APUSH Period 3; 1754-1800

Treaty of Paris (1783)

-1783, the 2 combatants signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783, ending the war & acknowledging the existence of the United States as a sovereign nation. -British were expected to withdraw from all their forts within the Great Lake region. (However, they were slow to do so)

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

-1793, A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Great Compromise

-A compromise proposed by Conneticut's Roger Sherman (Connecticut Plan) at the Constitutional Convention which: created a bicameral legislature, in which all states would be equally represented in the senate & proportionally represented in the house. -Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan) was to create a House of Representatives w/ members elected by district based on population & a senate made up of 2 senators from each state no matter its population, elected the state legislature. -1787

Checks & Balances

-A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power. -But what's the point of it...? To protect the people & peoples rights. To preserve freedom. Point is to keep gov't people busy so everyone else can go live their lives (the 3 branches are to ensure Seperation of power & this-that's why it is all layer out so "complicatedly")

Cotton "gin"

-An invention by Eli Whitney that separated the seeds in a cotton boll from the delicate fibers. This invention helped fuel the cotton industry, and encouraged the invention of other machines that did work previously only done by hand.

Alexander Hamilton

-Federalist, urged that the national gov't be strengthened. Wanted a British model of gov't -Hamilton (a New Yorker) emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States. -Helped write The Federalist Papers, which explained the importance of a strong central government and was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. -He was an influential delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787 -Appointed by President George Washington as Secretary of the Treasury. One of the four in the First presidential cabinet along with Hamilton, Jefferson, & Randolph. (1789) -Founder of the Federalist Party -Wanted a more mixed economy that included both farming and commercial pursuits. Also wanted a strong military along with infrastructure necessary to suppor it. Strong opponent of slavery

The Federalist Papers

-James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, & John Jay, set out to convince a reluctant public of the constitution. -They did so by means of a series of articles, later published together as The Federalist Papers, laying out the argument for a stronger national argument.

Boston Massacre

-March of 1770 -A group of soldiers were taunted by an angry crowd, which had grown to some 300-400 people. Shots were fired, three killed including Crispus Attucks (former slave- part African and American Indian). 2 more later died of their wounds. -Caused by the presence of British soldiers which created new tensions with the colonists. -Effects: The Boston Massacre would further inflame tensions. -In trial, British troops who'd been accused of murder were defended by John Adams (Lawyer, enlightenment thinker who belived in truth/facts) and were not found guilty. -Paul Revere turned incident as a source of propaganda in newspaper in famous drawing. -Ironically, most of the townshend acts were repealed the same day and imports would climb 80% over next 3 yrs. However tax on tea remained

Republican Motherhood

-Role of women in new republic had a new place. Idea: Men could do things for the republic --> Needed women as a moral compass. Mothers need to teach future leader of country morality, strength, & how to be good leaders. From view of w/o moms to raise boys to be good people, republic will fall apart. --> Women being educated Republican motherhood--> Sparks a women's movement (later on) -The belief that women should have more rights & a better education so they might support husbands and raise sons who would actively participate in the political affairs of society.

States Remedies (b/c of Articles of Confederation)

-States erected high tariffs to curb imports & protect infant industries but these were eaily evaded by shippers -(Not only trying to makeup for post-war depression/debt, but trying to compensate for weak federal gov't) -Farmers called for laws to require creditors to accept goods & commodities & had laws passed requiring them to accept nearly worthless state paper currency. (In debt themselves due to Revolution) --> Shays' rebellion which broke out in Western Massachusetts when farmers closed down courts to prevent debt executions- A militia from Eastern Massahusetts crushed them

Lexington & Concord

-The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. -These battles initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to sieze stores of ammunition & arms that the colonists had been keeping. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston as when they passed through Concord, hidden militia attacked them. -4/75

The Crisis by Thomas Paine

1776, Unlike his earlier piece of writing (Common Sense) this is both logically and emotionally charged. He was trying to motivate America (the underdogs) that they can do this and defeat Britain

The First Cabinet

1789 Washington=president Hamilton=Secratary of treasury Jefferson=Secratary of state Knox=Secretary of War Randolph=Attorney General -Vice president cant be part of cabinet as that person ran for the same president position and came in 2nd place & theres some tensions/resentment between President & Vice Prez. -Helps advise the presidents

Yorktown

Battle that ended the revolution --> Treaty of Paris of 1783

Edmund Randolph

Former governor of VA Randloph was appointed by President George Washington Attorney General. One of the four in the First presidential cabinet along with Hamilton, Jefferson, & Knox. (1789)

Reflections by Robert Cecil

From British point of view on the Revolution. Believed Britain acted with stupidity. War was beneficial as the world today would be poor w/o America.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

In 1763, the two countries (GB & France) signed the Treaty of Paris to end the war- French & Indian War (aka Seven Years' War). -France lost all of its possessions on the North America mainland

Nonimportation

Nonimportation=boycott

Jay's Treaty

The Play-by-Play -In 1793 British feared American Nuetrality was a cover for selling American grain to all sides in the European war --> British issued Orders in Council which banned all American commercial links w/ France or French Caribbean. -In just one year, British navy took 400 merchant sailors prisoners. Farmers couldn't sell their wheat & dock workers didn't have jobs. There were growing calls for war w/ Britain. Washington, however, determined to avoid war sent Chief Justice John Jay (who'd been foreign secretary under Articles of Cenfederation) to London to resolve the problems -Jay's Treaty created more issues than it solved, the vote over the treaty clearly illustrated the split in the country as the identified Federalists in the Senate voted for the treaty, and those associate with the Democratic-Republicans against it. -(Federalists pro-British, Democratic-Republicans pro-French) -A treaty w/ British, negotiated in 1794, in which the US made major concessions to avert a war over the British seizure of American ships. -(November 1794)This was a treaty that addressed the differences between the British and the US. The British were seizing American ships, imprisoning American sailors and causing problems in the west. In order to prevent war, Washington urged the Senate to ratify this treaty. In the treaty, the British promised to remove troops from American territory and to establish an arbitration commission to settle financial claims of Americans against Britain and the British against the United States. -British agreed to pay compensation for its attacks on shipping since 1793 but not to end the ban on neutral shipping to France or to pay compensation for earlier American loses. Britain also promised to remove its troops from Mississippi valley, it had been ignoring its promises to do so for decade. -The treaty was very unpopular in America because it did not fix any of the current problems we were having with Britain and caused tensions with France, but it prevented war with Britain.) ***In Conclusion: -Jays treaty did resolve.... between US & Britain *British agreed to leave North America *Most favored trading status between the 2 *Nice on paper for a nation w/ no army... -Opponents held up the treaty in the house; *selling out France *British still refused to pay for slaves freed in rev Political battles over Jays Treaty brought prez Washington off his nonpartisan pedestal. During debate over Jay's Treaty, shifting coalitions began to polarize into political factions. -Hamilton&Supporters-->Federalists. Jefferson&Supporters-->Republicans. *****Main Idea: Jay's Treaty in 1794, asserted unresolved problems w/ Britain after Treaty of Paris (1783). Making it clear that AM Franco Alliance w/ french was no longer in affect (due to French rev). Trying to make it clear that NUETRALITY is what they're doing. -Jays treaty makes it look like they're buddy-buddy w/ Britain. But all Washington wants is NUETRALITY. -Public is upset by this treaty. (division in opinion, Federalists=Pro-British & AntiFederalists=Pro-French) -Jay's treaty solidifies political parties. -Jay's Treaty --> Pickney's Treaty. -Relations w/ France deteriorated after Jays Treaty -****This along w/ Pickey's treaty establish US control of interior!!!!! SET UP AMERICA FOR WESTWARD MIGRATION

