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APUSH Periods 5-9 Test Questions

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The "zoot suit" riots of 1943: • a. involved autoworkers in Detroit. • b. highlighted the growing acceptance of Mexicans in southern California. • c. highlighted the limits of racial tolerance during World War II. • d. involved Mexican immigrants fighting with blacks in Los Angeles. • e. were a series of fashion shows in Hollywood.

Due to the inequality between the rich and the poor in the 1980s, the 1980s could be called the second...?

Gilded Age

What was the Supreme Court case that ruled bans on speech constitutional?

Schneck vs. United States

What was the name of the policy that divided tribal land into sections?

The Dawe's Act

Barry Goldwater's 1964 campaign emphasized: • a. a reduction in governmental regulations. • b. increased taxes to balance the budget. • c. racial equality in the United States. • d. a less aggressive approach to the Cold War. • e. an immediate pullout from Vietnam.

Progressive governor of Wisconsin, Robert La Follette, instituted all of the following reforms EXCEPT: • a. promising lower taxes and less government interference. • b. drawing on nonpartisan university faculty. • c. utilizing primary elections to select candidates. • d. regulating railroads and utilities. • e. taxing corporate wealth.

The election of 1896: • a. is sometimes called the first modern presidential campaign. • b. saw little campaigning by the candidates. • c. focused on race issues. • d. was a decisive victory for the interests of labor. • e. had a low voter turnout.

"Fifty-four forty or fight" referred to demands for American control of: • a. Mexico. • b. Oregon. • c. Kansas and Nebraska. • d. California. • e. Texas.

Affirmative action was: • a. mandated by law only for construction workers. • b. first pursued and then abandoned by the Nixon administration. • c. found unconstitutional during the Nixon administration. • d. never a priority during the Nixon administration. • e. implemented only in Philadelphia.

After World War II, suburban growth: • a. declined. • b. increased dramatically, especially in California. • c. occurred primarily in the South. • d. was discouraged by state and federal government policies. • e. was dominated by expensive housing.

In fireside chats and public addresses, President Roosevelt connected freedom with: • a. Keynesian economic theory. • b. economic security. • c. cuts in government spending. • d. economic inequality. • e. laissez-faire economics.

After a bitter civil war, Francisco Franco established in 1939 a fascist government in: • a. France. • b. Bulgaria. • c. Spain. • d. Germany. • e. Italy.

According to the policy of containment, as laid out by George Kennan, the: • a. United States accepted the right of communism to exist anywhere. • b. United States should invade the Soviet Union. • c. Soviets could have a free hand in international affairs. • d. United States was committed to preventing the spread of communism. • e. United States was committed to preventing the spread of democracy.

In 1975, the Vietnam War ended: • a. as a military, political, and social victory for the United States. • b. leaving many Americans optimistic. • c. as a result of the U.S. invasion of Cambodia. • d. as the only war lost by the United States. • e. leaving very few Vietnamese casualties.

"King Cotton diplomacy" led Great Britain to: • a. stage multiple raids from Canada into the Upper Northwest. • b. recognize the independence of the Confederate States of America. • c. use its warships to break the Union blockade. • d. repudiate the Emancipation Proclamation. • e. find new supplies of cotton outside the South.

A major part of the Anaconda Plan was: • a. to assassinate Lincoln. • b. the storming of Richmond early in the war. • c. Sherman's march to the sea. • d. Lee's decision to move his forces north in 1862. • e. a naval blockade of the South.

In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the presidential race in part because he: • a. pledged to pardon Richard Nixon. • b. promised a return to American isolationism. • c. was well connected within the Washington political scene. • d. did not support affirmative action. • e. promised never to lie to Americans.

Executive Order-966 did what?

Japanese Internment

What was the focus of the Second New Deal?

economic security

During which decade was foreign policy representative of a close relationship between government and business?

1920s

Which overturned Plessy v. ferguson?

Brown v. Board

Which nation held hostages between 79 and 81?

Iran

What was the name of the foreign policy that authorized military aid to those offering fighting against Japan?

Lend-Lease Act

What was the name of the Foreign Policy plan that offered economic assistance to non-communist governments?

Marshall Plan

In the 1800s, northern industrialists would've benefited from economic policies by which party?

Republicans

Milton Freedman was an economist that reinforced the intellectual ideas of which party?

Republicans, specifically the New Conservatives

In the Imperial United States, this president claimed that it was right of the United states to act as a police power in the western hemisphere?

Roosevelt, through the Roosevelt Corollary

Jeannette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress: • a. did not support U.S. entry into World War I. • b. was pro-German. • c. supported U.S. entry into World War I. • d. supported limited women's suffrage. • e. was a Socialist.

In the Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan: • a. focused on the discontents of middle-class women. • b. focused on the particular plight of black women. • c. emphasized the role of child rearing for women. • d. emphasized the role women played in the antiwar movement. • e. focused on the plight of working-class women.

After Vietnam was divided at a peace conference in Geneva: • a. the United States supported the anticommunist leader Ngo Dinh Diem. • b. the United States remained neutral. • c. Ngo Dinh Diem's rule was widely accepted. • d. the United States supported the quest for Vietnamese independence. • e. the French regained control of their former colony.

All of the following statements about Jane Addams and Hull House are true EXCEPT: • a. She believed that immigrant women primarily needed union protection. • b. Addams established employment bureaus and health clinics. • c. Hull House was modeled on a settlement house in London. • d. Hull House and other settlement houses provided careers for the "new woman." • e. Addams built kindergartens for immigrant children.

In the nineteenth century, pools, trusts, and mergers were: • a. ways that manufacturers sought to control the marketplace. • b. used only rarely. • c. unheard of. • d. seen as beneficial by consumers. • e. against the law.

All of the following statements are true of the Fair Deal EXCEPT: • a. Congress passed Truman's Fair Deal to raise the standard of living for Americans. • b. the Fair Deal included a provision to expand Social Security coverage. • c. the Fair Deal included a provision to increase the minimum wage. • d. the Fair Deal included a provision to expand public housing. • e. the Fair Deal included a provision to create a national health insurance program.

Among the Confederacy's advantages during the Civil War was: • a. its large size, which made it more difficult for the Union to conquer. • b. that the Lower South had long had significant manufacturing facilities. • c. its military-aged white male population was slightly higher than the Union's. • d. that so many of its men volunteered to fight that it never resorted to a draft. • e. that its rail network was more advanced than the Union's.

Asian and Mexican immigrants in the early twentieth century: • a. clustered in the West as agricultural workers. • b. were much more welcome than European immigrants. • c. clustered in the South as agricultural workers. • d. outnumbered southern and eastern European immigrants. • e. were prohibited from entering the United States.

By the end of Reagan's second term in office, he viewed the Soviet Union: • a. with much less suspicion. • b. as a strong ally. • c. as an evil empire. • d. as an expansionist power. • e. with great disdain.

Captains of industry like steel magnate Andrew Carnegie and oil man John D. Rockefeller: • a. began creating or consolidating their fortunes during the Civil War. • b. became important advisers to President Lincoln. • c. made millions bilking southerners who were buying war bonds. • d. benefited after the war from the respect their military service earned for them. • e. voluntarily provided important resources to the war effort.

Chicano farm workers found a powerful advocate in: • a. Cesar Chavez. • b. Mario Savio. • c. Carlos Bulosan. • d. the Border Patrol. • e. the bracero program.

During the Bay of Pigs invasion: • a. the CIA failed in its mission. • b. Fidel Castro took over American landholdings. • c. a popular uprising of anti-Castro Cubans toppled Castro's regime. • d. the CIA restored Fulgencio Batista to power. • e. Eisenhower suspended trade with Cuba.

During the Mexican War: • a. for the first time, the U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital. • b. Whigs strongly supported Polk's policies. • c. the bulk of the fighting occurred in California. • d. Mexican troops occupied much of Texas after winning at the Alamo. • e. an American revolt in California led briefly to a monarchy.

During the Progressive era: • a. new immigration from southern and eastern Europe reached its peak. • b. all immigration was banned. • c. the main point of entry for European immigrants was Boston. • d. overall immigration declined dramatically. • e. the vast majority of immigrants came from Ireland.

Eugenics is: • a. the study of the supposed mental characteristics of different races. • b. the movement toward colonization in Africa by blacks from the United States. • c. the genetic modification of human behavior. • d. the socialist strategy of infiltrating labor unions in the United States. • e. the practice of using poison gas by the Germans during World War I.

How did World War I and the rhetoric of freedom shape the labor movement and workers' expectations? • a. Wartime rhetoric inspired hopes for social and economic justice. • b. Wartime propaganda turned the labor movement toward nationalism. • c. Workers abandoned their push for the eight-hour day. • d. There were very few labor strikes after the war. • e. World War I had a minimal impact on the labor movement.

In 1948, the Soviets began the Berlin Blockade: • a. in response to the creation of West Germany. • b. because the United States threatened to invade the Soviet Union. • c. in response to the creation of East Germany. • d. in response to the outbreak of disease. • e. in response to the return of fascism.

In 1972, Congress passed Title IX, which: • a. banned gender discrimination in higher education. • b. was passed over President Nixon's veto. • c. banned racial discrimination in higher education. • d. banned gender discrimination in the workplace. • e. guaranteed women equal access to pay.

In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court: • a. ruled that bans on dangerous speech were constitutional. • b. overturned the conviction of Eugene V. Debs for an antiwar speech. • c. found certain fire-safety regulations unconstitutional. • d. expanded the protection of free speech. • e. overturned the lower court conviction of a Socialist.

In his relations with major communist powers, President Nixon: • a. signed a strategic arms limitation treaty with the Soviet Union. • b. was a fierce anticommunist. • c. rejected "détente." • d. rejected Henry Kissinger's "realist" approach to the Cold War. • e. viewed China and the Soviet Union as a unified bloc.

In response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Carter pursued all of the following policies EXCEPT: • a. breaking off diplomatic relations with Pakistan. • b. funneling aid to fundamentalist Muslims in Afghanistan who fought a guerilla war against the Soviets. • c. boycotting the Moscow Olympics. • d. placing an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union. • e. dramatically increased American military spending.

The kitchen debates were between: • a. Eisenhower and Nixon. • b. Khrushchev and Nixon. • c. Kennedy and Johnson. • d. Eisenhower and Khrushchev. • e. Nixon and Kennedy.

Modern Republicanism included: • a. the expansion of core New Deal programs. • b. the elimination of Social Security. • c. the dismantling of core New Deal programs. • d. decreased funding for education. • e. decreased support for highway construction.

Operation Wetback: • a. deported illegal aliens found in Mexican-American neighborhoods. • b. was the CIA-led coup in Guatemala. • c. campaigned to end prohibition. • d. campaigned to bring unionization to the South. • e. removed suspected communist labor union leaders from their positions.

Organized labor emerged as: • a. a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War. • b. a vocal critic of McCarthyism. • c. the best informants for the FBI and HUAC. • d. a militant group willing to fight the Red Scare. • e. a radical wing of the Communist Party.

