APUSH Semester Test

"For more than four centuries, the communities formed by escaped slaves dotted the fringes of plantation America... Maroons and their communities were ... a widespread and embarrassingly visible part of these systems. The very nature of plantation slavery engendered violence and resistance, and the wilderness setting of early New World plantations allowed marronage ... Throughout Afro-America, such communities stood out as an heroic challenge to white authority, and as living proof of a slave consciousness that refused to be limited by the whites' definition and manipulation of it." Richard Price, "Maroons: Rebel Slaves in the Americas" 1992 The existence of communities like those described by Richard Price in the passage above most clearly demonstrates A) the strength of attempts by Africans in the Americas to maintain cultural autonomy. B) the devastating impact that disease and abuse would have on the culture of transplanted Africans. C) the lack of options for most enslaved Africans once under the power of the plantation system. D) Europeans' challenges in developing economically viable colonies.

A) the strength of attempts by Africans in the Americas to maintain cultural autonomy

Questions 4-7 refer to the following map: part 2 Which of the following groups would have advocated most strongly for government support of the trend revealed by the map? a. New England merchants b. Middle-class farmers in the Old Northwest c. Free African Americans d. British investors

.b. Middle-class farmers in the Old Northwest

*Short Answer Part 3:* Answer a, b, and c. A) Briefly explain why ONE of the following was the most significant cause of rising sectional tensions between the North and the South in the 1840s and 1850s. - Economic differences - Political differences - Cultural differences B) Provide ONE piece of evidence to support your explanation. C) Briefly explain why one of the other options is not as persuasive as the one you chose.

A) cultural B) Texas becoming slave state or not C) economic: North and south were both rich

What was the major effect of the introduction of Sugar to the New World A) It led to the development of race-based labor systems. B) It led to the integration of Native American economies into a global system. C) It made Europeans turn away from trade with Africa. D) It turned North America into a global leader in sugar production.

A) it led to the development of race- based labor systems

Questions 4-7 refer to the following map: part 2 During the first half of the nineteenth century, what motivated Americans to continue the trend illustrated in the map above? a. Access to valuable resources that would fuel American development b. The development of a cohesive national identity and the subsequent reduction of regionalism c. The advancement of the rights and liberties of new groups incorporated into the United States d. Opening of significant trade relations with Central and South American nations

a. Access to valuable resources that would fuel American development

Questions 4-7 refer to the following image: Part 3 The painting above depicts the influence of which movement in American history? a. Manifest Destiny b. Industrial Revolution c. Second Great Awakening d. Abolitionism

a. Manifest Destiny

Questions 4-7 refer to the following map: part 2 The trend shown in this map contributed most significantly to a. the debate over federal support of northern industries. b. the debate over national oversight over state policies. c. the debate over the status of slavery in newly acquired territories. d. the debate over relations with the British.

c. the debate over the status of slavery in newly acquired territories.

Questions 4-7 refer to the following map: part 2 Which of the following developments most directly encouraged the trend revealed in the map above during the United States' first half-century? a. Improvements in transportation technology b. Peaceful relations with major Native American tribes c. Congressional prohibitions on the expansion of slavery d. American isolation from foreign threats

a. Improvements in transportation technology

Questions 4-7 refer to the following image: Part 3 What impact would the movement celebrated in this painting have on the economy of the United States? a. The American focus on agricultural development would define the nation's economic activity for a century. b. Access to vast new resources gave the United States the means for rapid economic development. c. The self-sufficiency that this movement promoted resulted in a decline in the U.S. desire for international trade. d. Over time, regional economic specialization drowned out calls for a unified national economy.

b. Access to vast new resources gave the United States the means for rapid economic development.

What were the major environmental effect of the transfer of livestock like cows and pigs in the Columbian Exchange A) It led to environmental degradation in Europe as more land was cleared for grazing. B) The livestock allowed for new settlement patterns among Native Americans. C) The animals helped to maintain the social customs of Native American tribes. D) The animals sparked deadly epidemics because of the diseases they carried.