3 Branches to ensure Seperation of Powers

**Refer to w/s Legislative, Executive, & Judiciary Legislative=makes laws. Composed of; House of Representatives & Senate. Executive=(executes) enforces laws. The president. Judiciary=interprets laws (gave themselves right to do this-doesn't mention giving them this right in constitution.) Uses constitution to interpret laws.

Olive Branch Petition

-(July 8, 1775) Created by the Second Continental Congress. The colonies final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts and ended the taxation without representation policies). However, it was rejected by Parliament. -To have King George III redress colonial grievances to avoid further bloodshed The king refused to receive it, and it showed that Britain's only choice was war, and also that the colonists weren't in favor of complete independence.

Separation of Powers

-(PA's Gouverneur Morris endorsed) a resolution calling for a national gov't divided into 3 branches-the legislature, executive, & judiciary. Contained within the system of federalism (which refers to the division of power between the national gov't & those of the states) -a core aspect of the constitution that by which different parts of the new national gov't would have their authority always limited by other parts. -The system is all about preserving freedom.

The First States Constitutinons

-14 states adopted constitutions between 1776 & 1800 -New states constitutions shaped by debates between radicals & conservatives. -Democrats seized power in Pennsylvania in 1776 & drafted a constitution that placed all power in a unicameral assembly elected by all free male tax payers. -Conservatives controlled MD who maintained high property requirements for office holding. -Other states drafted constitutions between these extremes. -*Varying state constitutions (yet another problem of Articles) (Slavery & women's rights not included/addressed)

Pontiac's Rebellion

-1763 -Disaster/bad outcomes for Indians who allied w/ the French during the Indian & French War -Neloin, a Deleware, leading a religous revival that eventually spread throughout different Indian groups, preached resistance, calling on Indians to return to the state they were in before the arrival of whites. -Pontiac, an Ottowa chief, responded to Neolin's call & led Pontiacs Rebellion in spring of 1763, attacking British forts across the region. -At one point most of the Ohio country was in Indian hands, although British began to fight back. Troops annihilated the Indians (giving them smallpox-infected blankets) --> spread of disease through Indians -After receiving word that the French wouldn't aid him, Pontiac initiated a peace process in 1766. Three years later, he was murdered.

Sugar Act

-1764 -(British) Imposed new taxes on sugar, rum, & molasses to raise revenue for British debt. --> Merchants & artisans in NY & Boston to join in a nonimportation movement that was the beginning of the boycott of British-made goods. -"No taxation w/o representation" -external tax

Townshend Acts

-1767 -Charles Townshed, the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, passed a series of new taxes on lead, paint, paper, & other goods. Unpopular with the colonists. -Troops came along w/ Townshend acts to enforce them (also to avoid nonimportation/protests/uprising of colonists) -external tax. -Townshend act later repealed due to Boston Massacre

Boston Tea Party

-1773, In response to mounting pressure, the British repealed most of the Townshed duties, but kept the tax on tea. Which gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea (by only allowing it to unload its tea on the colonies), where it would actually be sold more cheaply than its competitors. Low prices didn't satisfy the colonies as they resented the imposition of the tax. (Since British East India Company only one able to sell tea, ruined the trade for colonists who did the same) -In the cities down the east coast, Sons of Liberty convinced merchants to not allow the tea to land, saying "no taxation without representation" -December 1773, a bunch of Boston colonists loosely dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded the Darthmouth (boat) and dumped its store of tea into Boston harbor. Act of resistance by colonists. Rebels dumped over $1 million/45 tons worth of Tea. -In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British closed the port of Boston to all shipping, sparking a financial crisis that led further anger and unrest. Tax on tea --> Boston Tea Party --> Intolerable Acts --> Further tensions.

Articles of Confederation

-1777,The first national gov't of the United States was adopted by the Continental Congress , which created a weak national gov't. Representatives, with the legacy of British authoritarianism fresh in their minds, purposely sought to limit the power of the national gov't. (Weak gov't b/c trying to be anti-British) -This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. -Confedertion=loose alliance of countries. Realized through articles of confederation that they'd made a mistake. As the nation moved forward, the Articles of Confederation proved increasingly problematic. -Confederation=against federal/national. -Confederation=multiple groups allied together -Colonies still seem themselves as individual countries -No national judiciary, no separate executive branch. -Congress had sole national authority, but ratification & ammendment required unanimous agreement. -No congressional authority to raise troops or impose taxes (Had to have tariffs in individual states b/c didn't have power to tax) (Through Shays' Rebellion the weakness of The Articles of Confederation were exposed as well as the need for a stronger federal gov't --> Constitutional Convetion --> Constitution replacing the articles of confederation. Also showed that too much democratic liberty to the people (lower class) could creat trouble. (Tyranny of people/majority.) --Conservatives (aka Federalists) most vocal about calling for a revision to the Articles of Confederation

Land Ordinance (1785)

-1785, Congress ordered lands to be surveyed & divided into a grid pattern, with some section to be sold, & others set aside for gov't & schools. This grid system was also used for future territories, creating clear & well-organized boundaries in cities & towns, but encouraging widely dispersed settlements elsewhere. -Adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation in 1785. It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. -Provided for the survey & sale of western lands. -Land was divided into townships composed of 36 sections of 1 square mile each. -planning for westward expansion

Three-Fifths Compromise

-1787 -With the Great Compromise in place, southern states wanted the largest amount of representatives they could get & proposed counting slaves-as people, not as property-for the purpose of representation. (Slaves weren't expected to be given the right to vote for these representatives of course) Northern states saw this as unfair, & that enslaved people shouldn't be counted for purpose of representation in a gov't in which they had no part. Compromise known as Three-Fifths Compromise. -Three-Fifths Compromise allowed a slave to count as three-fifths of a person. The result was a greater number of representatives in the House from the southern states, & a greater power by the south as a region. -CONSTITUTION RECOGNIZES SLAVERY. CONSTITUTION IN FAVOR OF SLAVERY.

