APUSH PERIOD 1

Bartolome de Las Casas

early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there.

Encomienda System

legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the indigenous population

What route did the Native Americans take?

Bering Land Bridge

When did Amerindians reach the tip of South America?

By 8,000 BCE

Importance of maize

Corn was one of the most important crops grown by Native American peoples in Mexico and South America. Early Native American people even worshipped a corn god. The growth of corn in the Americas helped shape the shift of people from nomadic hunting bands to settled agricultural villagers. Corn had a huge impact on Pueblo culture as well.

Key Concept 1.1-1

Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.

1. Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607.

1. Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

1. Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492.

1. The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.

1. Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America

1. The spread of maize cultivation from present day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.

Native Americans/Amerindians Pop. 1500 CE

100 million

2. Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607.

2. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies.

2. Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.

2. European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.

2. Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492.

2. Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.

2. Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America

2. Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.

3. Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America

3. In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.

3. Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492.

3. Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.

3. Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607.

3. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.

3. Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.

3. The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.

4. Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607.

4. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.

4. Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America

4. Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.

Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations.

A European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.

2. Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period.

A Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture.

Characteristics of the Native tribes in the Plains

After the introduction of horses from Europe, most Plains Indians became migratory bison hunters. The teepee dwelling, which many see (falsely) as a stereotypical dwelling for all Native Americans, was especially popular with the nomadic tribes living in this region. Some tribes in the Plains, such as the Wichita, grew crops in settled communities, trading their produce with the nomadic hunting tribes, such as the Sioux.

Native tribes in North America have been divided into ten distinct culture groups. Name 5.

Arctic, Plains, Northeast/Great Lakes, Southwest, Southeast.

3. Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period.

As European encroachments on Native Americans' lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance

Key Concept 1.1

As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

What are the most developed that are located in Meso America and South America

Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas

When did Native Americans arrive?

Early as 35,000 BCE

What was different between the English and the Spanish and French

English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov't had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World

Columbian Exchange: Hint: Crops

Europeans bring new food form Americas back to Europe -> New crops lead to population growth

Columbian Exchange: Migration

Europeans bring plants and animals to the Americas -> Migration

Columbian Exchange: Hint: Europeans -> Disease

Europeans went to Americas -> Millions of Native Americans died from disease

England's search for empire

Eventual peace with Spain gave England overseas opportunities without harassment Population growth Unemployment, farm land, adventure, new markets, political and religious freedom, social change Joint-stock companies

Motives for exploration in 15th & 16th centuries

Greater Interest in Eastern products, Interest in wealth, Growth of Economic Competition, The rise of Nation States, Rising spirit of nationalism, The rise of the middle class, Technological advances, Renaissance spirit, Missionary zeal

1. Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.

In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.

1. Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period.

In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.

Characteristics of the Native tribes in the Southeast

Indian tribes in fertile Southeastern region of the United States relied primarily on settled agriculture for food production. Ruins from Mississippian societies that thrived in the centuries preceding European contact include large mounds and the remains of large cities, such as Cahokia outside of St. Louis, which at one point had a population of around 40,000 people.

Bering Strait

Native Americans crossed this former land bridge from Asia to the Americas.

Characteristics of the Native tribes in the Southwest

Native tribes in the Southwestern United States subsisted primarily by maize (corn) agriculture. Some tribes constructed cliff dwellings that provided defense against attacks, while other tribes, such as the Hopi, built large apartment complexes out of mud bricks.

What did other explorers realize after Columbus had found the New World

Other explorers quickly realized this was an entirely New World and came to lay claim to the new lands for their host countries. Spain and Portugal had the head start on France and then England.

How did Spanish treat natives?

Spain treated the Indigenous peoples of the Americas with extreme violence, death, torture, mutilation, rape, and enslavement. The Spaniards used their superior weapons, guns, cannons, swords, cross bows, to crush any and all resistance by the Indigenous people.

Positive Impact of Christopher Columbus

The Columbian Exchange was the result of Christopher Columbus' voyage to discover the new world. The European population benefitted a lot from all of the things that were discovered in the Americas but the New World underwent the majority of the positive effects as a developing area of the world.

Caste Systems

The Spanish Caste System was a social hierarchy that was determined by wealth, education, and physical appearance. There were few women in Spanish colonies and so many men married native women. THis led to the development of the racial caste system in which those with "pure" blood were at the top followed by the mixed ancestries and races. The people at the top had the most privileges.

Goals of the Spanish Conquest in America

Their goal was to claim land and resources for their investors and conquer natives of other lands for treasure and glory. They also were vital in the spread and enforcement of religion. The Spanish Conquistadors had many goals, but the two primary reasons for conquering were to steal wealth for their country and to civilize the natives with religion — in particular, Catholicism.

Cause and effect of the encomienda system

The cause of the Encomienda system was the Spanish crown offering land and Indian slaves to conquistadors going to the new world. The effect was heavy depopulation of Indians from brutality and disease leading into African slaves becoming a new labor force.

Feudalism

The political system where slaves worked the land for their superiors in exchange for their protection and food. The Europeans made slaves work their plantations and they gave them just enough food and water to survive

Negative Impact of Christopher Columbus

These explorers brought diseases and waged violence that would ultimately wipe out over ninety percent of the natives living in the New World. The Spanish also enslaved Native Americans, destroyed their religious symbols, and destroyed their culture.

Characteristics of the Native tribes in the Northeast/Great Lakes

Tribes in the Northeast and Great Lakes regions subsisted through a combination of hunting and gathering and slash and burn agriculture, in which areas of forestland were burned to create fields that would be abandoned after a few seasons. This form of agriculture, based on the "three sisters" (corn, squash, and beans), was not as labor intensive as European settled agriculture and the fields were primarily tended by women.

Characteristics of the Native tribes in the Arctic

Tribes in the frigid northern climates, such as the Eskimo and the Inuit, subsisted entirely by hunting, gathering, and fishing. Seal meat provided the primary source of sustinence for these Arctic tribes.

Were the Native Americans diverse?

Yes, each had complex tribes with different regions, cultures, and languages.