APUSH Mid-year Review
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
James K. Polk
"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
Nat Turner
(1800-1831) American slave leader in VA, he claimed that divine inspiration had led him to end the slavery system. Called Nat Turner's Rebellion killed 60 whites, the slave revolt was the most violent one in U.S. history; he was tried, convicted, and executed.
Marbury v. Madison
(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review
13th, 14th, 15th Amedments
13th-Abolished slavery 14th-Anyone born in the USA is a citizen and is entitled to privileges 15th-Forbayed states and fed gov to deny suffrage to any citizen on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
Puritan culture/religion
1517 Martin Luther causes a split (protestant reformation) --> Henry VIII coming up with new religion --> Bloody Mary having them killed --> Elizabeth bringing them together --> James pissing them off Wanted to get rid of corruption, reform local clergy, reduce the power of the bishop, more attention to spiritual role Covenant that bound the town religiously and socially Patriarchal
Navigation Acts
1660 1st closed all colonies to trade except GB 1663 2nd all goods sent to the colonies had to go through England 1673 3rd tax on coastal trade and sent over officials to make sure acts were followed
Lexington and Concord
1775 Townspeople of MA were prepping for war while waiting for the GB troops to make the 1st move. The moved on Lex/Conc with orders to arrest Adams and Hancock and take gun powder --> Revere and Dawes Warned
Bunker Hill
1775-6 Colonists eventually went on the offensive to show GB that the whole country was at war --> GB evacuation of boston
The Louisiana Purchase
1803 Jefferson bought the land west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon, who sold it to fund the French war with England. Being that he held a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the expansion would provide the federal government with more power, he was at first reluctant. However, its importance outweighed his principles: it doubled the size of the US (which would become the most important agricultural region of the US) and the US gained full control of the port of New Orleans- the outlet of the Mississippi River.
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819, Marshall as Chief Justice, Settled issue of whether Congress has power to create a bank even though it is not specifically called for in the constitution. Marshall ruled that the federal government has implied powers, including the power to create national bank. It also said that a state could not tax a federal institution.
Dartmouth v. Woodward
1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.
Kansas-Nebraska Act/Stephen Douglas
1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. Seemed to repeal the Mizzo comp
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
Major Reform Movements - 2nd Great Awakening, Temperance, Women's Suffrage, Abolition
2nd G.A- Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans,and Native Americans Temperance- Fought Alcoholism, American Society of Promotion of Temperance Woman's Suffrage- Votes for Women, Seneca falls Abolitionist- fought to end slavery
XYZ Affair
A 1797 French attempt to bribe the United States by demanding money before discussing French seizure of neutral American ships John Adams releases this to the public --> USA now anti-france and began working with GB
Popular Sovereignty
A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.
Credit Moblier
A corrupt construction company set up to provide money for the promoters by charging more to lay the track for the Railroad. - No punishment showed that government was very pro business
The Monroe Doctrine
A key foreign policy made by President Monroe in 1823. It declared the western hemisphere off limits to new European colonization and in return, the US promised not to meddle in European affairs.
Land Ordinance of 1785/Northwest Ordinance of 1787
A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers b/c gov needed money N.W territory set up - no slaves, freedom of religion, could become state when population grew
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Transcendentalism - Major writers and their works
A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. -Herman Melville, Moby Dick -Edger Allan Peo, The Raven -Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass -Thoreau, Didn't pay taxes -Walden
Bleeding Kansas
A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.