B) The livestock allowed for new settlement patterns among native americans

*Short Answer Part 2:* "When [and if] the people shall adopt the proposed Constitution, it will be their last and supreme act. Whenever this Constitution or any part of it shall be incompatible with the ancient customs, rights, the laws, or the state constitutions heretofore established in the United States, it will entirely abolish them and do them away.... [T]he government in this case being beneficial to the few, they will be exceedingly clever and adroit in preventing any measures which may lead to a change." — Newspaper essay by Richard Henry Lee, Federal Farmer (No. 4), 1787 "Among the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction. The instability, injustice and confusion introduced into the public councils have been the mortal diseases under which popular [democratic] governments have everywhere perished.... [T]he public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and measures are too often decided, ... by the superior force of an interested and over-bearing majority." — James Madison, Federalist Papers (No. 10), 1787 Use the passages above to answer a, b, and c. a) Briefly explain ONE major disagreement between James Madison and Richard Henry Lee as evidenced in these passages. b) Briefly explain ONE piece of evidence not found in the document from the years 1789-1860 that could be used to justify Richard Henry Lee's argument. c) Briefly explain ONE piece of evidence not found in the document from the years 1789-1860 that could be used to justify James Madison's argument.

a) B) C)

* Short Answer Part 1: * "The Spanish have a perfect right to rule these barbarians of the New World and the adjacent islands, who in prudence, skill, virtues, and humanity are as inferior to the Spanish as children to adults, or women to men; for there exists between the two as great a difference as between savage and cruel races and the most merciful, between the most intemperate [lacking in self-control] and the moderate and temperate, and, I might even say, between apes and men. ... Compare, then, these gifts of prudence, talent, magnanimity, temperance, humanity, and religion with those possessed by these half-men, in who you will barely find the vestiges of humanity." —Juan Gines de Sepulveda, Spanish Renaissance scholar, The Second Democrats, 1547 2. Answer a, b, and c. a.) Briefly explain ONE impact of the Seven Years' War on Great Britain. b.) Briefly explain ONE impact of the Seven Years' War on the American colonists. c.) Some historians contend that the conclusion of the Seven Years' War led directly to the split between the British and their North American colonists. Defend or refute this interpretation with ONE additional piece of evidence.

a) Impact 7 Years War GB- More land b) Impact 7 Years War US- forced unity c) Yes, didn't allow to use other land, intolerable acts (troops, raised taxes, etc.)

"Col. MASON. Slavery ... bring[s] the judgment of heaven on a Country. Mr. ELSWORTH. Let us not intermeddle. As population increases poor laborers will be so plenty as to render slaves useless. Slavery in time will not be a speck in our Country ... abolition has already taken place in Massachusetts. General PINKNEY. S. Carolina & Georgia cannot do without slaves. The more slaves, the more produce to employ the carrying trade; the more consumption also, and the more of this, the more of revenue for the common treasury. He ... should consider a rejection of the clause as an exclusion of S. Carola. from the Union." —James Madison, Notes from the Constitutional Convention, August 22, 1787 Which of the following best describes the impact of the decisions made by the Constitutional Convention regarding slavery following the debate excerpted to the left? A) Conflict over the issue was postponed via compromise, rather than resolved. B) The southern economy's viability was challenged, setting the stage for sectional conflict. C) Strong abolitionist sentiments from northern states led to the creation of civil rights protections. D) Fears about the size of government led the convention to forbid the national government from preventing the importation of slaves.

a. Conflict over the issue was postponed via compromise, rather than resolved.

"Between 1815 and 1850 Americans constructed elaborate networks of roads, canals, and early railroad lines; opened up wide areas of newly acquired land for settlement and trade; and began to industrialize manufacturing. What had been in Thomas Jefferson's day a backward rural nation on the fringes of world economic development had by midcentury established many of the preconditions necessary to its becoming a major economic power. In the 1950s George Rogers Taylor wrote what remains the authoritative account of these changes and dubbed them, collectively, America's 'transportation revolution.' ... Behind the technological and institutional innovations Taylor discussed was a deeper revolution in human relations, linked to the emergence of new markets in land, labor, and produce." —Sean Wilentz, historian, Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848, 1990 Which of the following most directly contributed to the revolution described in the passage above? a. Governmental efforts to support the growth of a unified, national economy b. Shifts in the structure of the economy of the Old South away from plantation-style agriculture c. A decline in immigration rates to the United States, particularly from European nations d. The final resolution of conflicts with several major American Indian tribes

