APUSH period 2

alcohol among Indians

an impact of the fur trade where traders introduced alcohol to the Natives which caused alcoholism among Native Americans

Congregationalists

believed the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic ideas and sought to purify the Church of England; the Puritans believed in predestination (man saved or damned at birth) and also held that God was watchful and granted salvation only to those who adhered to His goodness as interpreted by the church. The Puritans were strong in New England and very intolerant of other religious groups.

George Whitefield

ignited the Great Awakening with his rousing sermons on the hellish torments of the damned; he stressed that God was all-powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ and those who did not would be cast into hell; ordinary people who had faith and sincerity could understand the Christian gospels without depending on ministers to lead them

smuggling

importing or exporting goods in violation of trade laws; many colonists did this when Britain enforced the navigation laws

starving time

in the Colony of Virginia this was a period of forced starvation initiated by the Powhatan Confederacy to remove the English from Virginia. The campaign killed all but 60 of the 400--colonists during the winter of 1609-1610.

John Rolfe

one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

Maroons

were runaway slaves in the West Indies, Central America, South America, and North America, who formed independent settlements together.

Pocahontas

(1595-1617): Powhatan's favorite daughter. Saved John Smith from execution. Although this has often been construed as a "love-struck" teenager rebelling against her father, her father was most likely using his daughter to prove his superiority. She was held as a hostage by settlers in 1613 after English settlers decided that they could go around massacring Indians and killing their crops. Married John Rolfe and moved to England, where she was seen as a symbol of the success of colonization in the New World. She died of a disease in England in 1617.

Powhatan Confederacy

(1608): The group of Indian tribes living in the Jamestown area, all ruled by the ruler Powhatan. That is pretty much it, in essence. It is this Confederacy that the early Jamestown conflicts with England (and the movie Pocahontas) is based on.

Roger Williams

(December 21, 1603-April 1, 1683) was an English theologian, a notable proponent of religious toleration and the separation of church and state, and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island, named for the principal island in Narragansett Bay. He is credited for originating either the first or second Baptist church established in America.

Sir Walter Raleigh

(Late 1500s) He funded the Roanoke Island Colony (1585-88). He was put in debtor's prison after it failed and eventually executed. It started English colonization of North America. It also made people afraid to invest.

John Smith

(Led in 1607-1609) Leader and explorer of Virginia colony. Significant because his harsh standards and laws saved the Jamestown colony from starvation and set the precedent for future Jamestown leaders. Wrote Lawes Divine, Moral, and Martial, which were very severe.

indentured servants / headright system

- The headright system was established in 1617 by the Virginia Company in an attempt to recruit laborers and workers to the colony and more populate Virginia; it granted 50 acres of land to new settlers and 100 acres of land to those who already lived in the colony. - Indentured servants were workers who emigrated from Britain from and served under a contract which provided them with free passage to America and 50 acres of land (from the headright system). HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The headright system and indentured servants are interrelated, as the headright system allowed indentured servants to work off their debts and ultimately become like any other settlers with land and prospects. The headright system also brought laborers -who brought their families and servants-, some of which would put together some prominent manors and settlements in the future. The indentured servants who helped populate the colonies also helped boost Virginia's economy by growing and selling tobacco, Virginia's number one crop at the time. These servants were the harbingers of future Virginia colonists.

Wool Act

1699: Declared that wool produced in the colonies could only be exported to England in order to protect the English woolen trade.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the divine right of kings and advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636,he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.

Plymouth colony

A group of Separatists, wanting to worship Puritanism freely, moved to Holland. They later realized this wouldn't work and moved again across the Atlantic. In 1620 they left the port of Plymouth on the Mayflower. Two months later, they landed on Cape Cod and named the area Plymouth and signed Mayflower Compact- a document that governed them. The Plymouth Colony had a rough first winter but survived with the help of the natives. As for government, they elected William Bradford and with the help of the natives and each other, the pilgrims created a very successful English colony in the New World. Historical Significance: The Plymouth Colony was historically important because it persuaded other English pioneers to cross the atlantic and claim glory for their nation. It also showed people that it was possible to create a successful colony in the New World.

