APUSH Midterm Review (Chapters 1-23)

Pocahontas

'saved' John Smith by putting her head between him and her father. It impressed Smith with Powhatan's power and with the Indians' desire for peaceful relations. She became an intermediary between the Indians and settlers, preserving a shaky peace and provided food.

Christopher Columbus

Italian seafarer that persuaded the Spanish monarchs to give him three ships and crew. After 6 weeks at sea, on October 12th, 1492 they say eyes on the Bahamas. He tried to find a new water route to the Indies (which were blocked through Africa by the Portuguese) and instead found a whole 'new world'. He caused a global economic system to emerge on a scale that would reach everyone who was near the Atlantic.

Oliver Cromwell

a Puritan-soldier who had executed Charles I in 1649 and ruled England for nearly a decade. However, Charles II was restored to power in 1660.

Tidewater

a geographic area of southeast Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, part of the Atlantic coastal plain in the United States of America. Portions of Maryland facing the Chesapeake Bay are also given this designation

Headwright System

a system in Virginia and Maryland that encouraged the importation of servant workers. Whoever paid the passage of a laborer got 50 acres of land. Thus, the masters of the servants reaped the benefits of the system.

Freemen

all males who were granted suffrage in Rhode Island

Pope's Rebellion

an Indian uprising in which PUeblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province of New Mexico and killed priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers.

Franchise

an authorization granted by a government or company to an individual or group enabling them to carry out specified commercial activities

Encomienda

an institution in the West Indies that allowed the Spanish government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them. It was slavery.

Peter Stuyvesant

despotic in government and intolerant in religion. He claimed that he derived his power from God and the company. He believed that popular vote was the enemy. He was dispatched by the Dutch against the Swedish intrusion n Delaware. The main fort fell after a bloodless siege and Swedish rule camme to an end.

Glorious Revolution

dethroned the despotic and unpopular James II for the Protestant rulers of the Netherlands.

Rack-Renting

exact an excessive or extortionate rent from (a tenant) or for (a property).

William Laud

helped cause the sanctions by King Charles I of the anti-Puritan persecutions. He was a reactionary archbishop that was highly orthodox. He hated the M.B Colony.

Treaty of Tordesillas

in 1494, it divided land between Spain and Portugal the New World. Spain got the most land (located in South America), Portugal got Africa and Asia as well as present day Brazil.

Primogeniture

laws that decreed only eldest sons were elgible to inherit landed estates which caused younger sons to seek fortunes elsewhere.

Thomas Hooker

led an energetic group of Boston Puritans that swarmed toward the Hartford area. He was the founder of Conneticut.

Walter Raleigh

organized an expedition that first landed in 1585 on North Carolina's Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia. After false starts, the colony vanished.

Indentured Servitude

penniless persons who bound themselves to work for a number of years to pay their passage

Mayas

pre-Colombian civilization that had a fully developed writing system of heiroglyphics. It would be present near Cozumel where Cortes had landed. It would significantly Devloped a calendar. Influenced by Tenochticlan farther north. They were located in Central America.

Protestant Work Ethic

serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits. The Bay Colony passed laws to make sure pleasures stayed simple by repressing certain human instinct.

The "Elect"

since God was all-knowing, he knew who was going to heaven and hell. Since the first moment of creation, some souls had been destined for eternal bliss. However no one could be certain they were part of the elect.

Mestizos

since there was little Spanish women in the time of early conquest, many conquistadores and soldiers married Indian women. The offspring created "a new race" of mestizos that formed a cultural and biological bridge between both races.

Montezuma

the Aztec chieftain who welcomed Cortes (who later conquered the Aztecs with Malinche ((translator that could speak Mayan and Nahuatl)), troops and 20,000 Indian allies) with gifts from his ambassadors. These ambassadors later told him that Cortes cared for gold and rode a 'deer'. He believed that Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl who was in Aztec legends. He allowed the conquistadores to approach his capital unopposed.

John Winthrop

the M.B colony's first governor. He believed he had a calling from God to lead the new religious experiment. He served as governor for 19 years. It helped the colony prosper in fur trade, fishing and shipbuilding.

Covenant

the Puritan Bay colonists believed they had a covenant with God and agreed that they would build a holy society that would be a model for humankind.

House of Burgesses

the assembly (a 'mini parliament') that was ordered by the London company that was the first in North America in 1619.

Predestination

the belief that some were destined for eternal bliss and others eternal torment. Good works could not save people from the destiny that was 'predestined' for them.

John Rolfe

the husband of Pocahantus who saved Jamestown through his way of growing tobacco that reduced bitterness - leading the economy to boom in the area.

Pilgrims

the people aboard the Mayflower. In the winter of 1620-1621, 44 of the 102 pilgrims survived. However, they sailed to England in the spring and by next autumn had bountiful harvests. They grew in the trade of beaver fur and religious devotion.

Starving Time

the time in Jamestown where 400 settlers that originally inhabited Virginia by 1609, only sixty survived by the winter of 1609-1610.

Benjamin Franklin

took him 9 days in 1720 to journey from Boston to Philadelphia on sloop, rowboat and foot. He would later become one of the founding fathers. He also played a major role in launching what would become the University of Pennsylvania, which was the first college free of denomination control. He is known for his autobiography and Poor Richard's Almanac which he edited 1732-1758. It emphasized thrift, industry, morality and common sense. He helped shape American character. First-rank scientist in the colonies that won him numerous honors in Europe. He created the bifocals and Franklin stove. Established the first privately supported circulating library in America.

Royal Charter

what endorsed colonies in the Americas. It guaranateed to the overseas settlers the same rights of Englishmen that they would at home.

Albert Gallatin

"Watchdog of the Treasury" that was an able secretary to Jefferson. He agreed that national debt was a bane and by strict economy succeeded in reducing debt while balancing the budget. They did not tamper with funding at par and assumption. They did not attack the Bank of the United States or repeal the tariff.

Daniel Webster

'Expounding Father'. Time and time again he left his seat in the Senate, stepped downstairs to the Supreme Court chamber and expounded his Federalist and nationalistic philosophy before the supreme bench. His classic speeches is the Senate challenged states' rights and nullification.

American System

1) A strong banking system that would provide easy and abundant credit. 2) Protective tariffs which eastern manufacturing would blossom under. These funds would raise 3) a network of roads and canals especially in the Ohio Valley. These arteries would flw materials from south to West to the North and East which would kit the country together politically and economically.

George Whitefield

4 years after Edwards, an English parson loosed a different style of preaching that revolutioned the spiritual life of the colonies. He was known for his passion and voice. He toured throughout the colonies that stated the message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence.

John Marshall

Adams appointed him to the Supreme Court (as 4th choice) in the dying days of his term. He was cousin to Jefferson. He was a lifelong Federalist, committed to strengthening the power of the federal government. He served 30 days under the Federalist administration and 34 years under Jefferson and subsequent presidents.

Oliver Hazard Perry

American naval officerr who managed to build a fleet of green-timbered ships on the shores of Lake Erie, manned by seamen. When he captured a British flee on the lake, he caused a victory for the American cause. "We met the enemy and they ours" became a slogan for the American cause.

John C. Calhoun

As a prominent leader of the war hawk faction, Calhoun strongly supported the War of 1812 to defend American honor against British infractions of American independence and neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars. He then served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, and in this position reorganized and modernized the War Department. Calhoun was a candidate for the presidency in the 1824 election. After failing to gain support, he let his name be put forth as a candidate for vice president. The Electoral College elected Calhoun for vice president by an overwhelming majority.

Thomas J. Jackson

Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall" in the 1st Battle of Bull Run. was one of the heads of the Confederate Army. In 1863, he was sent to attack a Union flank that led him to be shot and killed by one of his men.

14th Amendment

Congressmen took the principles of the Civil Rights Act and put it into this Amendment. They feared that the South may one day win control of Congress and repeal the Civil Rights Act. The proposed amendment conferred civil rights, including citizenship but excluding the franchise, on the freedmen; reduced the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot; disqualified from federal and state office former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once swon "to support the Constitution of the United States"; and guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debt. All Republicans were agreed that no state should be welcomed back into the Union withoutratifying the 14th Amendment.

William Crawford

Crawford suffered a severe stroke in 1823, but nonetheless sought to succeed Monroe in the 1824 election. The Democratic-Republican Party splintered into factions as several others also sought the presidency. No candidate won a majority of the electoral vote, so the United States House of Representatives chose the president in a contingent election. Under the terms of the Constitution, the House selected from the three candidates who received the most electoral votes, leaving Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and Crawford in the running. The House selected Adams, who asked Crawford to remain at Treasury. Refusing Adams's offer, Crawford accepted appointment to the Georgia state superior court. He considered running in the 1832 presidential election, either for the presidency or the vice presidency, but ultimately chose not to run.

Henry David Thoreau

Emerson's close associate - a poet, a mystic, a transcendentalist and non-conformist. Condemned the gvt. that supported slavery by refusing to pay a poll tax in Massachusetts. A prose writer known for Walden: Or Life in the Woods. Records his existence in a hut in Concord, Massachusetts. He believed that he should reduce his bodily wants so as to gain time for a pursuit of wealth through study and meditation. Essay On the Duty of Self Obedience exercised idealistic thought. His writings later encouraged Gandhi to resist British rule in India and Martin Luther King Jr.

Edgar Allan Poe

Failing at suicide, he was a drunken poet. He was a master stylist and was good at writing sgort stories, especially of horror type (where he shared his alcoholic nightmares that fascinated readers). Fascinated by the ghostly and ghastly. Reflected a morbid sensibility at odds with the optimistic tone of American culture. Prized by Europeans.

Treaty of Paris of 1763

French power was thrown completely off the continent of North America, leaving behind a French population that is to this day a strong minority and canady. The French were allowed to retain several small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies and the islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for fishing stations. The French had to compensate to Spain, sothey ceded to Spain all trans-Mississippi Louisiana plus New Orleans. Spain turned Florida to the British for Cuba. Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America.

John J. Audubon

French-descended naturalist that painted fowl in their natural habitat. Illustrated Birds of America and attained popularity. The Audubon Society for the protection of birds was named after him, even if he shot many for sport.

Neutrality Proclamation

George Washington's decision to make America avoid Europe for a generation or so, so then it would be powerful enough to assert its maritime rights with strength and success. It came right after the outbreak of war between Britain and France. It not only proclaimed neutrality but sternly warned Americans to remain impartial. It would lead towards the isolationist tradition.

GAR

Grand Army of the Reublic, which as a politically potent fraternal organization of several hundred thousand Union veterans of the Civil War.

Virtual Representation

Grenville dismissed these American protests. He believed Americans were represented in Parliament. With virtual representation, he believed that every member of Parliament reflected all British subjects, even Americans who had never voted for a member.

Stamp Act of 1765

Grenville imposed a stamp tax to raise revenues to support the new military. It mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax. Stamps were required on bills of sale for about 50 trade itms as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents including playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses. However, Britain had far more taxes than that of Americans. Repealed in 1766.

Colonial Social Pyramid

Had the merchant princes on top, large slave owners, poor whites, paupers and convicts and lastly, slaves.

Tariff

Hamilton's answer on how to pay of debt. These customs duties were derived from a tariff. These revenues depended on rigorous foreign trade that was also important. These tariffs erected a low protective wall for infant industries. They were only increased slightly twice during Washington's presidency.

Funding at Par

Hamilton's plan to bolster national credit. He urged Congress to "fund" the entire debt "at par" and to assume completely the debts by the states in the recent war. It means that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus an accumulated interest - of over $54 million.

Robert Y. Hayne

He opposed the protectionist federal tariff bills of 1824, 1828, and 1832. In 1828, in response to the changing economic landscape in Massachusetts (there was a shift from farming towards mass production in factories), Daniel Webster backed a high-tariff bill to enhance the profitability of manufacturing interests in his home state. This angered Southern leaders who would have to pay higher prices for manufactured goods, and brought Webster into dispute with Hayne. Their disagreement over the powers of the federal government later evolved into a series of back-and-forth Senate speeches that became known as the Webster-Hayne debate. Hayne contended that the United States Constitution was only a compact between the national government and the states, and that any state could nullify any federal law which it considered to be in contradiction.

Jay Gould

He provided the brains behind the schemes to corner the gold market in 1869. They worked on Grant directly and his brother who recieved 25,000 dollars to remain complacent.

Louisbourg

In 1758, William Pitt made the Louisbourg fortress fall. It was the first victory for the British in the war.

Strict Construction

Jefferson's belief that all powers not specifically granted the the central government were to be reserved in the states and therefore the states not Congress, had the power to charter banks. Believing that the Constitution should be interpreted literally, Jefferson and his states' rights followers embraced this theory of "strict construction".

Embargo Act

Jefferson's reasonable strategy that said that if America cut off its essential exports to the warring countries, they would bow and agree to its rights. Passed in late 1807, this law forbade the export of all goods from the United States, whether in American or in foreign ships. However, it did leave ports empty and the south having mounds of exportable cotton, grain and tobacco. It revived interest in the King, as he brutally enforced it. In the embargo year, Federalists became more popular. It was repealed three days before Jefferson's retirement. Ironically, it did lay the foundation of the American industrial revolution.

Kentucky and Virginia

Jefferson's resolution was approved in 1798 and 1799. James Madison also wrote a resolution that was adopted in Virginia in 1798. Other states were supposed to follow suit, but did not.

Economic Coercion

Jefferson's theory that supported the Embargo Act. More than a compromise between submission and shooting, the embargo would vindicate the rights of neutral nations and point to a new way of foreign relations.

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln proved superior toDavis. He was tactful, quiet, patient, yet firm and interpreted and lead a fickle public opinion. He demonstrated charitableness toward the South and forbearance toward backbiting colleagues. He had to create some infractions of the Constitution to keep the Union together. But such infractions were not sweeping. Congress was generally accepted or confirmed the president's questionable acts. Lincoln did not believe in ironhanded authority. He directed the treasury to advance 2 million without appropriation or security to three private citizens for military purposes. He suspended the writ of habeas corpus, so that anti-Unionists could be arrested. The border states had supervised voting. There was a suspension of newpapers and the arrest of their editors on grounds of obstructing the war.

Proclamation of 1763

London government proclamation that prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, pending further adjustments. It was not designed to oppress the colonists but to work out the Native American problem fairly with less bloodshed. Many Americans were angered and believed that beyond the mountains was their bloodright.

Federalist #10

Madison's refution of the conventional wisdom of the day that it was impossible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory.

Erie Canal

New Yorkers dug the Erie Canal when cut off from federal aid. This connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. Cost shipping to lower from 100 to 5, transit time 20 to 6. Thevalue of land along the route skyrocketed and new cities along it blossomed. Steamships piled and farming attracted people to the lands now available. Potatoes in NYC were cut in half, so farmers moved elsewhere. Many people saw it was easy to go west on this canal, so they took up farmland south of the Great Lakes.

Coureurs de Bois

North America contained beaver-pelts that was important for warmth and their appearance. Many fur-trappers ranged over the woods and waterways in pursuit of beaver pelts. This is literally translated to runners of the woods. They were drinkers, free spenders and lovers. They littered the land with names such as Baton Rouge, Terre Haute, Des Moines and Grand Teton. They allied with some Native Americans although some refused due to their religious beliefs. They decimated the beaver population in many areas.

Old and New Lights

Old lights were Orthodox clergymen who were highly skeptical of emotionalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists. New lights defended the Amakening for its revitalization of religion. Many split over the issue. Many of the believers in conversion went to the Baptist and other sects.

Tom Watson

Populist leader that reached out to the black community to gain votes. They appealed to interracial solidarity. He later abandoned these ideals and turned to racism and advocated for black disfranchisement.

George Grenville

Prime minister of Britain that passed many laws against the colonists in North America.

The "Bloody Shirt"

Republicans whipped up enthusiasm or Grant by "waving the bloody shirt" by reviving memories of the Civil War.

Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of State to George Washington. Foe of Hamilton. He opposed the Bank of the United States because there was no such authorization in the Constitution.

Alexandar Hamilton

Secretary of Treasury to George Washington. Regarded himself as prime minister of Washington's cabinet and thrust his hands on the affairs of other departments. Set out immediately to fix the economic problemsof the Articles of Confederation. He wanted to shape fiscal policies to favor wealthy groups. They would then lend the government monetary and political support. The propertied classes would enlarge and prosperity would trickle down to the masses. Believed that debt acted as an adhesive to the union as the more creditors the government owed money to, the more people there would be with a personal stake in the success of his enterprise. He made debt an asset to vitalize the financial system.

Edwin M. Stanton

Secretary of War for Lincoln. Acted as a spy for radicals after the war.

Henry Knox

Secretary of War to George Washington.

Eaton Affair

Senator John Eaton, a close friend of Jackson, had married the widowed daughter of a Washington innkeeper, Margaret (Peggy) O'Neill. The local rumor mill ground out gossip that O'Neill and Eaton had had an affair prior to her husband's death. The Cabinet wives, led by Mrs. John C. Calhoun, were scandalized and refused to attend events when she was present. Jackson was not pleased with this tempest, remembering how deeply his late wife had been hurt by scandal-mongering. He resented Calhoun's inability to control his wife and was disappointed when Martin Van Buren alone among the Cabinet officers defended the Eatons. In 1831, Eaton and Van Buren resigned their offices, putting pressure on the other members to do likewise. These resignations gave Jackson the opportunity to appoint Cabinet officers who were loyal to him rather than Calhoun.

Pinckney's Treaty

Spain granted the Americans virtually everything they demanded in eagerness to strike a deal with them. This included free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida.

John C. Fremont

Stephen W. Kearny led a detachment of 1,700 men over the Santa Fe Trail. The outpost of Santa Fe was captured. However, before he could reach California, Fremont happend to be there with several dozen armed men. In helping to overthrow Mexican rule in 1846, he collaborated with American naval officers and local Americans who had hoisted the banned to the California Bear Flag Republic.

Compromises

The Constitution was a bundle of compromises in every section. Ex: Electoral College, The Great Compromise, 3/5ths Compromise Slave may continue until the end of 1807 at which time Congress would create a prescribed interval. Meanwhile, all the state constitutions except GA forbade overseas slave trade.

Dred Scott Decision

The Supreme Court ruled that Scott was a slave and not a citizen, and thus could not sue. Because the slave was private property, he could be taken to any territory and legally held there in slavery. The Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional: Congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories, regardless even of what the territorial legislatures themselves might want. Republicans and popular sovereignty supporters were aghast. Republicans declared it as an opinion and not a decision. Southerners were inflamed by this defiance.

Three Sister Farming

The cultivation of maize, beans and squash that allowed for beans to grow on the trellis of the cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil.

32 Colonies

The words 13 colonies are misleading. Britain ruled 32 colonies in N.A by 1775, including Canada, the Floridas, and various Caribbean Islands (such as Jamaica). Only 13 of these colonies rebelled.

Planter Aristocracy

They educated their children in the best schools up north and abroad. They had time for study, reflection and statecraft. Had obligation to serve the public. Widened gap between rich and poor. Idealized feudal society. Women took household staff of maids in which they gave daily orders.

Virginia Plan

Virginia's plan for the constitution that demanded both houses of a bicameral congress should be based on population

John Adams

Washington's vice president. He campaigned for presidency along Jefferson in 1796. Politics was separated even in taverns. Most of his support was in New England, where he won 71 - 68 in the Electoral College. Jefferson then became vice-president. He was known for his stern principles but had no appeal to the masses. He was also hated by Hamilton and headed the war faction of the Federalist party, known as the "High Federalists". Certain members of cabinet were even plotted against him. He avoided French war and smoothed the path for a peaceful purchase of Louisiana.

Assumption

While pushing the funding scheme, he also urged Congress to fund the debt of the states since the states were a national obligation. Also, this would tie the states closer together, thus turning wealthy creditors to the federal government instead of the state. The support of the rich was necessary in order to strengthen the national government. When Virginia was not so happy about having the nation assume its small debt, Hamilton promised to set the capital along the Potomac River (near Virginia so they can gain personal wealth). This plan was passed in 1790.

Nathaniel Bacon

a 29 year old planter who led the rebellion against Berkley's policies toward the Indians that monopolized the fur trade. He had ignited the unhappiness of landless former servants and pitted the people of the backcountry to the landed gentry.

Citizen Genet

a 30 year old representative of the French Republic who landed in Charleston, South Carolina. He undertook to fit out privateers and take advantage to the Franco-American alliance. He believed that the Neutrality Proclamation did not reflect the true wishes of the American people and embarked upon unneutral activity not authorized by the French alliance including the recruitment of armies to invade Spanish FL, LA and British Canada. After he threatened to appeal over the head of "old Washington" to Jeffersonian Republicans, the president demanded his withdrawal and he was then replaced.

Wendell Phillips

a Boston patricia. He would eat no sugar and wear no cotton since they were made by slavves.

