APUSH period 6 test 1/19

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Asian Immigrants

- brought from China and Japan to California to help work on railroads and other work -faced harsh racism and exclusion

a national consumer culture

- wanted products to get to consumers as fast as possible -mass markets brought appealing arrays of good to consumers who could afford them -pioneered the department store

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

-A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts and economic injustice caused by railroads. -the strike brought rail travel and commerce to a halt -strike left 50 dead and caused $40 million in damage -After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). -The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

land-grant colleges

-Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrill Act of 1862 -goal was to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical expertise

Interstate Commerce Act

-Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission), which was charged with investigating interstate shipping, and forced railroads to make their rates public

Battle of Little Bighorn

-In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died -Custer's "last stand" served to justify American conquest of Indian "savages"

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

-Organization that sought to counter the rising power of corporate middlemen through cooperation and mutual aid -advocated for political action, building independent local parties that ran on anticorporate platforms

Greenback Labor Party

-Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected 15 members of Congress. -Protested the end of reconstruction in the South and urged that every man's vote be protected -wanted to enforce 8 hour workday -wanted to increase the amount of money in circulation

why was the US poised to become and industrial power

-Republican policy-makers -raw materials/ finished products -integrated marketplace of workers -consumers

How did the Haymarket Riot hurt the labor movement?

-Resulted in anti labor-union hysteria. employers started breaking up strikes with mass arrests and forced workers to pledge not to join labor organizations -Knights of Labor never recovered from their alleged links with anarchism

Ghost Dance Movement

-The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement. -fostered native people's hopes that they could, through sacred dances, resurrect the bison and drive whites back across the Atlantic

political reformers 4 main goals

-cleaning up politics -limiting the power of big business -reducing poverty -promoting social justice PROGRESSIVE ERA

industrializing nations across the world tried to...

-develop and international system of standard measurements and a unified currency -though most of these attempts failed, governments agreed that money should be based on gold

challenges the ICC faced

-evidence was difficult to gather and secret rates continued -SCOTUS sided with the railroads and undermined the ICC's power

Knights of Labor

-labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms -believed ordinary people needed control over enterprises in which they worked -wanted shops owned by employees -open membership, though like other labor unions they excluded Chinese immigrants

new technologies also provided additional opportunity for women

-rise of the telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) allowed for thousands of young women to find work as telephone operators -more and more women were starting to work for wages

Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 1879

-warned that Americans had been too optimistic about the impact of railroads and manufacturing -believed emerging industrialization only meant poverty -industrialization pushed the working class down -helped encourage radical movements for economic reform

Railroad Boom

1) Spurred industrial growth 2) Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs 3) Boosted agricultural, fishing, and many industries 4) Made travel easier

what were the 2 strategies labor advocates could utilize to earn more representation?

1. form political alliances with sympathetic rural voters who shared their problems (1870s-1890s) 2. reject politics and form trade unions to negotiate directly with employers (1890s-1900s)

more voters turned out

1876-1892; fierce partisan conflict after the war

Grover Cleveland

1885-1889, 1893-1897 -vetoed bills providing pensions for Union veterans -Signed Interstate Commerce Act

American Federation of Labor (1886)

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose after Haymarket square/the collapse of the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Progressive Era

1890 - 1920, Progressives tended to be women, middle class, and live in urban areas. Progressives sought to use government influence to solve societal problems. time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Armory Show

1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School. Was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties.

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s to take up many issues that the Grangers and Greenbacks had earlier addressed -Became the largest farmer-based movement in American history

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Trusts/Monopolies

A combination of corporations cooperating in order to reduce competition and control prices.

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Haymarket Square Riot

A demonstration of striking laborers and anarchists in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

U.S. Fisheries Commission (1871)

A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish. Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.

liberal arts

A form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students chose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and leadership.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol.

Blacklist

A list of people or products viewed with suspicion or disapproval.

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold; many governments adopted this in the late 19th-century

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

P.T. Barnum

A nineteenth-century American showman known for his circus, "The Greatest Show on Earth." encouraged female attendance

Anarchism

A political philosophy that opposes government in any form. CHICAGO

National Municipal League

A political reform organization that advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations like a corporate executive.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Vaudeville Theater

A professional stage show popular in the 1880s and 1890s that included singing, dancing, and comedy routines; it created a form of family entertainment for the urban masses that deeply influenced later forms, such as radio shows and television sitcoms.

Chicago School

A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.

panic of 1893

A serious economic depression triggered over-speculation in the railroad industry and a run on the gold supply. *Historical Significance:* Led to *Coxey's Army* and a wave of strikes including the *Pullman Strike*. Republicans caused it by convincing America Democrats would ruin the country economically

Lochner v. New York (1905)

A setback for progressivists, it was ruled in this case that a law enforcing a 10-hour work day for bakers was unconstitutional.