Reagan's economic program, known as "supply-side economics" relied on: • a. tax cuts and high interest rates. • b. increased environmental regulations. • c. tax increases and low interest rates. • d. increased regulation of workplace safety. • e. tax cuts specifically for low-income Americans.

Richard Nixon's New Federalism: • a. proposed that a system of block grants be assigned to states to spend as they saw fit. • b. demanded that the federal government administer all aid, even on the local level. • c. proposed a decrease in funding for Social Security. • d. called for a reduction in all government spending and a balanced budget. • e. proposed that no new federal agencies be created.

The "Declaration of Principles" adopted by W. E. B. Du Bois's Niagara Movement: • a. called for complete economic and educational equality. • b. called for more vocational schools for African-Americans. • c. called for voting rights for educated African-Americans. • d. was signed by Booker T. Washington. • e. called on African-Americans to accept disfranchisement.

The "Sea Island Experiment" refers to: • a. northern reformers' efforts to assist former slaves with the transition to freedom. • b. the code name for the Confederate navy's submarine-building program. • c. the unsuccessful effort of General Ulysses Grant to allow former slaves to run their own farms in Mississippi. • d. a U.S. government plan to introduce advanced technology to southern farming in order to decrease the need for slaves. • e. the Confederacy's trial use of slaves as soldiers along the South Carolina coast.

The 1971 ruling Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education led to the: • a. use of busing as a tool to achieve school integration. • b. reversal of the Brown v. Board of Education decision. • c. first female students admitted into Yale and Harvard. • d. firing of suspected communist professors in universities. • e. implementation of affirmative action in higher education.

The 1980s could be called the second: • a. Gilded Age. • b. Progressive era. • c. New Deal Society. • d. industrial revolution. • e. Era of Good Feelings.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act: • a. raised farm prices by establishing quotas and paying farmers not to plant more. • b. established a government program of distributing food to the hungry. • c. was beneficial to sharecroppers and tenant farmers. • d. lowered farm prices by establishing quotas and paying farmers to grow more. • e. was limited to the West Coast.

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: • a. was the first time race was used to exclude an entire group of people from entering the United States. • b. led to a decrease in discrimination and violence against the Chinese. • c. led to an increase in civil rights for Chinese people and Chinese-Americans living in the United States. • d. only barred immigration of Chinese women. • e. led to the deportation of the 105,000 Chinese people living in the United States in 1882.

The Church Committee revealed that since the beginning of the Cold War: • a. the CIA and FBI had engaged in abusive actions. • b. every administration had traded arms for hostages behind the back of Congress. • c. the Ku Klux Klan had been receiving funds from the FBI to sabotage the civil rights movement. • d. the Catholic Church had secretly channeled funds to Third World countries fighting communism. • e. the draft process had unfairly drafted the poor and minorities, while white, middle-class men were often exempt.

The Eisenhower Doctrine pledged support: • a. to any Middle Eastern country resisting communism or nationalism. • b. to the Iranian government under Mohammed Mossadegh. • c. for the UN Charter. • d. to any Asian country resisting communism or nationalism. • e. for the Guatemalan leader Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán.

The Equal Rights Amendment: • a. proposed to eliminate all legal distinctions based on sex. • b. became law along with an amendment banning child labor. • c. had widespread support from all major female organizations. • d. protected mother's pensions. • e. was proposed by the Women's Trade Union League.

The Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) • a. were the first federal restrictions on free speech since 1798. • b. came after strong public calls for a more "defensible democracy." • c. were put on the books but never applied. • d. copied similar legislation from Germany, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. • e. drew mostly from similar language in state law.

The Free Soil Party: • a. demonstrated that antislavery sentiment had spread far beyond abolitionist ranks. • b. cost Henry Clay the presidency by siphoning off votes from him in New York. • c. strongly opposed the Wilmot Proviso but agreed to let it pass as part of a compromise. • d. was powerful enough to convince James Polk not to seek reelection. • e. nominated Zachary Taylor for president.

The Indian victory at Little Bighorn: • a. only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement. • b. came after an unprovoked attack by Indians. • c. was typical at the time. • d. resulted in no U.S. army casualties. • e. brought an end to the hostilities

The Reagan Revolution: • a. included cuts to government programs. • b. strengthened the labor movement. • c. had little appeal for most Americans. • d. included an emphasis on global human rights. • e. introduced an expanded welfare state.

The Teller Amendment stated that: • a. the United States would not annex Cuba. • b. Puerto Rico was to become a territory of the United States. • c. the United States would annex the Philippines. • d. the United States would not annex the Philippines. • e. Cuba was to be a protectorate of the United States.

The ability to influence the world with American goods and popular culture is called: • a. soft power. • b. cultural power. • c. hard power. • d. persuasive power. • e. coercive power.

The first thing that Roosevelt attended to as president was the: • a. banking crisis. • b. tariff crisis. • c. housing crisis. • d. unemployment crisis. • e. farming crisis.

The second industrial revolution was marked by: • a. the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries. • b. a return to handmade goods. • c. a decline in the growth of cities. • d. a more equalized distribution of wealth. • e. the rapid expansion of industry across the South.

The writer whose work encouraged the passage of the Meat Inspection Act was: • a. Upton Sinclair. • b. Henry George. • c. Theodore Dreiser. • d. Ida Tarbell. • e. Lincoln Steffens.

To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department: • a. funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits. • b. imposed artistic conformity. • c. promoted the work of artist Norman Rockwell. • d. censored the work of modern artists. • e. sought to censor the work of painter Jackson Pollock.

Under the Nixon administration, the United States: • a. continued to undermine Third World governments. • b. boycotted South Africa to protest apartheid. • c. focused its foreign policy on Southeast Asia. • d. supported the government of Salvador Allende in Chile. • e. supported democratic reforms in Iran.

What did Calvin Coolidge believe was the chief business of the American people? • a. Business. • b. Going to church. • c. Civil rights. • d. Spreading liberty. • e. Internationalism.

When he assumed the presidency, Richard Nixon announced a new policy regarding the Vietnam War known as: • a. Vietnamization. • b. Massive retaliation. • c. Détente. • d. Americanization. • e. The New Look.

Which act or organization barred commercial banks from becoming involved in the buying and selling of stocks? • a. The Glass-Steagall Act. • b. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation. • c. The Federal Communications Commission. • d. The Bank Holiday Act. • e. The Securities and Exchange Commission.

Which act restricted the freedom of speech by authorizing the arrest of anyone who made "false statements" that might impede military success? • a. The Espionage Act. • b. The War Powers Act. • c. The Committee on Public Information Act. • d. The USA Patriot Act. • e. The Alien Act.

Which of the following is NOT true of the New York City riots of 1863? • a. They convinced Lincoln to delay issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. • b. Rioters targeted the wealthy and African-Americans. • c. The introduction of the draft sparked them. • d. Union troops ultimately ended them. • e. They were mostly the doing of Irish immigrants.

Which statement about politics in the 1920s is FALSE? • a. Women took an active role in national politics, mostly with the Republican Party. • b. Congress continued the trend toward restricting certain groups of people from entering the United States. • c. Voter turnout had fallen dramatically since the turn of the century. • d. The South was dominated by the Democratic Party. • e. Republicans controlled the White House and supported pro-business policies.

Which statement about the Confederacy is FALSE? • a. From the beginning of the war it recruited and deployed thousands of black soldiers. • b. Its economy was in crisis, and many families fell into poverty and debt. • c. The Confederate nation became far more centralized than the Old South had been. • d. Social change and internal turmoil engulfed much of the Confederacy. • e. Its citizens were not wholly united behind the cause of its independence.

Which statement about the Korean conflict is FALSE? • a. Chinese troops threatened to enter the conflict, but never did. • b. The United Nations authorized the use of forces to repel the North Koreans. • c. General MacArthur argued for an invasion of China and for the use of nuclear weapons. • d. The war ended in a cease-fire, not with a formal peace treaty. • e. Truman removed General MacArthur from his command when he publicly criticized Truman.

Which work offered an intellectual justification for opponents of active government, laying the foundation for the rise of modern conservatism? • a. Friedrich Hayek's The Road to Serfdom. • b. Wendell Willkie's One World. • c. Ruth Benedict's Races and Racism. • d. Henry Luce's The American Century. • e. Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma.

White farmers in the late nineteenth-century South: • a. included many sharecroppers involved in the crop-lien system. • b. saw their debts decrease as crop prices went up from 1870 to 1900. • c. were all enormously prosperous following the end of the Civil War. • d. refused to grow cotton because it had been a "slave crop." • e. by and large owned their own land.

Who was responsible for the 1856 Pottawatomie Creek Massacre in Kansas and led the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859? • a. John Brown • b. Robert E. Lee • c. Joseph Lane • d. Henry Ward Beecher • e. Frederick Douglass

Why did Americanization programs often target women? • a. They understood women as the bearers and transmitters of culture. • b. Women offered less resistance to Americanization programs. • c. Women tended to speak English whereas men typically did not. • d. Immigrant women had the most visible presence in public. • e. Proponents of Americanization did not want to antagonize men.

Why did the CIA seek to destabilize the government of Chile after 1970? • a. The country had elected socialist Salvador Allende into office. • b. The Chilean government had blocked U.S. access to Chilean copper mines. • c. Chile had been hosting Che Guevara, a long-time public enemy to the United States. • d. The government of Chile had provided North Vietnam with covert support. • e. The U.S. sought to prevent the coup of General Augusto Pinochet.

William M. Tweed was a(n): • a. political boss who, although corrupt, provided important services to New Yorkers. • b. civic reformer who introduced a clean, nonpartisan form of government in New York. • c. infamous precinct worker in Chicago who made millions off the immigrants. • d. socialist who ran for mayor of New York on the Labor Party ticket. • e. corrupt landlord of tenement-style urban residences in Pittsburgh.

American foreign policy during the 1920s: • a. included a complete retreat from military intervention. • b. reflected the close relationship between government and business. • c. included the lowering of tariffs. • d. expanded on Woodrow Wilson's goal of internationalism. • e. discouraged American business investment abroad.

"Americanization": • a. was another term for "Fordism." • b. refers to the process of assimilation. • c. refers to an economic system. • d. recognized diversity. • e. was supported by all Progressives.

"D-Day" refers to the: • a. Allied invasion of Japan. • b. Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy. • c. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. • d. Allied invasion of the Soviet Union. • e. dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan.

"The Great Migration" refers to: • a. Indian removal. • b. blacks moving from the South to the North. • c. blacks moving from the North to the South. • d. whites settling the West. • e. the massive influx of southern and eastern European immigrants.

After the 1890s, American expansionism: • a. was denounced by writers such as Josiah Strong and Alfred T. Mahan. • b. was partly fueled by the need to stimulate American exports. • c. was limited to North America. • d. was welcomed by the majority of Hawaiians. • e. discouraged patriotism.

All of the following are enactments of the policy of containment EXCEPT: • a. The Truman Doctrine. • b. The Warsaw Pact. • c. The Korean War. • d. The Marshall Plan. • e. The Berlin Airlift.