Hamilton's Financial Plan
A stable gov requires a strong ruling elite class to hold power --> wealthy people = gov's best friend National Bank
The "Revolution" of 1800
Aaron Burr v. Jefferson --> same amount of votes so the H of R which was primarily federalist had to choose and chose Jefferson
The Constitutional Convention
After Shay's rebellion Jefferson knew there was need for change so he got the states back together to meet in secrecy
Alien and Sedition Act
Alien act made it hard for people of foreign birth to become citizens Sedation Act empowered the government to prosecute those who engaged in badmouthing of the government
The Mexican-American War
America went to discuss border disputes with Mexico, but Mexico thought we were provoking them, Americas were at fault for crossing their border, but Mexico did not have to attack. Americas side of the story is that they were just trying to talk, but Mexico's side is that America provoked them so they attacked, in return. Ended w/ the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that added Cali, changd the boarder to the Rio Grande, and America paid 15 million. Californian rebellion - bear flag, John Fremont
Ulysses S. Grant
An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
Nativism
An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. -Native American Party -Know nothings
Antietam and Gettysburg
Antietam- huge, massive blood bath. It was known as the bloodiest day in American history. It ended in a draw, but the Confederate troops were the first to retreat. Gettysburg was another Union victory. This battle became a turning point in the war. The confederacy was becoming less and less successful. Another blood bath
Bacon's Rebellion/indentured servitude in the south
BR = Nathaniel Bacon and other backcountry inhabitants felt unsafe due to indians --> goes against the governor, show class rivalries, political unrest
International Issues leading up to the War of 1812
Barbary Pirates - Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations Lewis n' Clark go on an expedition searching for a northwest passage Nap sells over the L purchase IMPRESSMENT Want for Canada While France and GB were fighting the US risked it's ships getting taken over by both powers --> impressment --> Chesapeake Leopard Incident -After working out this and GB paying Jefferson put an embargo in place so no ships could go to any foreign ports to prevent war --> James Madison comes in to office and lifts the embargo, replaced by the Non-Intercourse act which opened trade but not with GB/France --> eventually replaced by Macon's Bill 2 which opened trade to whatever powers were open, caused France to change it's policy
Differences in education, immigration, industry , trade, ect... (South v. North)
Big new papers in the North South had a lower budget --> focus on local life More big business in the North w/ a divided Native v. Immigrant work force South though of themselves as planters aristocracy -Souther Honor, defending manhood North edu --> Horace Mann, head of MA board of edu public school, got more kids in the classroom
Nullification
Calhoun (Not liked by Jackson b/c of the wife issue) and Nullification - controversial tariff lead to Cal saying that if the states though laws were unconstitutional they could declare them void --> Jackson sent Navy, end of that (Force Act)
The Articles of Confederation
Congress was the executive power, the president was nothing more than the head of congress All major power fell to state gov Ultimately had now power to do anything
Shays Rebellion
Dan Shay lead a rebellion demanding paper money, tax relief, moratorium on debt, removal of state capital from boston, and end to jailing on account of debt during the mini-depression that followed the war
The Albany Plan
Delegates from Penn, NE, NY, Maryland met with Iroquois and proposed a united colonial government to protect from Indians --> shot down by all parties
Political Reforms (Age of Jackson/Era of Good Feelings)
Democrats - assault on privilege, end of the VA dynasty Expanded electorate Legitimization of Party Jackson was the President of the common man, he fought for = protection and benefits for all
Lincoln's Beliefs about Slavery/the Union
Did think slavery was a good thing but was prepared to leave it alone "House divided against itself cannot stand"
Birth of Industry/Transportation in America
England had originally tried to prevent knew technology from getting over to the colonies but failed --> factories, cotton gin (1793) made the south produce more raw materials while the north was becoming an industry Transportation increased w/ the fine tuning of the steam engine Turnpike era --> companies started laying down hard rock toll roads but no private investors wanted to go in so the gov did
Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison
F.D.- North-star (Abolitionist Newspaper) -Escaped from Slavery, went to London, Came back and paid his master W.L.G.- Liberator (Abolitionist Newspaper) -Often attacked the gov as well as slaveholders -More violent -Extremist
Supporters and Opponents of the Constitution
Federalists felt that the const would protect against tyranny so there was no need for a bill of rights Anti federalists that the const was illegal and feared increased taxation, destruction of states, favor the wellborn, and that it would lead to a dictatorship
The Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments of the Const. 1st 9 limited Congress' Power, the 10th gave states the power to make laws not included in the Constitution.
