APUSH Period 3 test
What kind of government did the AOC create?
A unicameral legislature
What could congress now do after the constitution was ratified?
Levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate commerce
After America won the war, what did they want to lead the world to?
Liberty and Equality
What should the government have?
Limited power and should be divided into separate legislative, executive and judicial branches that all have complex checks and balances
Antifederalists
Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally. Rural areas and small farms
What did America have to do in return?
Pay back the debts they owed to England before the revolutionary war
What was the outcome of this?
The south has till 1808 before congress can intervene in slave matters
What were some turning points due to the French and Indian war?
The victorious win sparked strong feelings of colonist pride and they viewed themselves as important and loyal partners to the British empire The British were in massive debt (130 million) England decided to start taxing the colonies
What did Hamilton submit?
They exposed deep divisions within American Society, raised significant constitutional issues, and turned political allies into partisan adversaries
What did the Democratic-Republicans believe in?
They favored a weak central government, strict interpretation of the constitution, they opposed the national bank, protective tariffs and favored agrarian interests and the French over the British
How did the colonists react to the Stamp Act?
They formed a secret society called the Sons of Liberty. They sometimes used violence to scare tax collectors, refused to buy stamps for legal documents, and openly ignored the law.
Why did we have a quasi war with France?
They hated Jay's treaty and began seizing American ships
What was the south's argument?
They needed the money coming in from slavery to sustain and if they banned slavery, the south would have left the union
How did England respond to the Boston tea party?
They passed the Intolerable Acts which were intended to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party and isolate Boston so they wouldn't stir up rebellion.
Who elected George Washington president?
electoral college
What did the small states (new jersey) want?
equal representation
How many states needed to sign the Article of Confederation in 1781?
13
How far did exports fall?
15 percent, so parliament rescinded the stamp act while issuing the declaratory act
Federalists
A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures Cities and large land owners and wealthy merchants
When was the direct election of senators added?
1913 (17th Amendment)
What is the electoral college?
A body of electors who represent the people's vote in choosing the president to protect from the threat of excessive democracy
What is the Albany Plan of Union?
A call from Benjamin Franklin to unite the colonies under a Grand Council of representatives from each colony for protection against common enemies.
What else was created?
A constitutional process for impeaching the president
What are the federalist papers?
A definitive explanation of the theoretical underpinnings of the constitution.
What was the treaty of Paris 1783?
A document that acknowledged the U.S. as an independent nation. (expanded U.S. borders)
What were the key antifederalists arguments?
A great and mighty president and senate composed of wealthy men would swallow up the little folk Would not work I'm a large diverse nation would work better in small nation Insisted it should only be a small group of sovereign states that trade with each other and defend each other Had no bill of rights
What is a confederation?
A loose Union among sovereign states It was also know as a firm league of friendship Most of the power was left to the states
What were Jefferson's arguments?
A national bank was not necessary The constitution does not specifically authorize congress to create a national bank He favored a strict interpretation of the constitution What the constitution does not permit, it forbids
Whose status did not change?
Africans and women
Key concept 3.1.1.C
After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.
Who was the first Secretary of the Treasury?
Alexander Hamilton
Who led the Federalist Party?
Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
What else was added to the constitution?
An amendment process so the constitution is a living and flexible document
What was Hamilton's proposal?
Assuming the state debts incurred during the revolution Adopt an excise tax in liquor Impose tariffs on imported goods Charter a national bank to provide stable currency, a source of capital for loans to fund the development of business and commerce
When did Washington's farewell address lose it's influence?
At the end of World War Two
What did Boston begin to do? How did England respond?
Began a nonimportation movement and boycotted English goods They sent troops to Boston
What was the first debate in US history?
Between Jefferson and Hamilton over the national bank
Who beat Shays Rebellion?
Bostonians financed a quickly formed army of 4000 and that ended the insurrection
Key concept 3.1.1.B
Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies.
Key concept 3.1
British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
What powers did the continental congress not have?
Levy taxes Regulate interstate commerce Could not enforce resolutions upon either states or individuals
What did New France include?
Canada, the entire Mississippi River and Louisiana
What Indian Chief became anti-British? How did he British react?
Chief Pontiac They suppressed his rebellion at the cost of 2000 lives
What did the Intolerable Acts do?
Closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the tea they dumped. Did away with the local government of Massachusetts. Forced the colonists to allow English soldiers to be quartered, or housed, in their homes. As a result, their desire for freedom from England's rule was at an all time high.
What four powers did the continental congress have?
Coinage Postal service Indian affairs Western territories
Key concept 3.1.2.b
Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of selfrule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment.
Key concept 3.1.1.A
Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy.