Atlanta Compromise (1895)

A speech by Booker T. Washington that called for the black community to strive for economic prosperity before attempting political and social equality.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

crime of 1873

A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S. Treasury to cease minting silver dollars, retire Civil War-era greenbacks, and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.

Ragtime

A type of music featuring melodies with shifting accents over a steady, marching-band beat; originated among black musicians in the south and midwest in the 1880s new, exciting form of music

how was the AFL less inclusive than the Knights?

AFL was far less welcoming to women and blacks; also there was limited room in the AFL for clerks, domestic servants, tenant farmers, or other service workers that the Knights welcomed

to whom was the most dangerous, low-wage work allotted to?

African Americans and immigrants

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas to escape poverty and white violence in search of freedom

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

After being denied a seat on a railroad car because she was black, she became the first African American to file a suit against such discrimination. As a journalist, she criticized Jim Crow laws, demanded that blacks have their voting rights restored and crusaded against lynching. In 1909, she helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

National Park Service

Agency that manages all national parks, national monuments and other conservationist and historical places.

Negro Leagues

All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride. The leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II.

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. His goods came widely into use in American homes

rise of Protestant foreign movements

American religious movements sponsored overseas missionaries to assist those in need and try to spread American Christianity

Burlingame Treaty

An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.

"waving the bloody shirt"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold. -said gold only benefitted the wealthy

J.P. Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

management revolution

An internal management structure adopted by many large, complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations. also departmentalized operations by function.

American Protective Association (APA)

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration. this Protestant group was outraged at the existence of separate Catholic schools and demanded that all public school teachers be protestant

National Association of Colored Women

An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns.

"rain follows the plow"

An unfounded theory that settlement of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.

private city

An urban environment shaped by individuals and profit-seeking businesses.

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

Ash Can School

Artists which focused on portraying the daily life of Americans, often at the poorer level., Group of American artists active from 1908 to 1918. It included members of The Eight such as Henri and Davies; Hopper was also part of the Ash Can group. Their work featured scenes of urban realism. -chose subjects that were not conventionally beautiful

Frances Willard

Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy.

Vanderbilt

Captain of Industry in charge of railroad and steamship lines

champion of the steel industry

Carnegie

Cowboys

Cattle handlers who drove large herds across the southern Great Plains. The era of the cowboy lasted from 1870 to the late 1880s. -became a symbol of the Wild West, but in reality were poor African Americans and Latinos who worked harsh hours for low pay

reservation wars

Caused largely by local violence and confused federal policies. The U.S Army fought against the loosely federated Sioux, the major power of the northern grasslands, as well as other peoples who had agreed to live on reservations but found conditions so desperate that they fled.

response to the Sand Creek massacre

Cheyenne carried war and attacked white settlements. the US army could not subdue this

Paper Sons

Chinese immigrants who claimed to be sons of Chinese American citizens, gov't couldn't tell if papers had been faked because of the San Francisco earthquake in 1906

how was the Chinese Exclusion Act enforced?

Congress and the courts gave sweeping new powers to immigration officials, transforming the Chinese into America's first illegal immigrants -Chinese snuck through the borders

Centennial Exposition of 1876

Consumer products first displayed to the US public at the exposition: Graham Bell's telephone, Remington typographic machine (typewriter), Wallace-Farmer Electric Dynamo (pre-electric light), heinz ketchup, and hires root beer

Ex Parte Crow Dog

Court ruled that no Indian was a citizen unless Congress designated him so. Indians were essentially wards of the government

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

why did they form the populist party?

Democrats were weary of big-government schemes and called the Farmers' Alliance plan to have the federal government hold crops and issue loans until they could be profitably sold too radical

changes in family life

Economic changes also produced new roles for women and the family. Working-class families rarely toiled together, but did maintain the strong ties needed to survive the urban industrial struggle. Middle-class women and children became more isolated, and homemakers attempted to construct a sphere of domesticity as a haven from rampaging materialism. Families, especially White families, became smaller as the birthrate fell dramatically.

Granger Laws

Economic regulatory laws passed in some midwestern states in the late 1870s, triggered by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party. -supervised railroad rates and policies

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.

Yellowstone National Park

Established in 1872 by Congress, Yellowstone was the United States' first national park. became a site for tourism and splendor

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history -king of petroleum

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Event at which *Colonel John Chivington* and his troops attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne a encamped in Colorado Territory; killed over 150 inhabitants, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

Colored Farmers' Alliance

Excluded on the basis of race from membership in the Southern Farmers' Alliance, the blacks formed a separate organization in Texas in 1886. The Colored Farmers' Alliance comprised both black farmers and farm workers.