The Proclamation of 1763
Forbade colonists to settle past a line drawn along the mt divided between the atalantic and the interior -made better relations w/ indians b/c it was the best deal they could get but failed b/c people kept settling over the boarder
Free Soil Party
Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.
Hudson River School
Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River
American Disputes with GB and France
GB and France started fighting in 1789, France = allies so people were conflicted GB began seizing ships in the French-west indies --> Jay's Treaty Pickney's Treaty redid the FL borders, Americans had the right to navigate the Mississippi river
Reasons for European exploration/early settlements
Gold, God, Glory Mercantilism
The Slave Culture in the South
Good for business, no rights, fed into desire for aristocracy
The Compromise of 1877
HAYES - It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet. Trans cont RR
Boston Massacre & Tea Party
Harassment of the customs officials resulted in GB sending over Troops. Tensions rose and rose until a breaking point under Capt Thomas Preston in 1770 1773 the EITCo is about to go under when the crown says they can sell directly to the colonists, this allowed them to sell cheap and create a monopoly over the colonist tea co --> colonists tired to keep them from their ports --> tea party
The Lowell/Waltham System
Heavily Relied on young women --> kept in dorms and closely watched - eventually failed b/c it was hard to support the rising cost of life
Freedman's Buereau
Helped poor blacks and whites (many whites refused the help), First Time gov. got involved in social welfare- 1863, to deal with released slaves who followed army-give them 40 acres and a mule, main objective-keep order established Howard University
Sherman's "March to the Sea"
In 1864, General William Sherman (Union) left Atlanta and headed towards the Atlantic Ocean. He ended up in Savannah. There were few troops to stop him and his forces on the way and they destroyed everything in their path - total war
Mercantilism
Increasing wealth as a nation
The Civil War and Reconstruction
Irreconcilable differences over the future of slavery led to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. The North, using its superior industrial economy, eventually won the war. After Lincoln's death, Andrew Johnson became president, but he was widely disliked—particularly by the radical republicans, who thought he was too soft on the south. Eventually, the military ended its occupation of the south and racism and discrimination returned in the form of the Jim Crow laws.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
Andrew Jackson's Domestic Policies
Jackson vetoed any bill that would provide internal improvements (roads, etc.) saying the states should fund them. Forced Indians from their lands completely disregarding the Supreme Court decision that he could not force them from their lands.
John Brown/Harper's Ferry
John Brown's (well known abolitionist) scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged and became a martyr
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas. Edmund G. Ross prevented him from being convicted.
Black Codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War
Jim Crow Laws
Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights
Reconstruction Plans
Lincoln's 10% Plan- 10% Southern had to pledge loyalty --> Blacks could vote, ratification of the 13th Wade-Davis Bill- Majority loyal to union (51%), Disenfranchised the high confederate figures, ratification of the 13th --Iron Clad Oath: Required every white male to say they had never borne arms against the Confederacy or supported the Confederacy. It wsa a key factor in removing ex-confederates from politics during Reconstruction
Election of 1860
Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.
Great Compromise and 3/5 Compromise
Lower house representatives based on population size Slaves = 3/5ths of a person when calculating taxation and population Upper house each state gets 2 a piece ^^Broke the deadlock
Intolerable Acts
Made MA into a martyr by having the GB gov strip MA of its ability to govern itself, closed the Bean's port and made the citizens harbor troops
Virtual Representation
Marquis of Rockingham = PM repealed the stamp act b/c of increasing tension
Immigration patterns
Massbay + plymouth --> religious and political oppression
American Settlements in Mexico pre 1830s
Mexicans wanted Americans to move into texas b/c it would boost the econ and act as a buffer for militant tribes
The "Corrupt Bargain"
Name for the deal struck between Adams and Clay that if Adams makes Clay Secretary of State, Adams will be guaranteed victory as prez.