a. Governmental efforts to support the growth of a unified, national economy

Questions 18-20 refer to the following cartoon: part 2 Which of the following conflicts of the 1840s is most directly revealed by the cartoon above? a. Nativists sought to limit the political power of immigrants, whom they saw as a debasing influence on society. b. Democratic voters opposed Whigs for their support among immigrant voters. c. Immigrants were often ostracized for their failure to embrace Catholicism. d. Many Americans felt that immigrants should have more significant influence in the United States.

a. Nativists sought to limit the political power of immigrants, whom they saw as a debasing influence on society.

"... wee must be knit together, in this worke, as one man, Wee must entertaine each other in brotherly affection. We must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the supply of others' necessities, Wee must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience and liberality, we must delight in eache other; make other;s conditions our owne; rejoice together, mourn together, labour and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the woke, as members of the same body... The eyes of all people are upon us, So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause him to withdraw his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a by world though the world." John Winthrop, "A Modell of Christian Charity," 1630 The passage above most directly reflects which of the following goals for establishing the colony? A) To create a community based on biblical principles in all areas of life B) To seek economic gain in every possible endeavor C)To create a liberal society based on individualist principles D)To create a society based on a utopian vision of sharing resources

a. To create a community based on biblical principles in all areas of life

"The Kansas Fever Exodus—the most remarkable migration in the United States after the Civil War—took some six thousand Blacks from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas to Kansas in the space of a few months .... Terrorism and poverty lay at the root of the Exodus .... The Exodusters .... [had an] implacable determination not to return to the South, despite the cold and hunger, despite their discovery that there was no free transportation to Kansas and no free land, and despite offers of free transportation back to the South .... A former state senator from Louisiana ... stressed that Exodusters were not migrants, but refugees 'fleeing from oppression and bondage.'" —Nell Irvin Painter, historian, Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction, 1992 Which of the following other groups moved west for reasons that most closely mirrored those explained in the passage above regarding the Exodusters? a. White settlers seeking the freedom to practice their faith without persecution b. Prospectors seeking economic opportunities in the West c. American Indians' hoping to challenge the expansion of white settlers d. Hispanic settlers moving out of the Southwest

a. White settlers seeking the freedom to practice their faith without persecution

"[I had] Instructions to Seize and Prosecute all Goods & Vessells trading contrary to Law. ... I performed my Duty with great diligence and zeal, but was alwaies opposed in open Court by the Magistrates, and my Seizures & prosecution (tho' made upon very plain Evidence) were ended ineffectuall, for the Juries... all [the members of which] Agreeing that the Power of the [Royal] Comrs of the Customes in matters of Trade, did not extend to their Colony.... they support themselves in an open violation of the Acts of Trade and will so continue to do...." —Edward Randolph, imperial agent, 1690 The passage above reveals that A) colonial merchants and officials resisted royal barriers to free trade. B) colonists sought to undermine the cultivation and sale of tobacco. C) the English government received a great amount of profit from trade. D) colonies had no functioning courts.

a. colonial merchants and officials resisted royal barriers to free trade

"I. Resolved, that the several States composing the United States of America ... delegated to [the national] government certain definite powers, reserving each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self government.... II.... therefore the act of Congress, passed on the 14th day of July, 1798 ... [is] altogether void ... and that the power to create, define, and punish such other crimes is reserved solely and exclusively to the respective States.... VIII.... that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact, to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits." — Thomas Jefferson, Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 The arguments made by Jefferson in this passage would be most directly reflected in the nineteenth-century debates over a. the scope of federal economic policies. b. the rise of popular democracy. c. abolition. d. the expansion of the nation's borders.

a. the scope of federal economic policies.