AFL critique of the Knights of Labor

Gompers believed Knights relied too much on electoral politics, where victories were unlikely. AFL was more interested in earning rewards from corporate order than challenging it

Dakota Sioux Uprising

Gov't promised Sioux annuities for living on their reservation but Sioux didn't receive their annuities, resulted in anger boiling over and an uprising; they killed immigrants and burned farms

Hatch Act of 1887

Grover Cleveland passed a law that provided funding for agricultural research and education, meeting farmers demands for government aid to agriculture

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Homer plessy was 1/8th black but moved onto the colored car; sued in court Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Indian Problem

How does US co-exist with Native Societies, expand land, but not put a stain on national heritage? Wanted to do it cheaply and with honor.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Garfield assassinated

In a Washington railroad station, an embittered attorney who had sought a political position, but did not receive it, shot the President. Mortally wounded, Garfield lay in the White House for weeks. On September 6, Garfield was taken to the New Jersey seaside and for a few days he seemed to be recuperating, but on September 19, 1881, he died from an infection and internal hemorrhage

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task over and over in the making of the product.

western whites felt vulnerable to?

Indian attacks; they discovered they could fight Indians with minimal federal oversight

Nez Perce

Indian tribe led by Chief Joseph; ordered onto a reservation in Idaho in 1877, they fled instead; after giving up they were removed to a reservation in Oklahoma

Indian Boarding Schools

Indians were forced to attend to learn new customs, religions and language of the "white men". native customs were destroyed. Indian children were stripped from their families

Young Men's Christian Association

Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong." -honored men's competitive spirit and got them used to tough industrial conditions

Steel Plow

Invented by John Deere and was strong enough to cut through the tough prairie sod of the Midwest and the Plains.

barbed wire

Invented by Joseph Glidden, it enabled ranchers and farmers to fence large areas cheaply and and easily on the plains

Muckrackers

Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform.

1906

Koreans and Japanese also barred from citizenship

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

The Shame of the Cities

Lincoln Steffens; revealed the prevalence of urban corruption in a series of articles later compiled into this work.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion, in this case the Bible

political machines

Local party bureaucracies that kept an unshakable grip on both elected and appointed public offices. machines relied on their political clout and popularity among urban voters to stay in office

Lodge Bill (1890)

Measure that called for federal intervention in the matter of black voting rights if 100 citizens of any district expressed need/desire for it; didn't pass, but it could have helped blacks get govt. intervention in elections rejected by one vote, obviously Dems opposed it, but some classical republicans thought it was too radical

Race Riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North. -attacks by white mobs triggered by rumors of crime

while promoting farms in the west., republicans clashed with...

Mormons (latter-day Saints). many Americans were hostile to Mormons

Reform Judaism

Movement to modernize Jewish life, retaining the religious core of Judaism but eliminating many differences from Gentiles in everyday life. (Americanization)

National Audubon Society

Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife.

Comstock Lode

Nevada gold and silver mine discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859 -resulted in the boomtown of Virginia City

Coney Island

New York Island, contained amusement parks and served as center of entertainment

most urbanized region

Northeast; Midwest catching up. Seattle and San Fran became hubs on the West Coast

Carlisle Indian School

Pennsylvania school for Indians funded by the government; children were separated from their tribe and were taught Engilsh and white values/customs. Motto of founder: "Kill the Indian and save the man."

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Free Silver

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan -believed the policy would encourage borrowing and stimulate industry

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived denouncing these conditions, reformers called for model tenements financed by citizens

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Comstock Act of 1873

Prohibited circulation of almost any information about sex and birth control

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

ICC ended in compromise

Radical leaders wanted Congress to establish a direct set of rules in which railroads must operate; proved impossible. ICC was charged to oversee the railroad industry as a compromise

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US; allowed for travel across America in less than a week

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Long Drive

Refers to the overland transport of cattle by cowboys over the three month period over long distances. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans.

Tom Johnson

Reform mayor of Cleveland who sought to reduce political influence in public utilities (political machines), reduce streetcar fares, and increase public services for the average citizen influenced NY reformers to defeat Tammany Hall

civil service laws

Removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition; favored the middle-class who could do well on tests

William McKinley (1897-1901)

Republican Domestic Affairs: Dingley Tariff (later shifted views) Supporter of organized labor Assassination by anarchist Leon Csolgosz Foreign Affairs: Annexation of Hawaii Spanish-American War (see War Chart) Filipino Revolt Open Door Policy John Hay Boxer Rebellion

in 1888...