All of the following statements about the 1924 Immigration Act are true EXCEPT: • a. the 1924 Immigration Act reflected the Progressive desire to improve the quality of democratic citizenship and to employ scientific methods to set public policy. • b. the 1924 Immigration Act sought to ensure that more immigrants came from southern Europe than from northern Europe. • c. the 1924 Immigration Act satisfied the demands of large farmers in California, who relied heavily on seasonal Mexican labor, by not setting limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere. • d. the 1924 Immigration Act barred immigration from Asia. • e. the 1924 Immigration Act limited immigration from Europe.

All of the statements about Prohibition during the1920s are true EXCEPT: • a. Prohibition led to widespread corruption among law officials. • b. Religious fundamentalists opposed Prohibition on the grounds that it violated freedom. • c. Prohibition led to large profits for the owners of speakeasies and for the bootleggers who supplied them. • d. Prohibition was violated by many Americans. • e. Prohibition reduced American consumption of alcohol.

Along with a home and a TV, what became part of the "standard consumer package" of the 1950s? • a. A record player. • b. A car. • c. A credit card. • d. An education. • e. A computer.

American settlement in Texas in the 1820s and 1830s: • a. did not exceed the Mexican population there until the United States annexed Texas in 1845. • b. led Stephen Austin to demand more autonomy from Mexican officials. • c. included no slaves, because Mexico had banned slavery in its territory. • d. was in communities whose American-born residents were called Tejanos by their Mexican neighbors. • e. took place without approval from the Mexican government.

Americans have referred to the 1890s as the women's era because: • a. growing numbers of women held political office. • b. women's economic opportunities and roles in public life expanded. • c. most men supported equal rights for women. • d. few women had to work outside the home. • e. women could vote.

At Antietam: • a. General Lee was successful and pushed north into Pennsylvania. • b. the nation suffered more casualties than on any other day in its history. • c. the Union's river fleet proved crucial to the outcome. • d. General McClellan surrendered his troops. • e. Lincoln announced the Thirteenth Amendment.

By 1912, the Socialist Party: • a. appealed only to immigrants. • b. had elected scores of local officials. • c. appealed only to industrial workers. • d. was concentrated in New York City. • e. had yet to elect a member to Congress.

Challenges to the mass conformity of the 1950s came from: • a. the Beatles. • b. the Beats. • c. the communists. • d. hippies. • e. flappers.

FDR's Four Freedoms include all of the following EXCEPT: • a. freedom from want. • b. freedom of enterprise. • c. freedom of religion. • d. freedom of speech. • e. freedom from fear.

France and Britain's policy toward Germany of giving concessions in hopes of avoiding war was called: • a. provocation. • b. appeasement. • c. détente. • d. internationalism. • e. isolationism.

In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot proposed to: • a. allow voters to decide the status of slavery in new territories. • b. prohibit slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico. • c. divide the Oregon Country between Great Britain and the United States. • d. annex Cuba in order to avoid southern secession. • e. allow slavery to expand into California and New Mexico.

In 1883, __________ divided the nation into the four time zones still used today. • a. a group of businessmen from Chicago • b. the major railroad companies • c. an organization of Western states • d. a coalition of mining and lumber companies • e. the federal government

In 1940, the "cash and carry" plan: • a. allowed Germany to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis. • b. allowed Great Britain to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis. • c. allowed Japan to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis. • d. allowed all belligerents to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis. • e. was voted down by Congress.

In 1949, Mao Zedong: • a. cooperated with the Chinese nationalists. • b. led a successful communist revolution in China. • c. was an ally of the United States. • d. represented the Chinese at the United Nations. • e. led a successful communist revolution in Taiwan.

In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis: • a. wrote about captains of industry. • b. focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums. • c. provided a fictional account of life in 1890. • d. highlighted the benefits of the second industrial revolution. • e. discussed the lives of wealthy Americans.

In March 1867, Congress began Radical Reconstruction by adopting the __________, which created new state governments and provided for black male suffrage in the South. • a. Sumner-Stevens Act • b. Reconstruction Act • c. Fourteenth Amendment • d. Civil Rights Act of 1867 • e. Fifteenth Amendment

In response to the Russian Revolution that led to the creation of the communist Soviet Union, the United States: • a. diplomatically recognized the Soviet Union. • b. pursued a policy of anticommunism that would remain throughout the twentieth century. • c. invited Vladimir Lenin, the head of the Soviet Union, to the United States. • d. aided supporters of communist rule in the Soviet Union during a civil war in 1918. • e. invited the Soviet Union to the Versailles peace conference.

In response to the court-ordered desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas: • a. violence broke out, but President Eisenhower refused to send federal troops. • b. violence broke out, and President Eisenhower sent in federal troops. • c. Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to protect the black students from angry whites. • d. Governor Orval Faubus requested that federal troops be sent into Little Rock to end the violence. • e. high schools across the South became desegregated immediately.

The Fifteenth Amendment: • a. granted women the right to vote in federal but not state elections. • b. sought to guarantee that one could not be denied suffrage rights based on race. • c. made states responsible for determining all voter qualifications. • d. was endorsed by President Andrew Johnson. • e. was drafted by Susan B. Anthony.

In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court: • a. determined that Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would become U.S. citizens in 1904. • b. held that the Constitution did not fully apply to the territories acquired by the United States during the Spanish-American War. • c. determined that Puerto Ricans and Filipinos were entitled to the same rights as U.S. citizens. • d. ruled that the Foraker Act of 1900, which declared Puerto Rico an "insular territory," was unconstitutional. • e. held that the annexation of the Philippines violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

In the South, the Redeemers: • a. continued the policies of Reconstruction. • b. imposed a new racial order. • c. passed no new laws. • d. supported public education. • e. supported the rights of blacks.

Joe McCarthy announced that he had a list of 205 communists who worked for the: • a. Central Intelligence Agency. • b. State Department. • c. Department of the Interior. • d. Federal Bureau of Investigation. • e. AFL-CIO.

Joseph McCarthy's downfall came as a result of: • a. his speech in Wheeling, West Virginia. • b. his hearings on the Defense Department. • c. televised hearings involving the Army. • d. his claim of 205 communists working in the State Department. • e. the release of his fabricated war record.

New conservatives trusted government to: • a. provide a national system of health care. • b. regulate personal behavior. • c. regulate the economy. • d. protect civil liberties and the toleration of differences. • e. provide a comprehensive welfare system.

President Eisenhower used the CIA to overthrow which Middle Eastern government in the early 1950s, in large part because this government attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields? • a. Egypt. • b. Iran. • c. Saudi Arabia. • d. Israel. • e. Iraq.

Radical Republicans: • a. wanted legitimate democracy in the South, with power to be shared by planters and freed slaves. • b. fully embraced the expanded powers of the federal government born during the Civil War. • c. tended to come from the border states that had seen most of the vicious fighting during the Civil War. • d. fought Andrew Johnson from the day he entered the White House. • e. agreed on the need to end slavery but disagreed with one another over whether the freed slaves were entitled to civil rights.

The Alliance for Progress: • a. was President Kennedy's Marshall Plan for Southeast Asia. • b. was President Kennedy's Marshall Plan for Latin America. • c. included a treaty signed with Cuba after its communist revolution. • d. brought economic assistance to Latin American nations. • e. was administered by the United States throughout Latin America.

The California gold rush: • a. made considerable wealth for average miners because gold mining demanded no real investment of capital. • b. resulted in laws that discriminated against "foreign miners." • c. attracted almost equal numbers of men and women. • d. hurt the development of San Francisco because gold discoveries shifted interest to areas outside of town. • e. actually had only a small impact on California's population because its rich farmlands already attracted thousands of new settlers each year.

The Dawes Act of 1887: • a. empowered Indians. • b. sought to break up the tribal system. • c. assured Indian autonomy. • d. hurt white interests in the West. • e. was a great success.

The Environmental Protection Agency, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the National Transportation Safety Board were all established during the administration of: • a. Jimmy Carter. • b. Richard Nixon. • c. Ronald Reagan. • d. Gerald Ford. • e. Lyndon Johnson.

The Farmers' Alliance: • a. successfully worked with banks. • b. sought to improve conditions through cooperatives. • c. was subsidized by the railroad industry. • d. was limited only to the Northeast. • e. achieved its goals and disbanded shortly after its founding.

The Four Freedoms: • a. was a campaign slogan of the Republicans. • b. were President Roosevelt's statement of the Allied war aims. • c. did not apply to Jehovah's Witnesses. • d. were the war aims of Nazi Germany. • e. included the freedom to join the Communist Party.

The Gentlemen's Agreement: • a. made Puerto Ricans citizens. • b. restricted Japanese immigration. • c. allowed Mexicans to cross over to America to take war jobs. • d. promised that labor unions would not strike during the war. • e. forbade German-Americans from registering for the draft.

The Ghost Dance: • a. brought Indians and whites together in a cultural celebration. • b. was a religious revitalization campaign among Indians, feared by whites. • c. was approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. • d. ushered in a new era of Indian wars. • e. was seen as harmless.

The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 to: • a. regulate railroad gauge size. • b. ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable and fair rates. • c. oversee state taxes. • d. distribute land allocations to railroad companies. • e. standardize the transportation of animal feed between states.

The Knights of Labor: • a. never had more than a few hundred members. • b. was an inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms. • c. did not admit women. • d. cooperated with big business. • e. organized only skilled, white, native-born workers.

The National Organization for Women (NOW) campaigned for all of the following EXCEPT: • a. an end to the mass media's false image of women. • b. an end to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. • c. equal opportunities in politics. • d. equal educational opportunities. • e. equal job opportunities for women.

The New Deal failed to generate: • a. Social security. • b. Sustained prosperity. • c. Labor reform. • d. Hope. • e. Jobs.

The Office of War Information: • a. was a New Deal program. • b. used radio, film, and press to give the war an ideological meaning. • c. attempted to stir up nationalist hysteria. • d. imprisoned isolationists. • e. cast the war's sole goal as retaliation against the Japanese.

The Platt Amendment: • a. recognized Cuban autonomy. • b. authorized the United States to intervene militarily in Cuba. • c. declared Cuba a colony of the United States. • d. limited the U.S. presence in the Philippines. • e. granted independence to Puerto Rico.

The Progressive presidents were: • a. Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt. • b. Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. • c. Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland, and William McKinley. • d. Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Rutherford B. Hayes. • e. William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, and Warren G. Harding.

The Scottsboro case: • a. was refused a hearing by the Supreme Court. • b. reflected the racism that was prevalent in the South during the 1930s. • c. established legal principles that greatly restricted the definition of civil liberties. • d. was publicized by the Industrial Workers of the World. • e. represented progress in the cause of civil rights for African-Americans

The Social Gospel: • a. was part of the Catholic Church. • b. called for an equalization of wealth and power. • c. was financed by corporate donations. • d. did not support aid to the poor. • e. was another term for Social Darwinism.