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

-1787, created a policy for administering the Northwestern Territories; it included a path to statehood and banned slavery in the territories, mandated religous freedom & public schools. Also declared that "the utmost good faith" should be observed towards the Indians. -Provided model for territories to be admitted to the union as states. (Judges & a governor were initially appointed by Congress) -Ohio River is the border. South of Ohio River=slave state. SLAVERY OUTLAWED NORTH OF THE OHIO RIVER -Once population = to smallest of original 13 states, could apply for statehood -Planning for westward expansion. Country is growing, can't have weakness & inconsistency in federal gov't, need a strong national gov't (Articles --> Constitutinon)

Pinckney's Treaty

-1795, Under terms of the treaty, Spain agreed to push the northern border of Florida further south and westward, and opened the Mississippi River and the important port of New Orleans to US commerce. Western farmers could once again ship their goods down the Mississippi River to world markets. (US Wants access to Mississippi river as settlement in continuing to move westward) -Worry US & Britain might settle their differences at Spanish expense, Spanish agreed to move to a treaty that set borders between US & Spanish Florida. -Opened the Missisipi River & the Port of New Orleans to US commerce. Access to New Orlean important. (Access to Port of New Orleans was attained) -Treaty w/ Spain giving America control over disputed Southwest & free use of Mississippi. -Only popularity of Pickney's treaty allows passage of Jay's. -****This along w/ Jays treaty establish US control of interior!!!!! SET UP AMERICA FOR WESTWARD MIGRATION

Deceleration of Independence

-A Committee of 5 were selected to draft a deceleration in case Congress decided to vote for independence. Thomas Jefferson was chosen to write the first draft, but in the end, many people made adjustments. The most significant changes involved removing Jefferson's attack on the slave trade, which discomfited a number of delegates who had slaves themselves. -On July 2nd May 1776 a unanimous Congress voted for independence, & on July 4th they adopted the Decleration of Independence. -(July 2nd, 1776 unanimous congress voted for independence. The Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress on July 4, 1776. drafted by Thomas Jefferson, it formalized the colonies' separation from Britain and laid out the Enlightenment values (best expressed by John Locke) of natural rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" upon which the American Revolution was based.) -6/76 -Not a law/ not a legal document! -But the philosophical foundation for everything that followed. -Our creed=our foundation -"We hold these truths to be self-evident..."

Newburgh Conspiracy

-A plot hatched in 1783 resulting from the fact that many of the soldiers & officers of the Continental Army had not received pay for many months. The new nation under the Articles of Confederation was in a financial crisis. Through the Newburgh Conspiracy, which was engineered by Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris, the army, whose pay was overdue, threatened to force the states into surrendering more power to the national government. -A group of young officers were ready for action & began planning a military takeover. In March 1783 Major John Armstrong, Jr published the first of the Newburgh addresses, castigating the weak congress and calling for a meeting of officers. General Washington horrified, but a crafty politician asked officers to postpone their meeting for a few days, invited General Gates to preside & request a full report. The officers thought they could win Washington's blessing. But when Gates called meeting to order, Washington attacked the movement as "unmilitary" & "subversive". Washington won most of officers over & threat dissolved. -Congress voted to give a lump of sum payment to all officers who'd been promised a pension & passed a tax on imports to help pay off the national debt. Newburgh conspiracy defeated.

Election of 1800 ("Revolution" of 1800)

-Adams bid for reelection was weakened by: Hamiltons dispute w/ Adams (no war w/ France) (-Fries Rebellion:(1799)Tax on houses,resisters hang symbol of French rev on their houses, several rebels sentenced to death. Adam commutes. Hamilton angry b/c wants them hung. Publish private letters denouncing each other.) -Federalists becoming identified w/ oppressive warmongering (trying to stir up war) -In election of 1800 Federalists waged a defensive struggle calling for strong central gov't and good order. -By controlling south & west, Jefferson won election -Jefferson & Aaron Burr (both Democratic-Republicans) tied for the top spot. Both receiving the same number of electoral votes, throwing the election into the House of Representatives. Jefferson became president and Burr became vice president -First election where campaigning took off, Federalist & Democratic-Republicans better organized. -There was split among Fedralist party (due to Hamilton-Adams feud; Hamilton attacking Adams)

Thomas Jefferson

-Chosen to write the first draft of the Declaration of Independence, spokesmen for democracy, represented Virginia in the Continental Congress, opposed Alexander Hamilton's federalism. -Philosopher, idealist. -Was a US ambassador to Paris prior to being Secretary to State (-->pro-french/supporting french). Was out of the country during the construction of the constitution. -Appointed by President George Washington as Secretary of State. One of the four in the First presidential cabinet along with Hamilton, Knox, & Randolph, (1789). Eventually retires from cabinet -Democratic-Republican, wanted a nation based on small farmers exporting raw materials. -Very opposing views w/ Hamilton. Jefferson & Adams didnt get along post-rev either. -Believed rev & bloodshed every once in awhile wasnt bad. Saw the revolution as a worldwide revolution. -Grew up in Monachello (middle of nowhere/country. -Elected president in 1800

What the Articles did do

-Created gov't that was able to help coordinate victory in Rev war -Negotiated American independence -Set forth an organized way to divide & sell land (land ordinance/NW Ordinance) -Set forth process for admission of new states -But they still had MANY flaws & were replaced by Constitution.