Halfway Covenant

A method of partial church membership for the Anglican Church established in 1662. - This was created because originally the children of full church members were allowed to be baptized and later become full members, but the grandchildren posed a problem. - The halfway covenant allowed the children of the original settlers to baptize their children. - Some puritan preachers hoped that this would help maintain Puritan influence and increase followers, but many preachers strongly disagreed. Historical Significance: -The halfway covenant method showed the beginning of desperation for the puritans (dwindling flocks). - This partially paved the way for the First Great Awakening in the 1730's which was a religious revival (of the Anglican Church). - The Great Awakening left permanent marks on modern day religion by increasing religion on a personal level through fostering guilt (by telling of the horrors of hell).

Glorious Revolution

After James II completely lost his popular support, he bore a son who was to be raised Catholic. Unfortunately, members of parliament did not wish for the heir to the throne to bring about a Catholic government and thus they invited William and Mary of Orange, monarchs of Netherland, to assume the English throne. They arrived with a small army and James II fled with no resistance to France. Significance: The Glorious Revolution was important because it changed the entire course of English history, sans any bloodshed. With the kingship of James II overthrown, the royal family cycle was truly broken, causing a rift in English royal history. Also, due to James' leave of the throne, his unpopular governors (like Sir Andros) in New England were quickly overthrown, leading to elect their own governors in a popular vote. This was important as it lead to the slow growing unrest in the colonists to remain independent. The overthrowing of James lead to the new parliamentary system being the main legislative and executive power in the government.

middle colonies

Also known as the Middle Colonies, were made up of Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, and New Jersey. They had many religions and different peoples, so it was considered the melting pot of the colonial time. They were located strategically to be important distributors, and the cities of Philadelphia and New York grew rapidly. They were also fertile.

sickle cell

An abnormal, crescent-shaped red blood cell that results from a single change in the amino acid sequence of the cell's hemoglobin, which causes the cell to contort, especially under low-oxygen conditions.

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson was a pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Netherlands. She was baptized in 1591 and died in 1643. She led America to a more religious-tolerant state. She fought for religious freedom. She was also a woman's rights activist in the colonies. Significance: Anne Hutchinson came to America in 1634 for religious freedom. She wanted the freedom to interpret Christianity in her own way. She was also an equal rights activist and wanted equality for women in the colonies. Her radicalism caused the society to see her has "worker of the devil." She was seen as out of place and was banished from the colonies in 1637. Her activist acts and fight for religious freedom was the first step in freeing America.

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 was a popular revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the backcountry gentry and a former indentured servant, who attacked Jamestown after he and his followers were exiled following two unauthorized attacks on the Native Americans. Historical Significance: Bacon's Rebellion was part of the escalating struggle for land between Native Americans and the English Settlers. It revealed the bitterness between the poor farmers of West Virginia and the rich landowners of East Virginia, but most importantly showed the potential for instability in a large colony with many landless men. Bacon's Rebellion ultimately ended in failure when Bacon died suddenly of dysentery in October 1676 and the aristocrats regained power. After Bacon's Rebellion, slavery became a much more desirable option because the landowners had complete control over them and they were far less likely to revolt.

beaver pelt trade

Beaver Fur was an item in high demand in Europe. When most of the fur trade in Europe died down because of dwindling beaver populations, the European countries looked to the North American colonies to provide them with the furs. Historical Significance: When European colonies were established in North America, the French, British, and Dutch sought to have access to the large beaver populations on the continent. This required easy access to Native Americans who were skilled at hunting and trapping, and were also familiar with the geography. Fur-trade also influenced the political alliances between the European nations. Competition for access to beavers led to warfare between European alliances and Native American populations in a number of European affairs and conflicts, including the Seven Years War (French and Indian War).

tobacco, rice, indigo

Cash crops of the British southern colonies in the 17th century. Their success encouraged greater immigration to America, perpetuated an agricultural economy, and ultimately allowed for a degree of financial independence.