William Pitt

a Britain statesman who said that "America was conquered in Germany". In an hour of crisis for Britain, he was hired. His nickname was the "great Commoner". He drew much of his strength from the common people. He believed passionately in his cause, his country and himself. In 1757, he became the leader in the London government that earned him the title of "Organizer of Victory". He decided to soft-pedal assaults o the French West Indies which had been bleeding away much British strength ad focusing on the Quebec-Montreal area. He picked young and energetic leaders.

Rochambeau

a French commander that led 6,000 regular French troops in the summer of 1780 to Newport, Rhode Island. The Americans were suspicious of them at first. No real military advantage came directly from this.

Lucretia Mott

a Quaaker who had been aroused when she and her fellow female delegates to the London antislavery convention of 1840 were not recognized.

Tecumseh

a Shawnee Native American born in the Ohio country that was a gifted organizer and leader as well as a noted warrior. He fought the tribal custom of torturing prisoners and opposed the practice of any one tribe to sell land that, he believed, belonged to all Native Americans.

Spanish Armada

a Spanish fleet in 1588 organized by Catholic Philip II that planned to invade England. The swift English ships and a storm crippled the Spanish's imperial dreams as Holland and the Spanish Caribbean would slip past. England's fighting spirit was dampened and helped establish naval dominance. It brought an English Renaissance.

Samuel Chase

a Supreme Court justice that was so unpopular that the Jeffersonians sought revenge with him. Vicious dogs were names after him. Early in 1804, impeachment charges against Chase were voted by the House of Representatives, which then passed the question of guilt or innocence on to the Senate. The indictment was based on the Constitution. Yet the evidence was plain that the judge had not been guilty of high crimes. The Senate did not remove him.

Ringshout

a West African religious dance performed by shuffling in a circle while answering a preacher's shouts was brought to America and would later help develop jazz.

"City Upon a Hill"

a beacon to humanity for Massachusetts that believed that they would be a model for humankind

Antinomianism

a belief held by Anne Hutchinson that believed that holy life was not a sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved did not need to obey the law of God or man.

Nat Turner

a black preacher that led an uprising that killed 60 Virginians, mostly women and children.

Neal Dow

a blue-nose reformer that was mayor of Portland Maine. He witnessed the debaunching effect of alcohol. He was the Father of Prohibition and sponsored the Maine Law.

Horace Mann

a brilliant and idealistic graduate of Brown University. As secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he campaigned effectively for more and better schoolhouses, longer terms, higher wages for teachers and expanded curriculum. Led to many improvements in other states.

Lancaster Turnpike

a broad, hard-surfaced highway that went from Philadelphia to Lancaster (62 miles long). As drivers approached the tollgate, they were confronted with a barrier of sharp polls, which were turned aside when they paid their toll. Launched the turnpike boom as it brough 15 percent annual share to the investors.

Conquest of Ireland

a brutal treatment of Ireland when they uprised against the Protestant Queen. She would then order troops that violently repressed them in such a way that the Irish are still in conflict with the British over.

Powhatan

a chieftan that kidnapped John Smith and subjected him to a mock execution. He also stablished the Powhatan Confederacy where he established supremacy over a few dozen small trives.

Established Churches

a church recognized by law as the official church of a state or nation and supported by civil authority

Aztecs

a civilization in present day central Mexico. Their capital of Tenochtitclan was highly advanced, that had 300,000 inhabitants in 10 square miles. It was an island in the center of the lake with floating gardens that connected to he mainland by causeways that supplied them with water with an aqueduct. The noche triste led the Aztecs to attack that drove the Spanish down the causeways. The city was then laid siege to the city and it fell. Conquest and disease took a toll. Sought routinue sacrifices of hearts from live people.

Martin Van Buren

a clear favorite that succeeded Jackson. He was the first president to be born under the American flag. He was a statesman of experience in both legislative and administrative life. He had resentment of many Democrats who believed that he was smuggled into office. A rebellion in Canada in 1837 stirred ugly incident along the fronteir and threatened to trigger war. Antislavery agitators were in full cry. He had to battle the financial panic.

Juan Ponce de Leon

a conquistador who, in 1513 and 1521, explored Florida (which he first believed was an island). He sought gold. He died by an arrow.

Massachusetts Constitution

a constitution that called a special convention to draft its constitution and then submit the final draft directly to the people. Once adopted in 1780, the constitutions could only be changed by a specifically called constitutional convention - something that would later be in place in the federal constitution.

John Wilkes Booth

a crazed, fanatical pro-Southern actor that shot Linoln in the head. Lincoln was killed in the pinnacle of his fame. His death erased the memories of Lincoln's shortcomings and set his strengths to a height. It was rumored that Davis planned it.

Cult of Domesticity

a cultural creed that glorified customary functions of the homemaker. Women had immense moral power and made decisions that alteredthe character of family.

Gouveneur Morris

a delegate from Pennsylvania to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that spoke more frequently than any other member and was a principle draftsman for the Constitution. He was wealthy and conservatibe that had joined the Revolution. He feared the mob.

Lexington and Concord

a detatchment of troops in April 1775 was sent here. They were to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and to bag rebel ringleaders such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The colonial minute men refused to disperse rapidly enough and shots were fired that killed 8 Americans. The affair was more of a massacre than a battle. The redcoats pushed to Concord where they were forced to retreat by Americans. The British counted 300 casualties, with 70 killed. Creating a war.

Doctrine of a Calling

a doctrine believed by John Winthrop and many Puritans instructing them to do God's work.

Paul Revere

a famed silversmith-horseman challenged convention, but reflected the democratic spirit of the age.

Denmark Vesey

a free black led a rebellion in Charleston in 1822. Betrayed by informers, him and 30 followers wiere killed.

Sojourner Truth

a freed black woman in New York who fought for black emancipation and women's rights. Known for her oration skills and religious passion.

General Howe

a general on the British side that remembered Bunker hill where he commanded. He did not want to campaign in the winter so he allowed the Delaware to happen. He had a mistress of one of his subordinates. He also could meet up with Burgoyne in the Hudson River Valley in order to sever New England from the rest of the colonies.

Anthony Wayne

a general that routed the Miamis at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Miamis were sold firearms by the British and attacked American Settlements.

Salem Witch Trials

a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to have been bewitched by older women. A witch hunt ensued that led to the lynching of 20 individuals. 19 were hung and one pressed. Two dogs were hung. Most people accused came from families in the market economy who were accused by families who farmed.

Catawba Nation

a group that was Native American instead of simply a single tribe. 1763 treaty with representatives of the British Crown, the Catawba Nation agreed to give up its claims to much of the Carolina Piedmont in exchange for a reservation of 225 square miles (144,000 acres) along the Catawba River. In 1840, however, the Indians, under intense pressure from settlers (to whom they had leased much of the reservation), signed the Treaty of Nation Ford with South Carolina, relinquishing these lands in exchange for promises of money and the purchase of land somewhere else. Efforts to settle them elsewhere—including an abortive attempt to remove them across the Mississippi River with other Southeastern Indians—were unsuccessful.

Cotton Kingdom

a huge agricultural factory where quick profits grew from the rapid buying of slaves and land to grow more cotton in the south. This cotton would be sold to the North and Britain, in which industrial cotton cloth was produced.

Non-Intercourse Act

a less harsh Embargo Act that formally reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except France and Britain. Economic coercion continued to be policy until 1812, where they plunged into war.

Yeoman

a man holding a small estate

Samuel Adams

a master propagandist and engineer of rebellion Samuel Adams of Bostom, a cousin of John Adams. He lived and breathed politics. He was sensitive to infractions of colonial rights. Cherished a deep faith in the common people, he appealed to his trained mob. Samuel Adams' organized in Massachusetts the local committees of correspondence. He had formed the first one in Boston in 1772. Their chief function was to spread the spirit of resistance by interchanging letters and keeping alive opposition of British policy. In a matter of time, every colony established a central committee through which it could exchange ideas and information with other colonies. They were significant in stimulating and dessimating sentiment of united action.

Susan B. Anthony

a militant Quaker lecturer for women's rights that exposed herself to rotten garbage and epithets. Became such an advocate of female rights that her progressive females were called "Suzy Bs".

William Henry

a military hero after the War of 1812.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

a mother of seven who had inisted on leaving "obey" out of her marriage ceremony. Shocked feminists by advocating suffrage for women.

John Peter Zenger

a nespaper printer that was involved in a case in New York, reflecting the give and take politics of the middle colonies where many ethnic groups jostled against one another. He assailed the corrupt royal governor and was charged with libel where he was hauled into court and defended by Andrew Hamilton.He argued that he had printed the truth. The royal chief instructed the jury to not consider the truth of his statements but the mere fact of printing was enough to convict. Hamilton swayed the jury to not guilty. The decision was a banner of freedom of the press and the health of democracy. It opened a public discussion required by the diverse society. Full fredom of the press was unknown until the colonial era.

Half-Way Covenant

a new formula for church-membership for New England Puritans that modified the covenant or agreement between the church its adherants to admit to baptism but not full communion. By partial membership rights it weakened the distinction between the elect and others. It widened church membership and strict religious purity was sacrificed for larger participation. Women were now the majority of congregations.

Panic of 1857

a panic that was not as bad as the panic of 1837, but was the worst psychlogically of the 19th century. It was caused by the impouring of California gold that inflated currency. Demands of the Crimean War had over stimulated the growing of grain, while frenzied speculation in land and railroads had further ripped theeconomy apart. When the collapse came, over 5000 businesses failed within a year. Unemployment and hunger were rampant. The North, especially grain growers, were hit the hardest. The South did not, proving to them that cotton was king and that they were stronger than the north.

Middle Passage

a passage from the west coast of Africa to the New World that was gruesome for slaves. Death rates were as high as 20 percent on the ships.

Tenant Farmers

a person who farms rented land

Meriwether Lewis

a personal secretary to Jefferson who explored north of the Louisiana Purchase with William Clark. They had a rich harvest of scientific observations, maps, knowledge of the Native Americans of the region and adventure stories. He killed a couple Blackfoots who stole the horses of a small search party.

Phillis Wheatley

a poet who was a slave that was brought to Boston at age 8 as a girl and never was formally educated. Taken to England at 20, she published a book of verse and other poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope. She is part of the best of poetry in the colonial period. She overcame her background and wrote poetry.

Nation-state

a political state that has the cultural identity of a nation

James Gadsden

a prominent South Carolina railroad man that that was arranged by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis to be minister to Mexico. He made headway by negotiating a treaty in 1853 which ceded the area for 10 million. The transaction was frowned upon by the north, who saw it as not worthy of the price - it as only the size of South Carolina. Gave the South its coveted railroad.

Bacon's Rebellion

a rebellion of a thousand Virginians that had been forced into the backcountry in search of arable land. When Berkley refused to retaliate on Indians that attacked their settlements, they took matters in their own hands, chasing Berkley from Jamestown and torched the capital. Plundering occured and chaos ensued. It caused a civil war in Virginia.

Carl Schurz

a relentless foe of slavery and public corruption, contributed richly to the elevation of American life.

Tariff of 1816

a respone to the British dumping their contents of warehouses on the United States, cutting their prices in order to crush Ameican factories. This tariff was the first tariff in American history instituted primarily for protection, not revenue. Its rates of 20-25 percent on the values of dutiable imports were not high enough to provide adequate safeguards but was a bold beginning.

Joseph Smith

a rugged visionary that reported that he revieved somegolden plates from an angel. When deciphered, they constituted the Book of Mormon and started a religion.

Gilded Age

a sarcastic name given by Mark Twain about the 30 year period after the Civil War.

Ku Klux Klan

a secret society that was founded in Tennessee in 1866. They were terrorists. Stubbornpeople that were persistent were flogged, mutilated or murdered. It became refuge for bandits and cutthroats. Congress passed the harsh Force Acts that attempted to get rid of them.

William Bradford

a self-taught scholar who read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French and Dutch. He was the leader of the pilgrims - chosen governor 30 times in annual elections. He worried, however, about non-Puritans corrupting the town.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

a semisecret society founded in Ireland to fight off landlords, served in America to aid the Irish that needed help.

Charles Sumner

a senator from Massachusetts that was one of the most disliked in the Senate. He delivered a speech called "The Crime Against Kansas" that condemned the proslavery men as hirelings from the worst of society. He also insulted the popular Senator Andrew Butler and South Carolina. He was then pounded by the Congressman Brooks with a cane until it broke. He fell bleeding and unconscious on the floor. He had to go out of office for 3 and a half years to Europe for treatment.

Roscoe Conkling

a senator from New York that embraced the system of swapping civil service jobs for votes.

William H. Seward

a senator from New York that was a spokesman for many of the younger northern radicals. A strong antislaveryite, he came out unequivocally against concession. He seemed not to realize that compromise had brought the Union together and that when the sections could no longer compromise, they would have to part. He argued earnestly that Christian legislators must obey God's moral law as well as man's mundane law.

Manifest Destiny

a sense of mission that the American people felt in the 1840s and 1850s that was believed to be ordained by God for America to touch from coast to cast. They would spread democratic institutions over the entire continent and possibly over South America. Land greed and ideals were joined.

Liberty Party

a small anti-slavery part that absorbed nearly 16,000 votes from Clay. The anti-Texas party spoiled Clay's chances and helped elect (ironically) the pro-Texas Polk.

Limited Liability

a system that that aided the concentration of capital by permitting the individual investor, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, to risk no more than his own share of the corporation's stock.

Sharecropping

a system where blacks and poor whites were stuck in. They were at the mercy of their former masters who were their land-lords and creditors.

Protective Tariff

a tariff that protects a mother country's industries from collapse of cheaper imported goods by placing taxes to raise the price of cheaper imports to provide a foundation for industry.

William H. McGuffey

a teacher-preacher. His grade-school readers were first published in the 1830s and sold 122 million copies in the following decades. Hammered lessons in morality, patriotism and idealism.

Compact Theory

a theory popular among English political philosophers in the 17th and 18th centuries. This concept that the 13 states, in creating a federal government, had entered into a contract regarding its jurisdiction. The national government was the creation of the states, so the states were the final judges of whether the agent had overstepped its bounds.

Anti-Masonic Party

a third party along with the Whigs and Democrats. Energized by the mysterious disappearance and murder of a New Yorkers who was threatening to expose the secret rituals of the Masons, the Anti-Masonic party became a political force in NY and spread to the mid-Atlantic and New England states. They appealed to American suspicions of secret societies, which they believed housed privilege and monopoly, It was also an Anti_Jackson party since Jackson was a Mason. They gaied support for evangelical Protestant groups seeking to use political power to effect moral and religious reforms such as prohibiting mail delieveries on Sunday.

Roger Williams

a threatening Puritan leader who was an extreme Separatist that hounded his clergymen to make a clean break with the Church of England. He also questioned the Bay Colony's character for taking away Indian land without fair compesation. He went to deny the authority of civil governments to regulate religious behavior. They ordered him banishment. He fled to Rhode Island. He built a Baptist church where he had complete freedom of religion with no oaths regarding religious beliefs, no compulsary attendance at worship and no taxes to support a state church. He shelted Quakers. It was the most liberal than any other settlements in the New World. There was manhood suffrage that was later narrowed to property qualification.

Separatists

a tiny group of dedicated Puritans who vowed to break away from the Church of England.

"Revolution of 1828"

a transforming event from several perspectives. Andrew Jackson's victory broke the line of presidents from Virginia and Massachusetts, and to many citizens represented the triumph of the common man.

Jay's Treaty

a treaty in which he supplied Britain with the details of his bargaining strategy. The British in turn promised evacuated the chain of posts on U.S soil - a pledge that inspired little confidence. In addition, Britain consented to pay damages for the recent seizures of American ships. But the British stopped short of pledging about future seizures or supplying arms to Native Americans. They also forced Jay to give ground by binding the U.S to pay debts still owed to the British on pre-Revolutionary accounts.

New Democracy

a type of democracy in which political parties were solidified and public opinion and image were vital into winning elections.

Republic

a type of government encouraged by Common Sense that gave power to the people.

Clermont

a vessel with a powerful steam engine installed; invented by Robert Fulton; small; sparked success in the steamboat

Lewis Cass

a veteran of the War of 1812 that The Democratic National Convention at Baltimore turned to him. The Democrats were silent in slavery in the territories - but he had not. He was known as the father of "popular sovereignty".

Thomas Macdonough

a weaker American fleet was commanded by him in the Lake Champlain waterway in 1814. He challenged the British. The ensuing battle was fought near Platsburgh on September 11, 1814. Macdonough unexpectedly turned his ship with cables and confronted the enemy with a broadside. This forced the British to retreat, saving at least upper New York from conquest, New England from disaffection and the union from possible dissilution. He also affected the negotiations of the Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe.

Marquis de Lafayette

a wealthy young French nobleman. Fleeing from boredom, loving glory and liberty, he was made major general in the colonial army. He helped secure further aid from France.

Knickerbocker Group

a writer's club founded by Washington Irving, James Fennimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant

William Clark

a young army officer that was told to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase with Meriwether Lewis. Would set a precedent for thousands of missionaries, fur-traders, and pioneering settlers.

Samuel Slater

acclaimed as the "Father of the Factory System" in America. He was a sklled British mechanic that was attracted by the money offered to British workers familiars with textile machines. After memorizing the plans for machinery, he escaped in disguise to America, where he was backed be Moses Brown in Rhode Island. He reconstructed the machine and put it into operation in 1791 as the 1st efficient American machine to spin cotton thread.

Articles of Confederation

adopted by Congress in 1777, it was translated into French after The Battle of Saratoga so as to convince France that America had a genuine government in the making. The Articles were not ratified at all by the states until 1781. Unanimous approval was required, and Maryland did not agree until 1781 when New York gave up its western claims and Virginia was about to do so. Congress also pledged to dispose these vast areas for the common benefit. It further agreed to carve from the new public colonies republican states that would be admitted to the Union on terms of complete equality with all the others. The states were linked together for joint action in dealing with common problems such as foreign affairs. A clumsy Congress was to be he chief agency of government. There was no executive branch. However flawed, they outlined general powers that were to be exercised by the central government such as making treaties and establishing postal service. The Articles kept alive the flickering ideal of union and held the states together - until such time they were ripefor evolution.

Olive Branch Petition

adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775 in a final attempt to avoid a full-on war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, which the Congress represented. It professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities.

Cheap Money

advocated by agrarian and debtor groups. They wanted a reissuance of the greenbacks. They reasoned that more money meant cheaper money and, hence, rising prices and easier-to-pay devts.

Hard/Sound Money

advocated by creditors. They did not want to see the money they loaned paid back in depreciated dollars. They wanted deflation. They persuaded Grant to veto a bill to print more paper money and got the Resumption Act of 1875 that pledges the government to further withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation and the redemption of all paper currency of gold at face value, starting in 1879.

"Bleeding Kansas"

after Brown attacked presumed proslaveryites, civil war erupted in Kansas until the large scale Civil War. It destroyed millions of dallars' worth of property, paralyzed agriculture in certain areas and cost a score of lives.

The Great Compromise

after debate between the N.J and V.A plans, the convention agreed upon a bicameral Congress where the larger states were conceded representation with The House of Representatives and the smaller states were appeased by equal representation in the Senate. Each state would have 2 senators. The delegates agreed that every tax bill or revenue measure must originate in the House.

Emancipation

after the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln took the opportunity to launch the Emancipation Proclamations. Congress decreed in 1861 that rebel property used in the war effort, including slaves could be confiscated. At a time of military strength with less fear of the Border States leaving the union, he proclaimed emancipation. The war was then changed to one based on moral grounds.

First Continental Congress

after the Intolerable Acts, in 1774 it was to meet in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. Twelve of the 13 colonies (except GA) sent55 men, among them Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington and Patrick Henry. Intercolonial frictions were melted away by social activity after working hours. It deliberated for 7 weeks. It was a convention rather than congress. John Adams swayed people to revolution.

Maximilian

after the army occupied New Mexico, he was installed into the crushed republic as emporer of Mexico. Both sending the army and enthroning Maximilian (Austrian archduke) were flagrant violations of the Monroe Doctrine. Napoleons was gambling that the Union would collapse and thus America would be too weak to enforce its "hands-off" policy in the West. He was crumpled by a firing squad under Seward in 1867.

Restoration

after the colonies had been interrupted by the period of civil war in England, they resumed empire building with larger intensity as well as royal involvement.

Crossing the Delaware

after the disaster of losses in fall of 1776, Washington crossed the Celaware where he surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping. He left his fires burning a week later and defeated a small British detachment at Princeton.

Mosquito Fleet

after the war of Tripoli (for the blackmail money that was being sent to pirates along the Mediterranean as well as the pirates capturing American shippers), Jefferson was fascinated by the small gunboats used. He believed that these fast but frail vessels would prove valuable in guarding American shores and would not embroil in diplomatic incidents (which was ironic since he was against the navy). About two hundred of these were constructed in small shipyards. Often mounting only one gun, they were more of a menace to the crew than the enemy.

