosperity created debt! (economy vulnerable to disruptions of the credit structure)
What good did US do in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
- Puerto Rico: education, sanitation, transportation - Cuba: Attack on yellow fever
Radio Revolution in the 1920's
- Radio > invention of the airplane - Marconi (Italian) invented wireless telegraphy 1890s, used for communication WWI - Voice carrying radio = BIG! - At first only local, but by late 1920s long-distance broadcasting Effect: - Space for advertising! - Radio drawing Americans back home while automobile drawing them away - Radio "knitted nation together" - Culture: Sports, music, politics eventually (FDR!)
Rook-Takhira Agreement
- Restlessness in Japan - Japanese immigrants (again treated badly/racist) in US - School segregation in San Francisco, Japanese very upset "Yellow peril", war on either coast? - Roosevelt: San Francisco School Board to the White House - Californians repeal offensive school order - "Gentleman's Agreement": stop flow of laborers to the mainland by withholding passports - Doesn't want Japan to think it's fear: Entire battleship fleet on voyage around the world - Lol Roosevelt overwhelming reception in Japan Root-Takhira agreement: pledged both powers to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific, uphold Open Door in China
Department of Commerce and Labor
- Result of the Anthracite Coal Mine Strike of 1902 - Created in 1903 - Bureau of Corporations: allowed to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce, helped to break up monopoly and clear the road for the era of "trustbusting"
Themes of 1920's
- Retreat from progressive era and from WWI (NO GOV'T INVOLVEMENT) - Unfortunately elected a guy taht represetned these American interests before the Greta Depression but to have an idnidviualist as president during the great Depression? Not so good - Isolationism - Nationalism - No direct gov't involvement, more cooperation with business - Reaction to WWI Wartime gov't involvement QUICKLY dismantled Railroads returned to private (reformers wanted it to stay public) Harding has to figure out what to do bc treaty wasn't passed so they're technically still at war And they can't just completely ignore the League of Nations
Square Deal
- Roosevelt - Didn't want apathy in public interests - (Square Deal for Labor) - Three C's: *C*ontrol of the corporations *C*onsumer protection *C*onservation of natural resources - Test in 1902 with Anthracite Coal Mine Strike
US and the Philippines
- Roosevelt (assistant secretary at the time) "took matters into his own hands" when Navy secretary away, cabled Commodore George Dewey to descend upon Spain's Philippines in the event of war (McKinley confirmed Roosevelt's commands, even though Far East is weird way to free Cuba) - Dewey follows commands, Spanish vessels quickly destroyed, Dewey national hero - Now waited for troops to arrive in Manila, they finally did Focused attention on Hawaii (need ut as coaling and provisioning way station, McKinley worried that Japan will grab Hawaii while America is distracted) *Joint resolution of annexation rushed through Congress, approved by McKinley July 7, 1898: Hawaiian residents U.S. citizenship, full territorial status by 1900*
Cuban Revolution/how America is involved
- Rose against Spanish oppressors in 1895: WHY? Economic! (We support their revolution, why?) - Sugar production (American traiff of 1894) - insurrectors- torched canefields, sugar mills (to dirve out Spanish overlords, also hurt American interests on the island) - American sympathy AND business investments on Cuba (Cuba lay "right athwart the line" that led to Panama Canal) - Spanish general "Butcher" Weyler didn't help: herded civilians into reconcentration camps so that they couldn't hold the insurrectos - "Yellow journalism" of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst - Each attempted to outdo the other w headlines and "scoops" - Hearst goal: infuriate American public w/exaggerated images (Remington) and stories - 1898 Maine battleship sent to Cuba (we care about island/protection for Americans) - Mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor - Spanish officers: it was an accident! - American officers: caused by submarine mine! 1976: It actually was an accident - But in 1898, it added fuel to the fire (even though Spain had agreed to America's 2 demands: end to reconcentration camps and armistice w Cuban rebels) - McKinley: doesn't want hostilities, but doesn't want Spain to have Cuba or for Cuba to be independent (US then doesn't have any control) "Wobbly Willie" - Gave in to public, also didn't have faith in Spain's promises, worried about how Democrats viewed him if he was always indecisive, also commercial and strategic interests in Cuba McKinley sends war message to Congress: war is declared! - Teller Amendment: when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom (caused imperialistic Europeans to smile skeptically)
Roosevelt Legacy on the World Stage
- Russia and Japan 1904: TR has a chance to "perform as a global statesman" - First serious military setback to major European power by non-European force since Turkish invasions of 16th century - Japan wanted Roosevelt's help w/ peace negotiations - TR said Yes (didn't want Japan to get too strong) - Settlement that neither side was satisfied with, left Japaneses (who felt that they had won war) particularly resentful - TR received Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for making this agreement (also for helping an international conference in Spain to settle North AFrican disputes) - But price is high: relationship w/both Russia and Japan withered down
What role did women play in progressive era/army?
- Settlement house movement (side door to public life): exposed middle-class women to problems plaguing America's cities: poverty, political corruption, intolerable working and living conditions - Literary clubs (educated women met to improve themselves) - Activism for most women: extension o traditional roles of wife and mother, NOT rejection (not there yet) Maternal/motherly social issues: Child labor, sweatshops, tuberculosis, pensions for mothers, factory reform, *temperance* - Goal: *Protecting women and children, not granting everyone full benefits* (Muller vs Oregon)
Signals of an Economic Crash at the End of the 1920's
- Several hundred banks failed annually even in best years of 1920's - Real estate speculation (wildcat schemes) - Stock market, boom-or-bust trading - Buying stocks "on margin" (small down payment) - Little to no gov't enforcement of regulations/curbing speculators in stock market or real estate - Taxes lowered on the premises that if we had a lot of taxes (after the war) that businessmen wouldn't invest in factories but instead in tax-exempt businesses - Mellen shifted taxes from wealthy people to middle-class Americans (trickle down method)
How did immigrants (both w ties to Allies and Central Powers) affect what side US fell towards?
- Some from Central Powers argued for them, but most Americans, even if immigrants, happy to be a sea away
How Spanish-American War changed international views of America
- Spanish-American War: coming out party (America's a world power!) - "Splendid little war" - More respect (begrudingly) from Europeans - New martial spirit (more imperialistic motives in American population) - Beneficial result: Closing of the "bloody chasm" between the North and the South - By taking on Philippine Islands, US became Far Eastern power - Philippines: Achilles heel (indefensible hostage given to Japan)
Panama Canal
- Spanish-American war: renewed interest in long-talked about canal across Central American isthmus - Augment strength of the navy - Easier defense of recently acquired territory Obstacles: - Initially legal not geographical: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (w/ Britain) Solution: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901: gave US free hand to build canal, conceded right to fortify it too Where should canal be dug? Nicaragua BUT French Canal Company eager to salvage something from failure of their attempt at a canal in Panama *Philippe Bunau-Varilla* New Panama Canal Company Congress June 1902 decided on Panama Colombia: Panama restive part of Columbia, Columbia rejected initial offer, Roosevelt pissed, Pamanaians ready for another revolt (had done it before) - Wanted wave of prespoertiy with the canal, didn't want US to go Nicaragua route, Philippe Bunau-Varilla (French) didn't want to lose $ Bunau-Varilla incited rebellion 1903, US naval forced prevented Colombian troops from crossing isthmus to quell uprising Panama outpost Bunau-Varilla now Pnamanian minister (but he's french lol) signed Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Roosevelt didn't actively plot to tear Panama from Colombia "Rape" of Panama marked bad relations bw US and Latin America Canal constructoin 1904, difficulties: labor troubles, landslides, tropical diseases Finished in 1914 just as WWI started
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
- Suave and conciliatory - Paralysis: humbles him (more appeal to the common people) - $ (NOT humanity) is expendable - Concern for plight of "forgotten man"
Anthracite Coal Mine Strike of 1902
- Test of the Square Deal! - What: 140,000 workers demanding a 2- percent increase in pay and a reduction of the working day from ten to nine hours - Cause: Exploitation of the workers and MANY accidents in the coal mines - Who: Coal workers (many of them illegal immigrants) - Coal mine owners: Public won't care! We'll ignore this strike! - Effect: Coal supply decreases, factories and schools shut down, hospitals heating suffer, Roosevelt calls coal owners to the White House - Roosevelt uses his big stick and threatens to seize mines and operate them with federal troops (*first ever threat to use federal troops against capital, NOT labor!*) - Owners finally agree to arbitration: 1- percent pay increase and a working day of nine hours - Creation of the Department of Commerce and Labor to deal with increasing problems b/w capital and labor (1903)
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
- US gets Panama Canal, French get money (helped Panama revolution) - Whole thing is an example of Roosevelt brandishing his big stick
17th Amendment
- Under Roosevelt's presidency: direct election of senators (appeased progressives) - Women suffrage? Not yet (Women's votes would elevate political tone, some states extending it but definitely not national yet
progressives
- Waged war on many evils (monopoly, corruption inefficiency, social injustice) - "Strengthen the State" - Roots: Greenback Labor party of the 1870s, Populists of the 1890s (social and economic problems need to be regulated THROUGH strong government involvement) - Goals: 1. Use state to curb monopoly power 2. Improve common person's conditions of life and labor - Regain power that had slipped from hands of people into those of "interests" (direct primary elections) - WHO: Henry Demarest Lloyd, Thorstein Velben, , Jacob A. Riis, *Socialists* (Europeans influenced by what's happening in Europe), university based economists (new policy ideas), feminists (fighting for suffrage)- Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, *muckrakers*, Roosevelt (mostly, especially after presidency) PROGRESSIVES in both parties, in all regions, all levels of gov't LOCAL, STATE: *Local* Many successes in cities: local changes: expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs, city-manager system (efficiency over democracy though) Urban reformers: Against slumlords, juvenile delinquency, wide-open prostitution, bribed police, sanitation *State* Example: Wisconsin "Yeasty laboratory of reform" Governor of the state, Robert La Follette: most militant of the progressive Republican leaders Other states that had reform: Oregon, California (Hiram W. Johnson)- break grip of Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics, then made political machine of his own like La Foletee WOMEN - Settlement house movement
Conservationists
- Wealthy townshfolk and city dwellers - "Cities, not log cabins, produce Sierra Clubbers" - Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Muir, Roosevelt (deliberately made image of himself as man of outdoors, great hunter), PInchot - Reinvented hunting and fishign as sports for the well-to-do, not just part of survival - Nature must be neither uncritically revernce nor wastefully exploited, must be efficiently utilized - after WWII: Ecologists said theat conservationists failed to acknowledge intricacies of biological systems
US involvement in Haiti
- Wilson had to go out of his comfort zone and do something against his anti-imperialist views: send marines to Haiti after they killed their president to protect American lives and property, also had to send amrines to Dominican Republic later in the year - Purchased some territories from Denmark (Virgin Islands: Caribbean is becoming more and more of a Yankee sea)
Thorstein Veblen
- Wrote "The Theory of the Leisure Class" (1899) - Attacked new rich (sounds like Roosevelt): Predatory wealth, conspicuous consumption - Business class makes money for money's sake vs productive industry (making goods to satisfy real needs) - Progressive
Henry Demarest Lloyd
- Wrote "Wealth Against Commonwealth" against Standard Oil Company - Progressive
Upton Sinclair
- Wrote The Jungle - Its purpose was to draw attention to the plight of the workers in the big canning factories, but the people (including Roosevelt!) focused on the disgustingly unsanitary food products - He aimed for the heart and hit the stomach
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
- another conservation act, more effective than the Desert Land Act of 1877 - Purpose: Authorized president to set aside public forsests as national parks and otehr reserves
Desert Land Act of 1877
- first step towards conservation (caused by natural resources being treated as inexhaustible by corporations/America) - Purpose: Federal gov't sold arid land cheaply so that the purcharser would iirigate the thristy soil within 3 years
Florence Kelley
- former resident of Addams's Hull House, sone of nation's leading advocates for improved factory conditions, 1899 took control of National Consumers league (safeguard women and children in workplace)
Herbert C. Hoover
- head of Food Administration - again, voluntary compliance vs compulsory edicts - no ration cards (they do this in Europe) - issued propaganda campaign - wheatless Wednessdays, meatless Tuesdays (all volutnary_ - victory gardens - severly restricred use of foodstffs for manufacturingn alcoholic beverages (helped accelerate wave of prohibition) - 1919 Prohibition with 18th Amendment! *OVER COURSE OF WAR, federal gov't expanded in siaze and power* - War industries board didn't remain voluntary
Wilson reelection 1916
- part of reason why he supported neutrality (needed it to win presidency again!!) - "He Kept Us OUt of War" - Midwesterners and westerners (Wilson's progessive reforms, antiwar policies) flocked to polls only for US to then go to war once he was reelected - Support from wroking class and renegade bull moosers
War Industries Board
- take a lot to get US's sh*t together to be ready to fight - lots of obstacles for economic mobiliizers - largely voluntary economic war organization: America's across a sea! - head: Bernard Baruch - feeble formal powers, disbanded just days after armistice, but it set precdent for federal gov't to take central role in economic planning in moments of crisis
20) What were believed to be the three lasting impressions left by Roosevelt on the United States?
1. Executive power enlarged (big stick) 2. Shape progressive movement/reform campaigns later in century 3. America shares world w/other nations (foreign policy)- reponsibilities
Why does America go overseas?