Lord Baltimore

Cecilius Calvert, or the 2nd Lord Baltimore, was given the province of Maryland in 1632. The vision of colonization was his father's- the first Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, wanted to make a retreat for English Catholics and to use the colony as a venture in real estate. However, George Calvert did not live long enough to receive the charter, but Cecilius did. He was the Maryland colony's proprietor, and the city of Baltimore is obviously named in his honor. Significance: Baltimore received a remarkable charter- the king had given him true and absolute power as lords and proprietors. This was a first, as it allowed an individual to rule over a land (as opposed to a trading company). Essentially, Baltimore acted for the king. He sent his brother to manage the colony, and the Calverts befriended the natives, preventing Indian assaults. Baltimore's family also had a policy of religious toleration, as non-Catholic Christians were in the majority. (Essentially, Baltimore is important because, despite having such power, he didn't abuse it, and was generally kind to natives AND other religious groups. This was rare during the colonial period.)

Cotton Mather

Cotton Mather was a Puritan theologian who in the 1720s discovered the practice of inoculating against disease. He observed how exposure to mild cases of smallpox would immunize people to the full infection. Despite his neighbor's opposition, he pressed for inoculation and later results proved him correct. His practices spread after the population was aware of his results. Sig: Cotton Mather is significant because he discovered the basic principles behind vaccination and secondary immune response. These techniques formed the basis behind modern day vaccinations and immunization.

Pope's (Pueblo) Revolt

Date: 1680 The Pueblos were Native Americans who lived in apartment-like villages made out of adobes which were referred to as pueblos by the Spaniards. Don Juan de Oñate claimed for Spain some of the lands of the Pueblo Indians and established a colony in 1598 (mainly in search of wealth) and distributed encomiendas. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The natives greatly outnumbered the small Spanish population and Oñate's harsh treatment of the natives tested the stability of the new colony which led to his removal as governor in 1606. In 1680, however, the colony was nearly destroyed by the Pueblo Revolt. Although many natives had converted to Catholicism, many still practiced their own religious rituals - rituals that continued their sense of tribal identity. The Spanish tried to suppress the rituals but then an Indian religious leader named Pope stepped up and led an uprising that killed hundreds of Europeans, captured Santa Fe, and drove the Spanish out of the region...until 1696 when the Spanish returned and crushed a last revolt. From this the Spanish learned that natives were willing to revolt and New Mexico was not safe unless they did something. The Spanish decided to intensify their efforts to assimilate the Indians by baptism and enforcing Catholic rituals. The Spanish also decided to stop commandeering Indian labor and also tolerated the practice of tribal religious rituals. This all is important because the Pueblos killed many Spaniards and did some major damage all to an early colony of Spain, (which I thought might have discouraged them a bit).

sabotage (by slaves)

Day to day resistance of slaves to their masters. Slaves could not boldly defy their master, so they resorted to this one form of resistance. They did this by doing poor work, breaking tools, abusing animals, and disrupting the plantation routine and stealing food. Less frequent resistances were arson, poisoning, and armed assaults against certain whites.

republicanism

Derived from Greek and Romans republics. Meant a just society was one in which all citizens subordinated their private, selfihs interest to the common good. Stability of the society was then dependant on the virtue of its citizens and it was opposed to hierarchical and authoriatrian institutions such as a monarchy

Jamestown

Founded on May 14, 1607, Jamestown was established on the banks of the James River, 60 miles away from the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. King James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company in order to colonize the area. The Virginia Company was founded as a joint stock company in order to establish colonial settlements in North America. They sent an expedition led by John Smith to create Jamestown in 1607. Historical Significance: Jamestown was the first permanent, stable English settlement in North America. Because Jamestown was successful, it provided an example of a sustainable colony to other expeditions heading to the New World. Although Jamestown had troubles early, including Indian attacks, starvation, disease, etc., the colonists found a way to feed themselves and coexist with the Indians peacefully. The establishment of tobacco plantations was also the first time tobacco was made into a cash crop for a colony. It became a major export to england and helped the colony become more profitable and prosperous. The first steps to democracy were taken when the House of Burgesses, a local council and representative legal body, was formed.

Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Phillis Wheatley

Her poetry was notable. She was a slave girl with no formal education. But, she did travel to England and get a book of poetry published. These accomplishments were amazing considering her many obstacles.

established church

ID: The congregational church was a form of alternative government within the church, begun by the Puritans who colonized Massachusetts and Plymouth. It was a result of the Protestant Movement, with the actual church established during the colonization of Massachusetts and continued to be shaped and refined during the course of the colony's history. Although the Congregational church did not separate from the church of England, there was little representation to the Anglican Church; each congregation was different from the next in that they chose their own ministers and ran their own church. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The congregational church began as a sub division of the Protestant movement, but was suppressed by the belief in the divine right of the king and Angelical beliefs. It would lead to an illegal emigration of England, and the creation of Massachusetts Bay Company which would allow the repressed colonists to obtain a charter under the guise of a business venture. Eventually, the need to create a free atmosphere to worship brought about the colonization of both Plymouth and Massachusetts, and would gradually evolve into a whole branch of Christianity.

William Bradford

ID: William Bradford was the leader and historian of the Pilgrims who traveled to the Americas in September 1620 as a result of persecution of Separatists in England. He and the pilgrims sought a haven away from the prejudice and unfair treatment towards them. Historical Significance: William Bradford was elected again and again as the governor of the "Plymouth Plantation" by the Pilgrims that settled there. He also helped by persuading the Council of England to give the Pilgrims legal permission to permanently live in Plymouth Rock. With profits gained from the fur trade, Bradford helped pay the debt the Pilgrims owed to the English merchants who had helped fund their expedition. Through his motivation of serving God and living for him, Bradford helped the Pilgrims persevere and establish a stabile colony. This successful colony helped light the hope in other people that other colonies may thrive and flourish as well.

Maryland Act of Toleration

ID: Act of Toleration is also called Act Concerning Religion. Because there was so much tension between the Catholics and the Protestants in the region of Maryland, Calvert, the governor, sent a draft of the an Act Concerning Religion from England to assure religious freedom for all Christians (must believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ), but it did not apply for any other religions (ex. Jews). However in 1655, there was a civil war and the Act of Toleration was repealed. Historical Significance: It was one of the precedents of the First Amendment. (Freedom of Religion) It also influenced other colonies in the New World to also have some kind of religious tolerance.

Barbados slave codes

ID: Barbados Slave Codes were a set of laws that were passed by the British government on in Barbados in 1661. It established the fact that slaves were the property of their masters. Historical Significance: The Barbados Slave codes were established because of the demand for labour-intensive work in the colonies. Slaves were able to adapt to the environment (something that immigrant English settlers weren't able to do because of the difference in climate). Sugar, a crop that requires substantial amount of labour, did not appeal to English settlers as a right direction to go in... the perfect people to do these types of work were slaves. These slave codes were very specific in what the slave's rights were. They did not permit slaves to marry, strike a white person, assemble, or own property. Those who broke the code could be either severely punished or put to death. As a result, there were many revolts, none of which succeeded. The slave codes also set the stage for the American Civil War 200 years later.

Puritan vs. Pilgrim

ID: The Puritans were also known as "Separatists", and they desired ability to worship as they chose, instead of following the Church of England. Essentially, even though some Puritans did not become "Separatists", each one's goal was the same - to modify the current status (at that time) of the religion in their country. Pilgrims were essentially Separatists too, but they did not focus on religion as opposed to the Puritans. Historical Significance: Puritan or Pilgrim, the Separatist group wanted to leave England some way or another. Although religious motives were the reason behind one and non-religious motives were behind another, both the Puritans and Pilgrims were one of the earliest English settlers in the New World.

Quakers

ID: They were followers of the preachings of George Fox and Margaret Fell. Their teachings were radically distinct from that of the Puritans. They believed in an "inner light," which led people on the path of righteousness. They were also different in that they treated women very similarly to the way they treated the men. Both women and men could become preachers. They had no church government, and instead met occasionally in groups of representatives from different congregations. They were non-violent and refused to partake in wars. Because of these beliefs, they were extremely unpopular and ostracized, and eventually looked for religious freedom in the New World. Their problem of obtaining their own colony was solved when William Penn, the son of an admiral in the Royal Navy, became interested in the religion. He eventually found New Jersey and soon moved the Quakers to the territory. Significance: The Quakers were significant in several ways. It was because of their desire to find another site to practice their religion that Pennsylvania came to exist. Also, they treated women almost as equals. Women were given much of the same rights that men were inside of the church. The partnership of Fell and Fox is also relevant in that they created a co-ed equal companionship in a time when that was highly unusual. They also believed in equality for each gender and class and treated everyone the same despite one's social standings.