Stephen A. Douglas

aided Clay whose role was less spectacular in this forum but even more important. Delivered a counterstrike to offset the Gadsden thrust for southern expansion westward. He longed to break the North-South deadlock over westward expansion and stretch a line of settlements across the continent. He invested heavily in Chicago real estate and in railway stock and was eager to have Chicago to become the eastern beacon of the Pacific railroad. He also wanted the territory of Nebraska to be sliced into two territories - Nebraska and Kansas. Their status regarding slavery would be by popular sovereignty. Kansas would presumably choose to be a slave state. But Nebraska, would presumably become a free state. However, Kansas was forbidden to have slaves due to the Compromise of 1820. The only way to let this happen is that this compromise should be repealed - which caused an uproar in the North.

Denmark Vesey

alleged to be the ringleader of a planned slave revolt. Vesey and his followers were said to be planning to kill slaveholders in Charleston, liberate the slaves, and sail to the black republic of Haiti for refuge. By some accounts, it would have involved thousands of slaves in the city and others on plantations miles away. City officials had a militia arrest the plot's leaders and many suspected followers in June before the rising could begin. Not one white person was killed or injured. Vesey and five slaves were among the first group of men rapidly judged guilty by the secret proceedings of a city-appointed Court and condemned to death; they were executed by hanging on July 2, 1822. Vesey was about age 55. In later proceedings, some 30 additional followers were executed.

King Phillip

also known as Metacom who created the last serious Indian challenge to white settlement that attacked New England towns. He was later killed with his head on display for years.

The Prophet

also known as Tenskwarawa. He concluded the time had come to stem the tide of settlers. They welded a confederacy of all tribes east of the Mississippi, inspiring a movement of tribal unity and cultural renewal. Their followers gave up textiles for buckskin and forswore alcohol. They agreed to not cede land to whites unless all of them agreed. He fought the army of Harrison and drove Tecumseh to ally with the British.

Populism

also known as the "People's Party". It was rooted in ther Farmers' Alliance of the frustrated farmers in the West and South. It denounced governmental injustice by demanding inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver oat the rate of 16 ounces of silver to one ounce of gold. They called for a graduated income tax; government ownership of railroads, telegraph, and telephone; the direc election of U.S senators; a one -term limit on the presidency; the adoption of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens to shape legislation more directly; a shorter workday; and immigration restriction.

Constitutional Union Party

also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

John Hancock

amassed by wholesale smuggling

Constitution

an American frigate (nicknamed "Old Ironsides") had thicker sides, heavier firepower, and larger crews. One of the sailors was a free black male.

George Catlin

an American painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West. Traveling to the American West five times during the 1830s, Catlin was the first white man to depict Plains Indians in their native territory.

Phineas T. Barnum

an American politician, showman, and businessman remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum & Bailey Circus.

Chesapeake

an American wilderness that, at the start, malaria, dysentry and typhoid took a toll. Half the people did not see their 20th birthdays. It grew slowly with the majority of immigrants single men. Women were scarce as well. Most men could not find wives and most marriages were destroyed by death of a partner. Barely any children went to adulthood with 2 parents and many girls were pregnant before they married. The offspring would later get immunity to the killer diseases and would later grow only by its birthrate.

Lord Baltimore

an English Catholic who planted the second plantation colony of Maryland to reap financial profits and create refuge for Catholics. Hoped that the 200 settlers of Maryland at St. Marys would create a new feudal domain. He gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives and intended to build manors.

"Molly Maguires"

an Irish miners' union that rocked the Pennsylvania coal districts in 1860s-70s.

Sir Edmund Andros

an able English military man, conscientious but tactless. He generated much hostility by his open affiliation with the despised Church of England. His soldiers were also corrupt. He curbed town meetings, laid heavy restrictions on the courts, the press and the schools; and revoked all land titles. He taxed without representation and enforced the Navigation laws and anti-smuggling.

10th Amendment

an amendment in which Madison states that reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the federal Constitution to the States or to the people. By preserving a strong central government while maintaining protections for minority and individual liberties, the antfederalists were appeased.

New England Immigrant Aid Society

an antislavery organization from the North that sent 2,000 in Kansas to forestall the south and to make a profit.

Force Acts

an attempt by Congress to curb the power of secret societies but by then they already did its intimidation. Many of the outlawed groups continued their tacics in guises.

Andrew Johnson

an ex-traitor that had been a small slaveowner when the conflict began. He was placed on he Union party ticked to sew up the election by attracting War Democrats and voters in the Border states.

Popular Sovereignty

an issue between federalists and antifederalists. The antifederalists believed that the sovereignty of the people resided in a single branch of government (the legislature); the federalists contended every branch represented the people.

Oligarchy

an oligarchy of few that owned 100 or more slaves - 1,733 families to be exact. They had political and social leadership of the Southern section and nation. The plantation house would be the "cottonocracy".

Alabama

an unneutral ship that was built in Britain for Confederate commerce-raiders. These were not warships within British law because their ships left their shipyards unarmed and picked up their guns elsewhere. The Alabama escapes to the Prtuguese Azores, and there took on weapons and a crew from two British shipsthat followed it. Although flying the Confederate flag and officered by Confederates, it was manned by Britons and never entered a Confederate port, thus making Britiain the chief naval base of the Confederacy. This ship captured over 60 vessels. Competing British shippers were delighted while the North had to divert naval strength from its blockade to help chase this ship. The Alabama accepted a challenge from a stronger Union cruiser off the coast of France and was destroyed. London saw these laws as someday being used against them and went against the law by seizing another raider being built by the South.But despite Britain trying to remain truly neutral, Confederate commercial-destroyers captured more than 250 Union ships, which made their merchant marine never fully recover. The North wanted revenge by grabbing Canada when the war was over.

Webster-Hayne Debate

an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation. The debate cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and Union

Leisler's Rebellion

an uprising in late 17th century colonial New York in which German American merchant and militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of the colony's south and ruled it from 1689 to 1691. The uprising took place in the aftermath of Britain's Glorious Revolution and the 1689 Boston revolt in the Dominion of New England, which had included New York. The rebellion reflected colonial resentment against the policies of deposed King James II. Royal authority was not restored until 1691 when English troops and a new governor were sent to New York. Leisler was arrested by these forces, who tried and convicted him of treason. He was executed, but the revolt left the colony polarized, bitterly split into two rival faction - lordly land holders and aspiring merchants.

James Fenimore Cooper

another author who had international recognition for being the first to use American scenes and themes in his literature.

Paxton Boys

armed march led by the Scots-Irish on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy towards the Indians.

Fletcher vs. Peck

arose in 1810 when a Georgia legislature, swayed by bribery, granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country (Mississippi) to private speculators. The next legislature canceled the transaction. But the Supreme Court, with Marshall presiding, decreed the legislative grant was a contract and that the Constitution forbids state laws impairing contracts. The decision further protected property rights against popular pressures. One ofthe earliest assertions of the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution.

Freedmen's Bureau

as many of the freedmen were illiterate, without paper or money, Congress created this. It was a primitive welfare agency. It was to provide food, clothing, medical care and education to freedmen and white refugees. Succeeded the most in education by teaching 200,000 freedmen how to read. However, the bureau was authorized to settle slaves on forty-acre tracts taken from Confederates, little land made it to freedmen. Local administrators collaborated with planters in expelling blacks from towns and signing them to work for their former masters.

Homestead Strike

at Carnegie's steel plant, company officials called in 300 armed Pinkerton detectives to crush a strike by steelworkers angry over pay cuts. The workers were armed with dynamite and rifles. It left 10 people dead and troops summoned.

Louisiana Purchase

at a critical juncture of the two envoys in France, Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon a dream of a New World empire due to him having failed to reconquer the sugar island of Santo Domingo, for which Louisiana was to serve as a source of foodstuffs, and he was about to end his lull in conflict with Britain. He was fearful he would be forced to gift Louisiana to Britain. He decided to sell the huge wilderness to the Americans and pocket the money for his schemes at home. He hoped that the United States would one day have the military and naval to thwart Britain. Jefferson was shocked of this treaty because instead of all land to the east of Louisiana and New Orleans was what he expected. Instead, he more than doubled the size of the United States. It was around 828,000 square miles with about 3 cents to the acre.

Ratification Process

at first was for all 13 states in order to be ratified. However, with the Constitution used 2/3rd rule to ratify.

Benjamin Franklin

at the Philadelphia Convention, he was eighty-one. He was an urban elder stateman, however he was inclined to be indiscreetly talkative in his declining years. Concerned for the secrecy of the deliberations, the convention assigned chaperones to accompany him to dinner parties and make him hold his tongue.

Baron Von Steuben

at the end of the war, he was an organizational genius from Germany. He spoke no English but taught the men how to use their bayonets.

Thomas Nast

attacked Tweed, that milked the metropolis of 200 million by bribery and fraudulent elections. Nast made his luck run out by securing damning evidence in 1871 and published it despite being offered 5 million to not do it.

Washington Irving

attained international recognition by being the first writer of important to emerge to use American scenes and themes.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. She was determined to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery by laying bare its terrible inhumanity, especially the cruel splitting of families. Laid her antislavery sentiments in faith.

National Banking Act

authorized by Congress in 1863, it was a stimulant to the sale of government bonds, and was designed to establish bank-note currency (the coutry was then flooded by depreciated money issued by unreliable bankers). Banks that joined the National Banking System could buy gvt. bonds and issue sound paper money backed by them. It was the first significant step towards a unified banking network since 1836. It functioned until 1913, where it was replaced by the Federal Reserve System.

Bland-Allison Act

authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

Liberty Party

backed by political abolitionists.

Andrew Johnson

became President after Lincoln was assasinated. He shared white-supremacist views of most white Southerners and repeatedly tried to kill the bureau. It eventually expired in 1872. Only executive to be impeached by the House until 1998, although he was acquitted by the Senate. Champion of states' rights and the Constitution. He would present the Constitution to visitors. He did not understand the North, although he refused to secede with his sate. He also was distrusted by the south.

Ohio Country

became the chief bone of contention between the French and British. The Ohio Country was the crucial area into whch the westward-pushing British colonists would penetrate. For France, it was the key to the continent that the French had to retain if they were going to link their Canadian holdings with those of the lower Mississippi valley. By the mid-1700s, the colonists of Britain were aware of the basic truths of the colony and were no longer reluctant to bear the burdens of empire. In 1749, a group of British colonial speculators (chiefly influential Virginians including the Washington family) had secured shaky legal rights to 500,000 acres in the region. At the same territory, the French were in the process of erecting a chain of forts commanding the Ohio RIver.

College of William and Mary

because Anglicans were less fierce and more wordly than the Puritans in New England, Virginia opened a college in 1693 to train better class of clerics.

Mayflower Compact

before disembarking the Mayflower, the Pilgrim leaders drew and signed this document that would precede written constitutions. However, it was not a constitution but an agreement to form a government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon.

French and Indian War

began in America. Touched off by George Washington in the wilds of the Ohio Valley in 1754, it rocked along on an undeclared basis for 2 years and then widened to a world war. It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa nad the ocean. On one side was Britain and Prussia, and the other France, Spain, Austria and Russia. The bloodiest theater were Germany where Frederick the Great repelled French, Austrian and Russian armies outnumbering him 3-1. The London government have him gold. The French wasted so much strength on the European front that they did not throw enough force into the colonial front. Colonists showed a lack of unity that acted with volunteers and money than safety.

Implied Powers

belief by Hamilton that said that the Constitution stimulates Congress may pass any laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers vested in government agencies. The government was explicitly empowered to collect taxes and regulate trade. In carrying out this function, a national bank would be necessary. By inference or implication, Congress would be justified in establishing the Bank of the United States.

States' Rights

believed by Antifederalists that only they could prevent tyranny.

Jeffersonian Republicans

believed that the French Revolution was something to be celebrated. They were eager to fight against Britain at the side of Franc. They believed that America owed France its fight. After the British expected for the Americans to aid France, they put men to service on British vessels and sent others to dungeons. Jay's Treaty ignited their rage as it seemed as a surrender to Britain as well as a betrayal to the South. Southern planters would have to pay much of the pre-Revolutionary debts while Federalist shippers were collecting damages for recent British seizures. The hung, burned and beheaded an effigy of John Jay. Had sympathies toward the common people especially the oppressed and persecuted. He wanted a weak central government with more power in the states. No special privileges for special classes. Not all people should vote untl universal government. They were pro-French. Advocated for slavery so poorer people could not gain land.

James Madison

believed to make contributions so notable that he was dubbed "The Father of the Constitution".

The Impending Crisis of the South

book written by Helper. when the Democrats met in Charleston, Douglas was the leading candidate of the northern wing. However, southerners saw him as a traitor due to his view on the Lecompton Constitution and the Freeport Doctrine. Delegates from most of the south walked out. When the remainder could not give a 2/3 vote for Douglas, the body dissolved. In Baltimore, the cotton-state delegates again walked out while the rest of the convention nominated them. The platform went against the Fugitive Slave Law and for popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats organized a convention in Baltimore with northern states were underrepresented and nominated Breckenridge to represent them.

Admiralty Courts

both the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act provided for trying offenders in the court where juries were not allowed. The burden of proof was on the defendants, who were assumed to be guily until proven innocent. Trial by jury and "innocent until proven guilty" was a privilege that lasted for many centuries, yet Americans had this taken away.

Iroquois Confederacy

bound together five Indian nations of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and the Senecas. It was founded in the late 1500s by Deganawidah and Hiawatha. This would look for territorial supremacy and later the fur trade. However they would be infected by diseases, intoxicated and intimidated by better machinery. They would mostly side with the British during the Revolutionary War and would leave the confederacy in tatters afterward. They would then move to lands in Canada.

Missouri Compromise

brought many anxieties to the South regarding how the government would hand the institution of slavery.

Longhouse

building block of Iroquois society that was 25 feet in breadth and stretched 8-200 fet in length. It contained 2-5 fireplaces which gathered nuclear families that were related through heir connections of blood on the maternal side. Men would move to different longhouses when they were married. They dominated society but owed their positions to their mother's families.

George III

by 1770, King George III strenuously attempted to assert the power of the British monarchy. He was a good man in private morals,but was a bad ruler. He was earnest, industrious, stubborn and lustful for power.

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

came to grips with its colonies. It said its colonies would temporarily tutelaged then be permanently equal. When the land had 60,000 inhabitants it would be admitted by Congress as a state. It forbade slavery in the Old Northwest. It worked so well that it would be used for other fronteirs.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

challenged by Lincoln to debate. Douglas agreed and seven meetings were arranged from August to October of 1858. At first glance, they seem matched. The most famous was in Freeport, Illiois, he asked if the Court or people was more important in voting for affairs.

James G. Blaine

champion of the rial of Roscoe who wanted civil-service reform and who should give out spoils. He was involved in a corrupt deal involving federal favors to a southern railroad. He was nominated by Republicans for presidency. He closed his speech by calling the Democrats as the party of Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion that won Irish American voters.

John C. Calhoun

championed the South in his last formal spech. He made a younger colleague read his words. Although appoving the purpose of Clay's proposed concessions, he rejected them as not providing adequate safehuads. His impassioned plea was to leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, give the South its rights as a minority, and restore the political balance. He had in view, an unworkable scheme of electing two presidents, one from the North and one from the South, each wielding a veto.

Anne Hutchinson

changed the Puritan orthodoxy in the Bay colony. She carried to logical extremes predestination. She believed holy life was not a sure sign of salvation. She was banished for her beliefs. She sought with her family to Rhode Island. She later moved to New York where all but one of her household was killed. Winthrop saw it as fate.

Royal African Company

chartered in 1672. In 1698, lost its monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies that caused people to rush in to cash in on the slave trade. Many people were pushed into slavery.

Winfield Scott

choosing instead of Fillmore or Webster, they turned to a war hero. his personality not only repelled the masses but eclipsed his statemanlike achievements. The Whig platform praised the Compromise as lasting. He was defeated in the ballot. Pierce won by a landslide in the electoral college.

John C. Fremont

chosen by the Republican party. He had little political experience but he was not tarred by the Kansas controversy. The Republican platform went against extention of slavery, while the Democrats were emapathetic for popular sovereignty.

George Washington

chosen unanimously as the chairman at the Philadelphia Convention. He was seen as "The Sword of the Revolution" and quited overheated tempers.

Loyalists

colonists loyal to the king. They were also called Tories.They made up 16 percent of the population. William Franklin was one. Many people of education and wealth remained so. They were more numerous among older generations. The king's officers and the Anglican clergy/congregations were largey Loyalists. It was most numerous where the Anglican church was strongest (except for Virginia). They were in NYC and Charleston. Least numerous in New England.

The Federalist Essays

commentary that was originally designed as propoganda written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison. They were the most convincing commentary on the Constitution.

Nonintervention

concerned with the South, whose fears were felt for Spanish republics. He said that monarchy was not for the hemisphere. For its part the U.S would not intervene in the war the Greeks were fighting against the Turks for their independence.

Land Ordinance of 1785

confirmed the claims promised to Maryland after it was worried about states without large holdings would have to tax themselves heavily in order to pay for the war. Fertile public lands thus transferred to the central government proved to be invaluable bond of the union. The states that had thrown their heritage into the gvt. had to remain in the Union if they were to reap their share of the advantages from the land sales. People pushing west had purchased their farms fromthe federal government and had to look to national capital rather than to the state capitals. The acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that proceeds should be used to pay off national debt. the proceeds should pay off the national debt. The vast area was to be surveyed and divided into townships of a six miles square, each to be divided into 36 square mile areas. The sixteenth section of each township was set aside to be sold for the benefit of the public schools.

Francisco Pizarro

conqueror who crushed theIncas in Peru in 1532 and exploited it for the Spainish.

"Conscience" Whigs

contained in the Free Soil party, they were heavily influenced by the abolitionist crusade, who condemned slavery on moral grounds.

Jim Fisk

cooperated with Jay Gould. He provided the "brass" or force. They bid the price of gold skyward, while scores of honest business people to the wall. It broke the bubble when the treasury was compelled to release gold.

Judiciary Act of 1789

created effective federal courts that organized the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts as well as establishing the office of attorney general.

Noah Webster

created improved textbooks. Educated by Yale. Known as "Schoolmaster of the Republic". His "reading lessons" were used by millions and were designed for patriotism. Devoted 20 years to a dictionary that helped standardize American knowledge.

Samuel F.B Morse

created the telegraph that increased communication in the business world. "What hath God wrought" was the first message sent. It revolutionalized news, diplomacy and finance.

Sons of Liberty

cried "liberty, property and no stamps". They enforced the nonimportation agreements against violators, often with tar and geathers. The ransacked the houses of unpopular officials, confiscated their money and hanged effigies of stamp agents on liberty poles. The machinery for tax broke down as the stamp agents had been forced to resign.

Proclamation

declared that the slaves were "forever fre" in those Confederate states still in rebellion. He did not free them though as the Border States would leave. Many slaves flocked to the Union armies, stripping the work force of the south. It was moreso an attempt to strength loyalty tothe Union. Removed any chance of a negotiated setlement.

9th Amendment

declares that certain rights "shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people".

Incas

did not have a written language and were later overcome by Pizarro. It was the largest pre-Columbian empire that was located in South America in modern day Peru.

Tweed Ring

displayed the lack of ethics for the age. The leader of this was "Boss" Tweed.

Military Reconstruction Act

divided the South into five military districts, each commanded by a Union general and policed by Union soldiers that numbered around 20,000. It also temporarily disenfranchised tens of thousands of Confederates. The states were required to ratify the 14th Amendment. They also had to guarantee in their state constitutions full suffrage for former male slaves. It stopped short of giving freedmen land or educatin at federal expense. It was inadequate in protecting blacks from discrimination.

John Marshall

dominated the court in the uprising nationalism in the post-Ghent years despite setbacks of slavery. He helped bolster the power of the federal government over the states. Butressed the federal Union and helped create a stable, nationally uniform enviornment for business. Marshall checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislatures. He shaped the Constitution along conservative, centralizing lines that was counter to the dominant spirit of the new country.

Whiskey Rebellion

due to Hamilton's measure in 1791 that secured a tax on a few domestic products (notably whiskey) by a levy of seven cents a gallon was bourne chiefly by the distillers who lived in the back country, where the wretched roads forced the farmer to reduce and liquefy bulky bushels of grain to horseback proportions that flowed so freely that it was used for money. They acted harshly Pennsylvania pioneers who thought of it as a burden on economic necessities. Defiant distillers erected whiskey poles and raised the cry "Liberty and No Excise". They tarred and feathered revenue officers that brought collections to a halt. Washington was alarmed, summoning the militia of several states. A rally of 13,000 rallied and marched to Pennsylvania where the rebels were overawed, dispersed, or captured. Washington pardoned convicted culprits. Three rebels were killed, commanding new respect for their power.