The Spanish-American War: • a. was a victory for Spain. • b. brought the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico under U.S. control. • c. lasted several years. • d. resulted in thousands of U.S. combat deaths. • e. ended American expansionism.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 provided for all of the following EXCEPT: • a. payment of $15 million to Mexico by the United States. • b. U.S. control of all of the Oregon Country. • c. guaranteeing to male citizens in the Mexican Cession "their liberty and property." • d. confirmation of the U.S. annexation of Texas. • e. the transfer of California to the United States.

The first confrontation of the Cold War took place in: • a. Japan, when Soviet troops tried to establish Tokyo as a joint occupational zone. • b. the Middle East, when Soviet troops occupied northern Iran seeking access to oil fields. • c. Vietnam, when the French attempted to reestablish colonial rule. • d. Latin America, where agrarian revolutionaries gained the upper hand thanks to Soviet aid. • e. North Korea, where Chinese communists imposed a strict authoritarian regime.

The new immigrants: • a. came mostly from Great Britain. • b. came from southern and eastern Europe. • c. received a warm welcome in America. • d. were few in number. • e. were seen as no different from the old immigrants.

The northern vision of the Reconstruction-era southern economy included all of the following EXCEPT: • a. emancipated African-Americans would labor more intensively than ever because they had the same opportunities for advancement that northern whites had long enjoyed. • b. the labor system would be as close to slavery as possible, thereby assuring high productivity. • c. the Freedmen's Bureau would establish a workable labor system. • d. northern capital and migrants would energize the southern economy. • e. the South would eventually resemble the North.

The sit-in at Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960: • a. was the last of a series of violent agitations for civil rights in 1960. • b. reflected mounting frustration at the slow pace of racial change. • c. had no real effect on the momentum of the civil rights movement. • d. illustrated how civil rights activists embraced the violent messages of Malcolm X. • e. was largely organized by members of Martin Luther King Jr.'s SCLC.

Theodore Roosevelt's taking of the Panama Canal Zone is an example of: • a. his ability to speak softly in diplomatic situations when he knew he was outgunned. • b. his belief that civilized nations had an obligation to establish order in an unruly world. • c. one of the many wars in which Roosevelt involved the United States. • d. international Progressivism—the United States was intervening with the sole purpose to uplift the peoples of Central America. • e. liberal internationalism, since he worked closely with the French to work out a deal favorable to Panama.

Under New Deal reform, African-Americans: • a. worked in integrated CCC camps. • b. were mostly excluded from Social Security benefits. • c. passed a federal antilynching law. • d. benefited from the "southern veto." • e. were universally covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act.

What did Henry Luce and Henry Wallace have in common? • a. They were both working for the Office of War Information in promoting, through books, the positions held by the group America First. • b. They both put forth a new conception of America's role in the world based in part on internationalism and on the idea that the American experience should serve as a model for all other nations. • c. They both believed that the United States should assume an isolationist policy, leading by example, not by action. • d. They were both liberals in their political beliefs and strongly supported the New Deal, which they believed should be spread to the rest of the world. • e. They both believed that the best course of action for the United States after the war was fiscal conservative policies, including high tariffs and domestic taxes.

What early 1868 action by Andrew Johnson sparked his impeachment by the U.S. House of Representatives? • a. He bribed a Republican senator to support his Reconstruction policies. • b. He allegedly violated the Tenure of Office Act. • c. He defiantly released a letter showing he had given support to the Confederacy in 1863. • d. He vetoed a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau. • e. He fired Secretary of State William Seward, an ally of Radical Republicans.

What were William Whyte's The Organization Man, Vance Packard's The Hidden Persuaders, and John Kenneth Galbraith's The Affluent Society all critical of? • a. Civil rights policies. • b. America's social values. • c. Soviet communism. • d. Monopolies in American business. • e. Eisenhower's foreign policy.

Which New Deal program put the federal government for the first time in the business of selling electricity in competition with private companies? • a. The Rural Electrification Administration. • b. The Tennessee Valley Authority. • c. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation. • d. The National Recovery Act. • e. The Works Project Administration.

Which city was considered the "capital" of black America? • a. Chicago. • b. Harlem. • c. Los Angeles. • d. New Orleans. • e. Detroit.

Which of the following is an example of the political impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? • a. Nearly half of northern Democrats joined the patriotic American Party. • b. The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party. • c. A strong, united Whig Party won the White House in the next presidential election. • d. Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln decided to become running mates for the presidential election of 1856. • e. The new Free Soil Party strongly endorsed the Act and won new congressional seats in several Upper South districts.

Which of the following regions did people NOT migrate to in large numbers between 1840 and 1914? • a. Siberia. • b. China. • c. Manchuria. • d. Canada. • e. The Caribbean.

Which statement about the American Federation of Labor in the early twentieth century is FALSE? • a. The AFL forged closer ties with corporate leaders to stabilize employee relations. • b. The AFL proposed an overthrow of the capitalist system. • c. The AFL established pension plans for long-term workers. • d. The AFL represented skilled workers only. • e. AFL membership tripled between 1900 and 1904.

Which statement about the Indian New Deal is FALSE? • a. It replaced boarding schools with schools on reservations. • b. It continued the policy of the Dawes Act. • c. It failed to allow reservations access to irrigated water from the Grand Coulee Dam. • d. It allowed Indians cultural autonomy. • e. It ended the policy of forced assimilation.

Which statement about the Japanese-American internment is FALSE? • a. Japan used it as proof that America was racist toward nonwhite people. • b. Once their loyalty was proven, they were free to leave. • c. Japanese-Americans in Hawaii were exempt from the policy. • d. The Supreme Court refused to intervene. • e. The press supported the policy of internment almost unanimously.

Who migrated to Kansas during the Kansas Exodus? • a. Chinese. • b. Blacks. • c. Working-class families. • d. White sharecroppers. • e. Indians.

Who wrote On Civil Disobedience as a response to the U.S. war with Mexico? • a. Ralph Waldo Emerson • b. Henry David Thoreau • c. David Walker • d. Abraham Lincoln • e. David Wilmot

Why did FDR try to change the balance of power on the Supreme Court? • a. He was worried about being able to run for a third term as president. • b. He feared the Supreme Court might invalidate the Wagner and Social Security acts. • c. He feared that the Supreme Court might invalidate the National Recovery Act or the Agricultural Adjustment Act. • d. He feared that the Supreme Court might deem sit-down strikes unconstitutional. • e. He needed the Court's support for upcoming war measures against Germany.

Why was liberation theology so popular in Latin America in the 1960s? • a. The Cuban Revolution had inspired neighboring nations. • b. Reform in the Catholic Church had inspired social justice activists. • c. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was bearing fruit. • d. The Second Vatican Council had sanctioned birth control. • e. The Cuban Missile Crisis had shattered the region's complacency.

After World War II ended, Japan: • a. did not receive aid from the United States. • b. returned to its prewar political structure. • c. received economic assistance from the United States. • d. received economic assistance from the Soviets. • e. never recovered economically.

After World War II, most working women: • a. earned the same wages as men. • b. remained in the industrial jobs they held during the war. • c. were concentrated in low-paying, nonunion jobs. • d. did not work outside the home. • e. joined unions.

All of the following are examples of technological changes that helped to make the Civil War a modern war EXCEPT for the: • a. primitive hand grenade. • b. ironclad ship. • c. field telephone. • d. rifle. • e. observation balloon.

All of the following statements about mass consumption in the early twentieth century are true EXCEPT: • a. rural people purchased goods through mail-order catalogs. • b. urban dwellers purchased goods in department stores and chain stores. • c. southerners fully participated in the mass-consumption society. • d. the new advertising industry often linked goods with the idea of freedom. • e. the promise of mass consumption became the foundation for a new understanding of freedom.

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller: • a. advocated government regulation of business. • b. were both immigrants. • c. built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets. • d. faced no criticism for their business practices. • e. led the way in social reform.

Birth of a Nation was a film that: • a. documented the suffrage movement. • b. was about the Indian Wars. • c. portrayed the Civil War and Reconstruction, exalting the Ku Klux Klan. • d. glorified the nation's Revolutionary War era. • e. vilified the British in the War of 1812.

By 1968, the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam: • a. was less than in 1965. • b. was reduced, as President Johnson considered running for another term. • c. exceeded half a million as the war became more brutal. • d. was of little concern to most Americans. • e. was decreasing as the peace process accelerated.

Copperheads were: • a. the strongest supporters of emancipation. • b. southern whites who opposed the Confederacy. • c. what Republicans called northern opponents of the war. • d. advocates of creating the Third Bank of the United States. • e. supporters of minting more copper coins to inflate the currency.

Cultural pluralism: • a. was denounced by Randolph Bourne. • b. described the mood in Congress when it passed the Immigration Act. • c. described a society that gloried in ethnic diversity. • d. was the driving force behind the conviction of Sacco and Vanzetti. • e. was the adopted philosophy of the Ku Klux Klan.

Dollar Diplomacy: • a. was applied only in Asia. • b. was seldom used and never successfully. • c. was used by William Howard Taft instead of military intervention. • d. was put in place by Woodrow Wilson regarding Mexico. • e. characterizes the foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt.

During the "Age of Empire," American racial attitudes: • a. had a limited impact. • b. influenced South Africans' decision to abandon apartheid. • c. had a global impact. • d. inspired Canada to grant Chinese immigrants equal rights. • e. inspired Australians to grant suffrage to native peoples.

During the 1920s, American multinational corporations: • a. resisted new ventures abroad in the aftermath of World War I. • b. reduced investments overseas. • c. extended their reach throughout the world. • d. produced few automobiles for international markets. • e. demonstrated limited interest in controlling raw materials in other countries.

During the 1950s, television: • a. became the nation's least favorite form of leisure activity. • b. presented shows that were controversial. • c. became an effective advertising medium. • d. effectively spread images of working-class life to a growing number of Americans. • e. tried to replace newspapers as the most common source of information but failed.

During the Progressive era: • a. cities declined in importance. • b. cities competed with rural areas for government projects. • c. urban development highlighted social inequalities. • d. cities attracted only the wealthy. • e. social reformers concentrated their efforts on rural areas.

During the Roosevelt administration, the Democratic Party emerged into a coalition that included all of the following EXCEPT: • a. farmers. • b. industrial workers. • c. the business elite. • d. northern African-Americans. • e. the white supremacist South.

Executive Order 9066: • a. authorized the internment of German-Americans. • b. exempted all those who were technically American citizens. • c. authorized the internment of Japanese-Americans. • d. was overturned by the Supreme Court. • e. authorized the internment of Italian-Americans.

For the feminist woman in the 1920s, freedom meant: • a. the ERA. • b. voting. • c. the right to choose her lifestyle. • d. becoming a wife and mother. • e. owning her own property.

How did the United States respond to Joseph Stalin's blockade around Berlin? • a. Truman put American forces on high alert and threatened atomic war if Stalin did not lift the blockade. • b. American forces forced their way through the road blockade with a caravan of armored tanks. • c. Truman ordered that supplies be brought to Berlin via an airlift. • d. Truman ignored it. • e. Truman asked the United Nations to place an embargo on all goods going to the Soviet Union.