Republican Benjamin Harrison is elected president. republicans gain control of congress and the white house

Mugwumps

Republican Party activists who had switched to the Democratic Party because they did not like the financial corruption that was associated with the Republican candidate James G. Blaine in 1884. helped elect Cleveland who they believed shared their vision of smaller government

Protective Tariff

Republican congress raised the protective tariff following the civil war on manufactured goods and agricultural products

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

SCOTUS affirmed that states could regulate key businesses (railroads) that were in public interest.

Fetterman Massacre (1866)

Sioux war party attempting to block construction of the Bozeman Trail (main route to Montana) ambushed Captain Fetterman's command of 81 soldiers in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains

Report on the Land of the Arid Regions of the US

Study done by John Wesley Powell in which he argued that settlers needed to change their pattern of settlement -Said 160 acres (Homestead Act) wouldn't work out West because it was too dry to keep up with all of that land; needed irrigation; wanted to copy the mormon system

Tammany Hall/Boss Tweed

Tammany Hall was the most powerful urban political machine, located in New York. Boss Tweed controlled the New York State Democratic Party and Tammany Hall but he was not an elected official.

Solid South

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

Homestead Lockout (1892)

The 1892 lockout of workers at the homestead, Pennsylvania, steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract. (Carnegie knew he could use machines to replace laborers) Union supporters attacked the guards hired to close them out and protect strikebreakers who had been employed by the mill, but the National Guard soon suppressed this resistance and the Homestead, like other steel plants, became a nonunion mill.

Steamship

The 19th century had new forms of transportation. This new type of water transportation used steam instead of sails.

Williams v. Mississippi (1898)

The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal. -voter turnout plunged in the south

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for millionaires and poor treatment of workers

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.

Maternalism

The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations.

Deskilling of labor

The elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing, in which workers completed discrete, small-scale tasks rather than crafting an entire product. With deskilling, employers found they could pay workers less and replace them more easily.

Bureau of Labor Statistics

The government organization responsible for regularly gathering data about the economic status of the population. investigated workplace safety and unemployment

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Fact Worship

The phenomenon where one only believes in concrete, provable facts rather than traditional faith practices

How was the Transcontinental Railroad funded?

The railroad was funded by the Big Four Sacramento Merchants, private investigators, and the US Government. The Government provided the land and the private industry builds the tracks. transcontinental RR was federally supported

Niagara Creed

The result of the Niagara Conference, it reaffirmed the literal truth of the Bible and the certain damnation of those not born again in Christ.

why did industrialization lead to urbanization

There was transportation to the city and urban workers were needed to work in industrializations in the city.

How were political machines corrupt?

This corruption is usually tied to patronage; the exchange of jobs, lucrative contracts and other political favors for votes, campaign contributions and sometimes outright bribes.

The Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

"mexican wage"

This was the name given to the lower wage that Mexican miners received. The biased pay shows how racism and discrimination were still at large in the west.

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

mass transit

Transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes; helped visitors negotiate the industrial city through subways and elevated railroads

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition and merges companies into a conglomerate Ex. Rockefeller- Standard Oil wrested 95% of the nation's oil refining capacity

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies. won 4 states and a million votes in the election

where are urban areas underrepresented?

US Senate and the electoral college, even though most laborers lived in urban areas

Wounded Knee massacre, 1890

US army killed 200 in order to suppress the Ghost Dance movement, a religious movement that was the last effort of Indians to resist US invasion. Ended Native American resistance in the Great Plains

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

1896 election

William Jennings Bryan lost to McKinley w/ the "silver issue" dominating the campaign; McKinley won, the Populists disappeared, the GOP became the party who represented the interests of the corporations and the wealthy, and a realignment occurred

who was the chief advocate of trade with Asia?

William Seward

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

Leonora Barry

Women's organizer for Knights of Labor, investigated widespread sexual harrassment of working women.

Emmeline Wells

Women's right advocate. Served as president of Mormon church

Ohiyesa (Dr. Charles Eastman)

a Santee Sioux boy who was encouraged by his family to take advantage of opportunities offered by assimilation; practiced medicine alongside Native healers

music became..

a booming form of city entertainment

National American Woman Suffrage Association

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

corporations also needed?

a new type of sales force to sell goods to consumers; rise of the salesman

Rebates

a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone, when in reality they were getting a lower rate -avoids a boom-bust cycle and guarantees high volume traffic

why did the cattle boom collapse?

a series of horrible weather, from blizzards to droughts, that occurred in the late 1880s -however, cattle ranching survived and became a part of the national economy