First Bank of the United States

-December of 1790, Hamilton issued another report to congress calling for a national bank. The Bank of the United States would function as a private/public partnership modeled on the Bank of England. It would manage the economy & fund a strong gov't. Would issue bank notes, Could make loans. -Southern plantation owners like Madison & Jeferson resented the bank. -The battle over the bank revealed the extent of the divide betweenv those who wanted an urban commercial nation, like Hamilton, & others who wanted a country of independent farmers. -In the end, the Bank of the United States bill passed.

Economic Crisis

-Economic problems like wartime inflation plagued the nation -Post Rev. (Ending in 1783) --> the key problem of depression -Repayment of debt became both a political & economic problem -Post Rev. War --> inflation (Britain dumped its surplus goods in American markets, creating trade imbalance that drew hard currency out of the United States)

Beginnings of Foreign Policies

-Foreign affairs further strained Fedralist coalation. -America initially welcomed French rev, but when it turned violent & war broke out w/ Britain, public opinion divided. -Though both sides advocated nuetrality, Hamilton favored closer ties w/ Britain while Jefferson feared them. (Federalists=proBritish, Antifederalists=proFrench) "Citizen Genet" incident --> Washington's Proclamation of Nuetrality(1793). This proclamation outraged Jeffersons supporters. (*War breaks out in Europe due to French Rev. Genet the French foreign minister arrives in 1793 and tries to drag US into its war against Britain. Genet is trying to gain alliance/support for its War. Genet went straight to the people not the gov't. Enlisted people to fight for the french-Issued Privateer Comissions w/o Washington or gov'ts knowledge or consent) -Washington didnt want to get involved with the foreign affairs of Europe as America was just a very young developing country itself and couldn't afford a war. -Genet incident split US politics into 2 groups: Federalist v. Jeffersons supporters.

Shays' rebellion

-I'm Massachusetts 1786, a group of Farmers led by Daniel Shays' began petitioning the state legislature for relief from increased taxes imposed in an effort to reduce the states war debt. (Farmers like Shays' were in much debt themselves due to the post war drop in demand for produce) Massachusetts legislature, dominated by commercial leaders, decided not to help. Farmers took matters into their own hands, shutting down local courts to stop them from issuing farm foreclosures & throwing farmers in debtors prison. Governor & legislature respond w/ a Riot Act (prohibited 12 or more people form gathering & authorized county sheriffs to kill those who disobeyed the law.) -Led by Shays, the farmers took up arms & decided to overthrow gov't. By late January (Jan 25th 1787) thousands of well-armed farmers surrounded the federal arsenal in Springfield. Lack of organization/communication --> smaller group ended up marching on the arsenal & were fired upon. (Plan was intercepted by the troops) By 1787, rebellion slowly ended, as rebels unable to est. a political base of support. Meanwhile, economy began to recover, Shay left to settle in Vermont. But the rebellion concerned the nation's elites, & it gave strength to move for a stronger national gov't -Shays' rebellion exposed the weakness of The Article of Confederation and a need for a stronger federal gov't. This led to the constitutional convention & eventually the Constitution which replaced the Articles of Confederation. It also showed that too much democratic liberty to the people (lower class) could create trouble. 1.Several hundred farmers from Pelham and scores of other rural communities of western Massachusetts met at courthouse in Northampton 2.This occurred at a time of great economic depression which hit farmers hardest 3.The state raised property tax to pay off state debt- tax was considerably more oppressive than those levied by British 4.Two thirds of those who marched had been sued for debt or spent time in debtor's prison- the people were looking for state relief 5.The people rose up in defense of their property and state and federal governments were forced to reevaluate the distribution of power (1786/1787)

Whiskey Rebellion

-In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. -In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. -Showed federal authority was supreme. (1794, gov't faced a crisis over western policy. -Westerns farmers were refusing to pay the whiskey tax. -Importance of whiskey in frontier line. -An army sent into western PA ended the Whiskey rebellion(1794). Washington lead army to crush. Whiskey Rebellion=illegal rebellion. (The people were upset and decided to rise up & rebel w/ the ideas of John Locke, but in this case it was not legal under the constitution to uprise against the gov't b/c they disliked what was happening.) -Washington putting down rebellion & not allowing Constitution to be disintegrated. The Whiskey Rebellion dispers as they hear word of Washington coming.)

Battle of Bunker Hill

-In the weeks that followed the Battles of Lexington & Concord, Massachusetts men began to dig in the hills around British-occupied Boston. In June 1775, General Gage ordered an attack on Breed's Hill, resulting in a British victory. Battle is known as the Battle of Bunker hill, & it cost the British dearly in terms of victory despite the casualties. -First major battle, showed that the Americans had a big potential to win, but British wouldn't be easy to defeat. the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, &Bunker Hill was in British hands. -6/75

Democratic-Republican Party

-Jeffersonians. -Beliefs: States gov't/rights should be more important than the national. Federal gov't shouldn't play big role -Unofficially led by Jefferson & Maddison. Southern plantation owners & small town merchants & farmers tended to support the democratic republicans -Pro-French; it was of there advantage to support liberal ideas of the French Rev -Biggest appeal was to middle class & underprivileged -Democratic-Republicans are in today's world in some ways our republican party & in other ways our democratic party.

Constitution

-Key architect to the constitution was James Madison. His plan, known as the Virginia Plan when it was presented by governor Edmund Randolph, provided some input/outline of the new Constitution. Eventually settled on the Great Compromise (a middle ground between NJ plan & VA Plan) -(1788) Document which established the organization, function and powers of the government. It followed (& replaced) the Articles of Confederation and was drafted at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 (In Philadelphia Consisting of wealthy white well-educated men). The government created reflected the influence of British, Roman, Greek, and colonial state governments, as well as many ideas from the Enlightenment. -The distribution of the vote for the ratification of the Constitution demonstrated its wide support in sections of the country linked to the commercial economy & its disapproval in more remote and backcountry sections. -Signed in 1787, ratified in 1788 -Seperation of Powers & federalism = Huge in constitution. -"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union.." -Conservatives (aka Federalists) most vocal about calling for a revision to the Articles of Confederation -constitution recognizes slavery & is in favor of it. -Jefferson&Adams both out of country during constitution/constitutional convention.