In 1940, Franklin Roosevelt: • a. won in a very close election after a contentious campaign. • b. waited until after his reelection to pass the nation's first peacetime draft law. • c. won an unprecedented third term as president. • d. faced a serious challenge from the Republican candidate Wendell Wilkie. • e. decided not to run for a third term.

In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which: • a. prohibited only sexual discrimination in the armed forces. • b. was passed over President Johnson's veto. • c. prohibited both racial and sexual discrimination in employment and public institutions. • d. had the full support of Congress. • e. prohibited racial discrimination in private organizations.

In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court: • a. barred Japanese-Americans from serving in the U.S. military. • b. deemed Japanese internment unconstitutional. • c. upheld the legality of Japanese internment. • d. deemed loyalty oaths constitutional. • e. apologized for Japanese internment.

In foreign policy, Reagan: • a. embraced Carter's emphasis on human rights. • b. decreased military spending. • c. initiated the largest military buildup in American history. • d. opposed "authoritarian" noncommunist regimes. • e. called for a halt to the development of nuclear weapons.

In the 1870s, who claimed to have saved the white South from the corruption and misgovernment of northern and black officials? • a. Republicans • b. Ulysses Grant • c. Redeemers • d. Carpetbaggers • e. Scalawags

In the 1952 presidential campaign, Richard Nixon's Checkers speech: • a. reflected the growing importance of board games in American life. • b. reflected the growing importance of pets in American life. • c. reflected the growing importance of television in American life. • d. was not well received, and the Republicans lost the election. • e. introduced plans for peace in Korea.

In the early 1970s, which commodity did many Americans have to wait in long lines to purchase? • a. Automobiles. • b. Oil. • c. Gasoline. • d. Tires. • e. Water.

Lincoln was hesitant to support abolition early in the war because he: • a. did not believe slaves could be productive American citizens. • b. did not want to support the policies of the Radical Republicans. • c. feared losing the support of the slaveholding border states within the Union. • d. owned slaves himself. • e. promised during his 1860 campaign that he was against abolition.

Many conservative businessmen found intellectual reinforcement in the writings of the economist: • a. John Maynard Keynes. • b. John Kenneth Galbraith. • c. Milton Friedman. • d. Warren Burger. • e. Alan Greenspan.

Most of those termed "scalawags" during Reconstruction had been: • a. owners of large southern plantations before the Civil War. • b. Confederate officers and Confederate government officials during the Civil War. • c. non-slaveholding white farmers from the southern up-country prior to the Civil War. • d. enslaved African-Americans before emancipation. • e. Union soldiers during the war, but then they decided to stay in the South.

NSC-68: • a. was only suggested and never implemented. • b. was directed at communist China. • c. called for a massive increase in U.S. military forces. • d. called for a massive reduction in U.S. military forces. • e. addressed the threat of communism at home.

Richard Nixon's appointments to the Supreme Court were intended to: • a. break gender barriers by his appointment of the first female justice. • b. appease the Democrats, since he had to work with them in Congress on other issues. • c. lead the court in a conservative direction. • d. continue the liberal trend set by the Warren Court. • e. be balanced with conservatives and liberals.

The 1963 March on Washington: • a. focused solely on economic justice. • b. included speeches with militant language. • c. was a high point in black and white cooperation. • d. included various female speakers. • e. focused solely on a languishing civil rights bill.

The Committee on Public Information: • a. was limited in its efforts. • b. was affiliated with the Socialist Party. • c. was a government agency that sought to shape public opinion. • d. was directed by William Jennings Bryan. • e. protected civil liberties.

The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court: • a. extended the Missouri Compromise line to California. • b. backed the idea of "popular sovereignty." • c. declared Congress could not ban slavery from territories. • d. endorsed the "free soil" policy of the Republicans. • e. freed Dred and Harriet Scott.

The Enforcement Acts, passed by Congress in 1870 and 1871, were designed to: • a. eliminate racial discrimination in public spaces such as hotels and theaters. • b. enforce the Emancipation Proclamation in the Confederate states. • c. stop the activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. • d. end Reconstruction by allowing state governments to oversee citizenship rights. • e. increase the authority of the Freedmen's Bureau.

The Freedmen's Bureau: • a. carried out a successful program of distributing land to every former slave family. • b. enjoyed the strong support of President Andrew Johnson in its work on behalf of civil rights. • c. made notable achievements in improving African-American education and health care. • d. won much southern white support because it consistently supported the planters in disputes with former slaves. • e. was badly administered because director O. O. Howard lacked military experience.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: • a. was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott case. • b. convinced Abraham Lincoln to retire briefly from political life. • c. gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement. • d. won the grudging support of Ralph Waldo Emerson as a necessary compromise. • e. angered southerners by weakening an earlier law on fugitive slaves.

The Gulf of Tonkin resolution: • a. had little Senate support at the time. • b. called for an immediate end to the hostilities in Southeast Asia. • c. authorized the president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Vietnam. • d. was a formal declaration of war. • e. authorized the president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Cuba.

The Housing Act of 1949: • a. ended the concentration of poverty in nonwhite urban neighborhoods. • b. allowed growing numbers of blacks to move to the suburbs. • c. reinforced the concentration of poverty in nonwhite urban neighborhoods. • d. set a high income ceiling for eligibility. • e. paired with urban renewal programs, made American cities more diverse and prosperous.

The McCarran-Walter Act: • a. made immigration law much more flexible for Asians and Latinos. • b. recognized the need for political asylum for refugees from South Africa. • c. authorized the deportation of communists, including naturalized citizens. • d. removed immigration quotas based on nationality. • e. was supported by President Truman.

The Sixteenth Amendment: • a. called for the direct election of senators. • b. granted women the right to vote. • c. authorized Congress to implement a graduated income tax. • d. instituted the initiative, referendum, and recall. • e. prohibited the use and sale of alcohol.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference: • a. was a coalition of white southerners who resisted desegregation. • b. did not seek federal assistance. • c. was a coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists who fought for desegregation. • d. worked primarily on the local level. • e. had the support of all southern congressmen.

The Three Mile Island nuclear plant: • a. was the first nuclear plant to have an accident. • b. proved the success of the alternative energy resource. • c. brought a halt to the nuclear energy industry's expansion. • d. was the first of its kind to be operational. • e. stood as a symbol of American scientific and technologic superiority.

The Triangle Shirtwaist fire: • a. occurred during the Uprising of the 20,000. • b. destroyed the business, but there were no casualties. • c. brought in its wake much-needed safety legislation. • d. was the worst fire in U.S. history. • e. resulted in laws that banned all manufacturing in New York.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the Slaughterhouse Cases that: • a. the federal government has sole authority under the Commerce Clause to regulate the meatpacking industry. • b. Reconstruction had progressed too far and was now officially ended. • c. most rights of citizens are under the control of state governments rather than the federal government. • d. voting rights of African-Americans under the Fifteenth Amendment cannot be abridged or denied by any state. • e. states cannot interfere with vigorous federal enforcement of a broad array of civil rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Zimmermann Telegram: • a. clarified British war aims. • b. outlined the Fourteen Points. • c. outlined the German plan for an attack on the United States by Mexico. • d. helped assure Americans that Germany was not a threat. • e. outlined the British plan for an attack on the United States by Mexico.

The administration of which president was plagued with scandals? • a. Woodrow Wilson. • b. Calvin Coolidge. • c. Warren Harding. • d. Herbert Hoover. • e. Theodore Roosevelt.

The economic development of the American West was based on: • a. the continued reliance on self-sufficient farming. • b. farming solely. • c. lumber, mining industries, tourism, and farming. • d. the cooperation of the Plains Indians. • e. transportation modes other than the railroad.

The election of 1980 reflected: • a. a return to progressivism. • b. the end of conservatism. • c. growing frustration over America's condition. • d. a referendum for the ERA. • e. the validation of big government.

The new conservatives: • a. were also known as libertarians. • b. wanted more federal regulation of business. • c. emphasized tradition, community, and moral commitment. • d. spoke the language of personal autonomy. • e. supported a more centralized federal government.

The program that sought to streamline production and boost profits by systematically controlling costs and work practices was called: • a. free-market practices. • b. laissez-faire. • c. scientific management. • d. vertical integration. • e. Fordism.

Wartime repression of dissent and free speech culminated in: • a. the Great Migration. • b. the repeal of the First Amendment. • c. the Red Scare. • d. the Sedition Act. • e. the Alien Act.

What attracted voters to the Know-Nothing Party? • a. its opposition to the Dred Scott decision • b. its desire to dissolve the Missouri Compromise • c. its denunciation of Roman Catholic immigrants • d. its call for immediate emancipation of all slaves • e. its move to annex Cuba for the expansion of American slavery

What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians? • a. To train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers. • b. To prepare them for reservation life. • c. To civilize the Indians, making them "American" as whites defined the term. • d. To convert them to Christianity so that they would become missionaries on the reservations. • e. To prepare them to enlist in the U.S. military.

When Birmingham police chief Bull Connor used nightsticks, high-pressure hoses, and attack dogs on young civil rights protesters: • a. U.S. attorney general Robert Kennedy asked Martin Luther King Jr. to stop the protests. • b. there was a public outcry only in the North. • c. there was a wave of revulsion globally. • d. President Kennedy abandoned his support for the civil rights movement. • e. there was little public response.

Which was NOT part of the Populist platform? • a. A graduated income tax. • b. Workers' right to form unions. • c. Higher tariffs. • d. Government ownership of railroads. • e. Direct election of U.S. senators.

Yuppie" was a term for: • a. the conservative youth of the 1970s. • b. counterculture hippies of the 1960s. • c. wealthy, young urban professionals of the 1980s. • d. politically conscious students of the 1960s. • e. senior citizens who favored Reagan's policies in the 1980s.

In Supply Side Economics (Reaganomics, Trickle-Down Economics), what is the big economic tool that you use?

cutting taxes

After the Civil War, which of the following became a symbol of a life of freedom on the open range? • a. Buffalo. • b. Pony Express riders. • c. Pioneers. • d. Cowboys. • e. Indians.

America's empire in the early twentieth century was all of the following EXCEPT: • a. cultural. • b. commercial. • c. economic. • d. territorial. • e. intellectual.

As president, Woodrow Wilson: • a. pledged to continue Dollar Diplomacy. • b. never resorted to military intervention abroad. • c. pledged to stay out of Latin America and kept his word. • d. believed that the export of U.S. manufactured goods went hand in hand with the spread of democracy. • e. emphasized the profit aspect of foreign trade.

As war broke out in Europe, Americans: • a. supported U.S. involvement. • b. were rather ambivalent. • c. mostly supported the Germans. • d. were deeply divided. • e. mostly supported the British.

Between 1950 and 1970, suburbanization: • a. eased racial tensions in American cities. • b. encouraged a revitalization of American cities. • c. was the theme of the Broadway musical West Side Story. • d. hardened racial divisions in American life. • e. encouraged Puerto Rican immigration.