House of Burgesses

In July 30, 1619, the first meeting of the House of Burgesses was held in Jamestown, Virginia. The Virginia Company wanted to create a local government for the colonists so they created the House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses was basically modeled after the English Parliament with an assembly composed of a governor, who was elected by the company officials, the governor's council, (there were six of them elected by the governor), and the burgesses, who were representatives from around the area; and males over 17 ages of age were able to vote. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The House of Burgesses was a legislature that started out in Jamestown but was later moved to Williamsburg. There, the assembly met in the consecutive Capitol buildings. As you can see, our present-day government is very similar to the House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses set a model of the first democratic government with a limited royal authority. It gave the colonists an idea of having its own government and being freed from the English. The House of Burgesses gave the Americans 157 years of head start in democracy. That's why when it got time to the Declaration of Independence, they were handling the democratic government quite well.

First Great Awakening

It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased compositeness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

John Winthrop

John Winthrop was a wealthy, university-educated Puritan who helped organize the migration of hundreds of Puritans to New England, the North-Eastern area of the United States in 1630; establishing the Massachusetts Bay Company. As shown in Winthrop's document "City Upon a Hill", Winthrop was trying to create the "ideal" society, one that would be a model for others to come. He was elected governor by the colonists a total of 12 times however, he himself was actually banished from the colony. Significance: The New England area eventually became the states of NH, MA, RI, CT, NJ, and VT; five of the thirteen colonies. Without John Winthrop's forceful character and his strong beliefs, the colonies in this area may never have succeeded. "City Upon a Hill" unified the colony preventing it from breaking into small factions.

Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards was a theologian who delivered the famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," which started many revivals. Edwards was critical to the First Awakening in that many of his books and sermons motivated people to want to join the church. His ideals for how central the Enlightenment should be influenced citizens to undermine traditional authority and rules in order to voice there own opinions. He proposed that the laws for science came from God, thus those who found new scientific discoveries should not be punished. Historical Significance: Jonathan Edwards was important for history because he helped create the First Awakening and the spread the impact of the Enlightenment in the colonies, therefore helping the colonists rebel under traditional rule and indirectly influencing the American Revolution. His ideologies did not punish scientists for discovering new material, instead he supported their new ideas and protected them from the church who persecuted scientists for uncovering laws that defied the common belief. Edwards was the president of Princeton, allowing scholars easier access to his books and sermons which maximized the spread of the revivals. His most important and famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," likewise sparked revivals that also contributed to the colonists learning the ideas of independence and revolting.

gang system

Large cotton, sugar, and tobacco planters divided slvaes into groups with a driver. The groups had to work for as long as the overseer decided.

task system

Large rice planters assigned a particular task to slaves in the morning. After completing it, they were free for the day.

mourning wars

Mourning Wars were Native American wars waged when a relative of a loved one lost in a previous war (usually a widow) insisted that the male relatives provide captives to replace the loss. These captives were adopted into the tribe.

Separatists/non-separatists

Non-separatists (which included the Puritans) believed that the Church of England could be purified through reforms. Separatists (which included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be reformed, and so started their own congregations.