1. Farmers and factory owners want new markets besides America for agricutlrue and industrial producst 2. New sense of power (growth in pop, wealth, productive capacity) 3. Safety valve to relieve pressure of labor violence and farmer unrest (new place for hope!) 4. "Yellow press" 5. Missionaries 6. Aggressive seekers of land (Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge--- Darwinism means earth belonged to strong and fit, i.e Uncle Sam) 7. New steel navy
Contributions of Roosevelt
1. Gretaly nelarged power and rpestige of rpesidential office/executive power (big stick as political weapon) 2. Shape porgressive movement adn beyond it the liberal reform campaigns later in the century
Lochner v. New York
1905, Dismaying setback for reformers: invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers (though 19187 Court upheld ten-hour law for factory workers)
Muller v. Oregon
1908, Supreme Court accept constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by representing evidence of the "harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies" (sexist, but still something)
Bolshevik Revolution
1917, Communists come to power in Russia Cause: Russians overthrowing Tsar, Lenin and Bolsheviks (Communists) come to power Effect: Tiny Communist party emerges in America, majority of Americans scared about a red Russia, fear of communism (and communist Russia) begins, Cold War (1947-1991) foreshadow Labor strikes (high prices), Americans blamed Bolsheviks, even though most labor protests are much more moderate than Russian revolution Some evangelists/religious people against Bolsheviks
Eighteenth Amendment
1919 Causes: - Progressive reform movement, domestic violence, purifying society, went hand in hand with suffrage movement - Popular in South and West: Southern whites keep stimulants out of hands of blacks, West (get rid of vices associated with Western saloons: public drunkenness, prostitution, corruption, crime) Effects - Opposition in larger eastern cities: "Wet" immigrants (Old World social life revolved around drinking NOT SUCCESSFUL: Why? - Wasn't enforced: Federal authorities don't enforce a law where majority/strong minority are hostile, disillusionment after war (can't self deny any longer), didn't want another liberty being taken away after so many taken away during the war, vets thought that a way to bring about the repeal was to largely violate the law (prohibition "put on them" while they were overseas) , legislators spoke dry while living wet, workers angry that rich people can still drink (can buy illicit alcohol) but no cheap beer left for them, youth of jazz age against prohibition (old citizens liked to go on "bar hunts"), underpaid state and federal agencies (bribery, innocent bystanders killed by dry agents) - Weak control by the gov't, particularly over private lives - Can't make a crime out of something one day that people don't see as a crime - Men only saloons turned into co-ed "speakeasies" - Only successes of prohibition: Bank savings increased, absenteeism in industry decreased, death rates from alcoholism decreased
Public Works Administration
1st New Deal *Recovery (Relief)* - Created under the NIRA - June 16, 1933 - budgeted over 6 billion dollars to spend on public works as a means of providing employment, improving public welfare, creating infrastructure, and stabilizing purchasing power; did not succeed in returning pre-WWI business or employment, but provided a network for the government to rebuild the economy while also improving America - Long range recovery (Some of the stuff they built represents folly of the money/how it was sometimes a waste: Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River brought irrigation to farmland that we were trying to lower production to increase costs, and brought more electrticity/power industry to an are that had no market for additional power Great Depression causes: Unequal wealth distribution, overproduction and underconsumption
Goodbye Gold Standard
1st New Deal *Recovery* April 5-19, 1933 Created inflation by buying gold (pushing price up so pushing price up of dollar) The United States went off the gold standard, a monetary system in which currency is backed by gold, when Congress enacted a joint resolution nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold. Benefits: a shortage of gold will not affect the economy, more flexible monetary system, helps debtors - made money less valuable and inflated the currency which makes debts easier to pay off. Does it without consulting the rest of the world, other countries get angry, specifically does it to help debtors Effectiveness: Very effective, prevented Americans from hoarding gold as a form of security" during the depression, inflated the value of money as to get the economy out of depression and help debtors pay off loans and debt, changed the American economy forever and ended domestic circulation of gold
Gold Reserve Act
1st New Deal *Recovery* January 30, 1934 Required that all gold held by the Federal Reserve be given and solely owned by the United States Department of Treasury, banned export of gold, converted gold to dollars; effective for short term relief, but violated the rights of citizens' property (gold) Great Depression causes: Unequal distribution of wealth (help those who are in debt), underconsumption (for same reason)
National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA)
1st New Deal *Recovery* June 16, 1933 - Creates PWA and NRA A law passed by the United States Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery. the NIRA sanctioned, supported, and in some cases, enforced an alliance of industries. Antitrust laws were suspended, and companies were required to write industry-wide "codes of fair competition" that effectively fixed prices and wages. NRA *Recovery, (Relief, Reform)* - Complex and far reaching effort by New Dealers to combine immediate relief with long-range recovery and reform - Triple barreled: target industry, labor, and unemployment - Codes of "fair competition", ceiling on max hours of labor and floor under wages to establish minimum levels - Labor benefits: Workers right to organize and bargain collectively through reps of their own choosing: "yellow-dog contracts expressly forbidden" - Blue eagle symbol of NRA - NRA inspired mass meetings and monster parades BUT this excitement and success all came down, self-sacrifice was too much Effectiveness of NRA: Hard pill for both industry and labor to swallow bc self-denial, fair competition, employment spread over more people (people want the money and hours for themselves) AND THEN NOPE: Schechter vs U.S. Great Depression causes (NRA): Unequal wealth distribution, underconsumption, Schechter vs US: "sick chicken" decision Schechter sells chicken eaten in multiple states, Conviction of Schechter for going against Live Poultry Code Argued that codes (part of the NIRA) written by executive power, violates separation of powers (Congress can't give legislative powers to the executive) Also went beyond powers of Congress bc it was intrastate commerce not interstate commerce and Congress can't regulate intrastate commerce Schechter vs US ruling: Live Poultry Codes unconstitutional, Schechter conviction has to be overturned, NIRA IS DONE! Results in Court packing plan
Emergency Banking Relief Act
1st New Deal *Recovery* March 9, 1933 Definition: A bill passed that called for a four-day mandatory shutdown of U.S. banks for inspections before they could be reopened, sought to re-instill investor confidence and stability in the banking system. Banks were only allowed to re-open once they were deemed financially sound. Increased executive power: gave FDR power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks Effectiveness: CONFIDENCE! Very effective, created a newfound trust in the banking system after the banks failed the American people, creation of FDIC insured the people
Beer and Wine Revenue Act
1st New Deal *Reform (Recovery, Relief)* March 22, 1933 A bill that levies a federal tax on all alcoholic beverages to raise revenue for the federal government and gives individual states the option to further regulate the sale and distribution of beer and wine. (Gov't can profit off of lifting prohibition!) Effectiveness: led to passage of the 21st amendment which ended prohibition and lessened underground sales of alcohol, which helped end illegal sales of alcohol, brought in revenue
Reciprocal Trade Agreements
1st New Deal *Reform (Relief, Recovery)* June 12, 1934 Reform/Recovery : The Reciprocal Trade Agreements were specifically handled with the Reciprocal Tariff Act issued on June 12, 1934. This act is what authorized the president to have the ability of negotiating trade agreements with other countries. This urged more countries to engage in world trade and led more and more countries to realize the benefits of the trading system across multiple countries. Following the Great Depression, this act guided the United States away from the acts of protectionism and more toward a more beneficial trading policy. Great Depression causes: Protectionism (open ourselves to the world market, lower tariffs)
Glass-Steagall Act
1st New Deal *Reform (Relief, Recovery)* June 16, 1933 -Insured individual deposits up to $5000 - Prohibits commercial banks from engaging in investment business; effective because it prevented possible major depressions and ended historical strings of bank failures, but ineffective because it gave global banks the upper hand over American banks (primarily European banks that could both invest and save for their client) Great Depression causes: Fragile banks, stock market speculation
Tennessee Valley Authority Act (TVA)
1st New Deal *Reform (Relief, Recovery)* May 18, 1933 - Meant to target really large electric industry (taking advantage of people with super high, unfair prices) - Agency meant to determine the proper cost of electricity to compare it to that of the private companies (Utility companies were P.O.!) Critics: socialism!!! (kept it so that this plan was confined to the Tennessee valley area) Response: Brought full employment, cheap power, low-cost housing, other stuff to a large poverty-stricken area Great Depression causes: Unequal distribution of wealth (corporations that are way too big)
Federal Securities Act
1st New Deal *Reform* May 27, 1933 Required promoters to transmit to investors sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds (Mr. Meyer and his dad) Great Depression causes: Stock market speculation
Home Owners Refinancing Act
1st New Deal *Relief (Recovery)* June 13, 1933 - Creates HOLC (Home Owners' Loan Corporation) - Refinance mortgages on nonfarm homes, bailed out mortgage-holding banks An act of congress passed by FDR in order to help people who are in danger of losing their homes. The act provided provided mortgage assistance to homeowners or would-be homeowners by providing them money or refinancing mortgages. This New Deal response was immediately effective and helped many people. Great Depression causes: Unequal distribution of wealth, underconsumption
Unemployment Relief Act- Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
1st New Deal *Relief (Recovery)* March 31, 1933 Public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, young men from relief families as part of the New Deal. Had to send money home to families (help spread money through economy, keep families from going underwater) Conserved both human and natural resources (natural bc of the work that they did) Effectiveness: Although short term, the CCC was effective in creating jobs and supporting families at home by making sure the men sent money home every month giving people the ability to begin saving again and purchasing power, which in turn helped to rebuild the economy. VERY POPULAR
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)
1st New Deal *Relief (Recovery)* May 12, 1933 The new Name for the Emergency Relief Act (Hoover) then replaced by Works Progress Administration, its main goal was to alleviate household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs in local and state government. Pays local and state governments to hire people to work without any training. Relief Effectiveness: Fed Gov't can't control what happens to the money once it gets to the state government, criticized for inefficient use of funds
Civil Works Administration
1st New Deal *Relief (Recovery)* November 9, 1933 Rapidly created manual labor jobs for unemployed workers; effective because it provided available money to laborers, but ineffective because it was not a stable, lasting job, and was extremely expensive - Help unemployment by creating purely temporary jobs Great Depression cause: This was mostly just relief but... Overproduction and underconsumption (give $ to people), unequal distribution of wealth
Securities and Exchange Commission
1st New Deal *Reform* June 6, 1934 Designed as a watchdog administrative agency, stock markets more as trading marts and less as casinos Great Depression causes: Stock market speculation
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
1st New Deal *Relief (Recovery)* May 12, 1933 "Artificial scarcity" Establish "parity prices" for basic commodities Eliminate price-depressing surpluses by paying growers to reduce crop agreage "Subsidized scarcity" Effectiveness: Farmers, food processors, consumers, and taxpayers were all unhappy (increased unemployment at a time when other nEw Deal agenceis tried to decrease it) Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional in 1936, resulted in the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act as a replacement Great Depression causes: Definitely overproduction and underconsumption (the overproduction part of that), Protectionism (b/c high tariffs hurt farmers who sold products overseas, bad agriculture hurts world economy)
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)
2nd New Deal *Reform (Relief, Recovery)* - NRA had been a godsend for labor but bc of Schechter ruled unconstitutional, so Wagner Act came on as a replacement - Created a powerful new National Labor Relations Board - Reasserted right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice - Caused unskilled workers to organize themselves into effective unions: leader John L. Lewis: Committe for Industrial Organization within the ranks of the skilled-craft American Federation of Labor (skilled workers of AFL didn't like that there were all of these unskilled workers, particularly blacks) - Sit down strike, won at General Moters, US Steel Company Memorial Day Massacre at plant of Republican Steel Company South Chicago when police fired upon pickets and workers, resulted in Fair Labor Standards Act
Social Security Act
2nd New Deal *Reform* 1935 - One of the most complicated and far-reaching laws ever to pass Congress - Unemployment insurance and old-age insurance - Bitterly opposed by Republicans (these are handouts, incentive for people to stop working) - Inspired by European institutions Great Depression causes: Unequal distribution of wealth, underconsumption
Soil Conservation and Allotment Act
2nd New Deal *Relief (Recovery)* The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 is a piece of legislation that in which the government paid farmers to reduce production in order to conserve soil (rotational farming). Paid farmers to plant soil-conserving crops This act meant to directly counter and change farming/soil issues relating to the Dust Bowl and overuse of soil across the United States (preventing another Dust Bowl from occurring again). Effectiveness This act was passed after the Supreme Court declared the AAA unconstitutional in Butler vs US: SC argues lifestyle restricgtion can't restrict American lifestyle and the AAA it taxed grain silo operators (can't tax a specific group of people, would have been constitutional if they taxed everyone or even just the wealthy) .Soil erosion decreased by 21.7% three years after the act was adopted/ Great Depression Causes: Overproduction, protectionism
Indian Reorganization Act
2nd New Deal *Reform* June 18, 1934 This piece of legislation is known as the focal point of the "Indian New Deal" which was aimed towards moving away from the idea of assimilation of Native Americans and begin to encourage the Native American tribes and their culture into American society. Great Depression causes: Not really
New Deal legislation that was anti-business
2nd New Deal especially Public Utility Company
7) How did the perceptions of Horace Kallen and Randolph Bourne counter the opinions of many towards immigrants and immigrant culture?
A cultural pluralist, Kallen argued for the immigrant's ability to practice their ancestral customs and for a protective covering for immigrants to preserve culture. While Kallen supported the preservation of immigrant identity, Bourne (cosmopolitan) argued for the cross-fertilization among immigrants to make America a transnationality. (Other defenders of immigrants: Jane Addams, John Dewey, Louis Brandeis)
New Deal legislation to help farmers
AAA (parity, subsidized scarcity) Soil Conservation Domestic Allotment (continued parity) Second AAA (parity) Frazier- Pemke (helped farmers in dust bowl keep their homes/with mortgage payments) Resettlement Administration
Dawes Plan *
ANOTHER REASON FOR GREAT DEPRESSION/RELATIONSHIP WITH EUROPE Rescheduled German reparations payments, oepened way for further American private laons to Germany Whole fiannacial cycle now complicated (US loans to Germany, Germany pays ALliesm Allies pays US) SO when we crash... we don't get our debts paid back Allies didn't really think that they were going to have to pay back these debts
Bruce Barton
Advertising, The Man Nobody Knows (Jesus Christ was the biggest adman)
In what ways was imperialism not a "new idea" by the 1890's? How did Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History contribute to a new American vision?
Africa had already been divided up by European nations in the 1880s, and colonization had been a present idea acted up by Britain when they colonized the "New World", and by Spain when they colonized South America. Monroe Doctrine 1823 Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History placed a large emphasis on the importance of a strong navy in successful imperialism, thus leading to a naval race between nations and accelerating American demands for a strong navy and expansion overseas.
51) How did conscription of African-Americans into the armed forces represent the continued racial attitudes of the time period?
African American soldier were in strictly segregated units and were mostly under the control of white officers (not too different from slave and master!). Military heads often hesitated to train black men for combat, so the majority of black soldiers were assigned to creating battalions or worked unloading ships (hard labor).
43) What proved to dismantle Woodrow Wilson's adherence to neutrality? What were the factors involved in Wilson's decision to ally with the Allies, rather than the Central Powers?
After Wilson gave a moving speech about America's commitment to neutral rights, Germany's warlords announced their decision to wage unrestricted submarine warfare and sink all ships (including American ships) in the war zone, as Germany didn't want war with America but could no longer afford to pay attention to which ships were combatants and noncombatants. Wilson allied with the Allies rather than the Central Powers because German ships were sinking American ships/taking direct actions on America, US was closer to Britain/had more sustained relationships with them, more immigrants/foreign born people in US were from Ally countries, and the Zimmermann note proposed a German-Mexican alliance w/promises of recovering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Lastly, along with the news of the Zimmermann note and the sinking of American ships by Germany, a revolution in Russia had toppled the cruel regime of the tsars, so America could fight fully for democracy on the side of the Allies.
25) How did the Ballinger-Pinchot affair create even more anti-Taft sentiment amongst progressives?
Again, Taft didn't stay true to his conservationist words when Richard Ballinger opened public lands to corporate development; Pichot strongly criticized these actions, and Taft dismissed Pinchot (chief of Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry) as insubordinate.
30) How did the Teapot Dome scandal of 1921 represent Harding's inability to surround himself with competent administrators?
Albert Fall, the secretary of the navy, secretly signed an order to transfer naval oil reserves to Sinclair and Doheny after receiving a bribe from Doheny and Sinclair. Harding was not an immoral person, but by putting Fall in his cabinet, it demonstrated a clear lack of judgement.
10) Why was alcohol a critical component of the progressive agenda? How did the Women's Christian Temperance Movement help mobilize in favor of prohibition?
Alcohol, connected with prostitution, represented the corrupt government at the time. The WCTU garnered the support of almost 1 million women to fight against alcohol and saloons.
35) How did America's involvement in Haiti contradict Wilson's hopes for foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere?
America was forced to protect American lives and property in Haiti from 1914-1915 when an outraged part of the Haitian population killed their president; American troops remained in Haiti for 19 years, making the country an American protectorate. (1916 Similar to Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, Wilson said US supervision in Haiti). Other imperialist actions by Wilson: Sent marines to quell riots in Dominican Republic in 1916, purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark (increased American influence in West Indies, and Caribbean Sea w/Panama Canal also Yankee waters).
Senator Albert Beveridge (a known imperialist) argued in 1897 that "the trade of the world must and shall be ours". What might his motivations and reasons for making such a statement?
Americans needed to capitalize and engage in beneficial trade with other nations (go outside domestic markets). This statement also features the possessive and competitive nature of the late 19th century and the feeling of many Americans that we deserved land overseas.
Bible Belt
Area of South where spirit of evangelical religion still very popular
6) According to your text, what did Democrats have to do to win the election of 1932? What were the majority really demanding?
As the election was not only pro-Roosevelt but also anti-Hoover, the Democrats needed to just harness the national unhappiness and turn it into a victory. The majority were truly demanding change (in the form of different party in charge) and they just wanted a new deal, not the New Deal.
A. Mitchell Palmer
Attorney General, "saw red" too easily, "Fighting quaker" bc of his excess of zeal in rounding up suspects, would support the Red scare against Bolsheviks and Bolshevik Revolution, against radicals; bomb shattered his home and his efforts to arrest more radicals gave him title "Quaking Fighter"
McKinley Tariff
Barriers against Hawaiian sugar, one of reasons people/American sugar traders wanted to annex Hawaii
7) How did "progressive" women defend their new roles and justify their activities as extensions of the "traditional" feminine role? What were some of the issues that particularly appealed to women? Examples.