Saratoga

-May of 1777, British General John Burgoyne assembled a large army in Canada, intending to proceed down the Hudson & smash the rebellion. At Saratoga, Burgoyne's army was effectively cut off from its winter quarters & forced to negotiate. The Battle of Saratoga proved a turning point in the war, as the French & Spanish agreed to recognize the American colonies & provide military support. -Saratoga causes French to come in & help Americans -Saratoga --> Franco AM alliance

African Americans & the Revolution

-More than 50,000 slaves were taken from south by British -1,000's of others fought for patriots & won their freedom -Recognizing contradiction between a revolution for Liberty & continued support of slavery (ironic). Northern states began to abolish slavery, Upper south states relaxed its bans on emancipation. -A free African American community emerged w/ racially defined churches, schools, & other institutions. (Several African American writers became prominent)

Washington DC

-Nations capital now located on Potomac River (aka Washington D.C.) Selected permanent US capital in 1790 as a compromise between Jefferson & Hamilton, Jefferson gets national capital "power" located in south & Hamilton gets to carry out his Fiscal Plan. (The gov't actually moved there in 1800.)

French & Indian War (aka Seven Years' War)

-Occured 1754-1763 -War between Britain & France for dominance. Especially of Ohio Valley. -Began in 1754 with George Washington (lieutenant of the VA militia force) in the Ohio River Valley when his force of VA militia & Indians attacked French soldiers in what's now PA. (Washington defeated the French in the first attack, he was later forced to surrender- & to admit that he'd attacked & killed the French when France & Britain were officially at peace. -English allied w/ Iroquois. French allied w/ other Indians (Ottawa, Shawnee, & Delaware- who eventually switched sides. Delaware Indians switched sides & sought an alliance w/ the British. -In Europe, a system of interlocking treaties led to war as well -Much of 7 year war fough in the Caribbean (as the British eyed the rich sugar plantations of the French controlled islands) -Most significant battle in North America= capture of Quebec by British --> effectively ended French control of all Canada. -In 1763 the 2 countries signed the Treaty of Paris to end the war -Turning point in relationship between Britain & colonies -Significant outcomes. Disaster for Indians- even those allied w/ British & French. (Especially those allied with the French) -(Signals end to salutary neglect)

Anti-federalists

-Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption. Their arguments included: it was a class-based document, it would erode fundamental liberties; and it would erode the power of the states. -Against strong central gov't, feared gov't would serve interests of privileged minority, feared central gov't would ignore majority of rights, said a single gov't couldn't manage affairs of such a large country, biggest problem was constitution lacked any protection for individual rights (why they wanted Bill of Rights) -Anti-Federalists=Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, & Richard Henry -Only agreed to have constitution if Bill of Rights was added. Bill of Rights was their greatest concern. -Feared Constitution gave too much power to the central gov't & that a republic couldn't work well in a large nation -Loyal to articles of confederation, didnt trust strong national gov't, belived central state gov't should be supreme-not national, Didnt trust Federalists. -More liberal, eventually called democratic-republicans -Jeffersonians -Recieved support from rural areas, where people feared a strong gov't that might add to their tax burden (think back to Shay's rebellion)

Adams Presidency

-Relations w/ France deteriorated (aka went downhill) after Jay's Treaty. -XYZ Affair-->Adams popularity to soar. -2yrs of Quasi-War w/ France follows (Undeclared naval war w/ France. There was no actual declaration of war). Adams View: Mantain proclamation of nuertality. His work for his country is very undervalued. -Adams=unpopular in his presidency. Sacrifices his political career for the benefit of the country. -In relation to XYZ affairs, Adams makes his opinion clear that America isn't strong enough for war w/ France.

Stamp Act

-Resistance in 1765 was even stronger thanks to Stamp Act -A tax on official documents, commercial bills of lading, newspapers, & even playing cards. -Where earlier acts had only affected a small portion of the colonial population directly, the Stamp Act effected nearly everyone --> colonists from different social classes united in protest. -Stamp Act --> Stamp Act Congress: Sons of Liberty ]in NY 1675, an early indicator of intercolonial cooperation & unity. Agreed to stop all imports until tax was repealed. Public protests mounted. (Series of protests). In response British gov't repealed the Stamp tax in 1766. -"No taxation w/o representation" -The British eventually backed down & repealed the stamp act in 1766 due to nonimportation (boycotting) of colonists and protests. --> Colonists realizing if they protested & boycotted they could get their way -internal tax

Sons of Liberties

-Secret organization in the colonies formed to oppose the Stamp Act. From 1765 until independence, members spoke, wrote, and took direct action against British measures especially the Stamp tax and the tax on tea - radicals, created underground resistance movements

Indian Wars (of the 1790's, including treaty of Greenville)

-Series of wars & fighting between Washington & his troops against Indians of the Northwest territory over settlement/land claims -The chief representative of the US gov't on the west frontier was Arthur St Clair. He sought to divide and conquer the Indians of the northwest territory but lacked sufficient resource to succeed. -Washington was able to increase number of troops in the region & in 1791 ordered a new attack. In November, 1,500 Indians from several tribes under leadership of Little Turtle killed over 500 troops. -Washington called a full-scale war. In late 1793, he launched a 3rd military campaign in the north west territory. -General Anthony Wayne (Mad Anthony Wayne) replaced St Clair. In August of 1794, Wayne's army defeated a large Indian force at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. -A year later, the treaty of Greenville (1795) ended the major hostilities in the area, est. Indian reserves while ceding most of the remaining lands to white settlers. In response, many Indians moved. In Summary- Victory over western Indians makes controlling frontier important: -General Anothony Wayne defeated the Ohio Indians. Battle of Timber Falls (1794)--> The Treaty of Grenville (1795) & the cession of a huge amount of land by the Ohio Indians. (Indians in west-aka Ohio. British egging Indians to trouble Americans.) -Indian problems resolved in Ohio region through the Battle of Fallen Timbers & Treaty of Grenville. The cycle of; 1.Confrontation 2.Treaty & 3.Keep pushing Indians West repeats itself.

Proclamation of 1763

-Shortly after French & Indian war, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763, in keeping with earlier promises to Britain's Indian allies to prohibit white settlement west of the Appalachians. -Although Proclamation line slowed white settlement, it didn't stop it, & it proved difficult to enforce as white ignored it & moved west anyways. -Intended to restore frontier peace, setting aside land west of Appalachians as "Indian country"

Federalist

-Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton. Firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. -Liked how constitution balanced power between states & national gov't. -Believed Seperation of powers & system of checks and balances would protect americans from tyranny of a central authority. -Federalists=George Washington, James Madison, & Alexander Hamilton -Had a clear plan & vison for how to address the various needs of the new nation. -Used Federalists papers to convince of constitution. -Conservative b/c held onto British gov't aspects/values. (Just wanted to do it themselves/have the control). Federalists eventually called Whigs. -Hamiltonians -Recieved support from urban centers (merchants, skilled workers, & laborers saw the benefit of a national gov't that could regulate trade. -Federalists are in today's world in some ways our republican party & in other ways our democratic party.