Boston Massacre
Colonist perspectives
What were Hamilton's arguments?
Congress had the right to collect taxes and regulate trade and the bank is a necessary institution for carrying out these powers The necessary and proper clause allowed them to create a national bank (implied power) He supported a loose interpretation of the constitution What the constitution does not forbid, it permits
What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?
Congress sold western lands for settlement to raise money In townships of 6mi by 6mi and smaller ones of 1mi by 1mi
What is the necessary and proper clause?
Constitutional clause that gives congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers
What is the Seneca Falls Convention?
Convention lead by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott to fight for women's rights in 1848.
What is the Great Compromise?
Created two houses ( senate and house of representatives)
Who started Shays rebellion? Who was Daniel shays?
Daniel Shays He was a former captain in the continental army
When was the bill of rights added to the constitution?
December 15, 1791
What happened at the First Continental Congress?
Delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies got together to discuss Boston and rebelling.
Key concept 3.1.2.E
Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies.
How is the power separated under the Constitution?
Divides power between central and state governments
Boston Massacre
England's perspective
Who won the French and Indian War? What did they win?
England, territories in North America The British outnumbered the French and Indians
What did Britain promise to do?
Evacuate northwest forts and pay damages for seized American ships
Republican Motherhood
Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women
Who is John Jay?
First chief justice of the Supreme Court
What happened before Shays rebellion?
Five states sent delegates to Annapolis, Maryland to discuss trade issues, that wasn't fixed but they called the congress to discuss the AOC
What happened at the Second Continental Congress?
Formation of Continental Congress naming George Washington as Commander; States told to make military preparations
What caused the French and Indian War?
France and England were fighting over the Ohio River Valley. France owned it, but England wanted the land for colonies.
Where did the framers transfer sovereignty to?
From the states to the people
Who was the first President of the United States?
George Washington
What were women now allowed to do?
Get an education to teach their sons to be virtuous and responsible citizens
What did Washington warn against in his farewell address?
Getting involved in foreign affairs
What was Washington's decision?
He signed Hamilton's bank bill into law, and didn't amend it at all
What were the causes of Shays' rebellion?
Impoverished farmers were losing their land because they didn't have enough currency to repay their debts to merchants and bankers They demanded that the state legislature halt farm foreclosure, lower property taxes, print paper money, and end imprisonment for debt
What is the Stamp Act Congress?
In 1765, nine colonies assembled in New York City to draw up a statement of their rights and grievances to beseech the king and Parliament to repeal the Stamp tax. This was a significant step toward intercolonial unity.
When was a two term limit added?
In the 22nd amendment in 1951
Key concept 3.1.2.D
In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement.
When was the 3/5 compromise repealed?
In the second section of the fourteenth amendment
What was the importance of Republican values?
Inspired by American Revolutionaries. Republicanism is the belief that the government should be based upon the consent of the governed
What is the Peace of Paris 1763?
It ended French power in North America Britain took title of Canada, Spanish Florida and all the French lands east of the Mississippi River
What was the impact on the Indians after the French and Indian war?
It left them in a vulnerable position by ending long standing trade and military alliances They could no longer negotiate favorable agreements by playing French and English against each other British withheld gifts of gun, powder and lead
What is the Quartering Act?
It required colonists to quarter, or house British troops and provide them with food and other supplies.
What did the theory of nullification/doctrine of state's rights lead to?
It spurred the idea that states had the power to nullify federal laws if it was deemed unconstitutional, this theory played a major role in the causing of the civil war
What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?
It was a plan for governing the territory and forming new states.
What did Jefferson concede regarding the national bank?
It would be a convenient aid to congress to collect taxes and distribute currency
Who believed that the alien and sedition acts embodied a threat to individual liberties (caused by an unchecked federalist power)?
Jefferson and Madison
When did the first party era begin?
John Adams 1796
What is Benjamin Franklin slogan famous for?
Join or Die
What is the sedition act?
Law that said people could be fined and/or jailed for criticizing the government, especially John Adams. He wanted to strengthen the federal government.
What do married women not have?
Legal identity apart from their husband
When did the 55 delegates meet? And where?
May 27, 1787 Philadelphia Rhode Island didn't come
Did the colonists listen to this?
No
What was a slogan coined in this time?
No taxation without representation
Did women win kids in divorces?
No they had no legal rights over their kids
Did the Albany Plan of Union work?
No, it failed. All the states still wanted autonomy
Were slaves allowed in the Northwest Territories?
No, slavery was distinctive to the south
Did the framers submit the proposed constitution to the state legislatures?
No, this declared it would go into effect when ratified by 9 of 13 states
What is the first emancipation?