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the division of tribal lands in hopes to force Indians into individual landholdings, partitioning reservations into homesteads -supporters believed that landownership would force Indians to assimilate

Democrats began to...

advocate for even stronger federal intervention to fight poverty and restrain big business

how did the YMCA attract working-class citizens?

allowed them to come to the Y to play cards, billiards, and smoke

General Mining Act of 1872

allowed those who discovered minerals on federally owned land to work the claim and keep all the proceeds -encouraged development of western resources

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

allows the government to break up companies with control of a market; prevents monopolies Outlawed monopolies and practices that restrained trade, such as price fixing

the role of courts

although they said states could regulate key businesses in Munn v Illinois, they did not want too many regulations impeding with corporations, so they enacted "due process"

closed shop

an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members and keep out lower wage-workers; trade union members sought this

after little bighorn...

armed resistance mainly ended and Indians went onto reservations

skyscrapers

arose in the 1880s to allow landowners to profit from small pieces of land. became symbols of business prowess

Mail-order empires

arose to ship products all across America; provided money-back guarantees

machine-style government successes

arranged (at a profit) for companies to operate streetcars, bring clean water and gaslight, and remove garbage

challenges Homesteaders faced

bad weather harsh natural environment locust plagues raids from Native Americans and outlaws inconsistent rainfall

America's Game

baseball; men came together to practice discipline and teamwork. provided fresh air and exercise and kept men out of saloons. elite men and the working class played teams arose and many urban citizens became fans and attended games

Advertising

became a huge industry in consumer culture

why did the APA arise?

because Protestants found their dominance challenged as new faiths came into America (Catholics and Jews)

American football

began at elite colleges during the 1880s, became controversial because of its violence

Knights of Labor strong political bent

believed only electoral action could bring about many of their goals (government regulation of corporations) -demanded workplace safety laws, ban on child labor, federal tax on highest incomes, and government recognition of workers right to organie

republicans increasingly defended?

big business

such attractions were...

big business

how did Pullman cars show racial inequality

black women were often denied first-class and would get worse, less comfortable seats

Convict Lease System

blacks who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy

Urban dance craze

boomed; visited dance halls several nights a week

what did industrialization do to make the life of the working class better in one aspect?

brought cheaper products to allow Americans to enjoy new consumer products. luxuries became necessities for many

cities relied largely on private developers to..

build streetcar lines and provide, water, gas, and electricity

how else was class status marked?

by the way technology entered American homes. the rise of electricity marked the gap between the elite urban and the working-class.

even working-class Americans enjoyed what?

cheaper products delivered by global trade and mass production (cigarettes and magazines)

why did Republicans like tarriffs.

claimed that they benefitted workers by creating jobs, blocking foreign competition, and safeguarding American from industrial poverty protected workers!!!

Industrialization sharpened...

class divisions and led to the rise of national labor movements, while prompting the redefinition of men's and women's roles

consumer venues became sites of?

class inequality, race privilege, and proper male and female behavior

where else did women see more opportunities?

consumer venues, they could now go to sites without male chaperones and enjoy new amusements

vertical integration enabled?

corporate managers to control production from harvesting all the way to sales

farmers denounced?

corporations and the Republican integration of the economy from the previous two decades -said high tariffs forced rural families to pay too much for necessities and failed to protect the agricultural system

for ordinary Americans who went west, dreams often outweighed reality

corporations, not individual prospectors, reaped most of the Westward benefits

corrupt political machines

corrupt hustlers in cities enjoyed prime opportunities to fleece newcomers

trade unionism asserted...

craft workers rights as decision-makers in the work place and not just cogs in a management run machine

Grant's Peace Policy (1869)

created Indians Rights' associations. reformers argued Indians could become equal to whites by embracing Christianity and white ways. reformers wanted to destroy Native customs and religions

National Guard

created after the railroad strike of 1877 to enforce order at home

what did removal of the bison cause?

created new opportunities for cattle ranchers

Mark Twain

critic of imperialism and foreign missions, criticized Christianity

why was Powell's plan rejected?

critics accused him of playing into the hands of large ranching corporations ; didn't want to give up the dream of homesteads

high culture

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite cities allowed the elites to build great libraries and museums that flourished

Lodge Bill led to

decisive victory for Cleveland and the Democrats in the next election. republican congressmen abandoned any further attempt to enforce fair elections in the South

Sierra Club, 1892

dedicated itself to preserving and enjoying America's great mountains

US remained a.. but a new belief was...

deeply religious nation the faith in science

due process clause (of the Fourteenth Amendment)

dictated that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law (shielded corporations from excessive regulation)

pure and simple unionists

distrusted politics. their aim was collective bargaining with employers

how did republicans envision the Great Plains?