Impeachment

due to the Marbury vs. Madison case, Jefferson urged the impeachment of Samuel Chase. After this impeachment case, the Supreme Court has not had a serious attempt as using this as a weapon.

Kitchen Cabinet

due to the advisers of Jackson viewing his removal of deposists unnecessary and unconstitutional, Jackson shuffled his cabinet twice before finding a secretary of treasury that would bend to him.

Bunker Hill

during a siege by redcoats that killed 150 Patriots, 60,000 Americans were born. In June 1775, the colonists siezed this hill where they menanced the enemy. Instead of cutting off the retreat by flanking them, the British launched a frontak attack with three thousand men. 1,500 Americans shot but eventually gave out - forcing thiem to abandon the hill in disorder.

2nd B.U.S

econd Bank of the United States, located in Quakertown, Pennsylvania, was the second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank in the United States during its 20-year charter from February 1816 to January 1836. The bank's formal name, according to section 9 of its charter as passed by Congress, was "The President, Directors, and Company, of the Bank of the United States." A private corporation with public duties, the bank handled all fiscal transactions for the U.S. Government, and was accountable to Congress and the U.S. Treasury. Twenty percent of its capital was owned by the federal government, the bank's single largest stockholder. Four thousand private investors held 80% of the bank's capital, including one thousand Europeans. The bulk of the stocks were held by a few hundred wealthy Americans. In its time, the institution was the largest monied corporation in the world. The essential function of the bank was to regulate the public credit issued by private banking institutions through the fiscal duties it performed for the U.S. Treasury, and to establish a sound and stable national currency. The federal deposits endowed the BUS with its regulatory capacity.

Orders in Council

edicts closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the vessels stopped first at British ports. France's retaliation to the Orders in Council that seized all merchant ships, including American, that entered British ports.

William Penn

embraced Quaker faith and suffered persecution. He turned to the New World where Quakers had settled in Rhode Island, North Carolina and New Jersey. He also hoped to experiment with liberal ideas in government. Managed to secure a grant of land because of a moneary debt owed to his father. The area was called Pennsylvania. It was the most advertised with pamphlets printed in English, Dutch, French and German. He was truthful and looked for manual and hard-working citizens.

Treaty of Ghent

ended the War of 1812. The Battle of New Orleans happened 2 weeks after the treaty was signed. Signed on Christmas Eve in 1815. Both sides simply agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered territory. With neither side able to impose its will, the treaty shows the war was a draw. Made Canadians angry as they did not secure a Native American buffer state or mastery of the Great Lakes.

Battle of Plattsburgh

ended the final invasion of the northern states of the United States during the War of 1812. A British army under Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost and a naval squadron under Captain George Downie converged on the lakeside town of Plattsburgh, which was defended by New York and Vermont militia and detachments of regular troops of the United States Army, all under the command of Brigadier General Alexander Macomb, and ships commanded by Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough. Downie's squadron attacked shortly after dawn on 11 September 1814, but was defeated after a hard fight in which Downie was killed. Prévost then abandoned the attack by land against Macomb's defenses and retreated to Canada, stating that even if Plattsburgh was captured, any British troops there could not be supplied without control of the lake. When the battle took place, American and British delegates were meeting at Ghent in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, attempting to negotiate a treaty acceptable to both sides to end the war

"Canal Era"

era in which a canal crazel boomed pikes and steamboats.

Frederick Douglass

escaped from bondage in 1838 at 21. He was "found" by abolitionists in 1841 when he gave an impromptu speech at an antislavery meeting in Massachusetts. He lectured widely afterwards, despite frequent beatings and threats against his life. He wrote his autobiography: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. It described his orgins as a son of a black slave woman and a white father, his struggle to learn to read and write and an escape to he north.

Maine Law

established in 1851, said that it was "the law of Heaven Americanized" that prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. About a dozen states later passed various prohibitory laws. But within a decade some were repealed, declared unconstitutional or flouted.

Pony Express

established in 1860 to carry mail speedily 2000 miles from Missouri to Sacramento, California. Riders who went to ponies stationed ten miles apart would make mail deliever in 10 days. They did, however, go bankrupt.

Theodore Dwight Weld

evangelized by Finney in the Burned-Over District. He appealed with special power and directness to his rural audiences. He was aided by two wealthy merchants - Arthur and Lewis Tappan. They paid his way to Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wrote American Slavery as It Is - which inspired Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Great Awakening

exploded in the 1730s and 1740s in the colonies. That inspired religious revival.

King Cotton

failed the South in the civil war because he had been so productive in the immediate pre-war years. There were enormous surpluses in British warehouses that the British did not really need anymore until a year and a half later, when thousands of hungry people were thrown out of work. But by this time, Lincoln had announced his emancipation policy, and 'wage slaves' were not going to demand war to defend slaveowners of the South.

Davy Crockett

famous rifleman who went to Texas in the 1830s. He was a soldier and congressman as well. Rejected in politics, he left Tennessee to fight for Texas against Mexico and died at the Alamo. He promoted his images by tall tales, growing to consumer gifts after his death.

John C. Calhoun

felled by a paralytic stroke, so he was eliminated in the race for the 1824 election. Was the vice president to Jackson who wrote the South Carolina Exposition. He was the ablest of the sectionalists and disunionists in defense of the South and slavery. He died trying to reconcile strong states' rightswith a strong Union. He tried to create a presidency of 2: one for the North and one for the South.

James Fenimore Cooper

first American novelist to gain world fame and make New World themes respectable. Moving into the frontier of New York, he turned to writing. He wrote The Spy about the American Revolutions. The most enduring were the Leatherstocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans is a story where a rifleman named Natty Bumppo meets Native Americans.He contrasted the values of people from the wderness from the artificiality of modern civilization.

Washington Irving

first American to win international recognition as a literary figure. Wrote the Knickerbocker's History of New York with caricatures of the Dutch. Wrote the Sketch Book 10 years later in 1819 that won him immediate fame. Combining style with delicate charm and humor, he used English and American themes such as Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

Sugar Act of 1764

first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. After uproar, the duties were lowered substantially and the agitation died down.

Shay's Rebellion

flared up in Massachusetts in 1786 when impoverished backcountry farmers (many Revolutionary War veterans), were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. Led by Daniel Shays, the rs demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes and a suspension of property takeovers. They seized muskets to enforce their demands. Massachusetts responded by raising a small army, killing 3 rebels and collapsing the movement. Shays was condemned to death but later pardoned.

James Madison

followed Jefferson as president. He was crippled as president by factions within his party and cabinet. He had no domination in Congress and held the bag for risky foreign policy measures that he did not make.

Battle of the Thames

forced to withdraw from Detroit and Fort Malden, the retreating redcoats were overtaken by General Harrison's army and beaten at the Thames in October 1813.

Joint-Stock Company

forerunner of the modern corporation that had a considerable number of investors to pools their capital. Provided financial means for colonization.

American Temperance Society

formed in Boston in 1826 that later caused a thousand to spring up in a few years. Implored drinkers to sign a temperance pledge and organized children's clubs called the "Cold Water Army". Made use of pictures, pamphlets andlecturers. Some were reformed drunkards. The most popular anti-alcohol tract was T.S Arthur's Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I saw There. Described in shocking detail how a once-happy village was ruined.

Fort Duquesne

formidable fort for France which was at the pibotal point where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio - later the site of Pittsburg.

Horace Greeley

founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time.

John C. Breckenridge

from Kentucky that favored the extension of slavery into the territories and the annexation of slave-populated Cuba.

Matthew Lyon

gained fame by spitting in the face of a Federalist. Sentenced to 4 months in jail for writing of Adams's "unbounded thirst for...pomp, foolish adulation, and selfice avarice."

Unitarianism

gained momentum in New England at the end of the 18th century. Held that God existed in only one person (thus UNItarian) and not the Holy Trinity. Stressed the essential goodnesss in human nature. Believed in free will and possibilty for salvation with good works and pictured God not as a stern God but a loving one. Appealed to intellectuals whose rationalism and optimism contrasted with Calvinism.

George B. McClellan

general of the Union that was given command of the Army of the Potomac, which was what the major Union force near Washington was called. He was dubbed "Young Napoleon". He was a superb organizer and drillmaster that injected morale into the army. He was idolized by his men, but he was a pure perfectionist that did not realize that an army has to run risks. He believed the enemy outnumbered him, partly because his intelligence reports from the head of Pinkerton's Detective Agency. He was reluctant to send out his men, so much so that Lincoln issued orders to advance. He decided on the water route of the James and York Rivers that was called the Peninsula Campaign. He went to the Confederate capital with 100,000 men that took a month to capture Yorktown. Lincoln diverted his reinforcmemnts to chase Jackson. Stalled in Richmond, he was further frustrated when Stuart's calvary rounded around his army. Was nominated by the Democrats and Copperheads.

DeWitt Clinton

governor of New York that helped fund the Erie Canal. The canal was 363 miles and he celebrated on the Buffalo by emptying a cask of water from the Great Lakes in the Hudson River.

William Berkeley

governor of Virginia that disenfranchised most landless people who wanderers that he believed caused a disturbance to the election process. When Bacon died of disease, he crushed the uprising with cruelty - hanging 20 rebels.

Propiertor

grants of land in the form of a charter, or a license to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle areas rapidly with British subjects at the proprietors' expense during the costly settlement years.

Harriet Tubman

greates of these "conductors" of the Underground Railroad. She was an illiterate runaway slave from Maryland. During 19 forays into the South, she rescued more than 300 slaves, including her parents, and earned the title "Moses". She served as a Union spy behind Confederate lines. She worked after the war to bring education to free slaves in North Carolina.

Charles G. Finney

greatest of revival preachers. Trained as a lawyer, but abandoned it after an experience as a young man. He attracted mass crowds with his oratory skills. He led massive revivals in Rochester and NYC in 1830 and 1831. Preached a version of the old-time religion but also an innovator. Devised "the anxious bench" where repentant sinners could sit in full view of the congregation, as well as encouraging women to pray in public. Promised for a perfect Christian kingdom and denounced alcohol and slavery. Eventually became president of Oberlin College in Ohio.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

grew out of an attempt by the state of New York to grant a private concern a monopoly of water-borne commerce between New York and New Jersey. Marshall sternly reminded the state that the Constitutions said Congress should only control interstate commerce. So, he struck down the sates' rights and upheld the sovereign powers of the federal government.

Congregational Church

grew out of the Puritan church that was formally established in the New England colonies except Rhode Island. Protestant churches in the Reformed tradition practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs Ministers turned from the Bible to the world and grabbed political issues that often did not like the crown.

Greenback Labor Party

grew out of the contest over monetary policy that polled over a million votes and elected 14 members in Congress.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

grew up in Salem, Massachusetts. Wrote The Scarlet Letter, which was based on the practice of Puritans forcing an adultress to wear a scarlet A on her clothing. The Marble Faexplored comcepts of evil and the past weighing on the present.

Daughters of Liberty

groups of women that assembled in public to hold spinning bees and make homespun cloth as a replacement for British textiles. They were particularly violent along with the Sons of Liberty.

Natural Rights

guarantees of long-prized liberties against later legislative encroachments.

Mound Builders

had large settlements after the incorporation of corn planting during the first millennium AD. Lived in the Ohio River Valley.

Andrew Jackson

had strongest personal appeal, especially in the West. His campaign against the forces of corruption and privilege spoke deeply to the public. He polled almost as many popular votes as his next two rivals combined but failed to win the majority of the electoral vote. Hated by Clay for being a "militay chieftain. He therefore resented Clay's public denunciation of his FL foray in 1818. Started his campaign for the 1828 election the day of the election of Adams. Headed the Democratic-Republicans. He had campaign slogans such as "bargain and corruption", "Huzza for Jackson", and "All Hail Old Hickory". Seen as a fronteirsman and champion of the common man. Adams was viewed as a corrupt aristocrat and argued that the bargain thwarted the attempts to seat Jackson. Moved from the Carolinas to Tennessee where he became a judge and member of Congress. He was the first president of the West, the first nominated at a formal party convention in 1832 and only the second without college education. Owned many slaves in the Hermitage mansion. Uprooted over 100,000 Native Americans, especially the '5 Civilized Tribes' to Oklahoma on the trail of tears. Vetoed the Bank of the United States. He claimed that this was against his personal view of the bank, claiming the president alone the power equivalent to 2/3 votes in Congress. Planned to kill the national bank by removing its federalist deposits.

Cotton Gin

had wire hooks on a rotating cylinder pulling the cotton fibers that were too narrow for the seeds to pass. A set of brushes removed the fibers. It made mass cultivation of short-staple cotton.

Henry Crittenden

he proposed the Crittenden amendments to appease the South in the last attempts to appease the South.

Clement L. Vallandigham

he was a Copperhead from Ohio that possessed oratorical girfs and talents for stirring up trouble. He demanded an end to the war. He was convicted by a military tribunal in 1863 for treasonable utterances and sentenced to prison. He worked his way to Canada, ran for Ohio government on foreign soil and polled a substantial but isufficient vote. He returned to Ohio before the warended and was no further prosecuted.

Robert Livingston

he was the regular minister of France. He was instructed along with Monroe to buy New Orleans and as much land to its east as they could get for a maximum of ten million. If these proposals should fail, negotiations were to be open to Britain for an alliance. He was asked by a French foreign minister how much he would give for all of Louisiana, he anxiously entered negotiations. Signed on April 30, 1803, Louisiana was sold for 15 million.

John Quincy Adams

headed the group of five American peacemakers to Belgium by the tsar. He deplored the late-hour card of his high-living colleague Henry Clay. Secretary of state to Monroe.

Aaron Burr

helped New York sway in favor towards Jefferson by a narrow margin. He was the vice-presidential running mate. However, the presidency became a deadlock when they received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency. It was then sent to the House of Representatives where a few Federalists abstained from voting, allowing Jefferson to win. He would be dropped in Jefferson's second term, where he would join with Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York. Hamilton exposed this, so Burr challenged him to a duel. He killed Hamilton, He later struck an allegiance with Wilkinston who was the governor of the Louisiana territory. They planned to separate the west part of the United States from the East and expand their confederacy with invasions of Mexico and Florida. Burr was supposed to meet him at the Mississippi, but was betrayed and arrested for treason. He was acquitted and fled to Europe, where he urged France to invade America.

Daniel Webster

helped turn the tide in the North toward compromise. The clamor for printed copies of the Seventh of March speech was so great that Webster mailed out more than 100,000. He strengthened Union sentiment, especially to banking and commercial centers of the North, which stood to lose millions by secession. One prominent Washington banker canceled notes of Webster's, totalling $5000 and sent him a personal check of $1000. But abolitionists assumed Webster was an abolitionist and called him a traitor.

John Jay

helped write the Federalist Papers with Madison and Hamilton.

Ulysses S. Grant

his boldness, resourcefulness and tenacity caused a rise in enlistments later on. His first success was on the Tennessee theater. He captured Fort Henry and Donelson in 1862. His terms for the Confederate commander was unconditional surrender. This riveted Kentucky to the Union and opened the gateway to Tennessee. He also exploited his victory by capturing the junction of the main Confederate north/south and east-west railroads. He also freed Chatanooga from the Confederacy which made it easy for an invasion of Georgia. Was told to do whatever it takes to get the Union together. With 100,000 men, he went to Richmond and engaged Lee in a series of battles. In this wilderness campaign, he lost half of his men.

Mercantilism

how the British justified control over the colonies; believed that wealth was power and that a country's economic wealth (and its military and political power) could be measured by the amout of gold or silver in its treasury. To get gold or silver, the country needed to export more than they imported, which made the colonies importants -they could supply raw materials and provided a market for exports.

Internal Improvements

improvements to roads, bridges, etc. for safe travel and more efficient commerce and trade in the region.

Barbados Slave Code

in 1661, the English declared a slave code that denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters complete control over the slaces including harsh punishments for the smallest infraction. When white settlers who were displaced came to the mainland colonies, they brought slaves and the model of the slave code that inspired statutes in the colonies. Carolina officially adopted this in 1696.

George Washington

in 1754, the governor of Virginia ushered George Washington (21 at the time) to secure Virginia's claims. He was sent to the Ohio country as a lieutenant colonel in command of 150 Virginia militiamen. Encountering a small detatchment of French troops, the Birginians fired the first shots of the French and Indian War. The French leader was killed and his men retreated.

Stamp Act Congress

in 1765, 27 delegated from 9 colonies met in New York City. After a debate, the members drew up a statement of their rights and frievances and asked the King and Parliament to repeal the legislation. It was ignored in England but it made Americans suspicious to Britain. It brought together different leaders from different colonies. It was one more halting but significant step towards intercolonial unity.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

in 1769, the college had been granted a charter by King George III but the democratic New Hampshire state legislature had seen fit to change it. Dartmouth appealed the case, assuming counsel in Daniel Webster. Marshall put the states firmly in their place when he ruled that the original charter must stand. It was a contract - and the Constitutio protected contrcts against state enroachments. it safe-guarded business enterprise from domination by the states. But it created a precedent that enabled chartered corporations to escape the hadcuffs of needed corporatecontrol.

Intolerable Acts

in 1774, authorities designed acts to chastise Boston in particular, Mass. in general. The most drastic was the Boston Port Act where it closed the harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured. Many of the chartered rights of colonial Mass. was swept away. Restrictions were placed on town meetings. Officials who killed colonists would be sent to Britain for trial.

Quebec Act

in 1774, it was passed with the Intolerable Acts. It regarded English-speaking America as part ofthe British reaction to the turbulence in Boston. Not knowing how to administer the 60,000 French subjects in Canada, it guaranteed their Catholic religion as well as permitting them to retain their customs and intitutions. The old boundaries of the province of Quebec were extended all the way to the Ohio River.

King's Mountain

in 1781, American riflemen wiped out a British detatchment and then defeated a smaller force at Cowpens.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

in 1819 the suit involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on itsnotes. Marshall declared the bank constitutional by implied powers and at the same time, strengthened federal authority and slapped at state infringements when he denied the rights of Maryland to tax the ban.

Florida Purchase Treaty

in 1819, Spain ceded Florida, as well as shadowy Spanish claims to Oregon, in exchange for America's abandonment of equaly murky claims to Texas,soon to become part of independent Mexico. The western Bountary of Louisiana was thus a zig-zag.

Missouri Compromise

in 1819, they asked Congress to be admitted as a slave state. Congress eventually did agree to admit it as a slave state but at the same time, Maine (who was part of Massachusetts until then) would be admitted as a seperate state, allowing the states to be equal in the Senate. It also prohibited all future bondage in the Louisiana Purchase orth of the southern boundary of Missouri. It would keep things mended for 34 years until it exploded into the Civil War.

Cohens vs. Virginia

in 1821, Marshall defended federal power. The Cohens, found guilty by the Virginian courts of illegally selling lottery tickets, appealed to the Supreme Court. Virginia technically won, but in fact Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government.

"Corrupt Bargain"

in 1824, Monroe completed his second term. Four candidates of John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay William H. Crawford and Andrew Jackson claimed to be Republicans. Their identities were so fuzzy that Calhoun appeared as the vice-presidential candidate for both Adams and Jackson. When Clay leaned the H.O.R to electing Adams, masses of Jacksonians raised an uproar of protest that lasted for almost 4 years. Making Clay Secretary of State was not necessarily corrupt, as deals were often common for politicians.

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

in 1824, the tsar fixed the southern-most limits at the line 54 49' the present southern tip of Alaska.

Democratic Party

in 1828, this energetic new party captured the White House. By the 1830s it had an opposition party in the form of the Whigs. This two-party system institutionalized divisions that had vexed the Revolutionary era.

Maysville Road

in 1830, the Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

Sewing Machine

in 1845, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine that could make 250 stitches a minute - 5 times the amount of a human hand. Since it only could stitch straight seams for a short distance before being reset, he took the machine abroad to improve it. By the 1850s, hundreds were made. It was the first widely advertised consumer product. The Singer company created an installment plan in order for middle-income families to buy it. Was the foundation of the ready-made clothing industry.

General Incorporation Law

in 1848, NY passed a law that meant businessmen could create corporations without applying for individual charters from the legislature.

Seneca Falls Convention

in 1848, feminists met for a Woman's Rights Convention. One resolution demanded was the ballot for women. Launched the modern women's rights movement.

10 Percent Plan*

in 1863, Lincoln proclaimed this plan. It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oah of allegiance to the U.Sand pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be a formal erection of a state government. Lincoln would then recognize the purified regime. The Republicans, in turn, passed the Wades-Davis Bill that said 50 percent had to take the oath. Lincoln refused to sign it. Johnson agreed with the plan and added that certain leading Confederats be disenfranchises, including those with taxable property worth more than $20,000. It called for special state convention that were required to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts and ratify the 13th amendment.