John Peter Zenger

Peter Zenger was a New York publisher who was accused of seditious libel (which according to dictionary.com is written/spoken words that defame the government). Zenger's trial was held from 1734-1735 in New York. Zenger was accused of libel by New York governor, William Cosby after Zenger's publication, the Weekly Journal, printed unflattering editorials about the governor's actions. Andrew Hamilton defended Zenger and eventually won the case, lifting some of the restrictions on freedom of press. Historical Significance: Zenger's trial drew attention to freedom of press and the individual colonists' interpretation of the law. The final verdict ruled that as long as the articles were factually true, they could not be called libelous, even if they criticized the government or government officials. The verdict planted seeds for what would eventually grow into the American Revolution, for once the colonists got a taste of freedom and were able to comment about and make changes to their own government, they no longer believed in the power or justice of British rule. Today, American citizens assert their right to "freedom of the press," an issue that took root in America because of Zenger's trial.

subsistence farming

Self-sufficient farming when farmers only grow enough food to feed family.

Juan de Oñate

Spanish conquistador who followed Coronado's old path into present day New Mexico, where he conquered the Native Americans from 1598-1609

Molasses Act

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

The Fundamental Orders were adopted by the Connecticut Colony council on January 14, 1638/39. The orders describe the government set up by the Connecticut River towns, setting its structure and powers. Historical Significance: The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised.

Huguenots

The Huguenots were French Calvinists who left France and traveled to the English colonies in 1658. They decided to leave France because the French government repealed the Edict of Nantes, which allowed the Huguenots to become a possible state within the state in Roman Catholic France. Historical Significance: The Huguenots who left France and fled to England was granted land in the New World for doing military service for King William. It was thanks to the religious strife in France that the English were able to set out to the New World first.

Massachusetts Bay

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was created by a group of Puritans from England. Looking to escape religious persecution under the new reign of Charles I, they acquired a charter and landed in June of 1629. Led by Governor John Winthrop, they settled in most of the area that is now Massachusetts and New Hampshire. These Puritans were also looking to establish a profitable enterprise and use the abundance of resources in the New World. Historical Significance: The Massachusetts Bay Colony was another successful colony in the New World. It began to absorb many other colonies (including the Plymouth Colony) as it grew larger. It was a safe refuge for Puritans and also was economically stable. There was a representative government in place with Puritans in charge. The charter of the colony was eventually revoked due to the growth of the colony. The King saw the colony as a large influence and to prevent any insubordination, made them a royal colony. It eventually consisted of a large faction of colonists that resisted British rule later in time.

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact (November 11, 1620) was written to prevent the crown from dislocating the Pilgrims because they had landed in the wrong location, which was in Massachusetts compared to their chartered land, Virginia. It also was a social contract which set the rules of how the residents were to act and follow instructions in order to survive. Sig: This was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, and stated that the residents would behave in a way that would allow the colony to survive and thrive, and would defend their home from anyone, including the crown. By doing this, the colony was able to successfully survive until 1691 when they were annexed by the Massachusets Bay Colony.

New English Confederation vs. Dominion of New England

The New English Confederation was a united body of colonies including MBC, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven, that was founded in 1643 in response to the Pequot, a native tribe, War. It was an exclusively Puritan group used for defense from others. It was tested in King Philip's War in which they had a bloody fight with the Wampanoag and won. Unlike the New English Confederation, The Dominion of New England was organized by the English powers. Charles II clamped down on the NEC and James I appointed Sir Andros to rule in 1686. This time, it included all colonies from Nova Scotia to the Delaware River under one government. Sir Andros was Anglican and had harsh laws. The DNE believed in mercantilism, but also had the same idea of colonial defense and the NEC. Eventually, the members of the DEC's unrest lead to its collapse. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The New English Confederation was the first achievement to colonial unity. It created a sense of togetherness for the different colonies that would eventually lead to the uniting of the 13 colonies and the creation of the United States. The Dominion of New England, however, forcefully united the entire area and brought about the idea taking the government into one's own hand when one is displeased. The colonists were unhappy about taxation with representation, a key theme, and eventually created the "First American Revolution".

Pequot War / King Philip's War

The Pequot War took place in 1637 between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians - The war was fought over trade with the Dutch and territorial disputes -King Philip's War was fought in 1675 between the English settlers and the Wampanoag Indians -The natives thought that war was the only way to keep the English from taking even more of their land Historical Significance: The Pequot War and King Philip's War demonstrated the English settlers' need for land and their willingness to do what ever it takes to get it. It also showed how the Indians were no match to the English settlers despite huge losses on both sides. The losses that the English suffered, however, did hold them back for a while.