dotted with small farms - farmers had to be persuaded crops would grow there and that it was not just a desert

what did federal courts promote?

economic development as the expense of racial justice

why did US want expanded trade with Asia

economic opportunities and to spread American ideals and customs

Education

education now became more valuable and seen as a gateway to a good job in the industrial economy -high school diplomas and college degrees were valuable -school attendance required

The Electric City

electric light became prominent in urban cities; electric streetlights lit up city streets and made people feel more safe

by 1900, America's factories and urban homes were converting to?

electric power

Pendleton Act of 1883

established a nonpartisan Civil Service Commission to fill federal jobs by examination. laid the groundwork for sweeping transformation of public employment. merit-based; no more spoils system

even though industrialization increased the gap between the rich and the poor...

everyone's standard of living rose

self-restraint and moral uplift gave way to?

expectations of leisure and fun

how did Minnesota respond to the Dakota Sioux uprising?

ferociously; sentenced 307 Dakotas to death, making it clear rebellious Indians would be treated as criminals -set the stage for further conflict -38 ended up executed; largest execution in US history

End of Reconstruction ushered in a period of...

fierce partisan conflict. Rs and Ds traded control of the Senate and the House majority

innovations in political campaigning

fierce struggle for power caused modern campaigning techniques

why did many Jews come to America?

for economic opportunity and to escape religious persecution

People's Party

formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads -wanted stronger government measures to curb corporate power

How did workers respond to harsh conditions of industrial life?

formed labor unions, political alliances with farmers (who were also at risk due to industrialism)

traditional craftsmen and skilled laborers

found themselves displaced by unskilled laborers (paid less) and machines

industrialization relocated women...

from households to the factory; many daughters sought paid employment

Homestead Act of 1862

gave 160 acres of federal land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property -showed Republicans wanted farms and factories -spurred westward expansion

Santa Fe Ring

group of Lawyers , politicians, and land speculators that stole millions of acres from the public domain and grabbed over 80% of the Mexican landholdings in New Mexico

what did Republican's protective tariffs help?

helped them build other industries, including textiles and steel in the NE and MW, wool in the west. -tariffs also funded the government itself- provided the bulk of treasury revenue in absence of income taxes

while boomtowns arose across the west...

hunters began transforming the plains -huge reduction of the buffalo population

American Fever (1882)

immigrants saw opportunity in the US and flocked to America

cities became...

important sites of political innovation and reform

Immigrant Faiths

incoming Catholics and Jews didnt know whether or not to assimilate into the Protestant American society. specific Catholic schools were created, but industrial poverty and overwork was feared -wanted religious life to express their ethnic identities

health hazards and pollution

industrialization created dangerous conditions for many workers such as miners. many died or were injured on the job. industries also damaged the environment and polluted the earth -people prioritized money over the environment

industrialization in relation to consumer culture

industrialization reshaped class identities and promoted consumer culture

Pullman Cars

introduced in the 1860s these were billed as "gorgeous traveling hotels" by some. embodied the growing prosperity of America's elite

Gustavus Swift

invented the assembly line and pioneered vertical integration in his meat-packaging industry

feeling of many people in cities

isolated and overwhelmed; lonely

how did industrialization revolutionize the world economy?

it brought large-scale commercial agriculture to many parts of the world and prompted millions of migrants to travel across oceans to find work -mass production

Why was the Dawes Act a failure?

it played into the hands of whites who coveted Indian land and who persuaded the government to sell them land that was not needed for individual allotments -Indians lost a lot of their individually allotted land

People's Party never recovered from...

its electoral losses in 1894 and Democrats ruthless opposition in the South. rural reformers sought reform elsewhere, particularly in the Bryan wing of the Dem Party

immigrants could rely on political machines for..

jobs, emergency aid, and public services

Yellow Journalism

journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration, became popular in cities

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of this period

Terence Powderly

led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor

Literary Realism

literature reflecting real life, rather than imaginary or idealistic life of Romanticism and Sentimentalism

farmer-labor coalitions had...

made a significant impact on state politics, but it was difficult for state governments to regulate huge corporations, so they still demanded federal action

a striking feature of both realism and modernism

many leading writers and artists were men; contributed to the broad movement to masculinize American culture

religions survived their shift to America, and many demanded to keep their European customs and did, but...

many religions had to renounce their claims to some of the faithful

Urban Journalism

mass-market newspapers and magazines were advertised to the working and middle-class in the cities

what was the industrial US a product of?

massive public-private partnership in which government played critical roles

why did labor unions try to exclude women in many cases?

men resented women's presence in factories and wanted them to stay at home

department stores also lured...