Bill of Rights

-The first 10 amendments to the constitution passed by Congress in 1789 & ratified by the states in 1791. -Geroge Mason of VA noted the need for a "Bill of Rights" that would guarantee freedom of speech, press, religon, trial by jury, etc -10 amendments that guaranteed certain rights: First concerned the rights of religon, speech, assembly, & gov't petition; others had to with rights relating to jury trials, and bearing arms, and protections against unreasonable searches and seizures and excessive bail. Tenth amendment limited power of national gov't -During ratification process, James Madison promised to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution, guaranteeing citizens important rights under a federal gov't. Without a promise for those added rights, key states would not have ratified the constitution. The amendments meant the new gov't would operate within clear limits. -Anti-Federalists for Bill of Rights. -Thinking of all the greviances against Britain, they formed they rights they would want protected. (Bill of Rights essentially came from issues that arose w/ Britain)

Virginia Plan

-The first proposal put forth at the Constitutional Convention by VA's governor Edmund Randolph (following James Madison's plan), It included 2 houses of congress both elected by proportional representation & a national executive & a judiciary. -In Randolph's plan, a new congress with 2 houses, whose members would be elected based on proportional representation reflecting the population of the various states, would replace the current congress. -Proportional representation created conflict as larger states preferred it (more population=more votes in congress) and smaller states preferred equal votes in congress for each state

James Madison

-The key architect of the Constitution. His plan, known as the Virginia Plan. -Proposed the Electoral College (A system in which each state selects presidential electors according to the number of its senators & representatives in Congress by whatever method it prefers, and these electors than select the president. If the majority didn't agree than the choice would fall to the House of Representatives, but w/ each state's delegation having one vote. Also settle a 4 year term for president, with no limit on number of terms.) -"Father of the Constitution" due to him being its primary author. Co-wrote the Federalist Papers and created the Virginia Plan. Was a Federalist, but also believed the government shouldn't be too powerful.

Electoral College

-To insulate the election of the president from the popular vote, a electoral college was created to select a president -It's purpose is to keep a check on the mob

Decleration of Rights

-VA's Decleration of rights provided the model for other state guarantees of such rights as freedom of speech, assembly & press. -State bills of rights were important precedents of US bill of rights -1776 NJ constitution enfranchised women, but most questions regarding women were related to family. ($$, property, children) -Led by Thomas Jefferson, states abolished aristocratic inheritance customs & established religous freedom.

George Washington

-Virginian, patriot, general, humble, and first president of the United States from 1789-1797 (serving what we would consider now as 2 terms). Lived at Mount Vernon- homebody. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. -Second Continental Congress- May of 1775, delegates of the second continental congress met in Philadelphia, naming Geroge Washington as commander of the colonial militia. -Considered the most iconic, important president because he set the tone & path for everything to come. He saved the country (post rev country was fragile could've easily fallen apart), holds everything together. -Crafty politician as seen in how we handled the Newburgh Conspiracy. -Washington didnt officially align himself, but had fedralist views. Believed in nuetrality (however often sided w/ Hamilton) -Washingtons presidency was crisis management -During his first term: Hamiltons Fiscal Plan (--> compromise of Nations capital to south.), Bill of rights ratified, "Citizen Genet", Proclamation of Nuetrality -During his second term:Proclamation of Neutrality, Jays Treaty, Whiskeys Rebellion, Battle of Fallen Timbers, treaty of Grenville, Pickneys Treaty, Farewell address. -Known for his farewell address where he makes 2 main points: 1.Stay away from political faction (aka forming political parties) &... 2.No Entangaling alliances (aka Don't get in alliances w/ other countries) -approach of nuetrality -In Farewell Address summed up American foreign policy goal as; *Peace, commercial relations, friendship w/ all nations, & no entangling alliances. (Hamilton actually wrote his Farewell Address for him)

Henry Knox

-Was George Washington's deputy in command throughout the revolution -Appointed by President George Washington as Secretary of War. One of the four in the First presidential cabinet along with Hamilton, Jefferson, & Randolph. (1789)

Thomas Paine & Common Sense

-While delegates of the Second Continental Congress debated what they wanted from the war, Thomas Paine published a pamphlet, Common Sense, which would alter the debate. -Paine had 2 basic point: 1.That the time was right to declare independence & 2.That the new gov't should be a democracy. -It struck a cord with many colonists, & the drive was on for independence. -Selling more than 100,000 copies within a few months, it was the single most important piece of writing in the Revolutionary Era, and it reshaped popular thinking and put independence squarely on the agenda. -(Common sense appeared same day that George III decided the North American colonies to be in a state of rebellion) -1/76

Constitutional Convention

1.55 delegates from 12 states assemble in 1787 in Philadelphia. 2.Conflicts arose between large (VA Plan) & small states (NJ Plan), & free & slave states. 3.Great Compromise provided middle ground for agreement by: a. A bicameral legislature, in which all states would be equally represented in the senate & proportionally represented in the house; and b. A compromise on free-state & slave-state interests by agreeing to count 5 slaves as three freemen. The 3/5 compromise 4.To insulate the election of the president from the popular vote, a electoral college was created to select a president -eventually drafted constitution of the United States as instructed by Congress to proposed amendments to the Articles of Confederation. -James Madison=key architect to constitution. -White, educated men came together to discus/eventually draft the Constiution. -Also slavery became an issue --> Slave compromise& 3/5 compromise

British Commander in North America

1.General Thomas Gage 2.Sir William Howe replaced General Gates as the British commander in 1776 3.General Sir Henry Clinton replaced Howe as the British commander in 1778

Declaratory Act

1766, It was a statement of understanding of the role of the mother country & colonists. The Declaratory Act concluded that the role of the colonists were to serve for the mother country and that they were not equal to the mother country, but secondary to the mother country instead.

Patrick Henry's Speech to the House of Burgesses

1775, Emotionally charged, makes it clear that war w/ Britain is the only option at this point. Persuasive call to action.