Nullification

in Jefferson's Kentucky resolution, he concluded that the federal regime exceeded its constitutional powers and that nullification (or refusal to accept the Alien and Sedition Acts) was rightful remedy. Federalists believed that nullification was up to the Supreme Court - which was later granted in 1803. Later used by southerners to support nullification - and ultimately secession.

John Brown

in Kansas, he was obsessively dedicated to the abolitionist cause. He led a band of his followers to Pottawatomie Creek in May 1856. They hacked to pieces five surprised men, presumed to be proslaveryites. This butchery besmirched the free-soil cause. Also planned to invade the South with a handful of followers, call upon the slaves to rise, furnish them with arms, and establish a black free state sanctuary.

Antietam

in Maryland, McClellan was commanding the main Northern army. Two Union soldiers found a copy of Lee's battle plans wrapped around a pack of three cigars. With this key piece of intelligence, McClellan halted Lee here on September 17th, 1862. It was one of the most bloody days of the Civil War. Lee then fled to the Potomoc. It was one of the most decisive engagements in the Civil War. Jefferson Davis was never again so near victory. The British and French were drawn out of interference but cooled off when the Union displayed power in Antietam. 10,000 casualties were on the Confederate side and more on the Union.

Ticonderoga

in May 1775, an American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold surprised and captured this British garrison in New York. The store of gunpowder and artillery was then secured.

Draft Riots

in New York City, a riot broked out that was largely by Irish-Americans. For several days the city was at the mercy of a burning, drunken, pillagin mob. Scores of lives were lost, and the victims included many lynched blacks.

Regulator Movement

in North Carolina, a small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affairs.

Lord Dunmore

in November 1775, royal governor of Virginia issued a proclamation promising freedom for any black slave who joined the British army in Virginia. Within a month, 300 joined Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment. At war's end, the British kept their word and evacuated as many as 14,000 to Nova Scotia, Jamaica nad England.

Burned-Over District

in Western New York, where many New England Puritans settled, was blistered by sermonizers preaching 'hellfire and damnation' that it became known as this.

French Revolution

in its early stages, the revolution was peacful in its successful attempt to put shackles on Louis XVI. However, as France declared war on Austria. France declared itself a republic. King Street became Liberty Street and others in celebration. When the king was beheaded in 1793, the church was attacked and the Reign of Terror begun, many people turned their backs on them. Jeffersonians regretted the bloodshed but they believed that a few thousand aristocrats was a small price to pay. Once the French Revolution affected Britain, it began affecting the Aerican Republic for a duel to control the Atlantic.

Royal Governors

in place in 8 of the 13 colonies that were appointed by the king. 3 - Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware were under proprietors who chose themselves as governors. Connecticut and Rhode Island elected their own governors under self-governing charters.

Clipper Ships

in the 1840s and 1850s, ship yards (such as Donald McKay) glided across the sea with towering masts that could outrun any steamer with a breeze. Sacrificed cargo space for speed, captains made killings by hauling highly valued cargo in record time. Carried much of the tea trade from far east and Britain. They were oushined by British teakettles though.

Declaration of Rights

in the First Continental Congress,the Congress drew up this plan as appeals to other British American colonies to the king, and to the British people.

Thaddeus Stevens

in the House, he was a radical that defended runaway slaves in court without fee and insisted on burial in a black cemetary. His devotion to racial equality was matched with his hatred toward white Southerners. He was a leading figure on the Join Committee on Reconstruction. He believed the South was a conquered province and needed to have their institutions remodeled by the Union.

Western Lands

in the Old Northwest, the area of land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes. it had vast areas in which many people wanted to push into. They were solved through series of land ordinances.

Five Civilized Tribes

in the West, these tribes of Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles sided with the Confederacy. Some, especially the Cherokees, ownedslaves and felt themselves allying with the South. To secure their loyalty, the Confederacy agreed to take over federal payments to the tribes and invited Native Americans to send delegates to the Confederate Congress. In return, they would supply troops to the Confederacy.

"King Caucus"

in the past, it had been common for candidates for office to be nominated either by state legislatures or by "King Caucus" - a closed door-door meeting of a political party's leaders in congress. The common people had no opportunity to participate. In the 1830's , however, caucuses were replaced by nominating conventions. Party politicians and voters would gather in a large meeting hall to nominate the party's candidates . The Anti-Masons were the first to hold such a nominating convention. This method was more open to popular participation , hence more democratic.

Agrarian

in which 90 percent of the American population was; this means people who were rural farmers. However, they were key in doubling the population every 50 years. Mostly Jeffersonian Republicans. Agriculture was the favored branch of the economy.

Napoleon Bonaparte

induced the king of Spain to cede to France, for attractive considerations, the immense trans-Mississippi region of Louisiana (which included the New Orleans area). Rumors of the transfer were partially confirmed in 1802, where the Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit. These were vital to frontier farmers who floated their produce down the Mississippi to its mouth. A roar of anger grew. Thomas Jefferson hoped to quiet the possible threat of Napoleon having Louisiana by sending ministers to France.

Triangular Trade

infamously profitable trade that was small in relation to total colonial commerce. A skipper would leave a New England port with cargo of rum and sail the coast of Africa. They would barter liquor for slaves and would take slaves to the new world, where they would be traded for molasses which would then be distilled into rum in New England. The trip would then be repeated.

Dorthea Dix

inflicted with lung trouble, she had incredible willpower for the mentally ill. Went 60,000 miles in 8 years and assembled damning reports oninsanity and asylums from first hand observations. Her petitions of 1843 to the Massachusetts legislature described cells so foul that visitors were turned back. She helped mprove conditions and gained support for the concept that they were not perverse but mentally ill.

Robert E. Lee

initiated the counterattack of the Seven Days' Battles to McClellan. The Confederates drove McClellan back to the sea. The Union forces abandoned the Peninsula Campaign as a costly failure, and Lincoln temporarily abandoned McClellan as commander, though Lee had suffered 20,000 casualties. His defeat of McClellan ensured the war would endure until slavery was uprooted and the Old South was destroyed. Led the 2nd Battle of Bull Run that defeated Pope from the Union. He then went to Maryland that he hoped to iencourage foreign intervention and seduce the Border States from the Union.

Robert Fulton

installed a steam engine in a vessel called Clermont. In 1807, the ship went from NYC to Albany (150 miles) in 32 hours.Opened the West and South that had natural rivers. Cotton growers made haste to take up and turn over virgin soil. They could ship goods at lower cost.

Cyrus McCormick

invented the mechanical mower-reaper. It had 5 times more power than man. Subsistence farming gave way to specialized agriculture to dominate, with capitalism overtaking the west.

Panic of 1819

involved a paralyzing economic panic that brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses known as 'debtors' prisons'. This was the first national financial panic since Washington took office. The overspeculation in fronteir lands caused the Bank of the United States to become deeply involved in a type of outdoor gambling. It brought a setback to nationalist thought. The West was especially had hit where the banks were closed and farms were foreclosed. The troubles of the poor would later lead to Jeffersonian democracy. Many debtors were imprisoned that led to remedial legislation in a number of states.

Charles J. Guiteau

killed Garfield. He reportedly cried when he found out that he killed him. He was one of the first cases to use the :insanity defense". However, even when he did have a weak grip on reality, he was tried and hanged.

Alien and Sedition Acts

laws by Federalists that were designed to minimize the Jeffersonians. The first was aimed to pro-Jeffersonian 'aliens'. Most European immigrants (who lacked wealth) were scorned by the Federalists. The Federalists raised the residence requirements for aliens who desired to become citizens from 5 to 14. The president was also empowered to deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace and to deport/imprison them in time of hostilities. The Sedition Act provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed officials would be liable to heavy fine and imprisonment.

Black Codes

laws designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks, much as the slave statutes had done in pre-Civil War days. Mississippi passed the first law in November 1865, and others followed suit. The Black Codes varies from state to state, but they aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force. Whites wanted to make sure that they retained the tight conrol they had exercised over their slaves. Dire penalties were imposed by the codes on the freedmen who jumped their labor contracts, which committed them to work for the same employer for one year, and generally at low wages. Violators could forfeit wages or dragged back to work. The freedmen could be fined and hired to pay these fines. Freedom was legally recognized, as well as the right to marry, but the codes forbade a black to serve on a jury; some codes made it illegal for them to rent land. Some were forced to work in a chain gang.

Jim Crow Laws

laws that enforced systematic state-level legal codes. It enacted literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes to ensure full-scale disfranchisement of the South's black population.

Harrison

lead the forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the Battle of the Thames.

New France

leading figure was Samuel de Champlain. It was Canada in modern terms with a government that was under the direct control of the king after commercial companies faltered or failed. The regime was autocratic with no representative assembly or trial by jury. Only 60,000 whites inhabited New France by 1750. Many had little motivation to move (French Huguenots were denied refuge in the country). Plus, the Caribbean islands were much more favored by the French.

Andrew Jackson

led an army off 400 who killed 2,000 of the 8,000 British veterans in half an hour. He became a national hero and poets praised him as the defender of New rleans.

Half-Breed

led by Blaine.

Stalwart

led by Conkling.

Billion Dollar Congress

led by Reed. It was thefirst Congress to be amounted to a million that showed the amount of pensions and purchases of silver that alowed the wealth. This Congress prevented Democrats from controlling legislation. They passed a high tariff.

Hudson River School

led in the Romantic art movement that mirrored local landscapes. At the same time they conflicted with a crude camera called daguerreotype.

John Paul Jones

led the infant navy of America. It did not do too much but it helped destroy British merchant shipping and thus carrying the war into the waters around the British Isles.

Charles Sumner

led the radicals in the Senate. He labored for racial equality.

Jefferson Davis

led the states that seceded after Lincoln had become president. It was Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina and Texas/ They met in Montgomery in 1861 to create a government known as the Confederate States of America, who made him leader. He was a former cabinet member with wide military and administrative experience.

Bonus Bill 1817

legislation proposed by John C. Calhoun to earmark the revenue "bonus", as well as future dividends, from the recently established Second Bank of the United States for an internal improvements fund.

Shakers

longest living utopian community that was led by Mother Ann Lee that begun it in the 1770s. Had 6,000 by 1840. prohibited marriage and sexual relations. Died by 1940.

Underground Railroad

made Southerners disagreeable. A virtual freedom train that consisted of an informal chain of "stations" (antislavery homes), through which scores of "passengers" (runaway slavers were spirited by "conductors" (usually abolitionists) to Canada.

Henry Clay

made a plan for a profitable home market. He threw himself behind the American System that had three parts.

Pendleton Act

made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal and established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examination. Partially divorced politics from patronage, but helped drive politicians into "marriages of convenience" with big-business leaders.

Jefferson Davis

made his bow to states rights but had in view a well-knit central government. He made a fatal flaw in the constitution that would not deny future secession. He was the president of the Confederacy. He was not popular and was considered for impeachment. Unlike Lincoln, Davis was somewhat imperious and inclined to defy public opinion. He was overwhelmed by the demands of the presidency.

Eli Whitney

made the cotton gin. It was 50 times more effective to the handpicking process. Raising of cotton became highly profitable, making demand for slaves to rise. He also went to influence the mass production of muskets in the U.S Army. A machine would make each part. The principle of interchangable parts was widely adopted in 1850, where it would become the basis of mass-production.

"Seward's Folly"

many people saw that the purchase of the frigid area of Alaska was a waste.

Conquistadors

means conquerors in Spanish. They set out to conquest for Spain and capture land that claimed empires such as the Incan and Aztec as well as claiming a church and crowning territory. They would sign contracts with the monarch, raise money from investors and then reqruited an army. They cared mostly about gold.

Quartering Act of 1765

measure that required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.

Second Continental Congress

met in Philadelphia on May 10th, with all colonies represented The conservative element in the Congress was still strong despite the shooting in Massachusetts. There was no well-defined sentiment for independence but a desire to fight in hopes of the king and Parliament redressing their grievances. It drafted new appeals to the British people and king. Anticipating a rebuff, the delegates also adopted to raise money and to create an army and a navy. It selected George Washington to head the army besieging Boston.

Moderate/Radical Republican

moderate Republicans believed, along with Lincoln, that the seceded states should be restored to the Union as simply and swiftly as reasonable on Congress' terms. Radical republicans believed that the South should pay for their sins. Before the South would be restored, the radicals wanted their social structure uprooted, the planters punished and freedmen to be protected by federal power.

Paper Currency

money that allowed for enterprisers to gain profits up to 300 percent. The runaway inflation had been ruinous to many citizens and Congress had failed in its feeble attempts to curb economic laws.

Nationalism

most important aspect of American life altered after the War of 1812. It is the spirit of nation-consciousness or nation oneness.

Abolitionism

movement to end slavery, whether formal or informal. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism is a historical movement to end the African and Indian slave trade and set slaves free. Due to religious and gender norms being reconstructed at this time.

Mulattoes

much of the 250,000 free blacks in the South were mulattos, who sometimes prospered (as in New Orleans) but they were treated as second class citizens in regards to workplace discrimination. Some were still slaves. Many masters took their slaves as mistresses and bore these children.

Millerites

mustered several hundred thousand adherents that rose from the Burned-Over region in the 1830s. Named after William Miller, who interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1844. They gathered to meet him. However, their movement was ironically not dead after he failed to return.

Benjamin Harrison

nominated by Republicans in the election of 1888. His grandfather was William Henry Harrison. The tariff was the primary issue. He raised 3 million from industrialists. He won by bribing votes in Indiana.

James A. Garfield

nominated by Republicans instead of Hayes. Won against Winfield Scott by a narrow 40,000 votes. His electoral votes were 214 to 155. He was shot in the back by Guiteau at a railroad station. He died after 11 weeks. His death reformed the spoils system and the Republican party.

Grover Cleveland

nominated by the Democrats. He was mayor of Buffalo and the governor of New York and presidential nominee in 3 years. However, Republicans uncovered an affar he had with a Buffalo widow. He had an illegitimate son with her and provided financial provision. First Democrat in presidential office for 28 years. Vetoed a bill to give Texans seeds. Hired two Confederates in office, fired 2/3 of the federal employees to make room for Democrats. Liked lower tariffs. Only president reelected after defeat.

Horace Greeley

nominated by the Liberal Republicans who wanted purification of the Washington administration as well as an end of military construction. He was the editor to the New York Tribune. Known as dogmatic, emotional and unsound in political judgements. Democrats supported him even when he called Democats traitors, slave shippers and idiots.

Ulysses S. Grant

nominated by the Republican part in 1868. His slogn was "let us have peace". Won by 300,000 votes. He had 214 electoral votes. His cabinet was filled by imcompetents.

Zachary Taylor

nominated by the Whigs. He never held civil office or even voted for president. He had slaves on his large plantation, but was not set in opinion regarding the slavery extension issue. Privately encouraged the Californians to draft a Constitution that excluded slavery and apply to Congress for admission.

James Monroe

nominated for presidency in 1816 by Republicans. He crushed the last Federal canidate 183-34. He represented the old generation of the Founding Fathers and the new generation of nationalism. He took a goodwill tour in order to inspect military defenses.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

not content to assail slavery, impugned the chastity of Catholic women. His printing press was destroyed 4 times and in 1837, he was killed by a mob and became "the martyr abolitionists".

Boston Massacre

on March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople set upon a squad of 10 redcoats, one of who was hit with a club and another who was knocked down. Acting without orders but under provocation, the troops opened fire and killed/wounded 11 citizens.

Plains of Abraham

on the outskirts of Quebec, two aries met face o face The British under Wolf and the French under Montcalm. Both commanders were fatally wounded but the French were defeated and the city surrencdered.

William Marbury

one of the 'midnight justices'. He was named a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. When Marbury learned that his commission was being shelved by the new secretary of state, James Madison sued for its delivery. Marshall knew that the Republicans would not go forward to enforce a writ to deliver the commission to him. He therefore dismissed his suit. Marshall said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional. The act tried to assign powers the Constitution had not foreseen.

John Jay

one of the United States most seasoned diplomats that became the first chief justice of the United States. Sent to London amid controversy (as he was a Federalist and routinely kissed her hand). H

Lord North

one of the cooperative yes men, was the corpulent prime minister under King George III. Under his government, the pressures persuaded Parliament the repeal the Townshend revenue duties.

Queen Anne's War

one of the earliest contests among European powers for control of North America. (see King Williams War) Peace terms were signed in Utrect in 1713, revealing how badly France and Spain had been beaten. Britain won the French-populated Acadia (which they renamed Nova Scotia or New Scotland) and Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay.

Boston Associates

one of the earliest investment capital companies. They dominated the textile, railroad, insurance and banking business in Massachusetts.

John Cotton

one of the early clergy in the Bay colony. He emigrated to the Bay Colony to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England. He devoted learning to defending the government's duty to enforce religious rules.

James Oglethorpe

one of the founders of Georgia who became interested in prison reform after on of his friends died in debtors' jail. He did not fall to Spanish attacks. He mortgaged his own fortune.

Fort Sumter

one of the two significant forts that still flew the United States flag in the South. Its provisions only would last for a few weeks - until April 1861. If no supplies came, they would inevitably surrender. However, if Lincoln sent reinforcements, the South Carolinians would fight back; as they could not tolerate a fort standing on Charleston. Lincoln said he would send provisions and not reinforcements, however the South saw this as reinforcements. When a Union naval force was sent to Fort Sumter, the South viewed it as an act of aggression. The Carolinans opened fire on the fort. It took no lives, but the garrison surrendered. Lincoln promptly issued a call to the states for 75,000 militiamen, and volunteers sprang up so much that some were turned down. He also proclaimed a blockade of Southern seaports. Lincoln was seen as an aggressive person asking for war. Virginia, Arkansas and Tennessee joined the Confederacy.

Crispus Attucks

one person who was shot who was a runaway mulatto and a leader of the mob.

John Quincy Adams

only one left in the election of 1824. He was free-living gambler and duelist. He had much in common with Clay politically: he was a nationalist and advocated the American System. Clay met privately with him and assured him of his support. Adams was elected president due to this behind the scenes act with Clay. Clay was then the new secretary of state. He was not an effective president but one of the most successful secretaries of state. Fewer than 1/3 of people voted for him. He was the first minority president. He courted respect rather than popularity. He removed only 12 public servants from the federal payroll. He did not reward party workers with patronage. Urged Congress in his first annual message for the construction of roads and canals. He also proposed a national university and astronomical observatory. His symbol for the National Republicans was the oak tree. His supporters called Jackson's mother a prostitute and his wife as an adultress. They recounted his numerous duels and brawls as well as hanging militiamen. Was rumored to buy chess tables for gambling, his large sums he had recieved in federal salaries and procuring a servant girl for the lust of the Russian tsar.

Admiral de Grasse

operated a powerful fleet in the West Indies, advised the Americans that he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorkstown.

Patrick Henry

orator that said "give me liberty or give me death!" was governor of Virginia for a time 1776-1779 and 1784-1786.

Navigation Acts

ordered by prime minister George Grenville in 1763 to strictly enforce the Navigation Laws.

Resolutions

organized by Jefferson in fear of prosecution for sedition. The resolutions were basically campaign documents designed to crystallize opposition to the Federalist Party and unseat the election of 1800.

Treaty of 1818

pact that permitted Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with their Canadian cousins. The agreement also fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiaa along the 49th parallel from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains. It provided a ten year joint occupation of the Oregon country.

Compromise of 1850

passed by Millard. California, as a free state, tipped the Senate balance permanently against the South. Territories of New Mexico and Utah were open to slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty. But the iron law of nature had favored free states. The southerners needed more slave territory to restore the balance. Texas was to be paid 10 million toward discharging its indebtedness, but in the long run this was a modest sum. The immense area in dispute was torn from Texas to be free. The South halted Washington, D.C from being a free state, but slave trade was banned.

15th Amendment

passed in Congress in 1869 and ratified in 1870. Prohibited denial of the basis of "race, color or previous condition of servitude".

"Midnight Judges"

people in which John Adams appointed until nine o'clock the last day he was in office.

Federalists

people who favored a stronger federal government. Were supported by George Washington, Ben Franklin and Alexander Hamilton Most of them lived in the settled areas along the seaboard, not in the raw backcountry. Overall, they were wealthier than the antifederalists and more organized.

Quakers

people who joined the Bay colony later on that flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy and were persecuted by fines, floggings and banishment. They refused to support the Church of England with taxes. They had simple meetinghouses, congregated without paid clergy and spoke up themselves in meetings. They used simplistic titles and would take no oaths. They had deep conviction.

Federalists

people who supported Hamilton's politics. Believed that the French Revolution should be avoided at all costs. They were distrustful of democracy and feared the sway of common folk. They advocated a strong central gvt. that could protect the lives and estates of the wealthy. They believed private enterprise should not be interfered with. Tey were pro-British in foreign affairs.

James Wolf

picked by William Pitt. He made a daring night move, sent a detatchment up a poorly guarded part of the rocky eminence protecting Quebec. He scaled the cliff and showed the way to others. In the morning, the two armies faced one another on the Plains of Abraham.