Bonanza farms: • a. were settled along the railroad lines of the Union Pacific. • b. were small, self-sufficient farms. • c. were the sharecropping farms found in the South. • d. typically had thousands of acres of land or more. • e. were free homesteads in California.

By 1935, the New Deal: • a. had the full support of the Supreme Court. • b. had ended the Depression. • c. was validated in the United States v. Butler decision. • d. faced mounting pressures and criticism. • e. was declared unconstitutional.

December 7, 1941, is known as a "date that will live in infamy," referring to: • a. Jeannette Rankin's vote against a declaration of war. • b. the German invasion of Poland. • c. the Japanese assault on Indochina. • d. the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. • e. the German declaration of war against the United States.

During World War I, the federal government: • a. intervened minimally in the economy. • b. established the minimum wage and the eight-hour day. • c. encouraged farmers only to produce for American consumption. • d. increased corporate and individual income taxes. • e. pursued a laissez-faire economic policy.

During the 1920s, consumer goods: • a. had little impact on American life. • b. were marketed only to wealthy Americans. • c. included vacuum cleaners and washing machines, which Americans paid for exclusively in cash. • d. were frequently purchased on credit. • e. increased the demand for domestic servants.

During the 1950s, Americans: • a. encouraged women to choose careers over marriage. • b. stressed the importance of a college education, especially for women. • c. tended to marry later in life than did previous generations. • d. on average married younger and had more children than previous generations. • e. experienced a declining birth rate.

Economically, the Civil War led to: • a. the building of a transcontinental railroad, completely through private financing. • b. a tariff reduction to attract foreign goods to make up for the decline in domestic production. • c. the creation of the Third Bank of the United States, despite opposition from old Jacksonian Democrats. • d. the emergence of a nation-state committed to national economic development. • e. a decline in prosperity for North and South alike.

For most women workers, World War II: • a. permanently changed the way unions viewed them. • b. did not increase employment rates, especially for married women. • c. permanently changed the way employers viewed them. • d. allowed them to make temporary gains. • e. had little impact.

In 1938, Congress established the House Un-American Activities Committee, which: • a. focused on racism and white supremacy in the South. • b. focused only on communists. • c. was part of the expanded notion of civil liberties under the New Deal. • d. included liberals and unionists in its definition of "un-American." • e. focused on fascism and ultranationalists.

In 1948, Eleanor Roosevelt chaired a committee to draft the: • a. GI Bill of Rights. • b. Economic Bill of Rights. • c. Declaration of the Rights of Man. • d. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. • e. Civil Rights Act.

In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court: • a. validated the liberty of contract. • b. outlawed child labor for children under the age of sixteen. • c. refused to limit work hours for male bakers. • d. argued that women were too weak to work long hours. • e. gave labor the right to strike.

In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court: • a. supported the right of women to vote. • b. ruled that "separate but equal" accommodations were unconstitutional. • c. supported the right of African-Americans to vote. • d. ruled that "separate but equal" accommodations were constitutional. • e. supported the right of workers to join unions.

In a historic move, in 1972 President Nixon opened diplomatic relations with: • a. The Soviet Union. • b. Taiwan. • c. North Vietnam. • d. China. • e. Cuba.

In the United States during World War II: • a. income taxes increased only for the wealthy. • b. little was done to regulate the economy. • c. the actual size of the federal government shrank as the New Deal ended. • d. unemployment declined, production soared, and income taxes increased. • e. the economy grew only slightly.

In their 1929 study, Middletown, Robert and Helen Lynd: • a. based their findings on a study of Chicago. • b. found that Americans were increasingly involved in local politics. • c. noted the increase in voter participation with the enfranchisement of women. • d. argued that leisure and consumption had replaced political involvement. • e. based their findings on a study of Los Angeles and New York City.

Jerry Falwell created the: • a. Christian Majority. • b. Feminist Majority. • c. Silent Majority. • d. Moral Majority. • e. Super-Majority.

Most Progressives saw World War I as a golden opportunity because: • a. they saw an opportunity to completely restrict immigration. • b. it offered blacks a chance for economic improvement through defense jobs. • c. they supported the socialist ideas of Vladimir Lenin. • d. they hoped to disseminate Progressive values around the globe. • e. they believed that the United States would profit from the war.

Newspaper and magazine writers who exposed the ills of industrial and urban life, fueling the Progressive movement, were known as: • a. yellow journalists. • b. freelancers. • c. social reformers. • d. muckrakers. • e. trustees.

Operation Dixie was: • a. the mass return of African-Americans to the South after World War II. • b. the congressional effort to outlaw lynching. • c. an effort to increase black suffrage. • d. the postwar union campaign in the South. • e. a postwar strike wave.

The Popular Front: • a. was created when the Communist Party was absorbed by the Democrats. • b. was a conservative challenge to New Deal liberalism. • c. was the Democratic Party's campaign slogan in the 1930s. • d. was a political and cultural movement associated with the Communist Party. • e. arose in response to the rise of fascism in America.

Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment, like Phyllis Schlafly, argued that the passage of the ERA would: • a. be amended so as to exclude women from being drafted into the armed forces. • b. elevate women to a superior class, allowing women to outnumber men in politics, professional jobs, and higher education programs within a decade. • c. finally make women truly equal citizens, a goal set forth at Seneca Falls over a century before. • d. take away a woman's right to be a housewife. • e. not change anything, and so its ratification would mean nothing.

Republican economic policies strongly favored: • a. midwestern farmers. • b. national consumers. • c. southern sharecroppers. • d. northern industrialists. • e. western silver mine owners.

Republican presidential candidate William McKinley: • a. lost to Bryan in 1896. • b. was a stage actor of some renown. • c. ran for president in 1896 on the free silver platform. • d. argued in favor of the gold standard. • e. was especially popular in the South.

Ronald Reagan's economic policy focused on: • a. reducing the federal debt. • b. high tariffs. • c. expanding trade with China. • d. tax cuts. • e. government spending on welfare.

The "Iron Curtain": • a. separated Japan from the rest of Asia. • b. separated the United States from the Soviet Union. • c. divided East and West Germany. • d. separated the free West from the communist East. • e. divided North and South Korea.

The 1965 Voting Rights Act: • a. banned discrimination at national party conventions. • b. was vetoed by President Johnson. • c. empowered local officials to supervise voter registration. • d. empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration. • e. was proposed but never passed by Congress.

The Eighteenth Amendment: • a. prohibited the manufacture and sale of any German products. • b. was never ratified. • c. barred states from passing laws prohibiting alcohol manufacture or sale. • d. prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. • e. protected the beer industry.

The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863: • a. was cited by Tennessee as the reason it rejoined the Union in 1864. • b. was very popular with voters associated with the Democratic Party. • c. was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court later that year. • d. did not apply to the border slave states that had not seceded. • e. freed slaves throughout the United States.

The Fourteenth Amendment: • a. specifically defined suffrage as one of the civil rights to which freedpeople were entitled. • b. passed despite the opposition of Charles Sumner. • c. placed into the U.S. Constitution an essential holding of the Dred Scott decision. • d. marked the most important change in the U.S. Constitution since the Bill of Rights. • e. represented a compromise between the moderate and conservative positions on race.

The GI Bill of Rights: • a. did not include health insurance. • b. extended benefits to very few veterans. • c. was unavailable for African-American veterans. • d. included scholarships for education for veterans. • e. was very limited in scope.

The Grange was an organization that: • a. opposed government regulation of shipping charges. • b. sought to raise railroad rates. • c. pushed for the eight-hour day. • d. established cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output. • e. pushed for railroads to acquire more land in the West.

The Great Depression was caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT: • a. an unequal distribution of wealth. • b. an agricultural recession throughout the decade. • c. a land speculation bubble in Florida. • d. increased government regulation of banking and the stock market. • e. stagnated sales in the auto and consumer goods industries after 1926.

The Industrial Workers of the World and most of the Socialist Party: • a. remained neutral. • b. supported U.S. entry into World War I. • c. encouraged their members to join in the war effort. • d. opposed the war. • e. worked with the Committee on Public Information.

The Lend-Lease Act: • a. authorized military aid to Germany and Japan. • b. excluded China. • c. maintained trade relations with Japan. • d. authorized military aid to those fighting against Germany and Japan. • e. excluded the Soviet Union.

The Marshall Plan: • a. was largely unsuccessful for lack of support from Congress. • b. provided economic assistance to the Soviets. • c. was limited in scope and focused on West Germany. • d. offered economic assistance to noncommunist governments. • e. was a U.S.-Soviet program to rebuild Europe.

The Port Huron Statement was to the Students for a Democratic Society what the _____________ was to the Young Americans for Freedom. • a. Pentagon Papers • b. Buckley Statement • c. Church Statement • d. Sharon Statement • e. Conscience of a Conservative

The Roosevelt Corollary: • a. claimed the right of the United States to act as a police power in Africa. • b. claimed the right of the United States to act as a police power in Asia. • c. contradicted the Monroe Doctrine. • d. claimed the right of the United States to act as a police power in the Western Hemisphere. • e. was also known as Dollar Diplomacy.

The Scopes trial illustrated a divide between: • a. feminism and machismo. • b. liberalism and conservatism. • c. Progressives and Democrats. • d. modernism and fundamentalism. • e. cultural diversity and nativism.

The Second New Deal: • a. focused on business recovery. • b. included no new taxes. • c. focused on economic relief. • d. focused on economic security. • e. focused on civil liberties.

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff: • a. improved the economy slightly in 1930. • b. increased international trade. • c. had no effect on the economy in 1930. • d. raised taxes on imported goods. • e. was vetoed by Hoover.

The Social Security Act of 1935: • a. covered all workers in industry and agriculture. • b. provided federal funding for the poor and needy. • c. was originally vetoed by President Roosevelt. • d. included pensions and unemployment relief. • e. was adopted from the British welfare system.

The Southern Manifesto: • a. rejected massive resistance. • b. argued that the Brown v. Board of Education decision reinforced southern customs and traditions. • c. argued that southern states should not fly the Confederate flag over state capitol buildings. • d. repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. • e. argued that the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was unconstitutional.

The Taft-Hartley Act: • a. strengthened the rights of organized labor. • b. was supported by President Truman. • c. banned right-to-work laws. • d. outlawed the closed shop. • e. legalized sympathy strikes.

The Thirteenth Amendment: • a. defined U.S. citizenship to include African-Americans. • b. specifically gave black men the right to vote. • c. set up a gradual plan of emancipation. • d. abolished slavery throughout the United States. • e. was strongly supported by Democrats in 1864.

The Wade-Davis Bill in 1864: • a. called for at least two-thirds of a southern state's voters to take a loyalty oath. • b. was the model for Lincoln's later Ten-Percent Plan. • c. received strong support from congressional Democrats but not from Republicans. • d. showed Radical Republicans' frustration with Lincoln's Reconstruction plan. • e. failed to receive sufficient votes in the Senate and therefore died.