Because of the expected gender roles of women in the early 20th century, women reformers were drawn to moral and "maternal" issues like child labor, sweatshops, tenement illness, and safe food products.
6) How could the Quota and Immigration Acts favor some populations of immigrants over others?
Because they were both based on populations of immigrant groups in America's past (1910 and 1890, respectively), certain immigrant populations weren't as restricted as others. The Emergency Quota of 1921 favored southern and eastern Europeans, because a large portion of immigrants from these areas had already arrived by 1910. The Immigration Act of 1924, however, did not favor southern and eastern Europe (Great Britain much easier time getting into US than Italians). Southern Europeans argued that the Immigration Act of 1924 was discriminatory and favored whites/northern Europeans. The Japanese were completely excluded under this legislation, while Canadians and Latin Americans were completely exempt.
John T. Scopes
Biology teacher indicted in Tennessee for teaching evolution Case representative of culture war bw science and religion
Langston Hughes
Black poet, cultural leader/contributor during the Harlem Renaissance
What did James G. Blaine's "Big Sister Policy" seek to achieve in Latin America? How did this policy eventually lead to the development of a great alliance with Britain?
Blaine's "Big Sister Policy" wanted to unify Latin American nations under American leadership and open Latin American markets to traders in the United States.
Reading Notes
Bloodied by war, disillusioned by peace, America turns inward/isolationist, shuns radical ideas/un-American lifestyles, no immigration allowed (look what Europe made us do) Boom of golden twenties: genuine benefits to Americans, some worried about traditional America disappearing but money's rolling in Why twenties roaring?: New technologies, new consumer products, new forms of leisure and entertainment SEEING RED - Hysterical fears about a red Russia: Communists come to power in Bolshevik Revolution Tensions heightened by strikes happening (result of high prices, no one paying attention to unions)
26) How did the United States, during this period of isolation, actually contribute to the growing tension worldwide about the naval armaments race between Japan and Great Britain? What was the end result, brought forth by Secretary of State Hughes?
Britain/Japan don't know how big army is getting in US, worried bc in isolation! With the issue of disarmament, Harding was pressured by business people to stop financing the naval program started in the war because of their desire to not pay any extra in taxes (American navy grows). The British were worried about American navy overtaking their navy (period of isolation American navy growing? Britian doesn't know and is worried), and Great Britain, Japan, and US needed to determine a naval disarmament plan. The Nine-Power Treaty agreed on specific parity in battleships and aircraft carriers and a promise from Japan and Great Britain to refrain from fortifying their Middle Eastern lands.
Lusitania
British passenger liner Lusitania torpedoed and sank with the loss of 1198 lives (including 128 Americans) - Eastern US talk of fighting but rest of country still stuck on neutrality
11) Due to the ever-increasing growth of capital and consumption in the 1920's, how did companies seek to capitalize on American buying-power?
Buying on credit became increasingly encouraged and popular ("posses today and buy tomorrow"). Debt came with prosperity! The advertisement industry increased exponentially, as companies wanted to take advantage of the increased consumption/cause more consumption in the American people.
How did Roosevelt seek to further extend America's reach into Latin America, while obliterating the reach of foreign countries in the same region?
By declaring the Roosevelt Corollary, Roosevelt established America's ability to intervene should there be financial trouble in Latin American nations (which there definitely was); however, no European nations were allowed to intervene.
Despite TR's aggressive foreign policy, how was he the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906?
By heading (unsatisfactory according to Russia and Japan) peace negotiations in 1904 and for resolving North African disputes, TR received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.
3) In what ways did business owners use the socialist menace to propel their business and political aspirations?
By labeling labor strikers as evil communists/Russian spies/violent radicals, the red scare of 1919-1920 was propelled and a nationwide crusade against left-wingers was launched. This fear of communism in America was so heightened at the beginning of the 1920s that criminal syndicalism laws were passed, meaning that even advocacy for violence to effect social change was outlawed (first amendment free speech ?!). Any calls for closed unions were seen as "Sovietism in disguise". The American Plan, passed by employers, was an antiunion campaign for the "open" shop and exemplified the ways in which businesses took advantage of the Red scare and anti-Communist sentiments directed towards laborers in America during the 1920s.
5) In what ways did the American government heed the concerns of "nativist" Americans through government legislation? How did subsequent legislation in 1924 lower the allowable number of immigrants even further?
By passing the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, newcomers from Europe were restricted in a specific year to a certain quota (3% of the people of their nationality who had been living in the United States in 1910) (favored southern and eastern Europe, bc many of them had arrived by 1910). This legislation was then replaced by the Immigration Act of 1924, in which quotas for foreigners were cut from 3 percent to 2 percent, and the basis towards which a percentage of population would be taken would be from the year 1890 (when few Southern Europeans had arrived).
24) What did Taft's signing of the Payne-Aldrich Bill do to the Republican Party?
By signing the Payne-Aldrich Bill, Taft split the Republican Party into reformers and the "Old Guard".
49) How did some of Herbert Hoover's (head of the Food Administration) voluntary approach to conservation of food help at home and abroad?
By taking a voluntary approach to conservation of food, the country broke out in a rash of vegetable victory gardens, as farm production increased by one-fourth and food exports to the Allies tripled. This voluntary conservation of food also help garner patriotic feelings in America rather than hostilities towards the war/wartime needs.
Hawley-Smoot Act
CONTINUED PROTECTIONISM EVEN AFTER THE GREAT DEPRESSION STARTED (HOOVER) Into the Great Depression let's jack up those tariffs even more and make no one trade with us, cause the world to go into even more of a world depression, and have us keep overproducing so that our goods become worthless!
Teapot Dome Scandal *
CORRUPTION OF HARDING: SIMILAR/COMPARISON TO GILDED AGE Corruption of Harding administration (similar to Gilded Age) Albert B. Fall Fall (Secretary of the navy_ bribed to bring navail oil reserves to the Interior Department Harding saved after getting sick, similarity to Grant in terms of lack of preparation/fit as a President Coolidge: Rigid economy (staunch conservative) True to Republican philosophy (a little boring), favored businesses "Cautious Cal" Hands-off temperament Slowly gave Harding administration moral refurbishment Scandal didn't really rub off onto his reputation
United Negro Improvement Association
Cause: Black pride, liberation of 1920's, Harlem Renaissance, black discrimination Effect: Promote resettlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland", sponsored stores.business to keep blacks' dollars in black pockets, founded by Marcus Gravey (political leder of the Harlem Renaissance)
American plan
Cause: Businessmen benefitted from Red Scare Effect: Antiunion campaign for the "open" shop
"Monkey Trial"
Cause: Fundamentalist reaction to growth of education and science in the 1920s - John T. Scopes, likeable biology teacher, indicted for teaching evolution - Represented battle (still present today) in American culture of science vs. religion - Supporters of prosecution: Fundamentalists, William Jennings Bryan Bryan made fun of by Clarence Darrow Fundamentalists won but a hollow victory: absurdities of trail made their Fundamentalist cause seem crazy
Harlem Renaissance
Cause: Great Migration, Jazz age, cultural liberation of 1920's but also the rise of the KKK and racism during 1920's Effect: Celebration of blacks and their culture Black writers: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston (Modernist) Musicians (jazz artists): Louis Armstrong, Eubie Blake "New Negro": full citizen, social equal to whites
Committee on Public Information
Cause: Not a lot of popular support for war in beginning Purpose: Mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad - headed by brash journalist, George Creel - posters, billboards, leaflets, pamphlets w/Wilson idealisms, movies, song - *American war mobilization based on compliance rather than formal laws*
Automobile in the 1920s
Cause: spurred by machine efficiency (assembly-line production), had production down, now let's move to consumption (advertisement!) - Represented shift of economy from production to consumption Effect: - New industries (energy/electrical power), newly tapped oil fields = production of automobiles efficient - Most important invention (though Americans didn't invent it, Europeans did, they just adapted it)/new industry of the 1920s: Assembly-line methods, mass-production techniques Detroit motorcar capital - By 1929, more automobiles in America than existed in the rest of the world! - Caused success/emergence of some industries at the expense of others: steel but also rubber, glass, and fabric industry, oil/petroleum business, ( railroad industry hard hit)to erupt in popularity & importance, thus causing standard of living in America to rise enormously, Outlying farms more prosperous (food could travel by car), road paving industry - Caused debt (installment plans), advertisement - Caused social change!!! - Cars now a necessity, not just a luxury BUT Not just for transportation but for ostentation, now that there are leisure hours to spend, we can spend them luxuriously! - Women freed from dependence on men, isolation among geographic areas decrease (people moving out from less attractive states really quickly) - Buses: consolidation of schools and churches - Suburbs spread out from urban areas (America = nation of commuters!) - Home life broken apart by car to some extent, also promoted rebellious youth, crime(mobsters) supported by cars bc quick escapes - Motor accidents - Actually helped air quality at that time
30) How did the provision of collective bargaining under the NRA provide labor unions with greater confidence when dealing with employers? How did the "Wagner" (National Labor Relations) Act of 1935 reinforce this confidence?
Collective bargaining acted as a godsent to organized labor, and other New Deal expenditures allowed for further security for labor with decreased unemployment. When the Supreme Court ended the NRA, a sympathetic Congress passed the Wagner Act to replace the hole. This created a new National Labor Relations BOard and reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice.
Propaganda
Committee on Public Information
13) In what ways did companies seek to entice buyers to spend more of their disposable income? How were women targets of those attempts?
Companies sought to entice buyers to spend more of their recent disposable income through advertisements! Taking advantage of rapidly increasing consumer demand was the focus of companies during the 1920's. Advertisements meant for women encouraged women to buy/drive automobiles to still support the traditional family life (though automobiles allowed for women to be more independent of men). Additionally, many of the material items being advertised, such as vacuum cleaners and refrigerators, appealed to the traditional role of women in the household.
Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act
Congress affirmed its support for women in traditional role as mothers: - provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant heatlh care - also expanded responsibility of federal gov't for family welfare
16) How did Congress first attempt to solve the problem of adult unemployment? How did FERA reflect any of the 3 R's? What did the act ultimately do?
Congress first attempted to solve the problem of adult unemployment through the Federal Emergency Relief Act, and its purpose was immediate relief (rather than long-term recovery); the act ultimately led to the granting of $3 billion to the states for direct payments or for wages on work projects.
19) In what ways did Father Charles Coughlin, Senator Huey Long, and Francis E. Townsend represent a radical opposition to the FDR's New Deal? What were their suggestions?
Coughlin, Long, and Townsend represented several demagogues (Coughlin- anti-Semitic preacher), Long and Townsend (promised things that just wouldn't happen). They all represented the scary link between economic crisis and fascism (though luckily, America went in opposite direction with Roosevelt unlike Germany). Long wanted to give every family $5,000 at the expense of the prosperous, while Townsend promised everyone over sity $200 a month.
How did the McKinley-Tariff actually hurt American interests after the 1887 treaty with Hawaii? What was the response by American planters in Hawaii?
Created to encourage Hawaii to become a part of the US in order to bypass the tariff (which hurt sugar markets), American planters wanted to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States, but Queen Liliuokalani insisted that the island should remain under control of the natives. The white American planters in response led a revolt (backed by American troops) and an annexation treaty was drawn up. But before Harrison could sign off on it, his term was over and Cleveland withdrew the treaty, as he knew America had wronged Queen Liliuokalani and the natives.
18) How does your textbook define President Warren G. Harding, in terms of his ability to choose his confidants and associates? What were considered to be his weaknesses, as opposed to Woodrow Wilson, his predecessor?
Describing him as a strong, presidential looking person with a contrasting weak interior and a less than average intellect. Similar to Grant, Harding was unable to detect corruption within his associates and had trouble saying no to his friends, leading to a less than honest and successful cabinet (to say the least). Woodrow Wilson was the moral leader of the world (or often considered to be before the Treaty of Versailles), while Harding was argued not to be morally compromised but not able to detect morality issues.
What were the causes of the greatest amount of casualties in the American army during the Spanish-American war?
Disease and bacteria were the causes of the greatest amount of casualties in the American army during the Spanish-American war (5,000 soldiers died due to disease compared to 400 in battle).
Dust Bowl
Drought that went from eastern Colorado to western Missouri Causes: Drought and wind, overuse of the soil also exacerbated by farming technology after WWI (not enough rotational farming) Effects: Refugees to Cali Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act (unfortunately voided the next year by the Supreme Court, but revised law held up) Resettlement Administration
How did Emilio Aguinaldo and other Filipinos respond to American policy in the Philippines following Spain's removal from the islands?
Emilio Aguinaldo led other Filipinos to resurrect against occupying American forces (though unsuccessfully).
Recall
Enable voters to remove faithless elected officials (particularly those who had been bribed by bosses or lobbyists) - supported by Progressives
Court Packing Plan
Epitome of FDR's incredible executive power and how it went too far
Adamson Act of 1916
Established an eight-hour day for employees on trains in interstate commerce w/ extra pay for overtime
50) What was the ultimate reason for the US's need to conscript an army in 1917?
Europe confessed in 1917 that they were not only running out of money, but they were running out of men, and the 100,000 regulars in the American army wouldn't cut it.
29) How did the high tariffs legislated by the Harding and Coolidge administrations affect Europe in the post-WWI era? What was the reciprocal effect on the United States?
European producers suffered as postwar chaos was increased by these higher tariffs. EUrope needed to sell its manufactured goods to America to pay off post war debt and attain economic normalcy. America also realized that if they weren't buying from Europe, they couldn't really sell there! Europeans put up higher tariffs themselves, following suit.
3) What did FDR mean by a "New Deal" for the "forgotten man"?
FDR meant that the "New Deal" would offer economic stability for those of lower classes forgotten by the conservatives and theoretical politics and legislation.
1) Why was FDR such a popular "depression-era" governor in New York?
FDR was a very popular "depression-era" governor in New York because he sponsored *heavy state spending* to relieve human suffering (relief policy!). He did favor frugality but he believed that money (not humanity) was expendable (compared to conservatives).
34) In what ways was FDR's "court packing plan" considered the biggest blunder of his multiple presidencies? Why did FDR believe he had the ability to propose AND complete such an audacious plan? What did the opposition believe FDR was trying to do?
FDR's "court packing plan" was considered to be the biggest mistake during his time in office, as it deeply offended such a sacred tradition and was said to be attempting to break down the checks and balances among the three branches of the government/ the opposition labeled him a dictator.
14) How did FDR's claims about Republican spending during the 1932 campaign contradict his desire to spend federal money to create jobs?
FDR/ the Democratic platform criticized the federal expenditure of the government under Republican Hoover and aimed to have a balanced budget, yet much of the legislation under the NEw Deal was based off of federal spending to help the American people through the form of economic recovery for the unemployed.
New Deal legislation to help unemployment
FERA CCC CWA PWA of the NIRA TVA WPA
46) In what ways did fear inside the United States lead to a restriction of rights? What were the specific incidents in regards to these restrictions?
Fear inside the US towards some 8 million German Americans led orchestras to stop performing German-composed music, German books were taken off of library shelves, German classes were canceled in high schools and colleges, and German food and drink became suspect. The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 exemplified the fears about Germans and antiwar Americans; antiwar Socialists and members of the radical Industrial Workers of the World were targeted, and socialist Eugene V. Debs and others were sentenced to jail time. IN Schenck v. United States in 1919, affirmed the legality of the two aforementioned acts against Germans.