Daniel Boone

pioneer that was free to burst over the Appalachians and to the west. He trickled into Tenessee and Kentucky.

Enumerated Products

products, notably tobacco that had to be shipped exclusively to Britain, even though prices might be better elsewhere.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

prohibited all further immigration from China. The door stayed shut until 1943. Some exclusionists even tried to strip native-born Chinese-Americans of their citizenship.

Bill of Rights

promised by the Federalists in order to get that states to ratify the Constitution. It would hold a freedom of religion and trial by jury clause. James Madison was determined to write this by himself. The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution are the "Bill of Rights" that safeguard prized principles such as freedom of religion/press; freedom of bearing arms; the right to be tried by jury and the right for citizens to assemble and petition the government to redress grievances. It also forbids cruel and unusual punishments as well as arbitrary government seizure of private property.

Bank of the United States

proposed by Hamilton that took the model from the Bank of England. He proposed a powerful private institution of which he government would be a major stockholder and in which the federal Treasury would deposit its suplus monies. The central government would not only have a convenient strong strongbox, but federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation. The bank would provide money (and thus a national currency).

Crittenden Compromise

proposed that slavery in the territories was to be prohibited north of 36 30', but south of that line was to be given federal protection in all territories existing or later acquired. Future states, north or south of this line, could come into the Union with or without slavery, as they should choose. Slavery supporters, in short, were to be guaranteed full rights in the southern territories, as long as they were territories, regardless of the wishes of popular sovereignty. Lincoln flatly rejected this scheme.

William Lloyd Garrison

published in Boston the first issue of his militantly antislavery newpaper The Liberator. With this, Garrison triggered a 30 year war of words and in a sense fired one of the first shots of the Civil War. He proclaimed that under no circumstances would he tolerate slavery. Declared north to secede from the south. He burned a copy of the Constitution.

Thomas Jefferson

ran against Adams in the election of 1800. He presented himself as the guardian of agrarian purity, liberty and state's rights. He was accused of robbing a widow and her children of a trust fund as well as having children born of slave women. He wanted to separate the church and state. This was one of the earliest 'whispering campaigns'. Jefferson won the election by a majority of 73 - 65. In defeat, Adams polled more strength than 4 years earlier (minus New York). He did not believe that he needed many extravagant things, so he often believed that he should represent the everyday person. He had dinners with seating not determined by rank. He set the precedent (unbroken until Woodrow Wilson) of sending messages to Congress to be read by a clerk. He marked the first part overturn in American history. He pardoned those jailed for the Alien and Sedition Acts and lowered the time of residency. He got rid of the excise tax.

Henry Clay

ran against Jackson in 1824. He was eliminated as the top 3 for presidential election due to the 12th Amendment. However, he was the Speaker of the House, which allowed him to preside in the chamber that had to pick the winner. Clay had the position to throw the election to a candidate of his choice - and did so by process of elimination. Created a compromise bill that allowed the Tariff of 1832 to gradually reduce it by 10 percent over 8 years. Schemed that he could ram a recharter bill through Congress and then send it to the White House. If Jackson signed it, his western followers would be lost. If he vetoed it, he would lose the presidency by alienating the wealthy and influential in the east.

Spoils System

ran rampant in the Gilded Age, as many politicians were corrupt and used this system to put incompotents in power.

Mormons

rasped rank-and-file Americans, who were individualistic and dedicated to free enterprise. They also voted as a unit and drilled their militia for defense. Accusations of polygamy were rampant. In 1844, Joseph Smith and brother were murdered.

Declaration of Sentiments

read by Stanton. Said in the spirit of the D.O.I that all men and women were created equal.

Brigham Young

recieved 11 days of formal schooling. Became an aggressive leader, eloquent preacher and gifted administrator. Led the Morms over Utah. The crops of 1848, threatened by cricked were eaten by gulls that saved the movement. By the end of 1848, 5,000 people were in Utah with large bands to follow. Many in the 1850s made a 1,300 mile treck in 2-wheeled carts. Became a prosperous frontier theocracy. Established a flourishing missionary movement. Made territorial governor in 1850. Threatened, the federal army marched in 1857 against them and harassed supplies and rallied to die in their last ditch. Later the Mormons led afoul of antipolygamy laws by Congress in 1862 and 1882.

Navigation Laws

reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th century. It sought to stitch England's overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by killing American trade with countries not under English control. Smuggling then became more common.

Mugwumps

reformers who left the Republicans because they could not accept Blaine. It means sanctimonious.

Deism

relied on reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the Bible. Rejected the concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity. They did believe in a God that created the universe and allowed humans to have a capacity for moral behavior.

David Wilmot

representative of Pennsylvania that introduced this amendment that stipulated that slavery should never exist in territories acquired from Mexico. This passed twice in the House but not in the Senate.

Declaratory Act (1766)

right after the Stamp Act was repealed, the act reaffirmed Parliament's right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. The British therefore drew its line and defined that it would not yield its absolute and unqualified sovereignty over North American colonies.

Whiskey Ring

robbed the Treasury ofmillions in excise-tax revenues. Grant condemned it, but when his own secretary was among those accused, he helped exonerate him.

Abraham Lincoln

rose up after the debates as a Republican nominee for president.

Plessy vs. Fergurson

ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment.

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided their methods were honorable and peaceful.

Chester A. Arthur

running-mate for Garfield. His record of cranyism suggested him as arrogant, but he prosecuted for several fraud cases.

Freeport Doctrine

said by Douglas that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down. Laws to protect slavery would have been passed by the territorial legislatures. These would not be forthcoming in the absence of popular approval, and black bondage would soon disappear.

12th Amendment

said that if there was someone that was voted by the majority of the masses but failed to get a majority of the vote, the House of Representatives must choose among the top three candidates. Therefore, Clay was eliminated.

Alexander Hamilton

saved the Annapolis Convention from complete failure by engineering the adoption of his report. It called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with commerce alone, but to bolster the entire fabric of The Articles of Confederation. He wanted an ultra-strong central government, so much so he had a 5 hour speech about it, but only convinced himself.

John Smith

saved the Jamestown colony from collapse through leadership. He put the rule of those who do not work can not eat.

Henry Hudson

seeking greater riches, the Dutch East India Company employed Hudson. He disregarder orders to sail to the northeast and ascended he Hudson River with hopes of finding a shortcut of the continent. He filed a Dutch claim to a wooded and watered area.

Impressment

seizure of wooden ships of American seamen. This forcibly enlisted sailors and was a crude form of conscription that the British had employed for over 4 centuries. Clubs and stretchers were equipments used of press gangs from the British ships.

Zachary Taylor

sent by Polk after Slidell was denied to present his proposition. He was ordered to march 4,000 men from the Nueces River to the Rio Grande, provocatively near the Mexican forces. When the cabinet was ordered to declare war on Mexicon based on unpaid claims and Slidell's rejection, news of bloodshed arrived. Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked General Taylor, with a loss of 16 Americans killed/wounded. Congress voted for war. Known as the Old Rough and Ready. He fought his way across the Rio Grande into Mexico. After some victories, he reached Buena Vista. There, in 1847, his weakened force of 5,000 was attacked by 20,000 troops near Santa Anna. The Mexicans lost and he became the "Hero of Buena Vista".

John Slidell

sent by Polk to Mexico City as minister in 1845. The new envoy was instructed to offer 25 million to California and territory to the east. But the Mexican people would not let him in.

James Monroe

sent to Paris by Thomas Jefferson with the regular minister Robert R. Livingston.

Charles Francis Adams

served as the United States Minister to the United Kingdom under Abraham Lincoln, where he played a key role in keeping Britain neutral while southern agents were trying to achieve official recognition of the Confederacy. That meant conducting dialogue with both sides and monitoring the British connection in the supply of commerce raiders.

Marbury vs. Madison

set forth the concept of judicial review. In the case, Marshall inserted the keystone into the arch that supports the tremendous power of the Supreme Court.

Hartford Conventions

showed Federalist discontent. Late in 1814, the capture of New Orleans seemed imminent, so Massachusetts issued a call for a convention at Hartford, Connecticut. The states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island dispatched full delegations; neighboring New Hampshire and Vermont sent partial representation. This group of 26 men met in secret for 3 weeks to discuss grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. It demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring two/thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted or war declared. They were fearful of being controlled by the south and west. Delegates sought to abolish the 3/5h compromise, to limit presidents to a single term andand to prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state. When they aimed to deliever it, they recieved news of Ghent and New Orleans and sank into obscurity. They were the death of the Federalist party.

Treaty of Greenville

signed in August 1795, where the confederacy gave up vast tracts of the Old Northwest such as in present-day Indiana and Ohio. In exchange, they revieved a lump-sum payment of $20,000, an annual annuity of $9,000, a right to hunt the lands they had ceded and recognition of their sovereign status (however did not happen as they had hoped).

Utopian Communities

societies that were cooperative and communistic. Owen's New Harmony prevailed at first but radicals, theorists who were work-shy and scoundrels made the colony collapse. Brook Farm started in 1841 with 20 intellectuals. Committed to philosophy of transcendentalism. Prospered until 1846 where they lost a new communal building shortly before completion by a fire. Inspired The Blithedale Romance. The Oneida Community practiced free love, birth control and eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring. Flourishedfor more than 30 years.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

sold several hundred thousand copies in the first years, and the totals soon ran into millions. It was also put on stage for "Tome shows". No other novel in American history can be compared with it as a political force. To millions of people, it made slavery appear almost as evil as it really was. Helped start the Civil War. She never witnessed slavery firsthand in the Deep South, but had seen it in Kentucky and lived in Ohio.

John Calvin

somber and severe religious leader that elaborated on Martin Luther's ideas in ways that affected the thought and character of generations of the theology of not only New England Purians but of Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots and the Dutch Reformed Church. He believed that God was all powerful and all-good. Humans were weak and wicked.

Natural Aristocracy

some Americans who wanted a republic of this class of talent. They wanted an end to hereditary aristocracy, but still have a social heirarchy.

Squatter

someone from Virginia who moved to North Carolina who without legal right to the soil, raised their tobacco and other crops on small farms without need for slaves.

Cabinet

something that George Washington established that was not part of the Constitution (it says that the president "may require" written opinions of the executive branch departments). But since these opinions were so tiring, cabinet meetings evolved into the Washington administration. At first there were only three positions: Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury and Secretary of War.

"Fire Eaters"

southerners who wanted slavery and the slave system in place. They called for secession. Violently opposed to concessions. One extreme S.C newspaper avowed that it loathed the Union and hated the North as much as Hell. A movement in the South to boycott northern goods gained some headway, but in the end the southern Unionists, assisted by prosperity, prevailed. They met in Nashville where they took a strong position in favor of slavery but condemned the compromise measures then being hammered out in Congress. Meeting again later in the year after the bills had passed, the convention was not worthwhile. By that time they accepted the compromises.

Herman Melville

spent 18 months on a whaler. He lived among cannibals. Wrote Moby Dick. Novel is complex allegory of good and evil. The captain lives only for revenge because he had lost his leg. The sea simply rolls on as all but one die as Moby Dick rams into the boat. Ignored at time of publication, most people wanted more upbeat prose. He continued to write unprofitably for some years. And died in obscurity and poverty. Got recognition in the 20th century.

Abolitionism

started at time of the Revolution, especially among Quakers. Some people, such as Te American Colonization Society, sent slaves back to Africa. In 1822, Liberia was established for former slaves. Some 15,000 were transported there in the next four decades.

Transcendentalism

started in the 1830s. Resykted from a liberalizing of the Puritan theology of previous decades. It owed much to German romantic philosophers and the religions of Asia. Rejected the prevailing theory (by John Locke) that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses. Truth transcends the senses and cannot be found be observation alone. Every person can illuminate the higher truth and directly touch God. Believed in individual religious and social matters. Self-reliance, self-culture and self-discipline. Hostile to authority and formal institutions as well as conventionaly wisdom. Exaltation of the dignity of the individual led to humanitarian reforms.

Jonathon Edwards

started the Great Awakening in Massachusetts that proclaimed that with righteousness the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for dependence on God's grace. He painted a landscape of Hell. He was learned and reasoned, but his doctrins sparked sympathetic reaction.

Popular Sovereignty

stated that the sovereign people of a territory, under the general principles of the Constitution, should themselves determine the status of slavery. The public liked it because it accorded with self-determinations. Politicians liked the compromise it promised. Tossed the slavery problem to the various territories - thus making a national issue attempt to be solved in a territory.

John S. Copley

suceeded in America by becoming famous painters, but had to go to England to complete training. Only abroad could subjects sit for portraits and pay handsomely. He was a Loyalist in the Revolutionary War.

Clara Barton

superintendent of nurses for the Union arm that helped transform nursing from a lowly service to a respected profession - and in the employment for women in the postwar era.

Carpetbaggers

supposedly sleazy Northerners who had packed all their worldly goods into a carpetbag suitcase at the war's end and had come to the South to seek personal power and profit. Many were former Union soldiers and Northern businessmen/professionals that wanted to play a role in modernizing the "New South".

Morrill Tariff Act

supseded the low Tariff of 1857. It increased the existing duties by 5-10 percent, boosting them to the moderate level of the Walker Tarif of 1846. They were soon increased even more to raise additional revenue and provide more protection for manufacturers that led American industrialists to profit.

Second Great Awakening

swept up more people than the first. One of the most monumentus events in American religion. Left countless converted souls, many shattered and reorganized churches as well as creating new sects. Encouraged evangelicalism that bubbled up intoareas such as prison reform, termperance cause, the women's movement and the movement to abolish slavery. Caused camp movements where as many as 25,000 would gather for days to listen to a preacher. Boosted church membership and stimulated humanitarian reforms. Missionary work went to Hawaii and Asia. Methodists and Baptists gained the most membership with emphasis on demonratic control of the church, emotionalism and personal conversion. Femininized the church in membership and theology. Women were the most fervent and made upthe majority of new members. Offered women an active role in bringingtheir families back to God. Led charitable organizations.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

taught anatomy at Harvard Medical School. Prominent poet, essayist novelist, lecturer and wit. Nonconformist and conversationist he regarded Boston as the "hub of the universe". Last one to die out of this era of literature.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

taught modern languages in Harvard, was one of the most popular poets from America. Adopted by the less cultured masses. Wide knowledge of European literature supplied him with many themes. His poems were based on American traditions. Lost 2 wives. Only American ever honored with a bust in the Poets' Corener of Westminster Abbey.

Excise Tax

taxes paid when purchases are made on a specific good, such as whiskey. Excise taxes are often included in the price of the product.

Abigail Adams

teased her husband that women would forment a rebellion if they were not given politial rights. Women were seen as a crucial part of society for the survival of a nation.

Webster Ashburton Treaty

the Americans were to retain 7,000 square miles of the 12,000 in dispute in Maine. The British got less land but received the Halifax-Quebec route. During the negotiations, the Caroline affair was patched by an exchange of diplomatic notes. The British, in adjusting the U.S Canadian boundary farther west, surrendered 6,500 square miles that would become Minnesota.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

the British refused to shelter the Native Americans fleeing from the battle. Abandoned, they soon offered him peace.

State Constitutions

the Continental Congress in 1776 called upon the colonies to draft new constitutions. In effect they asked the colonies to summon themselves into being as new states. The sovereignty of these states would rest on the people. Although the states merely retouched their charters, many people tried to capture the spirit of the age. They were contracts that defined the powers of government but drew their autority from the people. The written documents represents a fundamental law that is superior to transient whims. It included bill of right. Annual election of legislatures with weak executive and judicial branches.

Samuel Tiden

the Democratic nominee against Blaine. He racked up 184 electoral votes of the 185. He polled more popular views than Hayes. This was a disputed election, with both sides rushing to LA, SC and FL. As all three states sent two returns (one Republican, one democrat), the paralysis tightened as the Constitution did not say who would count the ballots.He did not take office.

Isolationism

the Monroe Doctrine dampened this. Americans falsely concluded that the Republic was insulated from European dangers simply because t wanted to and because Monroe had warned Europe not to do so.

Naval Stores

the Royal Navy relied heavily upon naval stores from American colonies, and naval stores were an essential part of the colonial economy. Masts came from the large white pines of New England, while pitch came from the longleaf pine forests of Carolina, which also produced sawn lumber, shake shingles, and staves (ex. tar)

Scots-Irish

the Scots-Irish were 7 percent of the population. They were not Irish by Scots Lowlanders. Over many decades, they moved to Northern Ireland where they were hated for their Presbyterianism. They were mostly in Pennsylvania. When they hit the Allegheny barrier, they moved to the backcountry of Maryland, the western Carolinas and Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. By the mid 18th century, they lay scattered from Pennsylvania to Georgia.

War Hawks

the Twelfth Congress, who met in 1811, differed from the 11th. It replaced the submission men with young hotheads from the South and West dubbed 'war hawks' by the Federalists. They were weary of the British and detested the manhandling of American sailors and damned the flow of American trade. Western war hawks also years to wipe out the Native American threat.

Wilmot Proviso

the amendment that was eventually endorsed by the legislatures of all but one of the free states. It soon began to symbolize the burning issue of slavery in the territories.

Gettysburg

the battle that was in doubt until the very end. The failure of Pickett's futile charge broke the Confederate attack and the heart of the Confederate cause. This was the northernmost point reached by any significant Southern force and the last real chance for the Confederates to win the war. A Confederate peace delegation was moving towards a truce in Norfolk, Virginia. The war would carry on for two long years after, however.

Mobocracy

the belief that people had to be controlled by a central power as they claimed natural rights as a blanket statement for their violence and undisciplined lifestyle

Talleyrand

the crafty French foreign minister. Once Talleyrand realized that the fight in the U.S would add another enemy, he let it be known that if Americans were to send a new minister he would recieve proper respect. A new foreign minister was sent (despite Hamilton's outrage) and were sent to Paris in 1800.

Peggy Eaton

the daughter of Rhoda Howell and William O'Neale, the owner of Franklin House, a popular Washington, D.C. hotel. Peggy was noted for her beauty, wit and vivacity. Her marriage to United States Senator John Henry Eaton caused some controversy, as she had been recently widowed only a few months earlier, when her husband died while at sea.

King Williams War

the earliest contest among European powers for control of North America. Mostly pitted British colonists against the French coureurs de bois with both sides recruiting whatever Native American allies theycould. Neither France nor Britain considered America worth the commitment of large detachments of regular troops, so the combatants engaged in primitive guerilla warfare. Indian allies of the French ravaged withe British colonial fronteirs especially in Schenectady, New York and Deerfield, Massachusetts. Spain allied with France, probed from its FL base at outlying S.C settlements. The British colonies failed miserably against Quebec and Montreal but scored a temporary victory when it seized the stronghold of Port Royal in Acadia.

Noncolonization

the era of colonization in the Americas had ended and henceforth colonization would be closed. What powers had they might keep, but neither they nor any other Old World governments could siee any land.

The Liberator

the first anti-slavery news paper. Was created by Garrison, in Boston. With this newspaper he was able to openly express his believes, but this was one of the first movements to the civil war

James K. Polk

the first surprise American candidate. He was a Speaker of the House of Representatives for 4 years and a governor of Tennessee for 2 terms. He was sponsored by Andrew Jackson. They had a Re-annexation of Texas and Reoccupation of Oregon all the way to 54 40'. They deemed Clay as a corrupt bargainer, an amoral person and a slave owner (yet Polk owned slaves). Won the election from clay by a mere 38,000 votes and 65 votes in the Electoral College. Shrewd, narrow-minded and persistent. He had 4 points to his program. 1) Lowered tariff (his S.O.T Walker reduced the Tariff of 1842 from 32 to 25 percent). It produced excellent revenue when coupled with boom times and heavy imports. 2) Restoration of an independent treasury. 3) Acquisition of California and settlement of the Oregon dispute. Promised line of 49 40'. British anti-expansionists were now persuaded the the Columbia River was not the St. Lawrence of the West and that American hordes may seize the country. So the British gave him the land.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

the first war revoked the peace settlement in 1614, sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe (first interracial marriage in Virginia). The second war made one last effort to get rid of Virginians. They were defeated. The peace treaty of 1646 took away hopes of assimilating natives into Virginian society or coexisting with them. They were banished from their ancestral lands and seperated Indian from white areas of settlement (orgins of the reservation system). They were considered extinct by 1685.

John Humphrey Noyes

the founder of the Oneida Colony. Repudiated old Puritan doctrines that God was vengeful and that sinful mankind was doomed. He believed in a benign diety, the sweetness of human nature, and the possibility of a perfect Christian community on earth. Key to happiness was the supression of selfishness. Said that true Christians should not possess private property, indulge in exclusive relationships, material things and sexual partners should be shared. Members of the community should be free to love one another in "complex marriage".

Patronage

the granting of jobs, contracts and other official favors in return for loyalty to an individual leader or political party. Jefferson used his powers of appointment as an effective political weapon.