The center of gravity of American farming after World War II shifted to: • a. Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi. • b. New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. • c. North Carolina and South Carolina. • d. Texas, Arizona, and California. • e. Oregon and Washington.

The double-V campaign was: • a. not supported by the NAACP. • b. the Allied war efforts in Europe and Asia. • c. the effort to end discrimination against Mexican immigrants and blacks. • d. the effort to end discrimination against blacks while fighting fascism. • e. women's struggle for acceptance as industrial workers and mothers.

The economic condition known as stagflation was caused by: • a. stagnant economic growth and low inflation. • b. high income tax rates. • c. declining oil prices. • d. stagnant economic growth and high inflation. • e. low inflation rates.

The trial and execution of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti demonstrated that: • a. the political weight of immigrant communities declined after World War I. • b. the 1920s was a decade of reconciliation. • c. the Red Scare led to the suspension of constitutional freedoms. • d. the Red Scare extended into the 1920s. • e. antiradical sentiment declined following World War I.

Under the bracero program: • a. marriages between Mexicans and Americans were banned. • b. Mexican immigrants were eligible for citizenship. • c. Indians were encouraged to leave their reservations. • d. Mexicans were encouraged to immigrate, but they were denied the right of citizenship. • e. Mexican immigrants were denied entry to the United States.

What set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic? • a. The Eisenhower Doctrine. • b. The Marshall Plan. • c. The Atlantic Charter. • d. The Truman Doctrine. • e. NSC-68.

What was the attitude of the New Left toward university professors, as seen in the Port Huron Statement? • a. They saw them as leaders in the antiwar movement. • b. They saw them as the bearers of liberal knowledge and reform. • c. They were skeptical of them since most professors were older than thirty. • d. They thought them puppets of the military-industrial complex. • e. They had tremendous respect for them.

What was the organization called that Martin Luther King Jr. established after the Montgomery Bus Boycott? • a. Urban League. • b. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). • c. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). • d. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). • e. Congress for Racial Equality (CORE).

What were the results of the U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia in 1970? • a. South Vietnam gained increasing influence over a weak neighbor. • b. The impressive military action convinced Communist China to approach the United States. • c. The invasion toppled Cambodia's communist government. • d. The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime. • e. The Viet Cong lost access to its Ho Chi Minh Trail.

When Eugene Debs was sentenced under the Espionage Act, what did he tell the jury? • a. That Woodrow Wilson was an inept president who ought to be sentenced for sending young men into battle. • b. That as a Socialist he rejected the Constitution of the United States. • c. That he was not a communist spy as had been charged and that he had been wrongly accused by his political opponents. • d. That Americans in the past who spoke out against colonialism, slavery, or the Mexican War were not indicted or charged with treason. • e. That he was happy to serve as a martyr for his cause, like John Brown had before him.

Which nation held fifty-three Americans hostage from November 1979 until January 1981? • a. Saudi Arabia. • b. El Salvador. • c. Libya. • d. Iran. • e. Nicaragua.

Which statement about the Haymarket Affair is FALSE? a. Laborers were gathered at Haymarket Square to demonstrate for an eight-hour day. b. Seven of the eight men accused of plotting the Haymarket bombing were foreign born. c. Employers took the opportunity to paint the labor movement as a dangerous and un-American force prone to violence and controlled by foreign-born radicals. d. The Knights of Labor was directly responsible for the violence that took place at Haymarket. e. A bomb exploded, killing a police officer.

Which statement about the People's Party is FALSE? • a. It emerged from the Farmers Alliance in the 1890s and claimed to speak for all the "producing classes." • b. It embarked on a remarkable effort of community organization and education. • c. Its platform of 1892 remains a classic document of American reform, advocating radical ideas of the day such as graduated income tax and increased democracy. • d. It emerged as an urban, middle-class vehicle for social, economic, and political reform. • e. It sought to rethink the relationship between freedom and government in order to address the crisis of the1890s.

Which statement is true about the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)? • a. It was established in 1945, immediately after the war. • b. The Soviet Union had tried in vain to be a member of NATO. • c. This was one of many long-term military alliances between the United States and Europe. • d. All the members pledged mutual defense against any future Soviet attack. • e. The members refused to let West Germany join.

Which was NOT a New Deal program? • a. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. • b. The Civilian Conservation Corps. • c. The Works Progress Administration. • d. The Congress of Industrial Organizations. • e. The National Recovery Administration.

Who led a black separatist movement? • a. W. E. B. Du Bois. • b. Frederick Douglass. • c. Langston Hughes. • d. Marcus Garvey. • e. Booker T. Washington.

Why did Eisenhower intervene in Vietnam? • a. To support the Vietnamese people in their opposition to colonial rule. • b. To prevent the Japanese from colonizing Vietnam. • c. To prevent the French from restoring colonial rule. • d. To prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist nation. • e. To support Ho Chi Minh's nationalist movement.

William Jennings Bryan: • a. ran as a Republican and a Populist in 1896. • b. was especially popular in the Northeast. • c. argued in favor of the gold standard. • d. ran for president in 1896 on the free silver platform. • e. wrote utopian novels.

Wilson's Fourteen Points included all of the following principles EXCEPT: • a. self-determination for all nations. • b. freedom of the seas. • c. open diplomacy. • d. an end to colonization. • e. free trade.

A worker who crossed a picket line during a strike was called a: • a. socialist. • b. dodger. • c. breaker. • d. scum. • e. scab.

After World War II, the only nation that could rival the United States was: • a. Germany. • b. France. • c. Japan. • d. Great Britain. • e. the Soviet Union.

As a Progressive president, Theodore Roosevelt: • a. established the Federal Reserve system. • b. dismantled the Interstate Commerce Commission. • c. demanded less economic regulation. • d. supported the interests of big business. • e. supported the conservation movement.

At the Yalta conference in 1945: • a. Stalin agreed to enter the war against the Japanese immediately. • b. Stalin was denied permission to maintain control of the Baltic states. • c. Churchill agreed to end British colonial control of India. • d. no plans were made regarding Poland. • e. wartime American-Soviet cooperation was at its peak.

Crédit Mobiler and the Whiskey Ring: • a. were owned by Andrew Carnegie. • b. were involved in steel production. • c. donated money to the poor. • d. were international corporations. • e. were indicative of the corruption in the Grant administration.

During World War II, American Indians: • a. collaborated with the Japanese. • b. became more isolated within American society. • c. prospered, especially those on reservations. • d. were eligible for GI Bill benefits only if living on a reservation. • e. served in the military and worked in war production.

During the 1930s, the Good Neighbor Policy: • a. was a foreign policy that assisted in democratic revolutions. • b. included a continued U.S. military presence in Haiti and Nicaragua. • c. maintained the right of American military intervention in Latin America. • d. included the renewal of the Platt Amendment. • e. was a foreign policy based on the recognition of the autonomy of Latin American countries.

During the 1970s, conservatives: • a. appealed primarily to urban Americans. • b. made little progress. • c. continued their overt opposition to the black struggle for racial justice. • d. employed the fiery rhetoric and direct confrontation tactics of Bull Connor and George Wallace. • e. insisted on more local control and resisted the power of the federal government.

During the Civil War, northern Protestant ministers: • a. were generally opposed to the goals of the Lincoln administration. • b. usually preached sermons that emphasized the needlessness of the war. • c. raised hundreds of thousands of dollars to assist Confederates in order to show they loved their enemies. • d. organized a major pacifist campaign to end the war by Christmas 1862. • e. helped create a civic religion combining Christianity and patriotism.

Eugene V. Debs was: • a. elected vice president in 1912. • b. a Social Darwinist. • c. an immigrant. • d. a railroad tycoon. • e. a Socialist candidate for president.

Farmers believed that their plight derived from all of the following EXCEPT: • a. the high tariff policies of the federal government. • b. excessive interest rates for loans from bankers. • c. high freight rates charged by railroads. • d. the fiscal policy that reduced the supply of money in the economy. • e. the free and unlimited coinage of silver.

In 1912, New Freedom: • a. was Eugene Debs's campaign pledge that government should abolish all private property. • b. was the campaign slogan of the women's suffrage movement. • c. was Theodore Roosevelt's campaign pledge that government should have a greater regulatory role. • d. was a term coined by Margaret Sanger for the birth-control movement. • e. was Woodrow Wilson's campaign pledge that government should renew economic competition with less government intervention.

In Brown v. Board of Education, what was Thurgood Marshall's main argument before the Supreme Court? • a. That Plessy v. Ferguson was an outdated ruling that needed to be updated. • b. That the time had come to implement the promises of Reconstruction. • c. That children ought to attend the school that is closest to them, and Linda Brown lived within a mile of the "white" school and should be able to attend that school. • d. That the white, southern politicians did not adequately provide for black schools, thereby violating the "but equal" part of the Plessy ruling. • e. That segregation did lifelong damage to black children, undermining their self-esteem.

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that: • a. race could no longer be used as a factor in college admissions. • b. affirmative action was unconstitutional. • c. racial quotas for college admissions were constitutional. • d. gender could no longer be used as a factor in college admissions. • e. fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional.

In his 1961 farewell address, President Eisenhower warned Americans about: • a. the increase in juvenile delinquency. • b. environmental hazards. • c. the slow pace of the civil rights movement. • d. the rise of organized crime. • e. the military-industrial complex.

In his Atlanta speech of 1895, Booker T. Washington: • a. opposed vocational education for blacks. • b. continued the abolitionist political tradition. • c. called for political equality. • d. fought against segregation. • e. encouraged blacks to adjust to segregation.

In the Ex parte Milligan case, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that: • a. secession was unconstitutional. • b. Congress, not the president, has the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. • c. Milligan should be hanged for writing pro-Confederate editorials during the Civil War. • d. a president could order the jailing of civilians for any reason whatsoever during wartime. • e. accused persons must be tried before civil courts where there were open rather than military tribunals.

In the early twentieth century, the Socialist Party advocated for all of the following EXCEPT: • a. public ownership of factories. • b. free college education. • c. legislation to improve the condition of laborers. • d. public ownership of railroads. • e. national health insurance.

Journalists who worked for newspapers like William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal, which sensationalized events to sell papers, were called: • a. trustees. • b. social reformers. • c. freelancers. • d. muckrakers. • e. yellow journalists.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: • a. received a fair trial and sentence. • b. plotted to assassinate the president. • c. were found innocent and soon released. • d. were deported to the Soviet Union. • e. were executed after a questionable trial.

Keynesian economics: • a. focused on economic planning. • b. relied on limited government spending. • c. was rejected by Roosevelt as unworkable. • d. was based on maintaining a balanced budget. • e. relied on large-scale government spending.

Liberalism during the New Deal came to be understood as: • a. workers' ownership of the means of production. • b. a trust in the government to regulate personal behavior. • c. limited government and free market enterprise. • d. individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism. • e. active government to uplift less fortunate members of society.