International aid During the Revolution
Netherlands and France - Saratoga victory France supplied Naval Power
The Hartford Convention
New England's failed attempt at sucesion --> death of federalist party
Expansion of Slavery in the South
New tech aloud more product to be made --> more money -Eli Whitney made slavery pay Short-Staple Cotton could be grown in harsher conditions
Checks and Balances/Separation of Power in the Constitution
No one section of government can have more power than any other
Northern and Southern Economic Trends during the War
North funded the war by taxing/tariffing, borrowing, and printing greenbacks --> northern economic development sped up rapidly B/c the republicans all the power they passed all the things they wanted to -Homestead act 1862 -Land Grant act (new school) 1862 -National bank act - state banks could link up with the gov if they had enough cash and were willing to put 1/3 in South had problems funding b/c the federal government did not want to tax, there was no uniform paper money and bonds were a failure
Major Beliefs of the Founding Fathers
Not wanting the government to end up being like the GB one --> fed v. state power Big government is better b/c it separates the power v. bad b/c it is corrupt
The Tariff Abominations
Originated in MA b/c GB was dumping mass cheap goods --> prices of raw materials to go up
Whiskey Rebellion
Penn after an increase to the whiskey tax - G.W. and army went down and took care of it
The Great Awakening
Preachers came from across the sea and revitalized the religion people were loosing intreset in
Treaty of Paris
Preliminary peace articles signed Nov 30th 1782, Final Sept 3rd 1873 Peace talks in France
The Bank War
President Jackson thought the President of the Bank, Nicholas Biddle, used the bank to benefit the rich. Biddle, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were afraid Jackson would destroy the bank. These 3 surprised Jackson and asked Congress to renew the bank charter early. Jackson responded by vetoing the Bank bill and won support from the American people and won the next election. The Bank was forced to close and led to the economic crisis.
Settlements trends in the Restoration Colonies
Religious freedom --> tried to take settlers already in America N, S Carolina --> S more prosperous William PENN + Quakers Georgia = prison colony which aimed to transform them into farmers Indentured servants were supposed to come to the new world and work for a set period of time, once that time was over they would be sent off to succeed - rarely the case
Jackson and the Indians
Removal Act - Jackson gave federal funding to several southern state (GA, MI, AL) to remove Indians Trail of Tears - Forced removal of the Cherokee Indians, many dead Seminole war in FL
Creation of the Federalist and Republican Parties
Republican decentralized power that favored the small farmer, avoided industrialization Federalists favored aristocracy
Early Education in the United States
Republican women had to be educated b/c it was their job to educate the children Indians should be educated b/c it would make them less savage Beginning of college
Battle of Yorktown
Retreating General Cornwallis was hit by a surprise attack by Washington and the French - surrendered
Internal Improvements (Age of Jackson/Era of Good Feelings)
Second National Bank (killed by Jackson's veto in 1833) Protective Tariff to protect America's infant industry from GB's underpriced goods Transportation: Steamboats, beginning of the RR People started moving westward b/c of the fertile lands and lack of indians Plantation System and cotton get further interconnected - slavery increases Mt Men fur collecting --> profitable
Civil Rights Cases 1883, Plessy v. Feruson
Separate but = legalized
New Religious Movements - Mormons/Shakers
Shakers- Ann Lee No sex, men and women = Mormons- Joseph Smith wrote the book of mormon that discussed Jesus's trip to America --> Brigham Young and 12,000 followers moving to Utah
Southern Agricultural Trends
Sharecropping- Working plots or land specified by the land owner for a fixed rent/share of crop Crop-Lien system- System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.
Battle of Saratoga
Sir William Howe never finished off the colonists even when he had the chance --> pushed them from Long island to penn, crossing of the deleware He let the colonists retreat and recover
New Political Trends
Stalwarts- faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform. Half-Breeds- A, Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.