middle-class women by offering female products such as tearooms and umbrellas

America's cities became homes for...

millions of immigrants who encountered challenges and lonliness

What did Plessy v. Ferguson show?

modern consumerism could be innovative but not socially or politically progressive

what did the first transcontinental railroad mean?

more jobs and money

AFL became...

nation's leading voice for workers

strategy other than political action that other workers pursued

nationwide trade unions- focused on the everyday needs of workers in skilled occupations

were immigrants guaranteed a good life in America?

no; while some succeeded, many faced early death or catastrophe and struggled in America

AFL goals

only those that immediately benefitted workers; better wages, hours, and conditions (simple)

what did railroads allow for?

opened vast regions out west for farming, trade, and tourism

American Transformation

overwhelmingly rural and dependent on foreign capital --> industrialization and rapid urbanization

Sex and the City

parental oversight was weaker than before in the city, young man could escort a women out to town without a chaperone. gold diggers arose (women earned less than men)

women in the west

performed a myriad of tasks, doctor, teacher, seamstress, cook, chief assistant in the fields, isolation, endless work, rigors of childbirth meant limited lifespan -west gave women rights faster; Utah allowed them to vote in 1870

Grimes County

place of a violent coup by the White Man's Union that violenty terrorized and forced the local black and populist population into submission. The Democrats then ruled the county for the next 50 years

to the frustration of middle-class reformers, immigrant voters supported?

political machines like Tammany Hall

who generally extracted the most wealth from mining?

powerful investors who brought engineers and advanced equipment

Social Gospel Movement

preached salvation through service to the poor and working-class.

Frederick Jackson Turner

proclaimed the end of the frontier. argued that the frontier experience shaped American's national character. -said the frontier had both good and evil elements - said the frontier was a land of the nation's unique history and destiny

mass production

production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines

Populist, Socialist, and Progressive parties

proposed more radical responses to industrialization and concentrated wealth - helped shape the cause of reform

Benjamin Harrison sought to?

protect black voting rights in the South

populists called for?

public ownership of railroad and telegraph systems, protection of land from monopoly and foreign ownership, federal income tax on the rich

pure and simple unionism

purposed by Samuel Gompers, president of the AFL; he proposed that argued that "the trade unions pure and simple are the natural organizations of the wage workers to secure their present and practical improvement and to achieve their final emancipation."

quest for women's rights...

pushed on with Eliabeth Cady Stanton

Baseball stadiums were also sites of?

racial negotiation and conflict

What did the Greenback movement do?

radicalized thousands of farmers, miners, and industrial workers

how were farmers persuaded that the Great Plains was farmable land and not just a desert?

railroads (eager to sell land the government had granted them), land speculators, steamship lines, and western states advertised agressively

why did democrats oppose tariffs

raised prices for southern consumers and forced them to "pay subsidies" to Northern manufacturers

as managers deskilled production...

ranks of factory workers came to include more women and children, who were exploited for long hours and paid less

what did some fear out west?

rapid overdevelopment; wanted the government to not sell off all of its land, but instead hold and manage some of it. led to national parks

Scientific Management

recommended that employers eliminate all brain work from manual labor, hiring experts to develop rules for the shop floor. workers should do what they are told and not make decisions for themselves

workers, farmers, and urban reformers sought to...

regulate corporations, fight poverty, and clean up politics and the environment - called the Progressive Era

what did most reformers of the Progressive Era call for?

regulation of corporations and other measures to blunt the impact of industrialization

Farmer-labor parties

represented farmers and urban workers who believed that they, the working class, were not getting their share of society's wealth

How was the transcontinental railroad a political triumph?

republicans saw themselves as heirs to the American System envisioned by the Antebellum Whigs- they believed government intervention in the economy was key to nation building

Great Plains before the civil war

reserved for Indian peoples - in the industrial era, policymakers suddenly had the desire to occupy the whole region

Mining Empires

riches were found in many other Western sites and prospectors flocked in

Cleveland's Administration was out of touch with...

rural and working-class demands

by the 20th century, what posed a challenge to religious faith?

science and modernity

new class of female office workers

secretarial work in corporations was mostly assigned to women - new opportunities outside of the home

many native peoples continued to...

secretly practice traditional customs

mutual aid societies

self-help groups to aid dead, sick, or injured workers by collecting dues from members and paid supports in case of death or injury on the job. immigrants formed these to stick together in cities. also had specific ethnic neighborhoods

predatory pricing

selling a product below cost to drive competitors out of the market. a large firm could survive momentary losses until competitors went under

Morrill Act of 1862

set aside 140 million federal acres that states could sell to raise money for public universities

by adopting the gold standard, republican policy-makers...