46) In what ways did fear inside the United States lead to a restriction of rights? What were the specific incidents in regards to these restrictions? (CIVIL LIBERTIES)
Fear inside the US towards some 8 million German Americans led orchestras to stop performing German-composed music, German books were taken off of library shelves, German classes were canceled in high schools and colleges, and German food and drink became suspect. The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 exemplified the fears about Germans and antiwar Americans; antiwar Socialists and members of the radical Industrial Workers of the World were targeted, and socialist Eugene V. Debs and others were sentenced to jail time. IN Schenck v. United States in 1919, affirmed the legality of the two aforementioned acts against Germans.
Civil Liberties at Home
Fear inside the US towards some 8 million German Americans led orchestras to stop performing German-composed music, German books were taken off of library shelves, German classes were canceled in high schools and colleges, and German food and drink became suspect. The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 exemplified the fears about Germans and antiwar Americans; antiwar Socialists and members of the radical Industrial Workers of the World were targeted, and socialist Eugene V. Debs and others were sentenced to jail time. IN Schenck v. United States in 1919, affirmed the legality of the two aforementioned acts against Germans. Espionage Act of 1917 Sedition Act of 1918 Schenck vs United States (1919)
27) What were the series of foreign agreements made following the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922? How did they contribute to the growing sense that disarmament had been achieved? How did the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 try to outlaw and possible, future wars?
First the Five-Power Naval Treaty was proposed (Hughe's idea of ship ratios but with a concession to the Japanese) and this was combined with the Four-Power Treaty (Anglo-Japanese alliance) to create the Nine-Power Treaty of 1922. This back and forth negotitaion by Hughes gave the illusion that disarmament had been acheived, but no restrictions were actually placed on small warships and other powers continued their military expansion (while US lagged behind now bc of this agreement). The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 sought another illusionist idea, that America and other nations could agree to outlaw war (definitely a response to WWI). It was ratified by 62 nations, but defensive wars were still permitted (so self-defense = war).
8) What was Florence Kelley's role in the women's rights movement?
Florence Kelley (former resident of Jane Addams's Hull House) became the first chief factory inspector/leading advocate for better factory conditions.
Article X League of Nations
Force US to go to war when any international country part of League of Nations goes to war, regardless of size or relationship with US
57) How did other nations press Wilson for territorial acquisitions? What were the outcomes of these debates?
France, Italy, and Japan all argued for territorial acquisitions after the end of WWI, and in the completed Treaty of Versailles, France's Saar basin would remain under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years, and then it would have a popular vote. Japan recieved control over the Pacific Islands under the League of Nations, and though Wilson opposed this, eventually he gave into Japanese control over Germany's economic holdings on China's Shandong Peninsula (Chinese outraged at this).
Racketeers
Gangsters Result of prohibition Invaded ranks of local labor unions as organizers and promoters
Zimmermann note
German secretary of state Arthur Zimmermann secretly propseoed a secret German-Mexican alliance. tempting anti-Yankee Mexico w veiled promsies of recovering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona - infuriated Americans - one of the reasons we entered World War I
Arthur Zimmermann
German secretary of state, Zimmermann note
Central Powers
Germany Austria-Hungary Turkey, Bulgaria (later)
Hiram Johnson
Governor of California - Republican governor in 1910, prosecutor of grafters, helped break control that Southern Pacific Railroad had on California politics then set up his own political machine, just like LaFollette
Robert LaFollette
Governor of Wisconsin ("yeasty laboratory of reform"), most militant of the progressive Republican leaders/most aggressive: take control from lumber and railroad, return to people, set up scheme for regulating public utilities
16th Amendment
Graduated income tax
Jones Act of 1916
Granted to Philippines the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as "stable gov't" established Wilson Represents how Wilson was anti-imperialist, promoted self-independence (but he's still really racist so nothing happens to really help the Filipinos during his presidency)
40) How could Great Britain be considered just as much of an aggressor, if not more, than Germany between 1914-1917?
Great Britain was blocking Germany's ships and virtually stopping trade between US and Germany, putting US in a precarious place and forcing Germany to act.
19) Who made up the members of Harding's inner-circle? What were said to be their achievements AND shortcomings (if and when mentioned)?
Harding's less than average cabinet, making up the "best minds" of the country according to Harding, included Charles Evan Hughes (secretary of state, smart, conservative), Andrew Mellon (aluminum king, art collector as secretary of Treasury), and Herbert Hoover (wartime food savior as secretary of commerce). However (one bad apple ruins the bunch): Senator Albert Fall of New Mexico (an anticonservationist as secretary of the interior, whose job is to protect the nation's natural resources), and Harry Daughtery (small time lawyer but big time crook, attorney general, whose job is to indict wrongdoers/criminals) made up the worst of the "Ohio Gang".
39) How did President Hoover represent the clash of progressive era reform and traditional American individualism and small government? How was he the "personification" of the individualistic American, yet a progressive in some ways?
He believed in industry and self-reliance (conservatism), and supported the American heroism/uniqueness/individualism as well as free enterpirse and small gov't (conservatism). However, he was a humanitarian and endorsed labor unions, supported federal regulation of radio broadcasting industry (and talked about gov't-owned radio). Hoover just really disliked socialism/anything other than a free economy.
33) Despite Wilson's progressivism, especially within the first 18 months of his presidency, what did he not use his political capital for?
He did not use his political capital to improve treatment for blacks in the country, and in fact accelerated segregation in the federal bureaucracy. He showed no partial feelings or actions towards blacks.
4) Even though Hoover had to be convinced to run for president again, how did his view of government change (if at all)?
He rigidly defended his faith in completely free enterprise and American individualism with an aura of pessimism about decreasing tariffs or anything non pro-business, so his view of government and its involvement in business/humanity did not change (he was stubborn).
26) Why did Teddy Roosevelt attempt to regain the nomination of the Republican Party in 1912?
He saw Taft, now representing the Old Guard's interests, "discard" his policies.
13) How could Roosevelt be considered moderate, in terms of his attacks on trusts? How did the Northern Securities Company case represent either his opposition to or benevolence towards certain types of trusts?
He saw that trusts had arrived to stay, and that there were good and bad trusts (good truss had public consciences, bad trusts just cared about power). Roosevelt's attack on the Northern Securities Company (railroad holding company held by JP Morgan and James J Hill) represented his opposition towards "bad" trusts.
5) Why was Robert LaFollette the epitome of the "progressive" spirit? What were some of his goals and achievements as the governor of Wisconsin?
He was the epitome of the "progressive" spirit because he fiercely fought to take control away fro monopolists and corrupt corporations and also worked for the rights of laborers. He regulated public utilities and successfully returned control from corrupt corporations to the people as governor of Wisconsin.
Margaret Sanger
Head of birth control movement... a badass! But wait... she's a eugenist (so not really a badass)
reservationists
Henry Cabot Lodge Conservative Against Treaty of Versailles but would pass with reservations Unconstitutional!
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge believed that the United States needed to control the balance of trade in the Pacific. Which island and countries did he believe were key acquisitions toward attaining such a goal?
Henry Cabot Lodge believed that Hawaii, Samoa, Cuba, and Nicaragua (for the creation of a canal) were key acquisitions in order to control the balance of trade in the Pacific.
Charles Lindbergh
Hero, idealized by Americans that were fed up with people that were debunking the jazz age, moral ideal (and he's a WAMP (white american male protestant)
How did his death either continue his policies or alter them?
His death continued his policies, as Teddy Roosevelt was an unwavering imperialist.
New Deal legislation to help homeowners
Homeowner's Refinancing Act National Housing Act United States Housing Authority
44) How did Hoover's government intervention reflect the current theory of Republican economics? What were some of the public works measures instituted to combat the depression and unemployment?
Hoover's government intervention, based off of intervention at the top of the economic pyramid with hopes that it would trickle down and help public unemployment at the bottom of the pyramid (critics bc he's helping out the banks that got us in this mess? Fed Europeans but won't feed us?) Some of the public works measures instituted to combat the depression and unemployment included the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River; however, he continued to fight any ideas he perceived as "socialistic" (Muscle Shoals Bill, Hoover argues against it bc gov't can't sell electricity that would compete with private companies).
How did they go overseas?
How did they do it/go overseas? - Big Sister policy - Number of diplomatic crises or near-wars (American willingness to risk war over distant and minor disputes= aggressive new national mood) - American and German navies over Samoan Islands - Lynching of eleven Italians (US and Italy to war) - Chile and America (American sailors deaths) - US and Canada over seal hunting Major: US and Britain 1895-1896, jungle boundary - Olney (Secretary of State for Cleveland): Monroe Doctrine (whoops!) - Great Rapprochement- new Anglo-American cordiality (Britain didn't have time for war)
Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act
INDIRECT BENEFIT FOR LABOR - Outlawed "yellow-dog" contracts and forbade federal courts to be able to stop strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing - Hoover did a little something towards the end of his term (but largely did nothing like other presidents during previous economic crises) ALSO NOTICE TAXES/UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH (Causing war)
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
INDIRECT GOV'T HELP, TRICKLE DOWN Governemnt ledning bank (indirect relief) to help insurance companies, banks, agricutlural organizations, railraods, and state and local gov'ts in bad shape - But HAVE to preserve individualism so n oloans to individauls (that's a handout/"billion-dollar soup kitchen")
Adkins vs Children's Hospital
INDIRECT GOV'T, NO GOV'T INVOLVEMENT, NO HANDOUTS, INDIVIDUALISM (HOW HARDING AND HOOVER COULD BE COMPARED) Harding/Cooling Administration Court reversed its own reasoning in Muller vs. Oregon Invalidated minimum wage law for women (No free handouts for anyone, equal opportunity, 19th Amendment legal equals)
Agricultural Marketing Act
INDIRECT HELP, EVIDENCE FOR HOOVER INDIVIDUALISM, TRICKLE DOWN - Help farmers help themselves - Promotion of self-help - Designed to help the farmers through producers' cooperatives - Federal Farm Board - Money lent to farm organizations looking to buy, sell, store agricultural surpluses
Volstead Act
Implemented the 18th Amendment
In what ways did William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer use the media to influence public opinion and create public policy?
In a battle for the most attention grabbing headline, Heart and Pulitzer wrote stories about the horrible events in Cuba to inform the American public. This "yellow journalism", though in some ways it could be considered propaganda, fired up Americans and made them even more eager for war, thus dictating public opinion and public policy.
10) Explain the interconnectivity between increased prosperity post-WWI, automobiles, and the energy industry?
Increased prosperity after WWI and Secretary Andrew Mellon's capitalistic tax policies gave way to the proliferation of the economy during the 1920's. A second industrial revolution (similar to first during the GIlded Age) gave way to effective machinery and innovation involving production: assembly-line production (Ford), and new industries, including energy/electrical power to supply these machines and the new automobile industry. Automobiles was a growing industry, that could be attributed to efficient machinery (assembly-line production) and cheap energy (new oil fields tapped). With production (assembly-line) taken care of, economy now shifter to take care of consumption (how do we get American public to buy all that we are producing?)
Big Sister Policy
James G. Blaine, rallying the Latin American nations behind America's leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders - represents America's new international interests in late 1800s
How did those like Josiah Strong, Teddy Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge justify the American need to "turn outward"?
Josiah Strong preached the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and the duty of Americans to spread their religion to "backward" peoples. Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge twisted Darwinism to mean that land belonged to the strong and fit (i.e. Americans), thus justifying overseas expansion.
46) How did Japanese actions in Manchuria affect US and other foreign influence in China? How did Americans react? How did Hoover try to reverse the foreign policy created by Theodore Roosevelt in other parts of the world?
Knowing that the Western world was in a horrible depression, Japan imperialistically looked to conquer Manchuria, closing the Open Door in this area. This stunned most Americans (not a strong economic tie to China but a sentimental one), and some Americans wanted to have boycotts or blockades (strong measure). Hoover attempted to change the aggressive foreign policy/Yankee sea that Roosevelt promoted in Latin America, and economic intervention in Latin America wasn't as possible or beneficial for Americans after the Great Depression. Compared to Roosevelt's aggressive and imperialistic Monroe Doctrine (Roosevelt Corollary), Hoover made a new treaty with Haiti which outlined the withdrawal of American platoons by 1934. Also, the last "leathernecks" of the marine left Nicaragua after being there for 20 years. (Good Neighbor Policy)
Explain the relationship bw laws and enforcement of these laws.
Laws useless without regulation: Triangle Shirtwaist Company
Ernest Hemingway
Lost Generation - Represented writers heavily affected by WWI - Responded to propaganda and patriotism through his writing style, "iceberg" principle (⅞ under water for every part that shows) - Realism - The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms - Won Nobel Prize in literature in 1954
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Lost Generation Overnight celebrity with This Side of Paradise Bible for the young! Flapper The Great Gatsby (commentary on American ideal of the self-made man and being rich)
56) Why were many of the Republicans at home in the US against the League of Nations? How did they resemble pre-WWI American foreign policy?
Many Republicans at home in the US were against the League of Nations because they viweed it as an overpotent "superstate". These irreconcilables didn't want any part in an entangling alliance and were isolationists- resembled pre-WWI American foreign policy.
Hundred Days
March 9 - June 16, 1933 Unprecedented amount of legislation pushed through by FDR - Some came from earlier progressivism (worker's rights, child labor, also unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, conservation of resources) but a lot is new measures to deal with a new kind of economic and human emergency
How did the latent effects of the Spanish-American War virtually lock McKinley's re-election?
McKinley led the US into a successful war, gained rich real estate, and protected the gold standard (not related to the war but still a positive thing he did in his presidency. The success of the Spanish-American War and a hunger for imperialism led to McKinley's re-election.
36) How did the Mexican Revolution in 1913 reflect a growing trend in immigration, which continues to this day?
Mexicans emigrated to the United States due to political chaos in Mexico, settling in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California (similar to immigration patterns today), taking jobs as highway and railroad workers or agricultural workers.
42) Despite Charles Evans Hughes' sweep of the eastern states in 1916, how did Wilson manage to get re-elected?
Midwesterners and westerners were attracted by Wilson's anti-war policies and progressive reforms; his campaign slogan was "He Kept Us Out of War."
H.L. Mencken
Modernism! Assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and other sacred icons of typical Americans
9) How did Muller v. Oregon represent a major victory for the protection of women? Why was this decision later viewed as somewhat counterproductive to the movement?
Muller v. Oregon in 1908 ruled protection for women in the workplace, as factory labor was harmful to women's "weaker" bodies; though it seemed discriminatory, it allowed employers total control over the workplace.
New Deal legislation to help laborers/labor unions
NIRA (NRA part) Wagner Act (2nd New Deal) Fair Labor Standards Act
16) How did the Sierra Club represent the growing dismay over the extinction of the frontier and the new for conservation?
Not only did the Sierra Club argue for protection of the frontier, the argument made by conservationists (Roosevelt, Pinchot) that "rational use" of the land must be enacted w/o regard for wildlife wasn't truly environmentally friendly.
Criminal Syndicalism Laws
Number of legislatures, reflecting the anxiety of "solid" citizens Cause: Red Scare Effect: Made mere advocacy of violence to secure social change unlawful, American free speech hurt, IWW members and other radicals fiercely persecuted Critics: Throwing fits is different than bombs, free speech, "free screech"
36) How did the high tariffs under the Harding and Coolidge administrations serve to actually hurt the ability of European nations to repay war debts? How did the Dawes Plan serve to end calls for "debt cancellation"?
PROTECTIONISM! High tariffs meant that there was no market in America for European manufactured goods, hurting their already fragile economies. European countries were completely bogged down with debt, and many in the US were speaking of debt cancellation for Europeans but frugal Coolidge shot this idea down. The Dawes Plan schedule German reparation payments and told the public that debt cancellation was not an option.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law *
PROTECTIONISM, HELPED TO CAUSE THE GREAT DEPRESSION (HARDING)
Industrial Workers of the World
PROWAR LABOR "Labor Will Win War" - American workers believed they could sweat their way to victory - Gomper and AF of L supported war, and rewarded for it (increased membership) - Wages increased during war ANTIWAR LABOR Industrial Workers of the World "Wobblies", "I Won't Works" Wartime inflation increase wage gains, no fedreal recognition of the right to organzie 1919 steel strike (greatest strike in American history) - force employers to recognize right to bargain collectively - steel owners brought in African Americans to keep milss running - blacks came from Great Migration
Underwood Tariff
Part of Triple Wall of Privilge/New Freedom platform: Tariffs (lowered tariffs to go against Payne-Aldrich Bill)
44) What methods did Wilson use to obtain American support for a war fought on distant soil? What was the role of the Committee on Public Information in this regard?