British Taxation
Stamp act: 1764 all documents had to carry a stamp which cost money Mutiny act: 1765 colonists were required to assist in provisioning and assisting the army --> troops stationed in the colonies looking for smugglers, increased customs Currency act: 1765 got rid of all paper $ ^^All of these resulted in negative response - Paxton boys, regulators, Virginia resolves, Sons of liberty
Jefferson's Major Political and Economic Actions
Sturdy Independent farmers, free from cities --> all educated Promoted Education because he thought it would ware down the power of the elites Ended up getting the gov to remove all taxes --> made tariff selling land the only sources of revenue Reduced the army and Navy Got the gov to spend less *Didn't like big government*
Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it
Dred Scott Case
Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south
Growth of Industry in New England
Surging immigration (mostly German, Irish) --> could be used for cheap labor over born-americans New Technology - RR (consolidating track), Coal, business could make more money producing than trading Limited liability - investors only lost what they put in
Anti-Immigrant sentiments in the 1840s and 50s
Taking American jobs, not a civilized as natural born Americans
The Treaty of Ghent
This December 1814 treaty ended the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. It restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. Rush Bagot Agreement - GB opened up to trade, USA gave back tribal lands USA and GB got nothing
Gibbons v. Ogden
This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.
Beliefs of the Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson took Locke's theory that the government should protect the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness Called the GB gov on violating their rights
Early Labor trends
Tobacco (Jamestown) Indentured servants over slaves
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, that welded a far-flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi. The Prophet was discredited by attacking a much larger American army, and Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames. Their actions were in response to the flood of western-bound settlers, and resulted in Indian unity and cultural revival. The death of Tecumseh ended the hope of an Indian confederacy.
Grant's Western Campaign
Union General took over after McClellan (who was bad and indecisive) Vicksburg, Gettysburg --> Wanted to use the material advantages the North had, not afraid of mass casualties --> large march to Richmond
Foreign Policy During the Civil War
Union did not view the confederacy as legit and tried to prevent all other powers from doing the same -Prevents France and GB Trent Affair - 2 confederate diplomats snuck into cuba while trying to get to GB via the Trent ship --> Union stopping the ship and grabbing them --> GB mad, forced the prisoners to be released
Gabriel Prosser
VA in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.
Virginia Plan/New Jersey Plan
VA: 3 branch gov, 2 house legislative NJ: Strengthening of the A of C which involved a single house legislature, expanded tax power and power to regulate commerce
Basic Settlement trends in early GB colonies
Very close together, centered around church 3 types: King's (owned by king), Proprietary (land grand from king - Penn, Maryland, Deleware), self governing (King let a joint stock co set up gov - Rhode Island, Ct) 1st: Jamestown VA 1607 --> close to failure if not for the efforts of Cpt John Smith (imposing order, raiding indians) -House of Burgress --> 1st elected legislature in USA -Headright system --> land grants
Military actions of William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson
WHH = Indian fighter/pro-expansionist Pressure for war w/ spain mounts b/c USA wants FL --> Madison caves, war of 1812 --> GB burn the white house --> Jackson becomes a war Hero (Battle of New Orleans)
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
Federalist Papers
Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting ratification of the constitution
Common Sense
Written by Thomas Paine - colonist propaganda pamphlet --> took hate of individual ministers and turned directed it toward the government
The Panic of 1837
a financial panic that was caused by Jackson's presidential order for specie circular (gold/silver or securely backed paper money, that was sparked by a preceding speculation boom) in all governmental transactions, which was sparked by his desire to curb speculation. This causes a rush on the banks to get gold/silver/money, and the banks fail, because the "pet banks" had recently had a federal surplus withdrawn so that the states could receive what amounted to a subsidy. Without a central bank, the economy tanks, and people think that its Van Buren's fault b/c it hit full force a few months after he took office.
The Pendleton Act
changed the civil service system from a patronage system to a merit system. imposed an exam all civil servants had to take