Slave Trade Compromise

1787-Northern free states thought that the economy developing was relying too much on slavery. Didn't want to rely on it for too long. Northern states wanted to ban slave trading. Southern states didn't want to give up slavery because they believed their farming industry would not survive. -Southern delegates engineered a proviso that Congress couldn't interfere with the international slave trade until 1808. And added fugitive slave clause (requiring fugitive slaves & servants to be returned to their slaveholders.) The fugitive slave clause gave slave holders a new & powerful tool, & led to increasing strife between north & south. -Clause saying in 20 years will end INTERNATIONAL slave trade.(in other words will obtain slaves through birth of slaves within the country instead)

Hamiltons Controverisal Fiscal Program

1790, Hamilton (secratary of treasury) submitted a series of financial proposals to address America's economic problems including: -A controversial credit program that passed when a compromise located the nations capital on the Potomac River. *(Credit program=Wants to est credit so can borrow money from other countries. US piles up all of state debts and this big debt --> other countries loaning money. Other countries benefit through interest & helped b/c America was a growing power. All this led to creation of our own bank) *(Jefferson strongly opposed Hamiltons plan as he saw it as unconstitutional. Jeffersons biggest concern was Liberty & feared that the bank would take away liberty. Since Jefferson wanted the capitol closer to his home state, A compromise was made allowing Fiscal Program with the move of the capital to the south.--> Nations "power" located in south) Compromise that accompanied the capital being located in the south was the assumption of state debts (through Hamiltons Fiscal Plan) -Creating a Bank of the US was considered an unconstitutional expansion of powers by opponents (Aka Jeffersonians) -A protective tariff to develop an industrial economy (The debate of Hamilton's loose construction & Jefferson's strict construction strained the fedralist coalation) Fiscal Plan in sum: Assumption of state debts, capital moves to south, Bank of US, tariffs.

Domestic & International Crisis

1794, gov't faced a crisis over western policy. -Westerns farmers were refusing to pay the whiskey tax. -Importance of whiskey in frontier line. -An army sent into western PA ended the Whiskey rebellion(1794). Washington lead army to crush. Whiskey Rebellion=illegal rebellion. (The people were upset and decided to rise up & rebel w/ the ideas of John Locke, but in this case it was not legal under the constitution to uprise against the gov't b/c they disliked what was happening.) -Washington putting down rebellion & not allowing Constitution to be disintegrated. The Whiskey Rebellion dispers as they hear word of Washington coming. Showed federal authority was supreme. Victory over western Indians makes controlling frontier important: -General Anothony Wayne defeated the Ohio Indians. Battle of Timber Falls (1794)--> The Treaty of Grenville (1795) & the cession of a huge amount of land by the Ohio Indians. (Indians in west-aka Ohio. British egging Indians to trouble Americans.) -Indian problems resolved in Ohio region through the Battle of Fallen Timbers & Treaty of Grenville. The cycle of; 1.Confrontation 2.Treaty & 3.Keep pushing Indians West repeats itself.

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

A series of restrictive measures that were a response to the events in Boston (Boston tea party) that included; limited the power of town meetings & allowing governors to quarter troops. (Boston port bill, Massachusetts Gov't Act, Administation of Justice act, Quartering act) -Colonists insisted that since such acts had been instituted by the Parlament with no representation from the colonists, Britain was violating their rights as Englishmen. -Intolerable acts called coercive acts by the British (-They viewed the Quebec Act of 1774 as one of the many Intolerable acts. The Quebec Act was passed by the British in response to General Thomas Gage, the senior British commander in North America, to complain that there was essentially no law which the frontier colonists felt that they were obligated to obey (since violence had extended the lines of settlement). The Quebec Act assigned all lands west and north of the Ohio River to the British-controlled province of Quebec, effectively removing control from frontier agitators.)

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members.

Legislative

Composed of House of Representatives & Senate -House of Representatives: which is based on state population for # of representatives. This is where people got input in gov't. "little brother". House of Reps in terms of #'s: 435 reps, 2yr term-short term b/c dont trust the people --> changing more often, represents the local interests, minim age is 25-somewhat experienced -Senate: in the beginning were appointed (now are elected). Idea of needing/keeping a check on the people. "Big brother". Keeps "little brother" (aka House of Reps) in check. Senate in terms of #'s: 100 people-2 per state, 6yr terms-staggered, represents state, minim age is 30-experienced

Election of 1796

During debate over Jay's Treaty, shifting coalitions began to polarize into political factions. -Hamilton&Supporters-->Federalists. Jefferson&Supporters-->Republicans. These coalitions shaped election of 1796 which Adams narrowly won. -Jefferson became Vice President. -1796, John Adams, who'd come to represent the Federalists (although he disagreed with Hamilton on many issues) vied with Thomas Jefferson the logical candidate for the Democratic-Republicans, for the presidency. -Federalists and Democratic-Republicans took up the campaign. In the end Adams won, with all of his electoral votes coming from the Federalist strongholds from NY, New Jersey, & New England. Although it looked like members from the two parties would let tempers cool, all was not well. -Thomas Jefferson became the vice-president

John Adams

Enlightenment thinker, believed in truth/facts, defended British in trial for Boston Massacre (which the British were found not guilty). Spoke his mind -Leader of the revolution -Revolutionary leader who played an instrumental role in the vote for American independence. (Attended both first & second continental congress) -After the American Revolution he served as U.S. minister to Great Britain -Elected first vice-president of the United States in spring of 1789 with Washington as president. -Second president of the United States in 1796. -Came to represent the Federalists (federalist= constitution advocate, supports strong national gov't, wanted larger federal gov't, more commercial development, etc) Adams Presidency(1796-1800): Relations w/ France deteriorated (aka went downhill) after Jay's Treaty. -XYZ Affair-->Adams popularity to soar. -2yrs of Quasi-War w/ France follows.

Continental Congress (x2)

First Continental Congress- 1774, all colonies except Georgia sent delegates to the first continental congress in Philadelphia. -Although few were ready to break with Britain, delegates wanted to coordinate opposition efforts. Before they adjourned, they declared their rights came from nature, the British constitution, & colonial charters. They agreed to boycott British goods & the banning of all exports to Britain or its colonies. They also agreed to meet again should relations with Britain not improve. (Forming organized unity in opposition to Britain & Parliment) Second Continental Congress- May of 1775 (5/75), delegates of the second continental congress met in Philadelphia, naming Geroge Washington as commander of the colonial militia. Then the delegates turned to the question of what they wanted from the war. The answers illustrated the range of colonial opinion at the time. (From those like conservative John Dickinson of PA, who sought conciliation with Britain, to more radical delegates who wanted independence.) They also created the olive branch petition- wasn't effective. -While congress debated, Thomas Paine published a pamphlet, Common Sense, which would alter the debate.

