APUSH Period 1-9 Review

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Thomas Hooker

1635; a Boston Puritan, brought a group of fellow Boston Puritans to newly founded Hartford, Connecticut.

Pueblo Revolt

1680, revolt of indigenous laborers led by shaman named Pope'. killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years

Peter Stuyvesant

A Dutch General; He led a small military expedition in 1664. He was known as "Father Wooden Leg". Lost the New Netherlands to the English. He was governor of New Netherlands

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.

Mayflower Compact

A contract made by the voyagers on the Mayflower agreeing that they would form a simple government where majority ruled.

encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. It obliged the settler to protect and Christianize the natives.

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607: founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies: confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights: 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; her brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

William Bradford

A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation".

Protestant Reformation

A religious revolution during the 16th century. It ended the supremacy of the Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant Churches. Martin Luther and John Calvin were influential in this movement.

King Philip's War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Nation-State

A unified country under a ruler which share common goals and pride in a nation. Their rise began after England's defeat of the Spanish Armada. This event sparked nationalistic goals in exploration which were not thought possible with the commanding influence of the Spanish who may have crushed their chances of building new colonies.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, he sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Pontiac's Rebellion

An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when the leader was killed.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journeys until the time of his death in 1503.

Yeoman

An owner and cultivator of a small farm.

Phyllis Wheatly

Born around 1753, a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. Although she had no formal education, she was taken to England at age twenty and published a book of poetry. She died in 1784.

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureaucrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Powhatan

Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, he left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until his death.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Henry Hudson

Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America.

William Penn

English Quaker; "Holy Experiment"; persecuted because he was a Quaker; 1681 he got a grant to go over to the New World; area was Pennsylvania; pacifism and peace with natives

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings; wrote Leviathan

John Rolfe

Englishman who became a colonist in the early settlement of Virginia. He is best known as the man who married the Native American, Pocahontas and took her to his homeland of England. He was also the savior of the Virginia colony by perfecting the tobacco industry in North America. He died in 1622, during one of many Indian attacks on the colony.

Oliver Cromwell

Englishman; led the army to overthrow King Charles I and was successful in 1646. He ruled England in an almost democratic style until his death. His uprising drew English attention away from Jamestown and the other American colonies.

Harvard College

First college in the New World. Established by Puritans to train ministers.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that he was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and for him to lose his position as governor.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer who sailed to the West Indies, Mexico, and Panama. He wrote many books telling of his trips to Mexico City and Niagara Falls. His greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and his latter settlement of Quebec.

Lord Baltimore

He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Sir Edmond Andros

Head of the Dominion of New England in 1686, militaristic, disliked by the colonists because of his affiliation with the Church of England, changed many colonial laws and traditions without the consent of the representatives, tried to flee America after England's Glorious Revolution, but was caught and shipped to England

Treaty of Tordesillas

In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east.

Slave Codes

In 1661 a set of codes which denied slaves basic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, a young planter led a rebellion against people who were friendly to the Indians. In the process he torched Jamestown, Virginia and was murdered by Indians.

Dominion of New England

In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York and New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority -- James II. Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. This ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne.

Navigation Laws

In the 1660's England restricted the colonies; They couldn't trade with other countries. The colonies were only allowed to trade with England.

Jeremiads

In the 1700's, Puritan preachers noticed a decline in the religious devotion of second-generation settlers. To combat this decreasing piety, they preached a type of sermon focused on the teachings of Jeremiah, a Biblical prophet who warned of doom.

The "Elect"

John Calvin and the Puritans souls who have been destined for eternal bliss or eternal torment; since the beginning of time ; it was discussed by John Calvin in "Institutes of the Christian Religion".

Quartering Act

Law passed by Britain to force colonists to pay taxes to house and feed British soldiers. Passed in the same few years as the Navigation Laws of 1763, the Sugar Act of 1764, and the Stamp Act of 1765 Stirred up even more resentment for the British. The Legislature of New York was suspended in 1767 for failing to comply with the this Act.

Great Puritan Migration

Massive religious exodus from England to New England from 1620 to 1640. These English settlers were motivated mainly by a quest for religious freedom. Primarily settled in Massachusetts and the British West Indies.