People weren't happy with the war/convinced of it when it was just a war against submarines; it had to be a war for the establishment of democracy and a war in which America, the virtuous star of the Allies, had righteous means in contrast with the other belligerents. The Committee on Public Information was created to mobilize people's minds for war, and was headed by George Creel; it created propaganda against Germany in the form of billboard ads, cartoons, pamphlets, and songs.
20) How were France Perkins and Mary McLeod Bethune revolutionary for their time?
Perkins and Bethune were revolutionary for their time bc Perkins was the country's first female cabinet member (secretary of labor) and Bethune was the directed of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration and was the highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt Administration.
Francis E. Townsend
Pie-in-the-sky promises Promised everyone over 60 $200 a month Anti-New Deal bc not far left enough Targeted lack of equal wealth distribution
Referendum
Place laws on ballot for final approval by the people (especially laws that had been railroaded through a complaint legislature by free-spending agents of big business) - supported by Progressives
John Muir
Preservationist
31) How could President Coolidge be considered the opposite of Woodrow Wilson (**note** this is not answered in your book...THINK)? How did his policies (or lack thereof) contribute to the climate of laissez-faire economics by the government?
President Coolidge embodied big business and little to no government involvement (pure conservatism) compared to Wilson's strong progressivism. High tariffs, deregulation/lack of enforcement of regulation, getting rid of child labor laws, ignoring antitrust laws (Wilson's Triple Wall of Privilege is the exact opposite).
32) In what ways did peace after World War I create a problem for farmers in the US? How did increased productivity serve to once again hurt their cause (reflecting the period of Populists)?
President Coolidge embodied big business and little to no government involvement (pure conservatism) compared to Wilson's strong progressivism. High tariffs, deregulation/lack of enforcement of regulation, getting rid of child labor laws, ignoring antitrust laws (Wilson's Triple Wall of Privilege is the exact opposite).
21) How can the early years of the 1920's be considered a reversal of the progressive legislation of the first 2 decades of the 20th century? What were some examples of this reversal (socially and economically)?
Pro-business legislation and returning to a laissez-faire government is a reversal of the completely involved government of the first two decades of the 20th century. The conservative Supreme Court got rid of many progressive laws (many child labor laws, labor's hard gains, and corporate restrictions), such as in Adkins vs Children's Hospital, in which the Supreme Court essentially reversed ideologies present in Muller vs. Oregon (invalidated women protection in workplace as established in Muller and invalidated minimum wage-law for women) (SOCIALLY). Economically, corporations were able to expand under Muller, as antitrust laws were ignored/poorly enforced(regulations existed, they just weren't enforced). For example, the Interstate Commerce Commission was made up of men partial to business interests so trade associations could be created and competition eliminated. Hoover's commitment to voluntary cooperation led him to argue for businesses to regulate themselves rather than the gov't regulating.
New Deal
Progressive (seen as socialistic by conservatives) legislation Purpose: 3R's *Relief* Short term Giving direct aid to reduce the suffering of the poor and the unemployed *Recovery* Short-term and long-term Recovery of the economy. Creating jobs and helping businesses grow by restarting the flow of consumer demand *Reform* Reform of the financial system to ease the economic crisis and introducing permanent programs to avoid another depression and insuring against future economic disasters Criticism: - Failed to cure the depression but still cost a lot - Too much executive power - Congress gave up some of their checks and balances (but, I mean, Wilson had the same and not many complaints about extent of executive power during wartime) Response: It was for relief, not for economy
23) In what ways were progressive reformers upset due to the deregulation of the railroad industry post-World War I? How did this deregulation (of business, in general) affect the labor class in the country?
Progressive reformers hoped that the wartime government operation of the railroad lines would be permanently nationalized, but of course this did not happen as conservatives decreased regulation. Deregulation of business caused labor strikes/hit the labor class hard (now there is much less protection for laborers) (union membership decreased).
GANGSTERISM!
Prohibition = crimes Bribery of police, wars between rival gangs in NYC, mobsters in cities (Chicago) Arrests few and convictions even fewer (gangsters covered for each other) Chicago = biggest example of lawlessness Al Capone! Racketeers
Sigmund Freud
Promoted sexualization during 1920's (sex became not only for pleasure but for health reasons according to Freud)
47) How did the US government convince male citizens to unite and work for the war effort?
Propelled by the slogan "Labor Will Win the War", American laborers were driven to work towards the war effort in part because of the War Department's threat to draft any unemployed worker (this also discouraged strikes), though for the most part the government attempted to treat labor fairly.
Foraker Act of 1900
Puerto Ricans now have a limited degree of popular gov't (outlawed cockfighting which was a popular island pastime)
Insular cases
Puerto Rico and Philippines: Badly divided Supreme Court decreed, that the flag did outrun the Constitution, the COnstitution did not necessarily extend with full forced to PUerto Rico (Puerto Ricans and Filipinos might be subject to American rule, but they didn't enjoy all American rights--- how fair (NOT)!)
Kellogg-Briand Pact
REACTION TO WWI, LEGISLATION THAT REPRESENTED ISOLATIONISM Coolidge secretary of state Frank B. GKellogg Foreswear war as instrument of natioanl policy But defensive wars still permitted so really not that effect a law But still reflected American mindset 1920's (false sense of security)
Hoovervilles
RESPONSE TO GREAT DEPRESSION BY THE PEOPLE, ASSOCIATING HOOVER WITH ALL THE HORRORS OF THE DEPRESSION
Nine Power Treaty
RESULT OF WWI, ISOLATIONISM/ANTI-WAR (But not completely isolationist bc we had to interact with other countries) Disarmament agreement - Not that effective actually - Between US, Japan, and Britain
New Nationalism
ROOSEVELT - National gov't to increase its power to remedy economic and social abuses - More progressive than Roosevelt during his actual presidency Direct election of senators Political justice Economic opportunity Minimum wage for women 8 hour work day Social security National health service federal securities system Supported initiative, recall and referendum for more public control over the government Good and bad trusts - made the distinction Suffrage (compared to New Freedom) - Continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions
Muckrakers
ROOSEVELT DIDN'T like - Muckrakers: enterprisng editors that financed extensive reaserch, aggressive magazine publishers - Targeted corruption in gov't, malpractices of life insurance companies, tariff lobbies, beef trust, money trust (bank), railroad barrons, corrupt ways of creating American fortunes - Social evils: Immoral "white slave" traffic in women, slums, industrial accidents, sometimes lives of blacks (such as in Ray Stannard Baker's Following the Color Line), child labor - Long on lamentation but stopped short of revolutionary remedies (if solutions to all problems, then no problems to keep writing about!)
Election of 1936
Republican candidate Landon overwhelmed by a landslide - Needy economic groups set up against greedy economic groups - 3rd party protest declined, blacks now fully in support of Democratic party, immigrants - People vote with their pocketbooks - FDR saw his reelection as mandate to continue New Deal reforms but still a really conservative Supreme Court: Court packing
Henry Cabot Lodge
Reservationist, arch nemesis of Wilson!
28) Despite both men favoring a "more active government role in economic and social affairs", how did T. Roosevelt and W. Wilson differ in their progressive ideologies?
Roosevelt believed in New Nationalism, which featured consolidation of trusts and labor unions, social welfare programs, and woman suffrage, Wilson believed in New Freedom, which favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and unregulated and non monopolized markets.
14) Ultimately, what did Roosevelt see as the main purposes of attacking some corporations and not others? Why?
Roosevelt understood the political popularity of trustbusting, but he didn't believe that automatically smashing all large businesses was economically sound, as combination and integration were part of the age and he didn't want to stem economic progress America had made just for political reasons.
19) Why did the writers of Pageant believe that Roosevelt's image as a "trustbuster" was "inflated" throughout the remainder of the 20th century?
Roosevelt was often perceived as a trustbuster, but knowledgeable trusts/large businesses knew that Roosevelt wasn't a true trustbuster and that he largely supported most corporations. (Didn't pass as many laws against trusts as he bragged he would)
11) What were the components of Roosevelt's "Square Deal"? How did his mediation of the coal strike of 1902 reflect his attitudes towards some owners?
Roosevelt's "Square Deal" consisted of the three C's: Control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. He brandished his big stick in 1902 during coal strikes (he'll send federal troops in to stop capital, not workers!), resulting in heads of coal companies begrudgingly consenting to arbitration. Consumer protection- meat Conservation- pinchot, all of those acts
36) In what ways was the New Deal during FDR's first term in office (1933-1937) either a success or failure? Why is the New Deal looked upon with such admiration?
Roosevelt's first term didn't end the depression (it helped, but didn't end it). Recovery was modest (compared to the number of dollars spent), but America did seem to be in the direction of a healthy economy again. By restoring confidence in the American people, reforming the banking system, and enacting many relief efforts (public works projects, etc) to target unemployment, the New Deal was a success. However, the Roosevelt recession in 1937, still high unemployment after the first term, though lower (15%), only temporary jobs, and costliness of the New Deal could be seen as failures of the New Deal. It is looked upon with such admiration because the American people were being listened to and it was carried out with such effort and hard work. And Roosevelt headed the New Deal at a time in the world when communism and fascism were overtaking other countries (so this is a pretty great thing/option).
27) In what ways did Roosevelt's third-party candidacy almost ensure Woodrow Wilson's election in 1912?
Roosevelt's third-party candidacy divided the Republican voters, giving Democrats the ability to win the election with a strong candidate like Wilson.
American Soldiers Abroad During World War I
Russian revolution
Frances Perkins
Secretary of Labor, broke through boundaries as she was America's first female cabinet member
Huey P. Long ("Kingfish")
Senator from Louisiana "Share Our Wealth Program" which would make "Every Man a King" Anti-New Deal bc it's not far left enough Targeted lack of equal wealth distribution Shot by an assassin in 1935 (though there were fears of him becoming a fascist dictator) Link bw fascism and economic crisis
Allies
Serbia Russia (eventually dropped out due to revolution and military defeat w Lenin and Bolsheviks winning, white support vs red support in Russian revolution but reds win out) Great Britain France Japan, Italy (later) United States(later)
15) What were the aims of Upton Sinclair when he wrote The Jungle? How did his goals fair, after people read his book?
Sinclair wanted to inform the public of the horrible conditions that workers in large canning factories underwent, but instead astonished public with the disgust of unsanitary food products. (Meat Inspection Act of 1906, Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906)
In what ways were people still against the war even after declaration of war (barely) passed by Senate?
Six senators, fifty representatives voted against the war resolution - No enthusiasm, particularly in landlocked Midwest for a submarine war (they're isolated from Europe, no connection) - "Make the world safe for democracy" - *Wilson idealism* - *America's* shining altruism - PROPAGANDA!
McNary-Haugen Bill
Sought to keep agricultural pirces high by authorizing the gov't to buy uip surpluses and sell them abroad Coolidge vetoed this twice Farmers suffering
12) What allowed for Henry Ford's increased efficiency and sales of his Model-T's throughout the 1920's? How could the rise in the appearance of automobiles be considered beneficial for other industrial sectors, as well?
Standardization and the assembly-line production model allowed for Ford's increased efficiency(not education) (he used very economical methods). Advertisement and the relatively low cost appealed to everyday Americans, who had disposable income for the first time during the 1920's. The rise in the popularity of automobiles also caused steel to remain a successful industry but also allowed for the growth of the rubber, glass, fabrics, oil, petroleum, and outlying farms (perishable foodstuffs)industries to support automobiles, stations, garages, and highways built as a result.
Black Tuesday
Stock market, MASSIVE selling, people lost all their money in a single day
How did Roosevelt view conservation?
Supported it - New day in the history of conservation dawned with Roosevelt - Passed Desert Land Act, Forest Reserve Act, Newlands Act - Set aside acres of forst in federal resreves (much more than other presidents in past) - Worried with the disappearance of the frontier (frontier= indiviualism, democracy, too much civilization bad for the national soul, creatoin of Boy Scouts
Schenck vs. United States
Supreme Court affirms legality of Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918
How did Roosevelt's outlook on foreign policy affect the acquisition of the Panama Canal zone and the subsequent Panamanian revolution?
TR was imperialistic and very patriotic, so his backing of Bunau-Varilla and the Panamanian revolution are indicative of his strong nationalistic foreign policy.
What was the ultimate meaning of TR's "speak softly and carry a big stick..." proverb? To what was he referring?
TR was referring to a proverb (of which he claimed to be from West Africa) which means one should act with caution but with the threat of violence if need be (it's related to the phrase "iron fist in a velvet glove").
Big Stick Policy
TR: BRANDISHER OF THE BIG STICK - McKinley killed by anarchist in Buffalo, NY in September 1901 Roosevelt Red-blooded blue blood Lots of energy Denounced pacifistic "flubdubs" and "mollycoddles" Military President should lead! (no respect for checks and balances) "speak softly, and carry a big stick." Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as "the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis" Domestic Occurrences: Anthracite coal strike International Occurrences: Venezuelan Affair (1902) and the Roosevelt Corollary
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft Foreign Policy - Use lever of American investments to boost American political interests abroad (Panama Canal, Far East_ - Almighty dollar replaced the Big Stick policy MANCHURIA - Manchuria object of Taft's effort to inject dollar into Far East - Manchurian railway monopoly controlled by Japan and Russia, Taft saw strangulation of Chinese eocnomic interests and slamming of Open Door - Knox (secretary of state): group of AMerian an foriegn bankers buy Manchurain railarods and turn them over to CHina under self-liquidiating agreement, but ofc CHina and Russia won't agree to this, Taft looked on badly/ridiculously CARIBBEAN - Yankee lake - Washington wanted bankers to pump dollars into financial vacuums in Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign funds - Monroe Doctrines: foreign countries can't intercede in Latin America, America needs to put money where mouth is - Sporadic disorders in Cuba, HOnduras, and the Dominican Republic (and also Nicaragua): American foreces to resotre order and protect American interests
22) How could Taft be considered more of a "trustbuster" than Roosevelt? What were some of the factors that led TR to oppose Taft, after being his main endorsement in 1908?
Taft brought more than double the suits against trusts during his 4 years in office than Roosevelt in his 7 plus years.
21) How did Taft view "dollar diplomacy" as a means of strengthening America's position throughout the world?
Taft encouraged Wall Street bankers to invest their surplus dollars in strategic foreign locations to benefit the US (especially in Far East/Panama Canal). (Dollar replaced big stick!) Manchuria railroads (didn't work) Caribbean (America put money where mouth was, ensure economic and political stability in Latin America)
Payne-Aldrich Bill
Taft originally promised to lower tariffs - This bill had a few duty- free items, mostly upward revisions - Taft passed this
How did Teddy Roosevelt (Asst. Sec. of Navy) expand the Spanish-American War? In what ways did this affect the outcome of the war in the Caribbean?
Teddy Roosevelt expanded the Spanish-American war by boldly declaring an opening attack in the Philippines; not only did he lead the Rough Riders to cause the surrender of Santiago, but the fact that the opening attack was fought in the Far East caused the US to pay Spain after the war in exchange for the Philippines, making America a true empire.
How did the "Insular Cases" starting in 1901, affect policy in the annexed territories (Puerto Rico and Philippines)? What initially started the debate?
The "Insular Cases" essentially gave the US rule over Puerto Rico and the Philippines without giving citizens of these territories the full rights that an American would have. The argument about whether the Constitution "followed the flag" (whether the Constitution would be applied to Puerto Rico and the Philippines) started the debate.