Northern states already began banning slavery
What could an adult women not do?
Not vote Hold political office Serve in a jury
Where did the French and Indian War begin?
Ohio River Valley
What is the Boston Tea Party?
On December 16, 1773, a group of men dressed as American Indians boarded ships in Boston Harbor. They opened 342 chests of tea and dumped the tea into the water.
What is the Alien Act?
Pres. could expel any foreigner thought to be a threat+14 year waiting period to become a citizen/or to vote
Who appoints Supreme Court justices?
President; with Senate approval
What did when lose control of after they were married?
Property
Shay's Rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
On the same day as the Boston Massacre, what did the British parliament do?
Repealed all the Townshend duties except the one on tea
What did they believe fractions would do to a representative government?
Ruin it however in Federalist number 10 Madison writes that because the republic is so large, threat of one party overthrowing is little to impossible
Concord (1775)
Second military battle between British & Colonists that saw over 200 British soldiers killed. Realize that the colonists are not going down easily.
What did Shay's Rebellion prove?
Shay's Rebellion showed that for the American experiment to work, there had to be a stronger central government.
What were the key federalists arguments?
Shays rebellion demonstrated that AOC was not strong enough Would work in large republic by fragmenting political power (no one can overthrow) Separation of powers and checks and balances made it difficult for special interests to take over Creates a federal system in which power is shared between state and federal
Who is abigail Adams?
She is a women that wrote to her husband John Adams, the President, about including women's rights. And that women were treated like second class citizens. "Remember the Ladies."
What did many delegates abhor? Especially which one in particular?
Slavery Gouverneur Morris
What is the 3/5 compromise?
Slaves in the south would be counted as 3/5 for the house of representation and taxes
What did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions state?
That the states retained the power to challenge and if necessary nullify federal laws and that the constitution arose as a compact among sovereign states
What were the three causes of Jay's treaty?
The British refused to evacuate ports They supported Indian attacks British naval commanders seized over 250 American merchant ships
What did the Great Compromise decide?
The House or Representatives is based on population and the Senate is equal
Key concept 3.1.1
The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians.
Where do the framers believe the government gets their power from?
The consent of the people
Key concept 3.1.2
The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.
Key concept 3.1.2.C
The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women.
What prevailed as all the conventions ratified the constitution?
The federalist papers but many still questioned if the bold and risky decision to transfer sovereignty from states to people was a good idea
What party controlled all three branches of the federal government?
The federalists
Key concept 3.1.2.A
The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights.
What did republicanism lead to?
The realization that everyone could maintain liberty
What is the French and Indian war also know as?
The seven years war
What did the Federalists believe?
They supported the national bank , protective tariffs, commercial interest, and the British over the French. As well as a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the constitution
What were the turning points due to the Declaration of Independence?
They took on their American identity Became a huge part of the American Dream (all men are created equal) Government's powers comes from the consent of the governed
Why did the southern planters dislike this treaty?
They were forced to pay the lion's share of pre-revolutionary debts while New England merchants collected damages for seized ships
Federalists papers
This collection of 85 essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
Who was the first Secretary of State?
Thomas Jefferson
Who won the 1800 election?
Thomas Jefferson
Who led the Democratic-Republican Party?
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Who wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and why?
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; To protest and stop the Alien and Sedition Acts, as it went against our first amendment rights.
What did the big states (Virginia) want?
To have both houses appropriated by population
Why did England pass all these acts?
To raise revenue to pay off the debt from the war
How did they write the constitution?
Using a bunch of compromises
What did many congressional leaders in the 1930s use to justify their support of Neutrality acts, which intended to prevent America from joining European affairs?
Washington's farewell address
When did the colonies finally start to act in unison?
When the budget crisis escalated
What were some of the achievements of the Articles of Confederation?
Won the war, treaty of Paris 1783 Northwest ordinance 1787 Land ordinance of 1785 Banned slavery from northwest and slavery started ending in the north
Federalist Paper #10
Written by James Madison to convince people to support the ratification of the constitution. Argued that factions were inevitable but were best controlled by a large republic that employed a Federalist structure. Argued that competition among factions would limit their negative impacts.
What is the Boston Massacre?
a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers.
What is the Proclamation of 1763?
colonists are not allowed to settle west of the appalations
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
powerful pamphlet telling the colonists to break free. British were trying to destroy colonies' natural rights. Government is there to protect life liberty and property. Power came from people, not kings. Colonies don't benefit from British Empire.
What is the Townshend Act of 1767?
tax placed on import of lead, paper, glass, tea, paint, etc.
What is the Stamp Act of 1765?
taxed all paper prouducts
What is Jay's Treaty?
treaty between USA and Britain