Quakers

Members of the Religious Society of Friends. They believe in equality of all peoples and resist the military. They also believe that the religious authority is the decision of the individual (no outside influence.) Settled in Pennsylvania.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

One of the first settlements in New England; established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Became the state of Massachusetts, originally where Boston is located. It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community

Predestination

Primary idea behind Calvinism; states that salvation or damnation are foreordained and unalterable; first put forth by John Calvin in 1531; was the core belief of the Puritans who settled New England in the seventeenth century.

Proprietary, Charter, and Royal colonies

Proprietary colonies were founded by a proprietary company or individual and were controlled by the proprietor. Charter colonies were founded by a government charter granted to a company or a group of people. The British government had some control over charter colonies. Royal (or crown) colonies were formed by the king, so the government had total control over them.

Mestizos

Race of people created when the Spanish intermarried with the surviving Indians in Mexico.

Committees of Correspondence

Samuel Adams started this in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. This was extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one. This is another example of the colonies breaking away from Europe to become Americans.

Calvinism

Set of beliefs that the Puritans followed. In the 1500's hepreached virtues of simple worship, strict morals, pre-destination and hard work. This resulted in followers wanting to practice religion, and it brought about wars between Huguenots (French Calvinists) and Catholics, that tore the French kingdom apart.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow.

Longhouse

The chief dwelling place of the Iroquois Indians; c. 1500s-1600s; these served as a meeting place as well as the homes for many of the Native Americans. They also provided unity between tribes of Iroquois Confederacy.

Fundamental Orders

The constitution established in 1639 by the Connecticut River colony settlers. It made a Democratic government. It was the first constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states' charters and constitutions.

Salem Witch Trails

The prosecution and execution of twenty women and men for witchcraft in Massachusetts in 1692. This event made the Puritans realize that church and state should be separated

Freedom of Consciences

The right of an individual to believe and act in accordance with his/her own religious or philosophical beliefs so long as such beliefs and actions do not infringe on the life, liberty or property of another.

Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as this to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. Many died starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Joint Stock Companies

These were developed to gather the savings from the middle class to support finance colonies. Ex. London Company and Plymouth Company.

William Berkeley

a British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. He showed that he had favorites in his second term which led to the Bacon's rebellion in 1676 ,which he ruthlessly suppressed. He had poor frontier defense.

Molasses Act

a British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

William Pitt

a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him.

John Locke

a British political theorist who wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas, but it was never put into effect. The constitution would have set up a feudalistic government headed by an aristocracy which owned most of the land.

Halfway Covenant

a Puritan church document; In 1662, it allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

General Court

a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's

New England Confederation

a Union of four colonies consisting of the two Massachusetts colonies (The Bay colony and Plymouth colony) and the two Connecticut colonies (New Haven and scattered valley settlements) in 1643. The purpose of the confederation was to defend against enemies such as the Indians, French, Dutch, and prevent inter-colonial problems that affected all four colonies.

Roger Williams

a dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island where there was full religious freedom.

The Association

a document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Violators were tarred and feathered.

John S. Copley

a famous Revolutionary era painter, he had to travel to England to finish his study of the arts. Only in the Old World could he find subjects with the leisure time required to be painted, and the money needed to pay him for it. Although he was an American citizen, he was loyal to England during The Revolution.

Paxton Boys

a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Puritans

a group of religious reformists who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church. Their ideas started with John Calvin in the 16th century and they first began to leave England in 1608. Later voyages came in 1620 with the Pilgrims and in 1629, which was the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Iroquois Confederacy

a nearly a military power consisting of Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Senecas. It was founded in the late 1500s.The leaders were Degana Widah and Hiawatha. The Indians lived in log houses with relatives. Men dominated, but a person's background was determined by the women's family. Different groups banded together but were separate fur traders and fur suppliers. Other groups joined; they would ally with either the French or the English depending on which would be the most to their advantage.

Proprietor

a person who was granted charters of ownership by the king: Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware. They founded colonies from 1634 until 1681:a famous one is William Penn.

Anne Hutchinson

a religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled in Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.)

Great Awakening

a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the colonial America. Motivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.

Triangular trade

a small profitable trading route started by people in New England who would barter a product to get slaves in Africa, and then sell them to the West Indies in order to get the same cargo of goods that would help in repeating this process. This form of trading was used by New Englanders in conjunction with other countries in the 1750's.