Horses, which came to the New World in the Columbian Exchange... a) allowed Spanish conquerors to easily prevail over the Native Americans they encountered. b) were adopted by Plains Indians and transformed the way they hunted. c) improved European farming productivity, which led to population growth. d) made the buffalo less of a necessity for Native Americans.

b) were adopted by Plains Indians and transformed the way they hunted

"[I had] Instructions to Seize and Prosecute all Goods & Vessells trading contrary to Law. ... I performed my Duty with great diligence and zeal, but was alwaies opposed in open Court by the Magistrates, and my Seizures & prosecution (tho' made upon very plain Evidence) were ended ineffectuall, for the Juries... all [the members of which] Agreeing that the Power of the [Royal] Comrs of the Customes in matters of Trade, did not extend to their Colony.... they support themselves in an open violation of the Acts of Trade and will so continue to do...." —Edward Randolph, imperial agent, 1690 The seventeenth-century trade regulations referenced in the passage above were passed as a result of which of the following? A) Colonial attempts at independence movements B) Growing competition from European colonial powers C) A decrease in the size and power of England's overseas empire D) Threats from American Indian groups in the colonial backcountry

b. Growing competition from European colonial powers

Questions 4-7 refer to the following image: Part 3 Which of the following conflicts was most directly intensified by the popularity of the perspective of this painting? a. Political conflict over the doctrine of nullification and states' rights b. Land disputes with Native Americans and Mexican Americans c. Clashes over the relative power granted to big businesses by the American government d. Protests by environmentalists, who feared that environmental protections were inadequate

b. Land disputes with Native Americans and Mexican Americans

"Between 1815 and 1850 Americans constructed elaborate networks of roads, canals, and early railroad lines; opened up wide areas of newly acquired land for settlement and trade; and began to industrialize manufacturing. What had been in Thomas Jefferson's day a backward rural nation on the fringes of world economic development had by midcentury established many of the preconditions necessary to its becoming a major economic power. In the 1950s George Rogers Taylor wrote what remains the authoritative account of these changes and dubbed them, collectively, America's 'transportation revolution.' ... Behind the technological and institutional innovations Taylor discussed was a deeper revolution in human relations, linked to the emergence of new markets in land, labor, and produce." —Sean Wilentz, historian, Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848, 1990 Which of the following demographic changes was most directly caused by the developments described by the passage? a. Increasing American birthrates b. Rapid population growth along the frontier c. The growth of the population of immigrants from Asia d. The nation's shift to being a majority urban nation

b. Rapid population growth along the frontier

"For more than four centuries, the communities formed by escaped slaves dotted the fringes of plantation America... Maroons and their communities were ... a widespread and embarrassingly visible part of these systems. The very nature of plantation slavery engendered violence and resistance, and the wilderness setting of early New World plantations allowed marronage ... Throughout Afro-America, such communities stood out as an heroic challenge to white authority, and as living proof of a slave consciousness that refused to be limited by the whites' definition and manipulation of it." Richard Price, "Maroons: Rebel Slaves in the Americas" 1992 Which of the following factors explains the existence of the communities described in the passage? A) The development of a strong movement in opposition to the institution of slavery from within the plantation society B) The Africans' ability to preserve cultural autonomy C) The disorienting effect of transplantation from Africa to the Americas D) The similarity of the climates of West Africa and the Caribbean colonies

b. The Africans' ability to preserve cultural autonomy

"THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS The members of this congress, sincerely devoted, with the warmest sentiments of affection and duty to His Majesty's person and government 2d. That His Majesty's liege subjects in these colonies are entitled to all the inherent rights and privileges of his natural born subjects within the kingdom of Great Britain. 3d. That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted rights of Englishmen, that no taxes should be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives. 5th. That the only representatives of the people of these colonies are persons chosen therein, by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been or can be constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures." —Stamp Act Congress, 1765 Which of the following best explains why the colonists created this document in 1765? A) The hardships of colonial wars led the colonists to appeal to the British for aid. B) The British made renewed efforts to consolidate their rule of the colonies and reap the economic benefits of imperial control. C) The colonies were deeply divided over how best to react to British policies in the 1760s. D) International movements for independence inspired the colonists to renounce their British citizenship.

b. The British made renewed efforts to consolidate their rule of the colonies and reap the economic benefits of imperial control