18) How did the "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 "pave the way" for fiscal reforms necessary at the time?
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 led to the passing of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act (national banks can issue emergency currency backed by different kinds of collateral). It also led to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.
35) In what ways was the "court packing" fiasco the end to FDR's chances of passing more New Deal legislation? Nonetheless, how did losing the "court packing" campaign help place more New Deal justices on the US Supreme Court?
The "court packing" fiasco was the end to FDR's chances of passing more New Deal legislation as Congress, backed by his own party, caused FDR to have his first major legislative defeat. One supreme court justice started voting more left and another resigned when Congress voted full pay for justices over seventy who retired so a New Dealer came in as a replacement; but FDR's reputation was tarnished by his attempt to tamper with the Supreme Court.
1) Who were the "muckrakers" and what was their purpose? Could they be considered socialists?
The "muckrakers" were American publishers that flourished in early 20th century. They could be considered socialists because they had a large part in exposing the corruption in the government and "social evils" ("white slave" traffic of women, slums, industrial accidents); though some of their arguments/pieces were propaganda, all of their pieces were arguing from the reformer's side. "Long on lamentation, short of revolutionary remedies"
20) Who was defined as the "new Old Guard" and what were their hopes for their ascension to the executive office?
The "new Old Guard" represents the political leaders of the Republican party during the 1920's ("Old Guards" were against the League of Nations during Wilson's presidency), and they wanted to return back/improve laissez-faire. They didn't just want laissez- faire, they wanted pro-business legislation.
28) In what ways did the "new Old Guard" seek to protect American businesses? What were the pieces of legislation put into place as a result? In what ways did Harding and his successor, President Coolidge, reflect either support or opposition for these measures?
The "new Old Guard" sought to protect American businesses through higher tariffs (again disillusionment bc market is for themselves and isolationism can be dangerous and not economically sound), as they were worried a flood of cheap goods from Europe would drown out American products . In the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law, lobbyists argued for this law to increase tariffs (purpose argued to be to equalize American and foreign production).
10) In what specific ways did the "three R's" reflect ideals and ideas from the "progressive era"?
The "three R's" reflected ideals from the progressive era as they supported unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, the conservation and development of natural resources, and restrictions on child labor (Teddy Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt making connections!).
1) How could the 1920's be considered the "Second Gilded Age"?
The 1920's could be considered the "Second Gilded Age" because it featured an isolationist country with an economic boom that increased incomes and living standards for many (just as industrialization in the Gilded Age did). New technologies, new consumer products, and new forms of leisure and entertainment made the twenties roar.
15) In what ways did the 1920's signal a change for the roles of women, according to men as well as themselves? How did these changes manifest themselves?
The 1920s was a liberal time for women and women were able to drink; co-ed activities became popular, and prohibition brought about a lot of these changes. Additionally, the birth-control movement, headed by women such as Margaret Sanger, were alarming to traditionalists but represented a newfound independence in women as a result of prohibition, the jazz age, and advertisements pertaining to women (automobile). Women were able to find more and more economic opportunities, particularly in cities (though there was a narrow range of jobs available only the jobs that fell under the category of "women's work"). These changes manifested themselves not only in the birth-control movement but the idealization of the flapper girl (sexualization that came along with the roaring 20's and the flapper girl represented the independence of women as well).
24) How did the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) act actually prove to be counterproductive in the effort to alleviate the effects of the depression? What were its original purposes and what was the end result?
The AAA was counterproductive in that it paid farmers to reduce their surpluses (essentially getting rid of food at a time when much of America is hungry). Its original purpose was to help farmers by decreasing their surpluses ("subsidized scarcity") but it resulted in the unhappiness of everyone and increased unemployment (paying farmers not to farm).
17) In what ways did the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) and the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) seek to rectify the issue of unpaid mortgages? What were the lasting effects, in terms of political representation?
The Agricultural Adjustment Act made available millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages (Relief) and the Home Owners' Loan Corporation was created to refinance mortgages on nonfarm homes (it assisted about a million households in trouble). The HOLC bailed out mortgage-holding banks but also jump started the political loyalties of middle-class homeowners to the Democratic Party.
2) What convinced Americans that there was a socialist menace within the country following World War I?
The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia created a small Communist party in America. This coupled with an increase in strikes during the end of World War I caused Americans to think that labor troubles were caused by Bolsheviks, and labor radicals were associated with communism.
18) How did the Civil Works Administration (CWA) run by Harry Hopkins reflect either relief, recovery and/or reform?
The CWA was a branch of FERA and was created to provide purely temporary jobs during the cruel winter emergency (relief and short-term recovery).
15) Why was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) so popular amongst Americans? In what ways did it solve a dual purpose?
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was so popular amongst Americans (possibly the most popular of all the "Alphabet Agencies" as it provided unemployment for 3 million young, unskilled men (who may have gone to criminal tendencies otherwise). Not only did it provide these men with a job, but the CCC resulted in reforestation, firefighting, flood control, and swamp[ drainage, and the men sent home most of their pay (human resources AND natural resources were both conserved).
Despite McKinley's desire NOT to enter into war with Spain, what events caused him to relent and ask for a declaration of war from Congress?
The Cuban insurrection and the explosion of the Maine, both of which caused American outrage exacerbated by yellow journalism led to McKinley's decision. However, though these aren't specific events, his lack of faith in Spanish promises and his political image also caused him to ask for a declaration of war from Congress.
37) What was the "financial cycle" the text refers to, in regards to payments of reparations by Germany and payment of war debts by France and Great Britain? In what ways did failure to repay these debts lead to further isolationism within the US?
The Dawes Plan further complicated the financial cylce (US bankers loan money to Germany, German paid reaprations to France and Britain, and Allies paid war debts to US). After the great crash in 1929, this "monetary merry-go-round" stopped and all the debts defaulted! (Whoops)
2) What proved to be the differences between the Republican Party's campaign in 1932 and that of the Democrats and FDR? What were the issues both parties agreed upon?
The Democratic campaign and FDR preached a New Deal (though somewhat vague), with speeches written by the Brain Trust. The Democratic platform featured a new kind of optimism (one for humanity) with the phrase "Happy Days Are Here Again", and called for competitive tariff for revenue, a "sound" currency (no mention about gold), aid programs for farmers (relief), widespread social and economic reforms, and a reduction of federal expenditures/a balanced budget. Meanwhile, the Republican platform was headed by a grim Hoover with half-hearted phrases like "The Worst is Past" and "It Might Have Been Worse". The Republican platform called for continued high protective tariffs, adherence to the gold standard, further immigration restriction, and not a clear direction on prohibition (no promises of repeal, though). The parties both agreed on the support of veterans' pensions and that the economy needed to go in a positive direction (though each platform differed in the ways that they thought this would be possible)/they each try to argue that good times are ahead with their political party.
12) How did Elkins Act of 1903 and the Hepburn Act of 1906 seek to curb the railroad business?
The Elkins Act served to restrain the rebate evil of railroads through fines. The Hepburn Act of 1906 severely restricted free passes; Interstate Commerce Commission expanded to include express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines.
32) In what ways did the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 represent quite the opposite of its name?
The Fair Labor Standards Act had industries involved in interstate commerce set up minimum wage and max hour levels with the prohibition of labor under 16 years of age to protect workers , yet agricultural, service, and domestic workers were not included under the act (so blacks, Mexican Americans, and women that were concentrated in these fields were excluded).
32) How did the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 and Clayton Anti-trust Act of 1914 attack the third-wall of privilege?
The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 gave a presidentially appointed commission means to seek out unfair trade practices, unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 was an extension of outlawed business practices listed in the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, adding items such as price discrimination and interlocking directorates; Clayton Act also gave long overdue benefits to laborers. This law banned labor and agricultural organizations from anti-monopoly prosecution, while making strikes and peaceful picketing legal.
12) How did the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act convince people to deposit their money?
The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act convinced people to deposit their money because individual deposits of up to $5000 (now raised) and helped to end the epidemic of bank failures.
40) How did the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 represent a "mistake" on the part of the American government in trying to protect its own businesses?
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930, designed to protect agriculture (and a campaign promise of Hoover), after nearly a thousand amendments in Senate, was the highest protective tariff in the nation's history. This tariff seemed like a piece of economic warfare acted out against foreign nations, increased the widening trade gaps, and put America and other foreign nations further into economic depression. It forced America to be even more economically isolated.
What was the result of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty? What did critics think of Roosevelt's relationship and decisions regarding its acquisition?
The Hay- Bunau-Varilla Treaty led to the purchase of a canal from the French by America. Critics believed that TR had had a secret association in relation to the Panama affair and committed the so- called rape of Panama.
25) How did the post-WWI era reflect America's former foreign policy of "isolationism"? What were the reasons for this return to isolation? In what instances did the United States NOT isolate itself in world affairs?
The League of Nations was still treated as unacceptable by the Harding administration and so the United States began an era of isolationism with the end of WWI (no one wanted anything to do with Europe, and nativism flourished). Harding had to pay attention to the Middle East because of oil drilling concessions between Britain and the US; the US also got involved in international affairs regarding disarmament.
33) How did the McNary-Haugen Bill seek to help the farmers?
The McNary-Haugen Bill sought to keep agricultural pires high by authorizing the vo't to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad, and a special tax on the farmers would make up gov't losses. It made its way through Congress twice, but Coolidge vetoed the bill twice!
21) How was the National Recovery Administration (NRA) an effort to heal the wounds of the entire nation? In what ways did it seek to resolve issues between industry and labor? In what ways were the components either a success or a failure? What was the ultimate fate of the NRA AND executive authority as a result of the Schechter decision?
The NRA was a bold attempt to stimulate a nationwide comeback, and sought to combine immediate relief with long-term recovery and reform while assisting industry, labor, AND the unemployed. It called for individual industries to work out codes of "fair competition" so that hours of labor could be reduced and employment could be spread over more people; there was a ceiling on the max hours of labor and a floor for wages (minimum wage). Labor was given additional benefits as workers were guaranteed the right to organize through reps of their own choice, and the anti union/yellow-dog contract was clearly forbidden. The fact that it required such self-sacrifice for both industries and labor (few owers, spread over more people, minimum wage for businesses) led to the failure of the NRA. Some business people secretly broke the codes and in 1935 the Supreme Court in the Schechter decision ruled that it was unconstitutional (too much legislative power to the executive branch).
9) In what ways did the New Deal either expand or contract the powers of the executive branch?
The New Deal expanded the powers of the executive branch as Congress not only willingly passed so many laws (just wanted to do something) but it put some laws into action that gave chiefly legislative authority to the President. (Contract???)
39) In what ways was the "New Deal" guilty OR not guilty of creating class "strife"? Was this claim accurate (**consider who was making those claims)?
The New Deal was guilty of creating class strife in that the laborer and the farmer were being pampered, while it was also not guilty of this as it already existed when business was being pampered in the 1920's and under Hoover in the early 1930's! This claim was not accurate because this class strife already existed and the New Deal served in some ways to ease this class strife by allowing all Americans more opportunity to prosper with a little help.
8) What were the New Deal's 3 R's? What was the difference between them?
The New Deal's 3 R's are relief, recovery, and reform. Relief is short term and was made up of short term goals. There was short term recovery (getting economy back on its feet) and long term recovery (permanently recover economy, jobs, etc). Reform was the permanent fixing of past abuses to prevent anything like the Great Depression occurring again.
22) How did the Public Works Administration reflect one of the 3 R's? How did it represent some of the futility of the New Deal efforts?
The PWA was created for the purposes of long-term industrial recovery and unemployment relief, though it represented the futility and false sense of usefulness present in many New Deal efforts as the irrigation it provided came at a time when farm surpluses were trying to be made smaller and as the massive amount of electricity it provided came to an area that had little industry and no market for additional power.
23) How was the Payne-Aldrich Bill a betrayal of Taft's campaign promises to reduce protective tariffs for businesses? Why would progressive members of Taft's Republican party want reduced protective tariffs?
The Payne-Aldrich Bill moderately reduced tariffs on some items, but increased tariffs on hundreds of items. Progressive members of Taft's Republican party would support reduced tariffs because many of them relied on manufacturing goods (farmers) that they had to buy at the increased rate due to tariffs.
Herbert Croly
The Promise of American life - New Nationalism - Continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions - paralleled by growth of powerful regulaory agencies in Washington
61) How did the Republican "Irreconcilables" and "Reservationists" serve to block passage of the League of Nations Covenant?
The Republican Irreconcilables and Reservationists kept the League of Nations Covenant from passing without reservations.
29) How was unemployment insurance a major achievement of the New Deal? In what way did it impact the future of America? How did the opposition to the Social Security Act of 1935 represent the philosophy of individualism trumpeted by Hoover? In what way was the act, itself, a change in how government viewed its own role?
The Social Security Act of 1935 (reform) was one of the most complicated and far-reaching laws ever to pass Congress and provided for federal-state unemployment insurance (welfare) and also security for old age. This is still (though revised) in action in the US and is a lasting debate about whether we should give handouts. The opposition to the Social Security Act paralleled the arguments made for American individualism, that the beauty of America lies in free enterprise and that every man can become rich if they work hard enough (no free handouts).
Why could the Spanish-American War be considered "inevitable"? How did Americans react to the Cuban insurrection, started in 1895?
The Spanish- American War could be considered "inevitable" because American business had such an investment stake in Cuba, and, more importantly, Cuba lay "right athwart the line" that became the Panama Canal. The Cuban insurrection and the explosion only added fuel to the fire, as reconcentration camps caused widespread American outrage towards Spain.
How did the Spanish-American War change America's own self-assessment? How did it alter relationships in and out of the US?
The Spanish-American War changed America's image to that of a world power, increased imperialism and "martial spirit" throughout the country, and helped to bridge the cultural and ideological gap between the North and the South. It also caused European nations to view America with more respect.
41) What was the Sussex Pledge and was it successful in stopping attacks on merchant ships?
The Sussex Pledge was an ultimatum by Wilson towards Germany to not sink passenger ships and merchant vessels without warning (essentially if Germany doesn't follow this, we're going to war!). But Germany attached a long string to this pledge by saying that the US had to convince Allies to stop the "illegal blockade", which the US could obviously not do, so US only agreed to to pledge w/o the string and are in a precarious situation (if Germany does something US is at war).
28) In what ways was the TVA considered a socialistic enterprise led by the US government? What were its positive (if any) and negative (if any) lasting effects?
The TVA was considered socialistic (particularly by conservatives) bc it was public ownership of a major industry and caused competition with private industries. Its positive effects included the full employment, benefits of cheap electric power, low-cost housing, abundant cheap nitrates restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, improved navigation, and flood control; foreigners were impressed. Negative effects included the conservative reaction and branding of the New Deal as socialistic.
58) How did the Treaty of Versailles serve to foreshadow the next world war? What were some of the positive aspects of the treaty?
The Treaty of Versailles foreshadowed the next world war because Germany viewed it as betrayal (the tone of the treaty was not peace based on the Fourteen Points but vengeance). Some of the positive parts of the treaty were the liberation of millions of minority peoples, such as the Poles, from imperial dynasties.
35) What were the effects of World War I on the United States' financial position internationally? What were the sums (**note** you don't have to memorize the exact amounts), in regards to the amount loaned by private lenders and the amounts loaned by the American federal government?
The US was the only Allied nation to come out of the war economically sound, and the US became a creditor rather than a debtor. About $16 billion dollars was leant by private crediors and the American gov't.
In what ways did the US's presence in the Far East alter its own desire to benefit from a extremely weak China?
The US's presence in the Far East (in the Philippines) caused an increasingly imperialistic America to send in troops from the Philippines to CHina to put down the Boxer Rebellion, and secure a large amount of indemnity for America from China, the majority of which went to be used to educate certain group of Chinese students in America (i.e westernization) .