William Penn and Pennsylvania

The Quakers like many other religion moved to America to escape religious persecution. They were unwanted in RI so they moved on to NC where they soon grew influential, but the Quakers wanted a place of their own. With the help of the rich William Penn, who was a Quaker he got the colony of PA. William received this colony after his father died the king paid off his debt to him but giving him the area that is now PA. Penn respected the Indians and vice versa, he did not want to take land away from them so he repaid them. Pressure from the residents in 1690s resulted in the creation of the Charter of Liberties with allowed colonist to have assemblies-resulted in the separated colony Delaware. Sig:They soon learned that the English crown could no longer force their religion of choice on them, if they did not want to conform to what England wanted they could just leave. And with that confidence the colonist started to stand up for themselves. Also the creation Charter of Liberties gave the colonist confidence. The colonist wanted a change in their government so they push for it, and it soon happened. Success in PA and later pushed the colonist to gain independence from the British.

Virginia Company

The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies

middle passage

The journey forced upon Africans who were captured/ imprisoned and sold/traded for raw materials. It was part of the Atlantic slave trade between the African suppliers, the Portuguese, Europeans, Dutch, etc. and the New World (especially the Caribbean islands and Brazil due to the labor intensive sugar productions). The conditions of their passage ranges from decent to inhumane. Originally, the Royal African Company dominated the slave trade aspect by keeping the supply low and prices high but as slave trade became accessible to the English and colonial merchants, the amount of slave trade boomed. Significance: Not only did this greatly effect the cultural and demographic landscapes of both Africa and the Americas, the Middle Passage also created the basis of a distinct African social identity in which Africans were looked down upon. In addition it contributed to the economic aspect of many plantation owners that were in desperate need of workers due to labor shortages. It was a economic boost that came at the expense of the lives of the slaves.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Calvinism

The teachings and doctrine of John Calvin, a leader in the Protestant reformation. Calvinism is unique in its rejection of consubstantiation, the Eucharist and in its doctrine of predestination, the belief that no actions taken during a persons life would effect their salvation. The Puritan colonies were based on Calvinist doctrine.

Chesapeake colonies

These colonies were Virginia and Maryland, and they grew out of the cultivation of tobacco, which sustained their economies. Rivers provided for good transportation and let large plantations flourish as well as the slave trade.

Proprietor vs. Royal Colony

Three classes of colonial government in British colonies. A proprietary colony is when private land owners gain privilege of rights that are normally privileges of the state. The proprietary colonies were North Carolina, South Carolina, Deleware, Maryland, Maine, New Hampshire, New York and Pennsylvania. A royal colony is a colony ruled by a King or Queen that does not live there. So if Virginia was ruled by a King, he would be living in Maryland for example. The royal colonies were Virginia, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina and South Carolina. A Charter Colony is a grant from the supreme authority specifying the rights of citizens so they were able to gain privilege rights of the state.The charter colonies were Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts Bay. Depending on which type of colony they were, each colony would evolve differently. SIG: These were in affect during the peak of the British government. These were important to the people living in those colonies because they wanted their own privileges which those types of government would give them.

praying towns

Towns developed by New England Puritans (in New England) to convert Natives to Christianity.

New York slave riots

Uprising of approximately two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks

Salem Witch Trials

Who: New England English were involved (mainly women were persecuted) When: 1680s-1690s Where: Salem, Massachusetts Why: diversified classes of people living in New England which lead to severe tensions, the catalyst for the hysteria involved young girls who claimed that West Indian servants were practicing witchcraft What: Salem Witch Trials which took place because adolescent girls accused West Indian servants of practicing witchcraft. The chaos spread to many other New England towns. Significance: Because there were many tensions between the diverse community of early New Englanders, situations like the Salem Witch Trial arose. Many of the accused were independent and economically stable women, while others were of lowly positions. Puritans found it unjust for women to be independent and believed that men were always supposed to be the providers and dominant figures. The hysteria demonstrates the strict Puritan social values and their strong adherence to their religious values.

Poor Richard's Almanac

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.