Judicial Review

the idea that the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality.

Sectionalism

the idea to secede from the United States that was rumored to be part of the Federalist plan. This revealed after the War of 1812 that the country was disunited.

Electoral College

the method of electing president indirectly, rather than direct means. Large states would have the advantage in the first round of popular voting, as a state's share of electors was based on the total of its senators and representatives in Congress, the small states would gain a larger say if no canidate got the majority of electoral votes and the election was thrown to the House of Representatives, where each state had one vote. The extended election does not happen often.

Black Legend

the misdeeds of the Spanish in the New World that gave the false concept held that conquerors merely tortured and butchered the Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox and left little but misery behind. They did do all of these but also created an empire through a unified culture, laws, religion and language.

The Association

the most significant action of the Congress was the creaton of this. Unlike nonimportation agreements, it called for a complete boycott of British goods, nonimportation, nonexportation and nonconsumption. But they were not calling for independence. Violators were tarred and feathers.

Tammany Hall

the name given to the Democratic political machine that dominated New York City politics from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the election of Fiorello LaGuardia in 1934.

Border States

the only slave states that were left in the Union. They were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and later West Virginia. Ifthe North had fired the first shot, they probably would have seceded. The border group contained more white people than half of the Confederacy. Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri would almost double the manufacturing capacity of the South and increase nearly half its supply of horses and mules. .The Ohio River flowed through Kentucky and West Virginia. The Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, where much of the Confederacy's grain, gunpowder, and iron was produced was in this area.

Slave Codes

the permission from the government for colonist's slaves to be punished for the smallest offenses. It brought not only brutality, but settled the slave system for years to come. Would make black slaves and their children property for the life of their masters. It was a crime to teach them to read or write. Not even conversion could give them freedom.

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. This could be seen against the Irish, who were held in contempt by the American public, wrung to the lowest rank in society.

James Buchanan

the president after Pierce. He was blind to sharp divisions in the Democratic party and threw the weight of his administration behind this constitution. But Douglas, who championed true popular sovereignty, would have none of this fraudulency. Voted by the delegates as he was a minister to London during the Kansas-Nebraska act and was relatively enemyless. Won the election.

American (Know-Nothing) Party

the recent influx of immigrants from Ireland and Germany alarmed nativists. They organized this party and nominated Fillmore in 1856. Antiforeign and anti-Catholic, they adopted the slogan "Americans must rule America". Remnants of the Whig party endorsed this party.

Franklin Pierce

the second "dark horse" candidate. He was a Democrat. He was a weak and indecisive figure. He had served in the Mexican War. Enemyless and a prosouth Northerner. He came out empathetically for the finality of the Compromise of 1850, Fugitive Slave Law and all. He had a cabinet of aggressive southerners, including the future president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis.

Scalawags

the sight of former slaves holding office offended whites, who lashed at particular fury with freedmen's white allies, calling them this. They were Unionists and Whigs. They were Southerners accused of plundering the treasuries of the South through their influence in the radical governments.

Transportation Revolution

the steamboat aided the reverse flow of finished goods up the watery western arteries and helped bind West and South together. But the truly revolutionary changes came as canals and railroad tracks. They would offset the flow of trade by laying down internal improvements. Buffalo gained more produce than New Orleans. NY became the seaboard port of the nation.

Plantation System

the system used in the south that allowed for the rich of the south to have many slaves, and kept the poor the same way. A class system that did not allow for momement between classes

John Tyler

the vice president of William Henry Harrison that took the ticket after he died. He was a Virginia gentleman of the old school - gracious and kindly, yet stubbornly attached to principle. He had earlier resigned for the Senate than accept distasteful instructions from the Virginia legislature. Accused to be a Democrat in Whig clothing. He belonged to a minority wing, which embraced a number of Jeffersonian states' righters. Tyler had in fact been put on the ticket partly to attract this fringe group many of whom were influential southern gentry. At odds with the majority of the Whig Party, he was largely a Democrat at heart. Was hostile to a central bank. When the bank bill for a fiscal bank, he vetoed it. Vetoed he fiscal corporation as well. He was burned in effigy and was threatened by death. His entire cabinet resigned except for Webster (secretary of state). Vetoed the Whig taruff, Tyker saw no point in squandering federal money when the federal treasury was not overflowing. He signed a reduced tariff with no dollar-distribution scheme in 1842.

Plains Indians

these tribes and a rival faction of the Cherokees would side with the Union, only to be rewarded after the war with a relentless military campaign to herd them onto reservations or into oblivion.

Laird Rams

these were two Confederate warships being constructed in the shipyard of John Laird and Sons in Britain. They were designed to destroy Union ships with their iron rams and large-calibar guns. They were far more dangerous than the Alabama. If delievered to the South, they probably would have sunk the blockading squadrons and then brought Northern cities under their fire. In retaliation, the North would have invaded Canada and a full-scale war would erupt. At the last minute, the London government relented andbought the two ships for the Royal Navy. Britain also repented its role in the Alabama affair and paid Unionists 15.5 million for damages caused by wartime commerce-raiders.

Panic of 1837

this was due to the cycle of booms and busts after Jackson removed funds from the national bank. Surplus federal funds were placed in state institutions that were chosen for their pro-Jackson sympathies. Without a central bank, smaller banks flooded the country with paper money. Wildcat currency grew so unreliable Jackson had to issue the Specie Circular that decreed that public lands had to be paid with metallic money. Caused by rampant speculation and get-rich-quickism. Gamblers in western lands were doing a land-office business on borrowed capital, much of it on wildcat banks. Jacksonian finance gave a jolt to economics. Failures of wheat crops caused grain prices to rise so high that mobs stormed warehouses and broke open flour barells. 2 prominent British banks failed, causing them to call in foreign loans. American banks collapsed, which carried down several million in government funding. Commodity prices dropped, sales of public lands fell and customs revenues dried. Factories closed and unemployed workers milled in the streets. Whigs wanted to fix this by expanding credit, higher tariffs and subsidies.

"Crime of '73"

through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. This was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

Macon's Bill #2

to Madison's dismay, Congress dismantled the embargo completely with this bargaining measure. While reopening American trade with all the world, the Bill dangled an attractive lure. If either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation. It practically admitted that the United States needed a commercial ally. The terms of the Bill gave the British three month to repeal the Orders of Council and reopening the Atlantic to neutral trade. They did not. The president saw no choice but to reestablish the embargo against Britain alone.

"South Carolina Exposition"

to protest the "Tariff of Abominations", South Carolina published this pamphlet in 1828 that was secretly written by Calhoun (who, as vice president, concealed his name). It denounced the recent tariff as unjust and unconstitutional. It bluntly and explicity proposedthat the states should nullify the tariff in a way similar to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

Napoleon III

took advantage of America's preoccupation with its own internal problems by dispatching a French army to occupy Mexico City in 1863.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

trained as a Unitarian minister, forsook his pulpit and reached a higher audience through pen and platform. He was a never-failing favorite as a lecturer and for 20 years took a western tour every winter. Took the address in Philadelphia called "The American Scholar in Harvard College. This was an intellectual Declaration of Independence, for it urged American writers to do away with European tradition and delve into the riches of America. Wrote essays that touched countless lives. He stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism and freedom. His popularity laid in the fact that his ideals reflected that of an expanding America. Outspoken critic of slavery and supported the Union in the Civil War.

Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur

traveled to the New World in 1755 as an officer and mapmaker and became a farmer, then served as French consul for many years. He returned to Europe in 1790. His fame rests on his essays, Letters from an American Farmer. In his time he was the most widely read commentator on America.

Convention of 1800

treaty signed in Paris. France agreed to annul the Franco-American treaty but the U.S had to pay the damage claims of American shippers. This ended the only peacetime military alliance for a century and a half.

Zebulon Pike

trekked to the headwaters of the Mississippi River in 1905,1806. The next year Pike ventured into the southern portion of the Louisiana territory, where he sighted a peak that bears his name.

Spoils System

under Jackson, he rewarded political supporters with public office on a large scale. It came from Senator William Marcy's remark in 1832. The system secured a firm hold in New York and Pennsylvania. Jackson defended the system on democratic grounds. As every person was seen as equally better than his neighbor, the routine of office was thought to be simple enough for any American to learn quickly, so it was better to bring in new blood instead of aristocratic and bureaucratic people so each generation deserved its turn.Scandal accompanied the new system, people who bought Jackson hickory posts were appointed to high office. Illiterates, incompetents, and crooks were given positions of public trust. The party promised loyalty of the spoils system allowed for the 2 party system to emerge.

Catharine Beecher

unmarried daughter of a preacher that urged women to enter the teaching profession. It grew as a 'feminized' occupation.

Patroonship

vast feudal estates fronting the Hudson River that were granted to promoters who agreed to settle fifty people on them.

Virginia Company

wanted to get land for the new world with promises of gold and a passage from the Americas to the Indies. Also, after the first Anglo-Powhatan War, they issued new orders for a perpetual war and would prevent indians from being a people.

Salmon P. Chase

wanted to remove Lincoln from office. He was his secretary of Treasury.

Roger Taney

was Chief Justice for the Dred Scott case. A decision was made on March 6, 1857. Roger Taney ruled against Dred Scott, denying his freedom because he was property and his owner could take him into any territory and legally hold him as a slave. This court ruling was major cause in starting the Civil War.

William Seward

was Secretary of State that was an ardent expansionist. He signed a treaty with Russia hat transferred Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million.

William H. Seward

was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as Governor of New York and United States Senator. A determined opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War, he was a dominant figure in the Republican Party in its formative years, and was praised for his work on behalf of the Union as Secretary of State during the American Civil War.His firm stance against foreign intervention in the Civil War helped deter the United Kingdom and France from entering the conflict and possibly gaining the independence of the Confederate States.

Alexander Stephens

was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883.

Martin Van Buren

was a Free Soil Part canidate that won no state and polled 291,263 ballots. He diverted enough strength from Cass in the state of New York to throw the election to Taylor.

Oliver O. Howard

was a Union general that headed the Freedmen's Bureau. He later founded and served as president of Howard University in Washington, D.C.

Francis Scott Key

was a detained American anxiously watching the bombardment from a British ship, which inspired him to write 'The Star-Spangled Banner'. It was to the toon to anEnglish tavern refrain.

Dred Scott

was about a black slave that lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory. Backed by abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

was an American abolitionist and author. She came from the Beecher family, a famous religious family, and is best known for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), which depicts the harsh conditions for enslaved African Americans. The book reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and Great Britain, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South.

Dominion of New England

was created by royal authority, imposed from London. it was expanded to include New York and East and West Jersey. It also aimed at bolstering colonial defense in the event of war with the Indians. It was a statemanlike move.

Common Man

was first seen as supporters of Jackson. But when he closed the national bank, many Whigs declared themselves as champion of the common man.

Tippecanoe

was fought on November 7, 1811, in what is now Battle Ground, Indiana, between American forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and Native American warriors associated with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa (commonly known as "The Prophet") were leaders of a confederacy of Native Americans from various tribes that opposed US expansion into Native territory. As tensions and violence increased, Governor Harrison marched with an army of about 1,000 men to disperse the confederacy's headquarters at Prophetstown, near the confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers. Tecumseh, not yet ready to oppose the United States by force, was away recruiting allies when Harrison's army arrived. Tenskwatawa, a spiritual leader but not a military man, was in charge. Harrison camped near Prophetstown on November 6 and arranged to meet with Tenskwatawa the following day. Early the next morning, however, warriors from Prophetstown attacked Harrison's army. Although the outnumbered attackers took Harrison's army by surprise, Harrison and his men stood their ground for more than two hours. The Native Americans were ultimately repulsed when their ammunition ran low. After the battle, they abandoned Prophetstown and Harrison's men burned it to the ground, destroying the food supplies stored for the winter, and then returned home.

William T. Sherman

was head of the conquest of Georgia. He captured Atlanta in 1864 and burned the city two months later. He left his supply base, lived off the country for 250 miles and emerged at Savannah on the sea. He and his men burned buildings, tore railroad rails, heated them and twisted them into shaped. They bayoneted family portraits and ran off with souveniers. One of his main purposes was to destroy the supplies for the Confederate army and weaken the morale of men. He was a pioneering practitioner of total war that increased southern desertions.

Nonimportation Agreements

was more effective than the Stamp Act Congress It was a widespread adoption of nonimportation agreements against British goods. Woolen garments became fashionable and eating lamb was discouraged. Nonimportation agreements were a promising stride towards union, as it united the Amreican people for the first time in common action. Many people who had previously stood on the sidelines now signed petitions swearing to uphold the terms of the consumer boycotts.

Henry Clay

was not nominated by the Whigs because of his much too numerous speeches and enemies. Caled to the congressional forum. He came from Kentucky to the Senate to engineer the compromise. He proposed and defended a series of compromises. Argued that the North and South should make concessions and that the North yield by enacting a more feasible fugitive-slave law.

Judiciary Act of 1789 and 1801

was one of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created sixteen new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. Jeffersonians saw this as an attempt to entrench itself in one of the branches of government. He condemned the last minute appointees. The new Republican Congress aimed to repeal it in the year after it passed. They thus swept 16 benches from under the 'midnight judges'.

George B. Meade

was told to replace Hooker as general. He marched to Gettysburg with 92,000 men against Lee's 76,000.

Election of 1860

was truly an election for the minority president. Lincoln was not allowed on the ballot in 10 Democratic states. The election was virtually two - one in the north and one in the South. South Carolinians rejoiced at having an excuse to secede.

Rutherford B. Hayes

was turned to by Republicans since he was a compromise candidate. He hailed from Ohio, where he served 3 terms as governor. Called in the military to quell the unrest by railroad workers.

Winfield S. Hancock

went against the Republicans in the election of 1880.

Peculiar Institution

what Congress called Missouri, who was the first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase. The emancipation was believed to set a precedent for the area. It was a euphemism for slavery in which the south felt betrayed.

Rotation in Office

what Jackson believed should happen before with noe term for a president, but was easily persuaded not to rotate out.

Order of the Star Spangled Banner

when 'nativists' aimed to curb the growing power of Catolicism. It agitated for rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization and for laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers. They also promoted literature of exposure. The authors, posing as escaped nuns, described sins they imagined.

Monroe Doctrine

when Adams won the nationalistic Monroe over to his way of thinking. The president warned the European powers of colonization and intervention.

XYZ Affair

when Adams's envoys (of diplomatic nature) involving 3 men (including John Marshall) were approached by three go-betweens. They demanded a loan of 32 million florins plus a bribe of $250,000 for talking with Talleyrand. They were outraged by the settlement and negotiations broke down. War hysteria then spread. The Federalists were happy about proving themselves right while Jeffersonians were ashamed. War preparations were pushed, although Jeffersonian opposition was considerable in Congress. The Navy Department was created; 3 ship Navy expanded and the U.S Marine Corps established. An army of 10,000 was authorized. Bloodshed was confined to see where privateers and men-of-war captured 80 armed vessels of the French. Several hundred ships were captured by the French.

Matthew C. Perry

when American ships led by him went to Japan and persuaded the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1854 that opened a commercial foot with Japan.

Saratoga

when Americans swarmed around Burgoyne in Albany. With sharp engagements, the British were trapped. He was forced to surrender his command her on October 17, 1777 to Gates. It revived the colonial cause and made possible foreign aid from France.

Cajuns

when Britain feared a stab in the back by French Arcadians, the British uprooted 4,000 of them in 1755 where they were scatered as far south as Louisiana, where descendants of them are now called cajuns and number nearly a million. They planted sugarcane and sweet potatoes, practiced Roman Catholicism and spoke French dialect known as Cajun. They had a passionate love for the French language. However today almost all speak English.

Conversion

when Calvinists sought (in themselves and others) signs of conversion or the reciept of God's good grace. It was thought to be be an intense personal experience in which God revealed to the elect their destiny.

Appomattox

when Confederate troops captured Richmond and cornered Lee at this courthouse in Virginia in 1865. Grant met with generous terms of surrender. Lincoln took seat at Davis's chair and was praised by free slaves.

Tenure of Office Act

when Congress passed this act, they passed it over Johnson's veto. The law required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body. This was to freeze Stanton into the cabinet. When Johnson dismissed Stanton, Congress impeached him.

Compromise of 1877

when Democrats accepted HHayes as president in return for his withdrawing federal troops in SC and LA. Republicans also promised Democrats a place for presidential patronage and support for a bill subsidizing the Texas and Pacific Railroad's construction (which did not happen, but it cooled off Democrats). This broke the commitment to racial equality for the freedmen who voted Republican.

General Cornwallis

when General Nathanael Greene distinguished himself by his strategy of delay. Standing and then retreatomg he exhausted Cornwallis. Greene would succeed in clearing most of Georgia and S.C of British troops.

Yorktown

when George Washington was joinede by Rochambeau's French army, Washington beset theBritish by land while de Grasse blockade them by sea after beating off the British fleet. Completely cornered, Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19, 1781.

"Visible Saints"

when God revealed to the elect their status, they were expected to live lives that demonstrated their holy behavior. The most devout Puritans believed that only these people should be admitted to church leadership.

Vicksburg

when Grant commanded forces in attacking Vicksburg (which was a lifeline to the West for the South) that would cause it to surrendered after a long seige. It came after the defeat of Gettysburg that reopened the Mississipi that helped quell anti-Union sentiment as well as letting the Confederacy cut off the region's usual trade routes down the Ohio-Mississippi to New Orleans. It tipped diplomacy toward the North.

Fundamental Orders

when Hooker's colony wrote a modern constitution that established a democratic regime controlled by substantial citizens. They were later borrowed by Connecticut for its colonial charter and its state constitution.

Boston Tea Party

when Hutchinson allowed for the boats of the British East India Company to unload their cargo. On December 16, 1773, Bostonians smashed 342 chests and dumped the contents into the Boston harbor.

Tariff of Abominations

when Jackson promoted a high-tariff bill, expecing it to be defeated. To his surprise, the tariff passed. Southerners were hostile to tariffs due to their consumption of manufactured goods with littleindustry. Several southern states adopted formal protests, South Carolina flags rose at half mast. Southerners believed that the tariff discriminated against them. The Northeast was experiencing a boom in manufacturing, the West had rising property values and population and the Southwest expanded into virgin cotton lands. But the Old South was falling was falling on hard times, and the tariff provided a convenient and plausible scapegoat. Southerners sold their cotton unprotected by tariffs but were forced to buy manufactured goods in an American market heavily protected by Tariffs. The tariff also grew anxiety regarding slavery. Abolition in Britain might be reflected by the U.S government by using the power of Washington to supress slavery. The tariff could be used to stand on principle against the encroachments on states' rights.

"King Mob"

when Jackson was elected, "Hickoryites" poured into Washington from far away. Nobodies mixed with notables. The White House, for the first time, was open to a multitude of people such as clerks, shopkeepers, hobnailed artisans and laborers. Conservatives saw Jackson as head of their vulgarity that replaced simplicity.

Revolution of 1800

when Jefferson believed his election showed a turn to the original spirit of the revolution. He wanted to restore the republican experiment, to check the growth of government power, and to halt decay of virtue. However, he further cemented the gains of this revolution. By absorbing major Federalist programs, Jefferson showed that a change in regime did not have to be disastrous.

Harpers Ferry

when John Brown seized the federal arsenal here and killed seven people. The slaves did not rise up like he planned, causing Brown to be quickly captured by Robert E. Lee. He was then executed.

Treaty of Paris, 1783

when John Jay, Ben Franklin and John Adams helped make peace terms. U.S was entirely independent and they had generous boundaries from Mississippi on the west to the Great Lakes at the north and to Spanish Florida in the south. The Americans could no longer persecute Loyalists and Congress was to recommend to state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist land be restored. French had sweet revenge but went to bankruptcy and revolution.

Nullification

when John Quincy Adams tried to peacefully and fairly deal with Native Americans in Georgia (as they were planning the evict them), but the Gorgia governor threatened to resort to arms and resisted the government's authority on behalf of the Cherokees. For the Tariff of Abominations, nullies in the South tried to muster 2/3 vote of nullification in the S.C legislature. But they were blocked by the minority of Unionists. In Washington, the Tariff of 1832 passed. It was frankly still protective and fell far short of meeting southern demands. In 1832, they had 2/3 majority, where the state then called for a special convention. The delebates in Columbia decalred the existing tariff to be void in S.C and called for a threat to leave the Union if Washington attempted to collect duties by force. Jackson responded by bringing naval and military reinforcements as well as writing a proclamation agaist nullification.

Civil Rights Act

when Johnson refused to sign the Bureau, the Republicans passed this that gave blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck down Black Codes. Johnson vetoed this on constitutional grounds, but the congressmen went forward.