30) How did the Underwood Tariff of 1913 lead to the implementation of the graduated income tax?
The Underwood Tariff of 1913 provide for a substantial reduction of tariff rates, so in order to make up for lost government revenue, a graduated income tax was put in place; this graduated income tax actually drew in more money than the tariff rates did, and the gap continued to widen since then.
Why did the United States government resort to brutality in the Philippines (consider race relations in the United States at the time and the goals of the Spanish-American war)?
The United States hadn't expected the Philippines to resurrect: immigrants/any non-white during the time was strictly isolated and oppressed at this time in the United States, so no regard for Filipino well being was given by the US government, as the hypocritical government set up reconcentration camps in the Philippines.
53) What are considered to be the main contributions of the United States to the allied effort in World War I?
The United States' main contributions to the war had been foodstuffs (thanks to Herbert Hoover's voluntary measure), munitions, credits, oil, and manpower, but not battlefield victories (only fought in two major battles).
27) What were the accusations made by "New Dealers" towards the electric-power industry? In what ways did the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) seek to rid of these issues in the present (being the depression) and the future?
The accusations against the electric-power industry included the excessive charging of Americans (particularly since it owed its success to a secured, priceless waterpower sites from PUBLIC domain). The TVA (reform) was passed in 1933 in order to discover how much the production and distribution of electricity cost so that the fairness of rates of private companies could be tested. (Critics: socialism, unfair low prices of TVA due to no taxes and lying). The project also brought full employment and cheap electric power along with low-cost housing and a bunch of other benefits to a once-poverty stricken area.
41) According to your text, what was partially responsible for creating the stock-market crash in October, 1929? Why were warnings of disaster ignored by Americans?
The actions of the British, who raised interest rates in a n effort to bring back capital lured overseas by American investments, were partially responsible for the stock market crash in 1929 (foreign and domestic speculators began to "dump" their securities and a frenzy of selling occurred). Warnings of disaster (too much speculation, house of cards, increasing debt) were ignored by Americans because all they could (/wanted) to see was America's current prosperity; it clouded their vision, and they believed there would be continued prosperity forever (at least, not such a crash coming so soon).
What were the reasons for the annexation of Hawaii in July of 1898 (even after President Cleveland's initial veto in 1894), despite the Queen's original, successful opposition in the early 1890's?
The annexation of Hawaii was caused by an American desire for provisioning way station for Dewey in the Far East; McKinley was also concerned that Japan would try to gain control over Hawaii while America was distracted with the Spanish-American war.
4) What allowed for the reemergence of the KKK on a national level? Despite their bigotry, how could the KKK's sentiment be considered the majority opinion?
The antiforeign attitudes that prevailed in America after World War I allowed for the reemergence of the KKK on a national level, with a focus on antiforeign "nativist" movements rather than antiblack nightriders, though they were antiforeign, anti-Catholic, antiblack, anti-Jewish, antipacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, antibootlegger, antigambling, antiadultery, and anti-birth control. The KKK's sentiment could be considered the majority opinion because it represented the widespread intolerance and prejudice about social change in the 1920s (from traditionalism to modernity).
9) How did the arrival of Fundamentalism reflect a growing culture war within the US?
The arrival of Fundamentalism demonstrated the ongoing cultural between science and religion (theology and biology!). In the famed "Monkey business" trial, a high school biology teacher (John T. Scopes) was indicted for teaching his students evolution. The reaction of Fundamentalists towards evolution was representative of a larger, national culture clash between science and religion that scientific and educational developments caused towards religious people; this culture war is still prevalent in the United States, and is geographically isolated in similar ways to the 1920's.
52) In what way did the battle at Chateau-Thierry alter the course of the war in Europe? Why was it such a momentous occasion?
The battle at Chateau-Thierry altered the course of the war in Europe because Russia had collapsed and France desperately needed more troops/help. It was such a momentous occasion because it was the first significant engagement of American troops in a European war.
42) How could some of the causes of the depression be considered the same as the causes of the depression of 1894? What were the other causes mentioned?
The causes of depression in 1929 that are similar to those of the causes in 1894 are overproduction of farming goods and the dependency on high prices of international commodities in 1893 similar to a dependency on high prices of commodities in 1929 (stock markets crashed in both cases). Also, railroad speculation in the stock market compared to too much automobile/other commodity speculation that caused each respective depression. Other causes more unique to the Great Depression was overproduction by factory, and the nation could not consume the amount of goods being produced (consumption issues).
31) What appeared to be the problem with currency between the Civil War and Wilson's presidency? How did the Federal Reserve Act alter this problem? What were its components?
The country's antiquated banking system had been outgrown by vast economic expansion within the country. One of the largest problems was the inelasticity of currency; banking reserves were concentrated in New York, and places that needed currency in times of trouble or emergency could not get it. Wilson appeared in front of Senate personally once again (just as he did to argue for Underwood Tariff), and argued for decentralized bank in government hands. In 1913 Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, which created a Federal Reserve Board that oversaw 12 regional districts with a central bank in each. This solved the issue of banking reserves not only being in private control but being concentrated in New York. The Federal Board issued paper money that could be increased if needed for business/the time.
14) How did the advent of radio and film contribute to the changes in spending habits, as well as what people did with their leisure time? How could both of these mediums be considered useful for spreading different philosophies and ideologies?
The creation/popularization of radio and film allowed for advertisement to trickle down and expose all Americans to it, thus influencing their spending habits and encouraged them to exercise consumerism. Because Americans now had leisure time and disposable income, it allowed for the widespread listening to the radio and also film-going, and created an opportunity for companies to advertise. Additionally, different philosophies, such as those in popular federal radio programs and societal ideas presented in movies such as The Birth of a Nation were spread to the majority of Americans.
38) What were the criticisms of the New Deal (regarding the issues of government spending, government policy makers, and government bureaucracy)? How did these criticisms resemble Hoover's and the Republican Party's fears of government intervention in the economy and lives of its citizens?
The criticisms of the New Deal included its alleged waste (gov't spending), incompetence, confusion, contradictions, cross-purposes, improvisation, and "socialism". The promise of a balanced budget flew out the window , and bureaucracy flourished as the did the federal government size/power in comparison to state gov'ts. These criticisms paralleled those of Hoover and the Republican party as they saw gov't involvements as giving "handouts" that undermined the virtues of thrift and initiative.
26) What were the efforts made by the "New Deal Congress" to prevent the possibility of another "Great Crash" in the stock market? How were stock brokers and businesses made subject to scrutiny?
The efforts made by the "New Deal Congress" to prevent another "Great Crash" included the "Truth in Securities Act", which required promoters to transmit to investors sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds (what Mr. Meyer was talking about). THe Securities and Exchange Commission was created as a watchdog administrative agency. REFORM
5) How did the election of 1932 reflect a change in how African-Americans voted? Why did they switch their allegiance?
The election of 1932 saw the first time that African-Americans put their support behind a Democratic candidate rather than a Republican one (thus maybe representing the first shift of the Democratic party towards the one of today), as they shifted from support for the party of Lincoln due to the fact that they faced some of the worst of the depression in America as a group.
4) Direct election of the US Senators became a large portion of the goals sought by the Progressives. What spurred this desire (aside from its links to Populism)? What were some of the reasons for the eventual passage of the Seventeenth Amendment (1913)?
The exposition of a close relationship between greedy corporations and Congress by muckrakers spurred a strong desire for direct election of US senators. The 17th Amendment was passed as a result of pressures from the people/ some states establishing primary elections in which voters expressed preferences for the Senate.
34) What were the causes of the Republican Coolidge's victory in the 1924 election? How did the Democrats actually serve to help the Republican cause? What were the effects at Senator Robert LaFollette's attempts at securing the presidency ON the election, itself?
The fact that the Democratic party was split between "wets" and "drys", urbanites and farmers, modernists and Fundamentalist (north and south), meant a less-than enthusiastic nomination for John W. Davis (he was just as conservative as Coolidge), so it left room for a third candidate (Senator Robert La Follette) (split Democratic party = sure Republican win). La Follette cost the Democratic party its chance at securing the presidency by running but he also was the conscience of the election, and his candidacy injected some needed liberal speech into a largely conservative, prosperous, optimistic, and naive decade.
Explain the naval and land battles waged in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. Who and what were the interests that seemed to benefit from the US's demolition of Spanish forces?
The first battle during the Spanish-American War was a naval battle ending in extreme American triumph and the making of a new nation hero: George Dewey. Through confusion, both the Rough Riders and Shafter worked to take possession of Santiago; most of the difficult fighting was between the Rough Riders and the Spanish forces on July 1 at El Caney and Kettle Hill. After the surrender of Santiago, naval battles were waged on Puerto Rico with very little Spanish resistance. The imperialists/the idea of imperialism and any Americans that had trade interests/could benefit in business with the addition of new US territory (whether it be in Cuba, Hawaii, or the Philippines) benefitted from the US's victory. Cuba benefitted as well, though they weren't given the freedom that they thought they had obtained.
25) What was the government's response to the "Dust Bowl" and thousands of refugees created by the drought that struck the trans-Mississippi Great Plains? How did the ultimately effect the Native American population in the United States?
The government passed the Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act in 1934 which made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosures for 5 years (but voided the next year by Supreme Court), but a revision so that it was only 3 years was supported. The Resettlement Administration was created to remove farmless farmers to better land, and the Civilian Conservation Corps planted 200 million young trees on the bare prairies.
40) What was ultimately the harshest criticism of the New Deal? What did New Dealers say the purpose of the New Deal was, in response? In what ways do the writers of Pageant support FDR's status as a revolutionary president?
The harshest criticism of the New Deal was that it had failed to cure the depression and only to create financial waste(it only served as "aspirin"), and many economists believed that better results would have been achieved by even more deficit spending, as $20 billion later, the gap was not closed between production and consumption. New Dealers, in response, said that the purpose of the New Deal was RELIEF, not economy, (therefore clarifying the purpose of the waste). The writers of Pageant support FDR's status as a revolutionary president by arguing that he may have saved capitalism and by lauding his actions that brought reform without a bloody revolution (in a time period where fascism and communism were taking hold over countries in similar economic depressions). They argue that he exercised great executive power to provide relief to the people and to preserve democracy in America during a historical period when they were disappearing.
In what ways did "The White Man's Burden" attempt to support the philosophy of imperialism?
The idea supported imperialism because by conquering other nations, white men could civilize and help (or, rather, take advantage of) those "in need". In fact, those in need (if in need at all) were in need of economic help, not societal and cultural change and discrimination). It justified imperialism and gave reason for it through religious means.
59) Who were the many detractors of the Treaty of Versailles and what were their reasons for opposition?
The irreconcilables, led by Senators William Borah and Hiram Johnson, were isolationists against the League of Nations. Also, "Hun-haters" disliked the treaty because it wasn't harsh enough, and liberals thought it was too harsh, and foreigners in America thought it didn't appeal to their specific country (Germany, Italy, Irish especially).
What can be considered the main causes for the growing interest in the United States to expand overseas?
The main causes for the increased American interest to expand overseas in the late 19th century can be attributed to a desire for new agricultural and industrial markets, a new sense in power that can with a growth in population, wealth, and production, missionaries, a new steel navy, and an interpretation of America as the fittest in Darwin's natural selection theory, thus justifying imperialistic actions.
33) What was seen as the main reason for FDR's presidential victory in 1936? How did his victory represent the belief that "people vote with their pocketbooks"?
The main reason for FDR's presidential victory in 1936 was seen to be his appeal and recognition of the "forgotten man", some of which came in the form of money (people vote with their pocketbooks!) Through relief though, Roosevelt formed a coalition of southerners, blacks, urbanites, and the poor, along with the "New Immigrants" (particularly Catholics and Jews).
37) How was it possible for certain New Deal policies to actually have an adverse effect on America's economic system? How did FDR propose to bring the US out of depression, yet again? How were the midterm elections of 1938 a turning point for New Deal legislation?
The new Social Security taxes came into payrolls and such increased spending was lowered to balance the budget. FDR proposed to bring the US out of depression again with the stimulation of the economy through government spending (economists don't all agree on this today), only this time FDR deliberately supported Keynesianism. The New Deal had lost its juice by 1938 and the congressional elections of 1938, in which Republicans cut heavily into the New Deal majorities in Congress for the first time, reflected this.
The patriotic idea that American pioneers were unique and that democracy in America was formed by this frontier was featured in Turner's "Frontier Thesis". This led Americans to look overseas for business solutions/new land and a new safe haven; overseas, Americans could spread Christianity and become a bigger and even better power than European and Asian nations.
The patriotic idea that American pioneers were unique and that democracy in America was formed by this frontier was featured in Turner's "Frontier Thesis". This led Americans to look overseas for business solutions/new land and a new safe haven; overseas, Americans could spread Christianity and become a bigger and even better power than European and Asian nations.
How did the philosophies of the Anti-Imperialist League seek to confront the McKinley administration's expansionist ideology? Who supported the league's vision and who opposed it? Why?
The philosophies of the Anti-Imperialist League argued against imperialism by explaining how it would dishonor America's founding commitment to anti-colonialism; the Filipinos wanted freedom, and imperialism was expensive and not likely to ever turn a profit.
7) What was the purpose of FDR calling for a nationwide banking holiday? How did this represent the beginning of the "Hundred Days"? How are the "Hundred Days" characterized?
The purpose of FDR calling for a nationwide banking holiday (2 days after taking office!) to combat bank failures and help the banks open on a sounder basis, and it preceded the 3R legislation passed during the "Hundred Days"; it gave the government and banks a chance to reevaluate and change so that panics wouldn't continue in the short term or the long term. The "Hundred Days" was characterized as a time period cranking out a massive amount of somewhat remedial legislation .
13) What was the purpose of FDR's "managed currency" initiative? How would inflation through surrendering gold provide relief to those in debt (**requires some knowledge of "inflation" and "monetary policy")?
The purpose of FDR's "managed currency" initiative (RELIEF< RECOVERY) was to help debtors and cause inflation (poor people don't want the gold currency bc paper is worth less = more inflation = have to pay back less). By buying gold, FDR hoped to stimulate inflation and the economy/help debtors (Great Depression was a period of deflation which is hard for businesses bc wages aren't rising but so workers either making less or getting fired, loophole of decreased spending, bad for debtors which is literally the whole country).
11) What was the purpose of the Emergency Banking Relief Act and how did it empower the executive? In what ways did FDR inspire renewed faith in the banks?
The purpose of the Emergency Banking Relief Act was to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange but also to reopen solvent banks (provide relief to banks/provide the country economic relief). FDR inspired renewed faith in banks through the radio as he gave assurances that it was safer to keep money in banks than under mattresses any longer.
45) What was the purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?
The purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was to act as a gov't lending bank/agency. It didn't give loans to individuals (preserve individualism and character) but gave loans to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and state and local gov'ts.
38) How did the advent of the radio help Herbert Hoover win the election of 1928 against Alfred E. Smith? In what way did it seem the Democratic Party was destined to lose the election by nominating Smith?
The radio helped Herbet Hoover win the election of 1928 agianst Smith because Hoover was very well liked in the public and had more dignity over the radio (Smith's "sparkle" couldn't be translated over the radio). By nominating Smith (wet, modernist candidate) but pairing hi with a contrasting dry VP, the split in the Democratic party meant that he wasn't a strong candidate and was too urban for many of the dry, Fundamentalist democrats.
23) How did the repeal of prohibition act as an economic stimulus?
The repeal of the prohibition acted as an economic stimulus because it allowed the government to raise federal revenue and unemployment through liquor taxes and increased/now normal production of liquor.
60) What were the reservations of Henry Cabot Lodge and others to Article X of the League of Nations Covenant?
The reservations of Lodge were a fourteen formal reservations (stab at Wilson's Fourteen Points), and they reserved the rights of the United States under the Monroe Doctrine and the Constitution (Western Hemisphere ours) and sought to protect American sovereignty.