Lincoln's issuance of an emancipation proclamation: • a. won universal support throughout the North. • b. led Great Britain to recognize the independence of the Confederate States of America. • c. led to a strong Republican showing in the congressional and state elections of 1862. • d. was delayed on the advice of General George McClellan. • e. followed the narrow Union victory in the Battle of Antietam.

Lyndon Johnson remarked, "I think we delivered the South to the Republican Party" after: • a. implementation of the Great Society program. • b. passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. • c. agreeing to meet with Martin Luther King Jr. • d. sending troops to Vietnam. • e. passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" declared that: • a. he was abandoning his policy of civil disobedience and peaceful demonstration. • b. the civil rights movement had become too violent and had to stop. • c. the federal government was solely responsible for the violence in the South. • d. the white clergy in the South had done a tremendous job at fighting Jim Crow. • e. the white moderate had to put aside his fear of disorder and commit to racial justice.

Organized labor assisted in the war effort by: • a. asking Congress to abolish Social Security. • b. joining the army. • c. accepting wage cuts. • d. decreasing union membership. • e. agreeing to a no-strike pledge.

President Carter's foreign policy emphasized: • a. the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America. • b. an increased military presence in Southeast Asia. • c. the policy of containment. • d. the need to fight communism around the world. • e. human rights as a diplomatic priority.

Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren rejected adding Texas to the United States because: • a. the Mexican army's resounding victory at the Alamo made them fearful of antagonizing a powerful government. • b. the Texas Republic's congress opposed joining the United States, preferring to stay independent. • c. Henry Clay wanted to add it and, as the Whig leader, he was their sworn enemy. • d. the population of Texas was too small to justify it. • e. the presence of slaves there would reignite the issue of slavery, and they preferred to avoid it.

Reagan's economic policies: • a. expanded food stamps and school lunch programs. • b. enlarged government revenue. • c. strengthened labor unions. • d. decreased the national debt. • e. resulted in a rise in economic inequality.

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles's policy of massive retaliation: • a. applied only to communist China. • b. calmed the American public's fear of nuclear war. • c. eased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. • d. was part of the effort to rely more on conventional forces. • e. declared that any Soviet attack would be countered by a nuclear attack.

The Cuban Missile Crisis: • a. occurred when Cuba threatened to attack the United States. • b. revolved around the placement of missiles in the United States. • c. brought the United States into Vietnam. • d. revolved around the placement of missiles in the Soviet Union. • e. brought the United States and the Soviets to the brink of nuclear war.

The Dawes Act of 1887: • a. outlawed the killing of the buffalo. • b. was considered a success by the Indians. • c. ended the Indian wars in the West. • d. placed Indians on reservations. • e. divided tribal lands into parcels of land for Indian families.

The Freedom Rides: • a. were ignored by law enforcement and the public in the South • b. were the journeys made by blacks as part of their mass migration to the North. • c. had little effect on segregation in the South. • d. were successful only in the North. • e. were launched by CORE to desegregate interstate bus travel.

The Harlem Renaissance: • a. included singers such as Etta James and Dinah Washington. • b. downplayed racism in America. • c. privileged African heritage over the Southern experience. • d. represented a rejection of capitalism. • e. included writers and poets such as Langston Hughes and Claude McKay.

The Moral Majority: • a. favored decreasing military spending. • b. wanted divorces to be easier to obtain. • c. focused on taxes and the federal debt. • d. favored abortion rights. • e. feared family values were being undermined.

The National Industrial Recovery Act: • a. established codes that continued the open-shop policies of the 1920s. • b. was an economic policy later adopted successfully in Hitler's Germany. • c. encouraged "cutthroat" competition between businesses. • d. was never passed. • e. established codes that set standards for production, prices, and wages in several industries.

The Nineteenth Amendment: • a. was never ratified. • b. barred states from using race as a qualification for voting. • c. prohibited states from denying Chinese immigrants the right to vote. • d. prohibited states from denying any immigrants the right to vote. • e. barred states from using sex as a qualification for voting.

The Share Our Wealth movement was: • a. introduced by Franklin Roosevelt as part of the New Deal. • b. led by Dr. Francis Townsend and directed at Americans over the age of sixty. • c. led by Henry Ford and directed at auto manufacturers. • d. led by Father Charles E. Coughlin and directed at Catholics. • e. led by Louisiana senator Huey Long and gained a national following.

The Teapot Dome scandal involved: • a. the attorney general, who took bribes not to prosecute accused criminals. • b. President Harding's illicit affair with a young woman. • c. the Veterans' Bureau, which took bribes from the sale of government supplies. • d. Herbert Hoover, who received money in exchange for granting favored trading status to Great Britain. • e. the secretary of the interior, who received money in exchange for leasing government oil reserves to private companies.

The battle for free speech among workers in the early twentieth century: • a. was led by the American Federation of Labor. • b. was not an issue of concern to most workers. • c. was insignificant because the courts consistently supported workers' rights to assemble, organize, and spread their views. • d. was never successful on the local level. • e. was led by the Industrial Workers of the World.

The new concepts of a "living wage" and the "American standard of living": • a. argued that economic and ethical concerns were unrelated. • b. were unrelated to the rise of mass consumption. • c. reflected America's growing interest in socialism. • d. argued that all Americans should be wealthy. • e. allowed for criticism of the inequalities of wealth and power.

The term "Fordism": • a. refers to Henry Ford's invention of the automobile. • b. was used by labor unions, who hailed Ford's innovative approach. • c. refers to Henry Ford's effort to organize workers into a union. • d. describes an economic system based on limited production of high-end goods. • e. describes an economic system based on mass production and mass consumption.

The term used to describe developing countries that refused to align with either of the two Cold War powers was: • a. "quasi countries." • b. "nation-building countries." • c. "processing countries." • d. "underdeveloped countries." • e. "Third World countries."

The word "Progressivism" came into common use around 1910: • a. as another term for socialism. • b. and represented those who advocated revolution. • c. denoting a group that appealed only to women. • d. as an antibusiness term. • e. as a way of describing a loosely defined political movement.

To combat communism, one of John Kennedy's first acts was to: • a. call for a summit meeting between the two superpowers. • b. suggest a ban on nuclear weapons. • c. increase military spending on ballistic missiles. • d. deploy combat troops to Vietnam. • e. establish the Peace Corps.

To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant: • a. racial equality and the end of a segregated society. • b. first and foremost a moral condition. • c. what it did in the late eighteenth century—the right to own property and to vote. • d. using government as a vehicle for social reform, ensuring an equal distribution of wealth. • e. individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.

What ended the Great Depression? • a. The rebound of the stock market. • b. New Deal programs. • c. Laissez-faire government. • d. A bailout by J. P. Morgan. • e. World War II spending.

What event forced John F. Kennedy to take meaningful action in support of the civil rights movement? • a. Freedom Summer campaign. • b. March on Washington rally. • c. Greensboro sit-ins. • d. Selma-to-Birmingham March. • e. King's demonstrations in Birmingham.

What reason did the Hollywood Ten give for not cooperating with the HUAC hearings? • a. As Republicans, they were insulted that their loyalty was being questioned. • b. They were all busy making movies and did not have time to attend the hearings. • c. They were all communists and did want to indict themselves. • d. Ronald Reagan had threatened that they would lose their jobs if they cooperated. • e. They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment.

What replaced liberty of contract as the judicial foundation of freedom by the end of the New Deal? • a. Personal freedom. • b. Suffrage. • c. Ownership of property. • d. Christian liberty. • e. Civil liberties.

What was the "final solution"? • a. Joseph Stalin's plan to spread communism throughout the world. • b. Japan's plan to attack Pearl Harbor. • c. The United States' plan for the atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan. • d. The Allied operation for D-Day. • e. Adolf Hitler's plan to mass-exterminate "undesirable" peoples.

Which Supreme Court decision did Brown overturn? • a. Lochner v. New York. • b. Roe v. Wade. • c. Yick Wo v. Hopkins. • d. Muller v. Oregon. • e. Plessy v. Ferguson.

Which civil rights measure was enacted during Truman's administration? • a. Establishment of a permanent federal civil rights commission. • b. Protection for equal access to jobs and education. • c. Federal law against poll taxes. • d. Federal law against lynching. • e. Desegregation of the armed forces.

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Compromise of 1850? • a. The slave trade would be abolished in Washington, D.C. • b. California would enter the Union as a free state. • c. A tougher fugitive slave law would be enacted. • d. The Oregon Territory would be created. • e. Territories created from the Mexican Cession would vote on whether to allow slavery.

Which program employed white-collar workers and professionals, including doctors, writers, and artists? • a. The National Recovery Administration. • b. The Tennessee Valley Authority. • c. The Civilian Conservation Corps. • d. The Wagner Act. • e. The Works Progress Administration.

Which statement about industry is FALSE? • a. By the mid-1950s, white-collar workers outnumbered blue-collar factory and manual laborers. • b. Since the 1950s, the American economy has shifted away from manufacturing. • c. New England benefited from the growth in the construction of aircraft engines and submarines. • d. The unions' success in raising wages inspired employers to mechanize more and more elements of manufacturing in order to reduce labor costs. • e. The West did not benefit from the industries that sprang up from the Cold War.

Which statement best describes Huey Long, Upton Sinclair, and Dr. Francis Townsend? • a. They all ended up in jail during World War II for having communist sympathies. • b. Despite representing interesting movements, none of them had much of a following. • c. They were all supported by the Republican Party. • d. Each was a socialist radical. • e. They all challenged Roosevelt to move further to the left of center.

Which statement best describes how the white South reacted to the Brown v. Board of Education decision? • a. While the general public was outraged, southern congressional politicians supported the Supreme Court's decisions. • b. Southerners took it in stride, recognizing that the time had come for change. • c. In opposition to integration, white southerners often burned down schools. • d. Southerners worked closely with the NAACP, cooperating when they could to integrate schools. • e. Some states closed the public schools rather than integrate, and offered white children the choice to opt out of integrated schools.

Which was the Ellis Island of the West? • a. Alcatraz. • b. San Francisco. • c. San Diego. • d. Liberty Island. • e. Angel Island.

Who is considered the founder of fascism? • a. Adolf Hitler. • b. Francisco Franco. • c. Hideki Tojo. • d. Joseph Stalin. • e. Benito Mussolini.

Why were American diplomats particularly dismayed that the Soviets had installed a procommunist government in Poland in 1945? • a. The Soviet Union had ruled Poland brutally prior to the war and was responsible for most of the killings that took place there in the war. • b. Poland had significant oil reserves that British and U.S. interests had planned to tap in an expanded Baltic Trade Agreement after the war. • c. U.S. forces had hoped to include Poland in the Western European security pact that later became known at NATO. • d. Americans feared that Soviet control of Poland would make it easier for the Red Army to capture and control all of Germany. • e. Stalin had promised Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt at Yalta that he would allow a democratic government in Poland.

William Levitt, with the help of the GI Bill, gave many Americans the opportunity to • a. advance within the military. • b. buy a car. • c. buy a gray flannel suit. • d. get an education. • e. buy a home.

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