French and Indian War

a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Johnathan Edwards

an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.

Proclamation of 1763

an English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British citizens after the enactment. It caused the first major revolt against the British.

Leisler's Rebellion

an ill-starred bloody insurgency in New York City took place between landholders and merchants.

Benjamin Franklin

born January 17, 1706 in Boston Massachusetts. He taught himself math, history, science, English, and five other languages. He owned a successful printing and publishing company in Philadelphia. He conducted studies of electricity, invented bifocal glasses, the lighting rod, and the stove. He was a important diplomat and statesman and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

Enclosure

caused by the desire of land-owning lords to raise sheep instead of crops, lowering the needed workforce and unemploying thousands of poor former-farmers; the lords fenced off the their great quantities of land from the mid to late 1500's forcing many farmers out and into the cities, leading many of them to hire themselves as indentured servants for payment of passage into the New World, and therefore supporting many of the needs of the labor-thirsty plantation owners of the New World.

Freemen

colonial period; term used to describe indentured servants who had finished their terms of indenture and could live freely on their own land.

James Oglethorpe

founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman , philanthropist. Started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his interest in prison reform. Almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat.

George Whitefield

he came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening, which was a religious revival that spread through all of the colonies. He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

Peter Zenger Trial

he criticized the king and was accused of "seditious libel" but he claimed what he printed was the truth and help establish the idea of freedom of the press.

Black Legend

idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were.

John Winthrop

immigrated from the Mass. Bay Colony in the 1630's to become the first governor and to led a religious experiment. He once said, "we shall be a city on a hill."

Stamp Act

in 1765 Parliament required the colonists to pay a tax on many of the documents essential to their lives. These documents included deeds, mortgages, liquor licenses, playing cards, and almanacs. The colonists heartily objected to this direct tax and in protest petitioned the king, formed the a Congress, and boycotted English imports. In 1766 Parliament repealed the tax, a major victory for colonists.

King Philip II

king of Spain during 1588. During this year he sent out his Spanish Armada against England. He lost the invasion of England. He was also the leader against the Protestant Reformation.

Stamp Act Congress

met in New York City with twenty-seven delegates from nine colonies in 1765; had little effect at the time but broke barriers and helped toward colonial unity; the act caused an uprising because there was no one to sell the stamps and the British did not understand why the Americans could not pay for their own defense; the act was repealed in 1766.

Protestant Ethic

mid 1600's; a commitment made by the Puritans in which they seriously dwelled on working and pursuing worldly affairs.

Middle Passage

middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa to America throughout the 1600's; it consisted of the dangerous trip across the Atlantic Ocean; many slaves perished on this segment of the journey.

Regulator Movement

movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

passed in 1774, following the Boston Tea Party,. They were considered unfair because they were designed to chastise Boston in particular, yet effected all the colonies by the Boston Port Act which closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid.

Albany Plan

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Robert de La Salle

responsible for naming Louisiana. He was the first European to float down the Mississippi river to the tip from Canada, and upon seeing the beautiful river valley there he named Louisiana after his king Louis XIV in 1682.

House of Burgesses

the first representative assembly in the New World, authorized by the London Company. A momentous precedent was thus feebly established, for this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to sprout form the soil of America.

Slavery

the process of buying people (generally Africans) who come under the complete authority of their owners for life, and intended to be worked heavily; became prominent in Colonial times around the mid to late 1600's ( but also to a lesser degree, concerning natives during the early 1500's) because of the labor intensive nature of the crops being grown, and the desire for a profit; mainly used on southern plantations, but also a little bit in the north; brought Africans to America, who have now become an integral part of our culture.

John Smith

took over the leadership role of the English Jamestown settlement in 1608. Most people in the settlement at the time were only there for personal gain and did not want to help strengthen the settlement. He therefore told the people, "people who do not work do not eat."; His leadership saved the Jamestown settlement from collapsing.

Headright System

way to attract immigrants; gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid their way and/or any plantation owner that paid an immigrants way; mainly a system in the southern colonies.

Pilgrims/Separatists

worried by "Dutchification" of their children they left Holland on the Mayflower in the 1620's. These were the purest, most extreme existing, claiming that they were too strong to be discouraged by minor problems as others were; they proved that people could live in the new world