"Swing Around the Circle"

when Johnson undertook to speak various cities en route to dedicate a Chicago monument to Stephen A. Douglas in support of his views. It ended in disaster because he had a series of "give 'em hell" speeches, in which he accused the radicals in Congress of having planned large-scale antiblack riots and murder in the South. He shouted angry retorts at hecklers. He was highly successful in the vote though, winning 2/3 of the majority in both houses.

Lecompton Constitution

when Kansas had enough people, chiefly free-soilers, to apply for statehood on a popular sovereignty basis. These forces devised a tricky document entitled this. The people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole, but for the constitution "with slavery" or "without slavery". If the voted against, one of the remaining provisions of the constitution would protect the owners of slaves already in Kansas. So whatever the outcome, slavery would still be in Kansas. Many free-soilers boycotted the polls, thus letting the proslaveryites to approve the constitution with slavery in 1857. Douglas deliberately tossed away his support in the South for the presidency and fought for fair play and democratic principles. The outcome was that submitted the entire constitution for a vote. The freesoilers went to the polls, but Kansas remained a territory until 1861, when the secessionists left Congress.

Puritans

when King Henry broke from the Catholic Church, some took their duty to purify English Christianity. They came from decompressed woolen areas. They grew increasingly unhappy with the progress of the Protestant Reformation - they believed that the Church of England should not show any Catholic influence.

1st Bull Run

when Lincoln concluded that an attack on a smaller Confederate force here, 30 miles south of Washington, might be worth a try. If successful, it would demonstrate the superiority of Union arms. It might even have lead to the capture of Richmond, which would discredit the Confederacy and the Union could be reassembled. Congressman and spectators followed the militiamen. At first it looked well for the Union, but Jackson's soldiers and Confederate reinforcements seized the Union troops and many Unionists fled. It was not decisive militarily but bore significant psychological and political consequences, many of them paradoxical. Victory was worse than defeat for the South, because it inflated their overconfidence. Many Southerners deserted, feeling the war was surely over. The Union buckled dow for the task at hand that would set the stage for the large scale war.

Protestant Reformation

when Martin Luther ignited religious reform that made its way across Europe - dividing peoples, toppling sovereigns and kindling spiritual fervor.

Harvard

when Massachusetts Puritans established a college in 1636 that trained local boys for ministry. They are the oldest corporation in America.

Era of Good Feelings

when Monroe went to Federalist New England he recieved a heartwarming welcome that a newspaper called it the "Era of Good Feelings" that has later described the administrations of Monroe. Not as pleasant as it seemed.

Benedict Arnold

when Montgomery (formerly of the British army) pushed up the Lake Champlain route and captured Montreal, he was joined at Quebec by his army who had been reduced to eating dogs and shoe leather. An assaunt on Quebec was launched on the last day of 1775 and he was wounded. Canada showed no real desire to welcome these invaders.

New Jersey Plan

when New Jersey feared V.A's plan, they decided to create a unicameral Congress with states, regardless of size and population. The weaker states feared that the strong states would lord over the rest.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

when Nicaragua was a concern for southerners who wanted more slave territory and for Britain. Britain feared that Americans would monopolize the trade arteries there and secured a foothold at Greytown. This had the opportunity for a clash due to the challenge of the Monroe Doctrine. It ended in 1850 by this treaty which stipulated that neither America nor Britain would fortify or secure exclusive control over any future waterway.

Union Party

when Republicans feared defeat, they joined with the War Democrats that supported the Lincoln administration that proclaimed itself as the Union party. Lincoln was nominated by them.

Louisiana

when Robert de La Salle floated down the Mississippi in 1682 to the point where it mingles with the Gulff. He named the basin Louisiana in honor of Louis the XIV. Dreaming of an empire, he returned to the Gulf three years later with a colonization expedition of four ships but he failed to find the Mississippi delta and landed in Spanish Texas where he was killed.

"Higher Law"

when Seward appealed, with reference to excluding slavery in the territories, to an even "higher law" than the Constitution. This alarming phrase cost him presidential nomination in 1860.

"Personal Liberty Laws"

when South Carolina in 1832 made it an offense for a state official to enforce the new federal statute. Other states passed these laws who denied local jails to federal officials and otherwise hammered enforcements.

Merrimack

when Southerners refashioned an old wooden U.S warship with iron railroad rails. It was renamed the Virginia that destroyed two Union boats in the Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay. The Monitor was built for the Union and fought the Merrimach to a standstill. The battle-testing of these new boats would wreck the wooden ship industry. This boat was destroyed to keep it from the grasp of he Union.

Ostend Manifesto

when Spanish officials in Cuba forced a showdown in 1854 by seizing an American steamer called "Black Warrior", Pierce tried to provoke war with Spain and seize Cuba. The major powers of Europe - England, France, and Russia were unable to aid Spain due to almost ready to be bogged down by the Crimean War. The secretary of state instructed the American ministers in Spain, England, and France to prepare confidential recommendations for the acquisition of Cuba. They met in Ostend, Belgium to write a top-secret dispatch. This urged the administration to offer 120 million for Cuba. If Spain refused, and if continued ownership would endanger American interests, the United States would be justified in wresting the island. This soon leaked and Northern free-soilers rose in an outburst. Confronted with disruption, Pierce dropped his schemes for Cuba.

Millard Fillmore

when Taylor died suddenly, he took office. As presiding officer of the Senate, he had been impressed with the arguments for conciliation, and gladly signed a series of compromise measures that passed Congress after seven long months of stormy months of debate.

Oneida Colony

when The Putney Association had indulged in sexual practices and "mutual criticism", Noyes took him and his followers to Onedia, the more tolerant region of the Burned-Over District in 1847. Struggled in New York until they were joined by Sewell Newhouse (who invented steel animal traps). The manufacture of his traps and other products such as sewing silk and various types of bags, allowed them to have financial footing. By the 1860s, it had 300 people. Both genders shared work equally and lived under one roof in the Mansion House (had common heating, a library, a common dining hall and a "big hall" for prayer and entertainment. Children at age of 3 were removed from their parents and raised communally in the Children's House until the age of 13-14. Showed success, so it fed motivation to make other communities. Visitors came to picnic there. It broke apart due to rumors of practices such as a selective breeding program where the community matched mates and gave permission/orders to procreate without marriage. Dining hall became a restaurant. Became a joint-stock company specializing in silver tableware. Grew to be leading manufacturer of stainless steel knives forks, and spoons. In the 1990s they made half a billion dollars.

Townshend Acts

when Townshend persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass these acts. The most important of these new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea. It seized a distinction between internal and external taxes and was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports. The most burdensome of these acts was the tea. The new revenues of this tax paid the salaries of the royal governors and judges in America. London felt that this was overdue but Americans believed that it was another attempt to control them. After this act, the legislature of New York in 1767 was suspended. However the nonimportation agreements were not as strong with these acts as they were light and indirect. Also, they could find smuggled tea at a cheap price. Smugglers increased their activities.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

when Trist (chief clerk of the State Department) and Scott arranged for an armistice with Santa Anna, at a price of 10,000. Trist was asked by Polk to come home, but he said no. But Trist, instead, was signing this treaty. The treaty confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and California. The total expanse was about 1/2 of Mexico. The U.S paid 15 million and assumed the claims of its citizens. Was criticized by both people who wanted all of Mexico and people who wanted none of it.

Credit Mobilier

when Union Pacific Railroad insiders had formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and the hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning as much as 348 percent. Fearing that Congress might step in, the company distrivuted shares of its stock to congressmen. A newspaper expose and investigationled to the censure of two congressman and the revelation that the vice president of the United States had accepted payments from the Credit Mobilier.

Seventh of March Speech

when Webster took the Senate spotlight to uphold Clay's compromise measures in his last great speech. He urged all reasonable concessions to the South, including a new fugitive-slave law with teeth. As for slvery, why legislate on the subject? God had already made the the topography of the Mexican Cession Territory not profitable for a plantation economy. Webster concludedthat compromise, concession and reasonableness would be the only solutions.

Lane Rebels

when Weld was expelled with several other students in 1834 for organizing an 18-day debate in slavery, they went across the Old Northwest preaching the antislavery gospel.

Trent Affair

when a Union warship north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, forcibly removing two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe, Britons were outraged. War preparations buzzed and troops embarked for Canada. The London Foreign Office prepared an ultimatum demanding surrender of the prisoners and an apology. But luckily, slow communications caused both sides to cool. Lincoln released the prisoners 'one at a time'.

Free Soil Party

when ardent antislavery men in the North distrusted Cass and Taylor and organized their own party. They came in support for the Wilmot Proviso and against slavery in the territory. They advocated aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. Attracted industrialists that were angry about Polk's reduction of the tariff, Democrats against Polk's settling for part of Oregon while all of Texas (which suggested a southern dominance to the Democratic party), Northers who hated not slavery as much as black people and did not want to share their western territory with African Americans. "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men". They condemned slavery for destroying the chances of free white workers to rise from wage-earning dependence to self-employment. Free-Soilers argued that only with free soil in the West would the traditional American commitment to upward mobility continue to flourish. if forced to compete with slave labor, more costly wage labor would go away, and with it the chance of Americans owning property. It was the first widely inclusive party organized around the issue of slavery and confined to a single section, it foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party six years.

Philadelphia Convention

when every state except Rhode Island chose delegates. Congress belatedly called these in order to revise The Articles of Confederation. They were appointed by the state legislatures who had been elected by voters who could qualify as property holders. Fifty five people from 12 states met on May 25, 1787. The smallnes of the assemblage facilitated intimate acquatintance and hence compromise. The sessions were held in complete secrecy with armed sentinials at the doors. Most of the members and were old hands at constitution making.

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

when followers of Brown killed 5 men, presumed to be proslaveryites. This besmirched the free-soil cause and brought retaliation to pro-slavery forces.

New England Confederation

when four colonies (Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven) made a confederacy against foes (Indians, French and the Dutch). Runaway servants and criminals came into jurisdiction of the confederation. Each member colony had 2 votes -regardless of size. It was the first notable milestone toward colonial unity. They acted together on matters of intercolonial importance.

Daniel Webster

when he and Clay presented Congress to renew the Bank of the United States' charter. he charter was not set to expire until 1836, not 1832 when it was presented. This was so it would become an election issue.

Hessians

when in August 1775, King George III hired German troops to help crush the rebellion. They were often from the German principality off Hesse. Hessians were mainly concerned about money and thousands deserted Britain to become citizens of America.

Ecological Imperialism

when in the west, the rendezvous system of fur-trappers of the west traded for manufactured goods. Many species such as beavers, bison and sea-otters were driven to almost-extinctions, leading some to call this an aggressive act of exploitation.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

when infuriated slaves were led by him, who would create a resistance that was ultimately broken. Yellow fever spread across to the French troops. He betrayed France in order to later establish the republic of Haiti.

Annapolis Convention

when interstate squabbling over the control of commerce became so alarming by 1786 that Viginia called this conference in Maryland. Nine states appointed delegates but only five were actually represented. With so little show, nothing could be done - until Alexander Hamilton.

Enclosure

when landlords enclosed croplands for sheep grazing which caused many small farmers to tenancy or forced them off the land altogether.

Industrial Revolution

when machines were made for mass production of textiles that led to more power and the modern factory system.

Ohio Fever

when many immigrants were moving into the Ohio Valley. Ohio Fever was caused by the availability of cheap land, the elimination of the "Indian Menace" and the need for land of tobacco farmers who had exhausted their land's resources.

"Positive Good"

when mass hysteria swept the nation after the nullification crisis of 1832. It conjured nightmared of the north. Jailings, whippings and lynchings then greeted rational efforts to discuss slavery. The defense of slavery was proclaimed as this. Slavery was supported by the Bible and the wisdom of Aristotle. It was good for Africans, who were lifted from Africa to Christian civilization. They argued that the master-slave relationships were like a family. Toiled in fresh air, did not have to worry about unemployment and were cared for in sickness and old age.

John Bell

when middle-of-the-ground group feared that the Union would break apart, they organized a Union that consisted mainly of former Whigs and Know-Nothings. They nominated Bell who was from Tennessee.

American Anti-Slavery Society

when other dedicated abolitionists rallied to Garrison's standard and formed a society. The head of the group was Wendell Phillips.

Fugitive Slave Law

when slaves were running away from plantations, southerners demanded more of these laws. The old one from 1793 was inadequate to cope with runaways, especially since state authorities failed to provide cooperation. They were infuriated by the loss of their slaves. 1,000 slaves were lost a year out of 4 million. More black slaves bought or were voluntarily emancipated than escaped. The fugitive slave law of 1850 stirred up a storm of opposition in the North. The fleeing slaves could testify on their own behalf, and they were denied a jury trial. These harsh practices would create dangerous precedents. The commisioner who handled the case of a slave would get 5 dollars if the runaway was freed and 10 if they were not. Northerners who aided the slave to escape were liable to jail and heavy fines. They might be ordered to join slave-catchers.

Gag Resolution

when so many petitions poured into Congress by antislavery reformers, the Southerners drove to the South for this. It required all such antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate. Assaulted freedom of petition.

Crop-Lien System

when storeeepers extended credit to small farmers for food and supplies and in return took a lien of their harvests. Shrewd merchants manipulated the system so that farmers remained perpetually in debt to them.

Sharecropping

when the Black Codes were repealed, the liberated blacks could not be lifted int economic independence because they lacked capital. Thousands of impoverished slaves slipped into sharecropping that would run in a family for generations.

Molasses Act

when the British Parliament passed the Molasses Act, they aimed to end the North American trade with the French West Indies (which they used as a trading partner to gain money to buy goods from Britain). However, instead of it working, merchants responded by bribing and smuggling their way around the law.

War of Jenkins Ear

when the British also won limited rights with trading with Spanish America (these caused friction with smuggling), tensions ensued. British captain Jenkins encountered Spanish revenue authorities and had one ear sliced off by a sword. The victim had resentment when he returned home to Britain. It broke out in 1739 between the British and Spaniards and was confined to the Caribbean Sea where James Oglethorpe fought his Spanish foe to a stand-still. This would soon merge with the War of Austrian Succession in Europe. The French sided with the Spanish and with New England and a British fleet, they captured the French fortress of Louisbourg.

Royal Veto

when the British crown reserved the right to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if such laws worked mischief with the mercantilist system. It was used 469 times in connection to 8,563 laws. Colonists did not like it.

Fort Neccessity

when the French promptly returned wih reinforcements, surrounding Wasington in his Fort. Aftera 10 hour siege, he was forced to surrender his entire command on July 4th, 1754. He was permitted to march his men away with full honors at war though.

Virginia Dynasty

when the Hartford Conventions demanded a prohibition of the election of two successive presidents from the same state. By 1814 a Virginian had been president for 4 of the 25 years of its life.

Tallmadge Amendment

when the House of Representatives stymied the plans of Missourians by passing this act that said that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also profided gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. This caused an outcry among southerners. It was defeated in the Senate but it was seen as a threat to sectional balance (as the North was way more wealthier and populated than the South).

Pontiac's Rebellion

when the Ottawa chief Pontiac in 1763 led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region in a violet campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio country. He besieged Detroit in the sping of 1763 and eventually overran all but 3 British posts west of the Appalachians, killing some two thousand soldiers and settlers. The British retaliated by ordering blankets to be infected with smallpox to be distributed among the Native Americans. It crushed the uprising and brought a truce to the fronteir. The episode convinced the British that they needed to stabilize the relations with western Indians and kepp refular troops stationed on the frontier (which they would soon ask the colonists to do).

Winfield Scott

when the Taylor forces could not win decisively, the main expedition which pushed inland was entrusted to him. He was a hero of the War of 1812. He was severely handicapped by inadequate numbers of troops, expiring enlistments, a more numerous enemy, mountainous terrain, disease and political backbiting. He went to Mexico City and proved to be the most distingushed general until 1861.

Antifederalists

when the new Constitution was revealed, the people who opposed the stronger federal government. Led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Lee. Their followers were primarily states' rights devotees, backcountry dwellers and one-horse farmers. They were also joined by paper moneyites and debtors that feared a central government would force them to pay off their debts of full value. Believed that it had aristocratic elements and was antidemocratic. They believed that individual and states rights were curbed. They saw the creation of an army, dropping of annual elections and only 2/3 ratification.

Act of Toleration

when the previous freedom of religion in Maryland was then narrowed to freedom of all sects of Christianity - Jews, atheists, etc. were put to the death. However, it did lead Maryland to shelter the most English-speaking Catholics.

Lord De La Warr

when the remaining colonists of Jamestown were heading home, they were met at the James River by a new governer. He ordered the settlers back to Jamestown where he imposed a harsh military regime in the colony and took military action against the Indians (basically at war with them). He also imposed the brutal Irish tactics against them, burning heir houses, confiscating their food and torching cornfields.

Land Act of 1820

when the west had to rely on other sections to gain influence, it demanded cheap acreage. It partially achieved its goal in tis act that authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash.

Albany Plan

when, in 1754, the British government summoned and intercolonial congress near the Iroquois Indian country. The immediate purpose was to keep the scalping knives of the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in the spreading war. The longer range purpose was to achieve greater colonial unity and bolster the common defense against France. Only 7 colonies attended. Franklin was the leading spirit of the Albany Congress. He devised a sceme for colonial home rule. The delegates unanimously adopted the plan, but the individual colonies spured it along with the London regime. The coloniss did not feel like it was enough independence while the British thoght it was too much.

Chesapeake Incident

when, in 1807, a royal frigate overhauled a U.S frigate, the Chesapeake, 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. The British captain bluntly demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. London never claimed the right to seize sailors from a foreign warship, and the American commander, though totally unprepared to fight, refused the request. The British warship then enflicted 3 broadsides at close range. This killed 3 Americans and wounded 18. Four deserters were dragged away and the Chesapeake went back into port in tatters.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

where Andrew Jackson crushed southwest Native Americans and was placed in command.

Washington's Farewell Address

where Washington established a two-term system for presidents. It was not given orally but on paper. He advised against permanent alliances like the Franco-American Treaty. He favored alliances for extraordinary emergies.

"Black Belt"

where the majority of slaves were concentrated in the Deep South that stretched from South Carolina and Georgia into Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. This was the region of the southern frontier, where the Cotton Kingdom had burst. Accounted in some areas as 75 percent of the population. This is where family life was stable and a slave culture developed. Avoided marriage of first cousins, unlike the planter aristocracy. Mixed Christian and African elements in a religion.

Lawrence, Kansas

where the pro-slavery /anti-slavery war in Kansas began ("Bleeding Kansas or Kansas Border War).

Cotton Gin

with the cotton gin, short-staple cotton became profitable. The crop became the most dominant crop of the south. The explosion of the cotton cultivation created a demand for labor, chaining the slave to the gin and the planter to the slave.

Trans-Allegheny West

would become the granary of the world. Pioneers planted fields of corn that could be distributed more easily than grain. They became western farmer's market items.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

wrecked 2 compromises: the 1820 compromise that it repealed specifically and the Fugitive Slave law of 1850 in which northern opinion repeal indirectly. Destroyed the chances for Democrats to get in the White House for 28 years. The Republican party emerged that sprung up in the Middle West in Wisconsin and Michigan as a moral protest against the gains of slavery. It included disgrunted Whigs, Know-Nothings and other foes of this act. It erupted overnight and spread eastward. It was a purely sectional party.

Charles Beard

write An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States in 1913. He argued that the Articles of Confederation had protected debtors and small property owners and displeased wealhy elites invested in trade, public debt and promotion of manufacturing. Only a stronger gvt. could protect their extensive property interests. He determind that most of those men were indeed deeply involved in investments that would increase in value under the Constitution - which represented an attempt by conservative elites to buttress their own economic supremacy at the expense of the less fortunate. He contended that the Constitution was ratified by default because the most disadvantaged did not possess the property qualification needed to vote.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition that intensified sectional conflict.

Common Sense

written by Thomas Paine in 1776. It sold a total of 120,000 copies. He pointed out the inconsistency of the colonies. He questioned why Britain controlled America.

David Walker

wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829) that advocated a bloody end to white supremacy.

Gordon Wood

wrote Creation of the American Republic in 1969. He reinterpreted the ratification controversy as a struggle to define the true essence of republicanism. Antifederalists so feared corruption they shuttered a powerful political weapon in hands of central government.

Hinton R. Helper

wrote The Impending Crisis of the South. He was a nonaristocratic white from North Carolina that hated slavery and black people and attempted to prove by an array of stastics that indirectly the nonslaveholding whites were the ones who suffered the most under slavery. His books was banned in the South, but in the North it was distributed as campaign literature by the Republicans.

Walt Whitman

wrote collection of poems called Leaves of Grass that gave rein to his gushing genius with barbaric yawp. Romantic, emotional and unconventional. Dispensed with titles, stanzas, rhymes and even regular meter. Handled sex with frankness. His book was banned in Boston. First a financial failure. Only 3 positive reviews were written by himself anonymously. He won a large following in America and Europe later on. His fame increased immensely after his death. "Poet Laureate of Democracy".