APUSH Period Two

Tobacco:

"stinking weed" was a North American crop which became very popular in Europe in the early 17th century. It enabled Jamestown to become profitable and led to Jamestown becoming a booming colony, as they exported roughly 15 million pounds of it in 1630.

Dominion of New England:

Administrative union of New England Colonies founded by King James II in 1686. This was in response to the independent nature of the colonies, and this act with the new Royal Board of Governors was resisted by elected bodies in the colonies. These controlling tendencies of England over the American colonies later helped lead to the American Revolution.

Mercantilism:

An economic theory that states that the amount of power a country has is determined by how much gold they have in their possession. This drove motivation to expand economically and to form colonies for resources and as customers, all with the purpose of enriching the mother country. This drove countries such as Spain, France, and England to set up colonies in the new world, and therefore contributed to the demise of the Native Americans and shaped the colonies in the Americas which later went on to become their own countries.

King Philip's War:

Armed conflict between Native Americans in New England and English Puritan colonists with their Native allies in 1675-1678. The Native American leader Metacomet was known to the Puritans as King Philip. This war was significant because it was the colonists fighting, not the British government, and it aided in the development of attitudes of the colonies as being separate from England and showed them that they were more than capable of surviving on their own.

Puritans:

Members of a religious movement within the Church of England that started in the late 16th century. Differed from pilgrims in that they wanted to "purify" the church. They formed large, Christian communities in the Northeast, and their influence helped to shape the moral shape of the United States later on as their strict Christian values were passed and spread on.

Catawba Nation:

North Carolina area tribe which (pre-Columbian to the present) always took the side of the English colonists: they fought against the other Native American tribes (their traditional enemies), they fought with the British in the French-Indian war, and they fought with the Americans in the revolutionary war. They were a steadfast and important ally in the North Carolina area.

Jamestown:

The first English colony formed in 1607, Jamestown's eventual economic success paved the way for many more English to come across and settle, and this in turn later came to form the colonies which turned into the United States.

First Great Awakening:

1740's religious movement amongst the Protestants in Europe and more importantly in America. Significant because these Christians evangelized to all: Blacks and Whites; slaved and free. It marked the first time Blacks converted to Christianity en masse, and gave them a taste of equality.

Casta System:

17th and 18th century Spanish and Portugal system of class based on race. This institutionalized racist system led to a rigid class structure that has and continues to characterize Latin America throughout it's history because lighter-skinned people had more opportunity.

Atlantic World":

A history of the lives and interactions of the people living along the Atlantic coast. 1450s to the 21st century, it allowed people to escape Europe, and the United States of America came of it.

Wool Act:

A law passed in 1699 by Parliament to heighten taxation and control of colonial trade and production. This was significant because it was opposed by many colonists and an early example of the pattern of "no taxation without representation" that later led to the American Revolution.

Quakers:

A Protestant movement that rejected all the sacraments and were discriminated against by other Christians. William Penn established Pennsylvania in 1682 as a refuge for all, including the Quakers, and the movement and population flourished. They went on to become a large part of the driving force in the North behind abolition in the United States.

Molasses Act:

A tax on molasses imported from non-british entities in the Caribbean (British West Indies' molasses costed a lot more than their competitors) imposed in 1733. For the rum industry in the American Colonies to survive they were forced to smuggle molasses in to avoid this tax, and it was very unpopular. This is another example of Colonial discontentment with British Parliament taxes which transpired to the American Revolution.

Northwest Passage:.

A term used to describe what some Europeans were looking for in colonial times: a river or waterway that went through America and connected to the Pacific Ocean to make trade between Europe and Asia possible. Finding such a passage would of realized the initial European goal of a much invigorated trading relationship with Asia

Anne Hutchinson:

A woman who came to Massachusetts with her husband and accused the clergy of a "covenant of works." She was later banished from the colony and went on to help found Rhode Island, which was a beacon of religious freedom and is one of the early voices of freedom of religion in the United States history, which went on to become one of the central tenants of our founding.

Maryland Act of Religious Toleration:

Act passed by Maryland legislature in 1649 that guaranteed freedom of religion to people who believed in the holy trinity (basically any type of Christian), and it was significant because it was a stepping stone towards our idea of religious freedom which was later championed by Americans in the First Amendment.

Barbados:

British colony from 1625 through 1966 which was important in the Triangular trade and big in the tobacco and sugar cane industry.

Stono Uprising:

Event in 1739 where a group of about 80 slaves, led by a literate slave referred to as Jemmy, tried to escape to Florida where the Spanish offered free land and freedom, but failed to make it, and they killed 21 whites. In response the South Carolina legislature passed the Negro Act of 1740 to prevent the education, movement, and assembly of slaves, which was a theme that later went on to persist in the American South at least up to the Civil War.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries centered around Individualism and Rational rather than tradition. The ideas of Enlightenment came together to help form American Society, and its ideas are present in documents such as the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights (a large part of it were things such as natural, inalienable rights). It also led to the French and other Atlantic Revolutions.

John Singleton Copley:

John Singleton Copley was an American painter of portraits and historical subjects, and is generally regarded as the greatest artist in colonial america. He lived from 1738-1815, and painted lasting portraits of key figures such as one Paul Revere and George Washington, which give us an idea of the tone of their lives and the paintings conveyed different messages.

John Smith:

John Smith was an English explorer and soldier who lived from 1580 to 1631. He was significant because he took charge of Jamestown at a time when they were failing and helped to turn it around with the attitude of "he who does not work will not eat".

John Peter Zinger:

Journalist who questioned the policies of the New York governor, jailed and pleaded not guilty for charges of libel. •1697-1746, or post Colonization of New York •His trial was publicized throughout America and England, and also set precedent to freedom of the press and jury nullification, which would later be established in the United States Bill of Rights.

Beaver Wars:

Series of conflicts in the mid 17th century between the Iroquois and Algonquin tribes with French allies. The wars were expansionist, and the Iroquois wanted a monopoly of trade with the Europeans regarding fur pelts. The fact that the Iroquois fought the French here is significant because they would be one of the only groups of Native Americans to side with the British later, but they were very significant in British victory in the French-Indian War.

Columbian Exchange:

The widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, diseases, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries.

"City Upon a Hill":

This is a phrase uttered by John Winthrop in 1630, reminiscent of the parable where Jesus told the Christians that they are the "light of the world." This was an early example of American Exceptionalism in that this country was going to be what the rest of the world looked to, and has been echoed throughout American history by many, including Ronald Reagan.

Praying Towns:

Towns developed by the Puritans in New England between 1646 to 1675 with the objective of converting Native Americans to Christianity. They were significant as they highlighted Colonial outreach to Native Americans and helped many Natives in this area to assimilate to the European culture, which also led to the dying out of many of the Native American tribes' way's of life.

Congregationalism:

• Religious idea formed in the 1640's in the "City Upon a Hill" that each church was independent of outside interference. •Ministers held little to no power. •It was neither a theocracy or a democracy. •Congregationalism led different areas in the 13 colonies to be different, as there was no organized church structure to keep the churches together in their beliefs, for example one Christian church in the north may condemn slavery while another in the south condones it. This helped lead to differences in the various colonies before, during, and post revolution.

Jonathan Edwards:

•Influential Anglican Minister who facilitate the 'Great Awakening'. •John Edwards preached to Native Americans as well as colonists, and was famous for his sermon "Sinners in the hands of an Angry God".

George Whitefield

•Influential Anglican Minister who facilitate the 'Great Awakening'. •Whitefield helped found Methodism