Fries Rebellion

Fries Rebellion:(1799)Tax on houses,resisters hang symbol of French rev on their houses, several rebels sentenced to death. Adam commutes. Hamilton angry b/c wants them hung. Publish private letters denouncing each other.

Federalist Party

Hamiltonians -Supported a strong national gov't -Political party associated with Alexander Hamilton. Federalists supported Britain in its war against France. (Domestically, Federalists supported a strong federal government, a loose interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, a Bank of the United States, and revenue tariffs.) -Beliefs: Strong national gov't -Federalist supporters tended to be bankers and merchants in the northeast -Pro-British; saw it economically smart to have financial stability from Britain. -Upperclass, educated, valued business & commerce.

Internal vs. External taxes

Internal taxes: taxed goods within the colonies & acted like a sales tax. Ex. Stamp Act of 1765. External taxes: applied to imports into the colonies. Ex. Sugar Act of 1764. -Colonists more excepting of external taxation and more opposed to internal taxation. (Didn't like British controlling their internal affairs)

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Jefferson&Maddison drafted the Virginia&Kentucky Resolves that threatened to nullify the Alien&Sedition Acts. -Drafted resolution by Jefferson in 1798 adopted by Kentucky legislature. Asserted states right to declare federal law void within the states jurisdiction. -Virginias legislature adopted similar resolutions drafted by James Madison. -Taken together, the Virginia & Kentucky Resolution drew a sharp line between the two political factions. On the democratic republican side, Madison, like Jefferson saw the resolutions as an appropriate protest within the framework of the constitution. Both of men saw them as the basic right of state legislature to nullify federal laws. Federalists saw both resolutions as a fundamental attack on the basic authority on the federal gov't, and indeed, on the constitution itself. -The Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions written by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison criticized alien & sedition acts & asserted the rights of states to declare federal law null & void within a state. *Supreme court doesnt have power to rule laws unconstitutional yet. ***Ironic: Maddison writes in Federalist Papers & Constitution but over time becomes Anti-Federalist not expecting federal gov't to have so much power. Doctoring of Nullification= Jefferson& Maddison take it upon themselves to give states the right to rule laws unconstitutional.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty. -Known for freedom of the press

George Grenville

New prime minister, believed that colonists should bear some of the burden of the cost of the French & Indain war, especially since British troops had protected colonists against Indians & the French. However, the colonists saw things differently. -(French & Indian war expensive to fight. Nations debt was double what it had been when the war began)

Committees of Correspondence

Organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress. -Committee of correspondence kept and maintained correspondence & comunication within the colonies

XYZ Affair

Play-By-Play: -A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. -3 american delegates sent to France to negotiate, caused by British and French threatening American shipping, French bribe delegates but US leaves, Adams popularity soared Summary: Relations w/ France deteriorated after Jays Treaty. France began seizing American shipping, the nation was on brink of war. (French were upset b/c of Nuetrality & didnt want us shipping to the British, British didnt want us shipping to the french either). -Adam tries to negotiate (trying to maintain Nuetrality) --> XYZ Affairs XYZ Afffairs=Adams sends 3 diplomats to France to negotiate w/ French over issues (sort of like Olive Branch Petititon). French respond to diplomats by demanding a bribe (of $1/4 million) to stop seizing American Ships.-America takes this as an insult. This event causes Adam to become popular for a bit. XYZ Affairs--> Calls for war(from the people). Adams sacrifices his political career & says no and that America isnt strong enough. 2 years of Quasi-War w/ France still results.

Republicanism

Supporting a broad distribution of power to the people, enabling them to determine how & by whom they would be governed. Strict interpretation of the constitution. Gov't doesn't have huge roll in day to day life, small national gov't

Judiciary

Supreme court. 9 of them, term is life(aka about 20 yrs), represents the law, minm age is adult(LOTS of experience before elected), "our tribal council of wise elders". -Branch of gov't that represents "generational" values of the country.

Executive

The president. 4yr term-limited to 2 terms, represents nation, minm age of 35, "dad". -Always being checked by other 2 houses. Dont trust, dont want king.

New Jersey Plan

Virginia Plan --> New Jersey Plan -A proposal of the New Jersey delegation to the Constitutional Convention by which both houses of congress would be elected by states, w/ = delegations for each state. -Plan put forward by New Jersey's William Patterson called for a Congress in which both houses would be made up of delegates elected by state legislatures w/ an equal number from each state.

Alien & Sedition Acts

XYZ Affairs--> Alien & Sedition Acts. -Fedralist were fearful of commoners coming in & taking over. Fearful of a counter rebellion. -STABILITY IS COUNTRY'S #1 CONCERN -(Not Adams idea for Alien&Sedition Acts but the whole federalist party). -Order -Sedition=Treason. (Sedition acts violate the 1st amendment) *Back then nothing to say the laws they made were unconstitutional so couldn't be removed by Supreme Court b/c Supreme court doesnt have power to rule laws unconstitutional yet. The Federalists pushed through the Alien&Sedition Acts that: -Feared foreigners were contaminating the character of Americans by bringing dangerous ideas of democracy&republic. -Severely limited freedom of speech & of the press. -Threatened the liberty of foreigners. -No idea of "loyal" opposition yet. -Federalists saw opposition to the administration as opposition to the state & prosecuted leading Republican newspaper editors. -Jefferson&Maddison drafted the Virginia&Kentucky Resolves that threatened to nullify the Alien&Sedition Acts. 1798, War hysteria led Congress to pass the Alien & Sedition Acts, which hurt Adams. 3 laws known together as the Alien & Sedition acts lengthened the time to qualify for citizenship from 5 to 14 yrs, & allowed gov't to deport anyone it deemed dangerous. Sedition act specifically targeted newspaper editors against "false, scandalous, and malicious speech" against the gov't. Vigorously enforced, some served jail time. -Series of 3 acts passed by Congress making it harder for new immigrants to vote & made it a crime to criticize president or congress. -Democratic-Repubicans opposed to the acts as a fundamental threat to democracy.