sharply limited the nation's money supply to the level of available gold - they did this because they needed to attract European investment from countries who were also on the gold standard, making it easy to exchange with the US

Ragtime and Blues

spread quickly and influenced 1900s American culture

AFL membership

strictly limited to to workers with no reliance on outside allies (pure)

what did the Knights of Labor try to avoid?

strikes; saw them as costly and risky. however, the organizations greatest growth came from striking

Blues

style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound. spoke of hard-work and heartbreak, relatable to young urban citizens

Literary Naturalism

suggests that human beings were not so much rational shapers of their own destinies as blind victims of impulses or forces beyond their control

how were both sides correct about tarriffs?

tariffs helped transform America into an industrial power, but they did not prevent industrial poverty - corporations accumulated massive wealth from tariffs but did not pass them along to workers

domestic servants were starting to be replaced by?

technology such as vacuums and washing machines

New jobs for women

telephone operators, department store clerks; women played an important role in the expanding service sector

Adamless Eden

term coined for department stores. These Edens were for the elite and middle-class

Critics of Social Darwinism said what?

that it was only an excuse for the worst parts of industrialization

what did many rural people believe?

that they faced the same problem as industrial workers; in the mercy of large corporations who chipped away their profits

Producerism

the dismissal of middlemen, bankers, lawyers, and investors as people who lived off of the sweat of other's hands, thought the power should lie in the hands of the people who produced things

despite the harsh policies of Chinese exclusion...

the flow of Asian immigrants never fully ceased

depression of the 1890s

the most punishing economic downturn of the 19th century; made life in cities awful; starvation, suicide. unemployment reached 25%

Eugenics

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics; prevent mentally deficient from breeding

what did reformers blame for the Garfield assassination?

the spoils system, said Guiteau murdered Garfield out of disappointment in the scramble for patronage

democrats called themselves

the white man's party and denounced populists for allowing "Negro Rule"

how did railroad companies transform American capitalism?

they adopted a legal form of organization , the corporation, which enabled them to raise enormous amounts of private capital any business was now allowed to become a corporation

why were political machines popular among urban folks

they always seemed ready to lend a helping hand or provide a job for the jobless

what did Republicans not do well enough?

they did not give government enough power over new corporations

how did the US find trade with Japan?

they forced Japan to trade with them and end isolation

elite and middle-class Americans began to see Victorian culture as claustrophobic

they revolted by heading outdoors; bicycling, archery, golf -those with money used railroads to get to the national parks out west -outdoors became associated with leisure and renewal

eastern public opinion turned against Indian wars

they seemed brutal and ineffective- "Indian problem" and Western vigilantism

why did reformers denounce these trusts?

they seemed to yield excessive power over workers

why were immigrants an ideal labor supply?

they took the worst jobs at low pay, and during recessions they returned to their home countries, reducing the shock of unemployment

how were immigrants viewed by many native Americans?

through hostility and nativism - many Americans accused them of stealing jobs and wages

how were most railroads built?

through private companies. however, the federal government provided loans, subsidies, and land grants to spur development of railroads

what was the motivation for most westward settlers?

to better themselves economically - Union veterans, immigrants, etc

what were merchants and manufacturers hungry for following the civil war?

trade across the Pacific with Asia

closer to home, Republicans focused on?

transportation and infrastructure -- railroads

the American working class became?

truly global; people of all descents from all across the globe

Buffalo Bill Cody

understood the US took the west through conquest- created an authentic representation of frontier experience

Coxey's Army (1894)

unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched to Washington demanding a government road-building program and currency inflation for the needy; Coxey was arrested for stepping on grass at the Capitol and the movement collapsed.

why where cities somewhat exciting places to live?

urban amusements sprang up; restaurants, movie theaters, amusement parks

african americans also sought...

urban opportunities. they encountered conditions even worse than immigrants and were turned away from jobs and discriminated against

like Carnegie and Swift, Rockefeller succeeded through

vertical integration, controlling production all the way from top to bottom

Republican economic vision after the civil war

wanted to make vigorous use of federal power to integrate the nation's economy - launched transcontinental RR and a national banking system

eugencis racial arguments

warned that immigrants from other parts of the world would breed in America and dilute the white population

Mormon women

were given more rights (voting), had a central role in Mormon life. Utah was mainly mormon -Utah's women experienced a combination of frontier hardship and new opportunities

great outdoors provided new opportunities for women...

with the means to travel. wilderness became open to working class citiens, too

how did scientific discoveries get widespread publicity?

worldwide fairs that showcased these inventions and ideas

was getting to America difficult?

yes, immigrants faced horrible conditions on their journey over