16) What allowed for the revitalization that occurred in Harlem during the 1920's? How did this contribute to an increased black awareness within the community?
The revitalization that occurred in Harlem during the 1920's could be due to the loosening of the country's traditional ways throughout the whole decade, and particularly the popularization of jazz music, labeling this era as the "jazz age". The Great Migration caused there to be concentrated areas of black populations in cities, and this led to a blossoming of black communities during the 1920's. This newfound racial pride was demonstrated in music (jazz) but also in poetry and social justice. The creation of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) encouraged the resettlement of American blacks in their "African homeland". The UNIA sponsored business to keep blacks' dollars in black pockets.
63) What was the "solemn referendum" of 1921? What was the outcome?
The solemn referendum of 1921 was proposed by Wilson to settle the treaty issue in the forth-coming presidential campaign of 1920, but this was unsuccessful due to the actions of Senator Harding, who made contradictory statements on the issue, and was elected in 1920.
8) What prohibited the government from enforcing Prohibition efficiently? How could its enactment be considered counterproductive? Could be it be considered effective at all?
The strong opposition to abolition in eastern cities meant the government didn't truly enforce the law (gov't historically hasn't enforced widespread opposed legislation). It's difficult to make something a crime that people historically haven't viewed as criminal. Many vets believed that in order to lead the law to be repealed, they should violate it as much as possible. Also, many legislators publicly supported abolition while secretly drinking. Soldiers felt like prohibition was "put over them" while they were in Europe fighting the war. The poor argued that the rich could afford illicit alcohol. State and federal agencies were understaffed , corrupt, and underpaid. Sometimes dry agents killed innocent bystanders.
What was the task of the white man?
The task of the white man to civilize, spread Christianity to the unfortunate/savage people who don't practice it, and to help (or mistreat) the "underprivileged, underfed, and underclad" through disregard and disdain for their previously established culture.
38) What was ultimately the cause of the US's withdrawal of troops from Mexico?
The threat of war with Germany caused the US to withdraw its troops from Mexico.
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris?
The treaty of Paris led Cuba and Puerto Rico to become US territory as well as the purchase of the Philippines for $20 million.
48) What were the reasons for the women's suffrage movement splitting during World War I? How did the war effort help and/or hurt the women's movement?
The women's suffrage movement split during World War I because many progressive-era feminists were pacifists and opposed the participation of America in the war and of women in the war effort, as represented in the National Woman's party, led by Quaker activist Alice Paul. The larger part of the suffrage movement, represented by the National American Woman Suffrage Association, supported Wilson's war, arguing that women had to take a part in the war effort to earn a role in shaping the peace. The war effort helped the women's movement by giving women jobs in factories and fields previously occupied by men that were now fighting overseas. Also, Wilson endorsed woman's suffrage as a "vitally necessary war measure", and in 1920, the 19th Amendment was ratified, giving all AMerican women the right to vote. However, women's economic growth during the war was not sustained.
17) How did the authors of the 1920's represent a backlash against those in power, as well as the results of World War I?
The young authors of the 1920's challenged traditional ideals of American society and patriotism. Mencken (modernist) argued against marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, and other icons of the typical American, while Fitzgerald wrote heavily popular books with young generation/flappers that commented on American ideals during the 1920's. Hemingway was profoundly affected by the results of World War I and his writing was largely in response to the propaganda and patriotism that Americans celebrated during the war; Eliot also wrote poetry about post-war society. Generally, writing during this time period was a jab at American traditionalism and a response to the effects of World War I.
17) How did Roosevelt and Pinchot represent a moderate approach to conservation and preservation?
They argued for the "rational" and efficient use of the frontier, preserving for the economy and America's well being, not the environment.
3) Why did progressive reformers favor direct primary elections and how did this relate to the original goals of the Populist Party?
They favored direct primary elections because it took power away from party bosses (who could buy their wanted official essentially); also favored initiative (directly proposing legislation), and referendum (laws on ballot for final approval by people). The Populist party aimed to take power away from a select few corrupt individuals, so desire for direct election from progressives related.
2) Who were the progressive reformers composed of and what were their 2 main goals?
They were composed of many different types of people: militarists like Theodore Roosevelt (argued for workers), along with pacifists like Jane Addams (abolition of war!). Many female settlement workers wanted to "Americanize" recent immigrants. Use the state to curb monopoly powe Improve common man's life and labor Progressives: remerged in both parties and all levels of government!
Despite the initial proclamations made by the Teller Amendment, how was Cuba's freedom seemingly conditional?
Though America "followed" the Teller Amendment by withdrawing from Cuba by 1902, the Platt Amendment kept Cuba under American control, keeping their debt and the state of their treaties subject to American jurisdiction. Also, the US could intervene with troops when they felt it was needed, and naval stations (one at that time: Guantanamo) were also sold to the US.
economic neutrality
Throughout 1914-1917, IWlson's foreign policy gtowrdas belligerents could be characterized by this term, seekign to profit off of the many needs of those fighting
Judging from the questions in this chapter along with the documents and ideologies during this time period, what ideals and values united Americans in the 1890's?
Throughout the late 19th century/as a result of the Spanish-American war, increasing imperialism united Americans. Additionally, racist views prevailed (against Puerto Ricans and Filipinos especially). A hunger for the most land possibile dominated Americans, and a justification for imperialistic actions included the White Man's Burden/ religion (related).
45) What were the causes for Wilson's famed "Fourteen Points" speech? How did it direct the US war effort and ultimate ends for fighting the war?
To keep Russia in the war, Wilson's famed "Fourteen Points" speech that he made to Congress in 1918 inspired the dropping Allies to make mightier efforts in the war. It outlined the US war effort as anti-imperialist, freedom of the seas, abolition of secret treaties. The last point also directed towards the future League of Nations, which Wilson hoped would provide a system of collective security.
Platt Amendment
US lets Cuba go but passes Platt Amendment basically still keeping full grip and control over Cuba (OPPOSITE of Teller AMendment) Cubans forced to write into their own constitution that they agreed not to conclude treaties that might compromise their independence (as America saw fit) and not to take on debt beyond their resources (as America measured) - Overruled Teller Amendment/US kind of went against what they said they'd do Cause: Effect:
22) The World War I effort increased government regulation of business to direct mobilization. How did the "new Old Guard" seek to dismantle those regulatory practices?
Under direction of Hoover and the rest of the "new Old Guard", regulatory practices existed but were ignored or poorly enforced and some regulation was removed, as businessmen came to power with Harding as president. Railroads were placed under private control again in 1920 (removal of regulation), as rather than save the country from the railroads, the ideology was that America had to save the railroads in order to create a prosperous America. The federal government attempted to turn the shipping business private.
31) How did the newly established National Labor Board give rise to unskilled labor unions? What was the result of their newfound ability to organize and by who were the led? What was the reaction made by the already established AFL (American Federation of Labor)?
Unskilled workers began to organize themselves into effective unions (John L. Lewis, United Mine Workers); skilled workers weren't so supportive of this organization of unskilled workers; they were led by Lewis. Lewis succeeded in created the Committee for Industrial Organization within the ranks of AFL. The CIO used the sit-down strike (while unsupported by skilled workers in AFL) to prevent the importation of strikebreakers. (CIO eventually broke completely from the AFL) under presidency of Lewis, but "civil war" with AFL continued.
Scientific Management
Used to make automobiles efficient! Frederick W. Taylor, sought to get rid of wasted motion
Bonus Army
VETERANS THAT WANT SPECIAL BENEFITS DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION - Seen as communists (especially by Hoover)
24) How did this post-World War I era yield the initial steps taken by the government in providing for the veterans of America's wars?
Veterans were one of the few nonbusiness groups that benefitted/was funded by the government (1921 Veterans Bureau). Veterans organized into pressure groups (American Legion being a primary one). The American Legion (intense patriotism, conservatism, and antiradicalism) got Congress to pass a bonus bill for veterans in 1922, and Harding immediately vetoed this. Then, in 1924, Congress passed the Adjusted Compensation Act to appease veterans.
Initiative
Voters could directly propose legislation themselves, bypassing boss-bought state legislatures - supported by Progressives
New Freedom
WILSON Similar to Jeffersonian ideals Triple Wall of Privilege: Tariffs - American businesses benefit, hurts the consumer Underwood Tariff: a lowering of the protective tariff to benefit the consumer Banks Go after Money trust: Federal Reserve Act of 1913 Why are they bad: Roosevelt Panic of 1907 Inelastic currency, not enough money during panics/emergencies, had to go to robber barons (JP Morgan) to bail us out Outraged JP Morgan/Robber barons No political allegiance, Fed Chair term of 12 yr so Federal Reserve out of politics Trusts (All monopolies/trusts harmful, whereas Roosevelt distinguished between good and bad trusts) Isolationist - peace oriented Limits on campaign contributions by corporations Federal income tax Social conservative Direct election of senators Single term presidency Independence of the Philippines Regulatory measures don't work (the corporations will just control the regulator- federal government) VS Roosevelt's ideas Regulators will be the corporations, not the government; leads to corruption (everything fixed with a good law, no loopholes according to Wilson) Little economic regulation by the gov't after getting rid of trusts (ironic) Wilson argues: We need to even the playing field (demolish monopolies) and then gov't takes a step back Differences bw New Freedom and New Nationalism: Tariffs and trusts (economic), foreign policy (political), BUT social (night and day difference) TARIFFS Wilson: Businesses benefit from high tariffs (Underwood Tariff) Roosevelt: TRUSTS Roosevelt: distinction b/w good and bad trusts, Wilson: all trusts bad FOREIGN POLICY Wilson: Isolationist compared to Roosevelt SUFFRAGE Wilson: only backs them when he has to Roosevelt: for suffrage Pushed to suffrage bc of WWI BLACKS Wilson: supported KKK, no gain for African American rights during his presidency, African Americans not allowed in his cabinet WORKERS RIGHTS Wilson: very little done - small enterpise, entrepreneurship, free ufcntioning of unregulated and unmonoplozed markets (take them down and then let them be, regualtion doesn't work)
39) How did the US seem to profit from a war they were not "involved" in? In what ways did Germany seek to either halt or become a recipient of this profiteering?
War orders from Great Britain and France was financed by American bankers (JP Morgan), and American trade with Germany may legally have rivaled that with the Allies, but British blocked mines and ships to German ports (bc they controlled the sealanes), and trade bw Germany and US ceased. Germany wouldn't be starved out! They announced a submarine war area around the British Isles, and they could essentially sink shipping bc submarines new so no laws: they began sinking ships, including the British Lusitania and the Arabic.
Teller Amendment
When the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom (caused imperialistic Europeans to smile skeptically) Platt Amendment overruled this/too away the freedom we promised them
62) How did Woodrow Wilson ultimately add to the defeat of the League of Nations in the United States?
Wilson basically caused the defeat of the League of Nations in the United States by refusing to let it pass with Lodge's restrictions.
29) What did Wilson mean by the "triple wall of privilege"?
Wilson came into the White House with a clear vision in terms of his platform goals, and the "triple wall of privilege" was a large part of his platform; it represented the tariff, the banks, and the trusts, and he intended to take this wall down.
34) In what ways did Wilson seek to change the US's foreign policy laid down by Roosevelt and Taft?
Wilson didn't support imperialism at first, turned away from Roosevelt's "big stick" foreign policy and Taft's dollar diplomacy. Within a week of being in office, Wilson attacked Taft's dollar diplomacy. He also repealed the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912 (protests from Britain, no tolls for American ships) and signed the Jones Act in 1916, which granted Philippines territorial status and promised independence as soon as a "stable government" could be put in place (but Wilson's racist so they didn't get independence for a while).
55) In what ways did Wilson attempt to satisfy his own idealism along with the desires of the other victors in WWI during peace negotiations?
Wilson disguised the possession of the conquered territories between the "Big Four" by calling the territories trustees of the League of Nations, but it was essentially pre-war colonialism.
54) Why was Wilson so highly admired in Europe when he arrived in late 1918?
Wilson was so highly admired in Europe when he arrived in 1918 because he represented the moral leader of the world (having created the Fourteen Points).
Wilson's 14 Points
Wilson's Fourteen Points was presented to Congress in order to establish the US's participation in World War I as moral obligation to promote democracy and independence of multiple nations. The Fourteen Points, widely regarded as Wilson's most famous speech, established US's peaceful purposes in the war and Wilson as a moral leader of the world. Wilson's Fourteen Points led to an accepting reaction by Germany but not by that of the Allies, as they wanted vengeance on the Central Powers (mainly Germany), thus leading to further conflict when these points were not fully realized in the Treaty of Versailles. Purpose: - take down MAIN - convince people about entering WWI/rally up and inspire Allied cause - try to keep Russia in the war - appease isolationists - freedom of the seas - decrease national arnaments - adjustment of colonial claims - evacuation of Russian territory - League of Nations
37) Wilson's support for Villa and Carranza against Huerta resulted in what for Mexican-American relations?
Wilson's support for Villa and Carranza led to conflicts with Mexico/decreased Mexican-American relations, as Wilson had had a military invasion after the taking of American sailors in tampico in 1914 (before Huerta was removed), and Villa took American troops in January 1916 to hurt Carranza/Wilson and to try to cause a war between them. "Black Jack's" troops clashed with Carranza's troops and Villistas, but didn't end up capturing Villa.
6) How was the settlement house movement an avenue for women to participate in public life? What were some of the "issues" they exposed through this movement?
Without suffrage or the ability to hold political office, women worked their way into public life through the settlement house movement by exposing middle-class women to poverty, political corruption, and intolerable working and living conditions.
Frances Willard
Woman suffragist, temperance reformer
irreoncilables
Wouldn't pass Treaty of Versailles no matter what! Senators Borah and Johnson
William Faukner
Writer, examined collective psychology of native South/displacement of agricultural lifestyle by increasing industrialization Sound and Fury As I Lay Dying Stream of consciousness like Hemingway
Eugene V. Debs
civil liberties hurt (put in jail, ran for president from jail bc voncvicted under espionage Act of 1917
Château-Thierry
first significant engagemetn of Aemrican troops in a European war (US brings fresh youth and vibrance to weary French troops)
midwesterners
isolationists, don't want to go to war (farmers)- poor man's fight, rich man's war Also South anti-war (definitely poor man's fight, rich man's war) Churches and women/socialists anti-war (but less nativism/protect Americans more peace)
Social gospel
messengers of this promoted a brand of progressivism based on Christian teachings religious doctrine: better housing and living conditions for the urban poor
Great Rapprochement
new Anglo-American cordiality (Britain didn't have time for war, Cleveland and Olney)
Great Migration
northward trek of African Americans that would grow to masive proportions, often leading to interracial violence - Riots in St. Louis 1917, Chicago 1919 - Confrontations bw white working class and black working class
Meuse-Argonne offensive
only heavy fighting battle for Americans in World War I, 1918 peace from Wilson's 14 Points
George Creel
propaganda head for Wilson
Australian Ballot
secret *Australian ballot* being introduced to counteract boss rule (bribers can't tell if they're getting their bribe worth)
Sedition Act of 1918
speaking out but not trying to obstruct war effort directlt
Peace w/o Victory
speech made by Wilson in late 1916, sought to mediate a peace b/w war combatants but quickly refused by Great Britain after believing the US had betrayed them
U-boats
submarine boats (undersea boats) that led to the United States entering World War I
Sussex pledge
ulitmatum where German agrees not to sink apssenger ships and merchantt vessels without giving warning - long string to Sussex pledge: US has to persuade Allies to stop blockades? (lol like they can actually do that, they can't) - Wilson accepts Sussex pledge without the string, precarious bc Germany can pull string whenever it chose and we'd be in war! - unsuccessful: Germans eventually broke it and we went to war!
Espionage Act of 1917
willful opposition to war effort