Questions 18-20 refer to the following cartoon: part 2 Which of the following details would most greatly have magnified the sentiments depicted in the cartoon? a. Anti-Catholic feelings among many Americans b. The tendency among immigrants to live in concentrated ethnic communities c. Immigrant desires to assimilate rapidly into American society d. The growing support for civil rights for minorities, spurred by the abolition movement

b. The tendency among immigrants to live in concentrated ethnic communities

"... wee must be knit together, in this worke, as one man, Wee must entertaine each other in brotherly affection. We must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the supply of others' necessities, Wee must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience and liberality, we must delight in eache other; make other;s conditions our owne; rejoice together, mourn together, labour and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the woke, as members of the same body... The eyes of all people are upon us, So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause him to withdraw his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a by world though the world." John Winthrop, "A Modell of Christian Charity," 1630 The goals and sentiments explained in "A Modell of Christian Charity" led the colonies in that region to develop which of the following characteristics? A) A strong export-based economy B) Theocratic rule over towns by religious leaders C) A ruling class of colonists from the West Indies that held most authority D) Submission to the English monarchy in all political matters

b. Theocratic rule over towns by religious leaders

"THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS The members of this congress, sincerely devoted, with the warmest sentiments of affection and duty to His Majesty's person and government 2d. That His Majesty's liege subjects in these colonies are entitled to all the inherent rights and privileges of his natural born subjects within the kingdom of Great Britain. 3d. That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted rights of Englishmen, that no taxes should be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives. 5th. That the only representatives of the people of these colonies are persons chosen therein, by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been or can be constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures." —Stamp Act Congress, 1765 The passage above most directly reveals the impact on colonial thinking of ideas based on A) economic equality as proposed by freedmen and laborers. B) a republican form of government as celebrated by Enlightenment philosophers. C) religious tolerance as emphasized by the earliest Founders of the American colonies. D) individual liberty as expressed by the colonies' minority inhabitants.

b. a republican form of government as celebrated by Enlightenment philosophers

"THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS The members of this congress, sincerely devoted, with the warmest sentiments of affection and duty to His Majesty's person and government 2d. That His Majesty's liege subjects in these colonies are entitled to all the inherent rights and privileges of his natural born subjects within the kingdom of Great Britain. 3d. That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted rights of Englishmen, that no taxes should be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives. 5th. That the only representatives of the people of these colonies are persons chosen therein, by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been or can be constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures." —Stamp Act Congress, 1765 The passage above reveals that, by 1765, most colonists A) were pursuing a desire for independence. B) maintained allegiance to the British crown. C) opposed the notion of representative government. D) supported the loyalists.

b. maintained allegiance to the British crown

"The Kansas Fever Exodus—the most remarkable migration in the United States after the Civil War—took some six thousand Blacks from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas to Kansas in the space of a few months .... Terrorism and poverty lay at the root of the Exodus .... The Exodusters .... [had an] implacable determination not to return to the South, despite the cold and hunger, despite their discovery that there was no free transportation to Kansas and no free land, and despite offers of free transportation back to the South .... A former state senator from Louisiana ... stressed that Exodusters were not migrants, but refugees 'fleeing from oppression and bondage.'" —Nell Irvin Painter, historian, Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction, 1992 The movement of the Exodusters was most directly a result of a. the closing of the frontier and the support of the U.S. Army. b. the end of slavery and the challenges of sharecropping. c. the rapid rise in the number of immigrants to the American South. d. the expansion of the nation's territorial borders.

b. the end of slavery and the challenges of sharecropping.

which of the following was the most dramatic demographic effect of the Columbian exchange on the New World? a) A dramatic increase in European populations due to improved diets from the introduction of corn b) A decline in population and livelihood for Native Americans, brought on by the introduction of African slave labor c) The destruction of up to 90 percent of the Native American population from diseases like smallpox d) Longer life expectancy for Native Americans due to the introduction of the horse as an improved mode of transportation

c) the destruction of up to 90% of the Native Americans population from diseases like smallpox

"[I had] Instructions to Seize and Prosecute all Goods & Vessells trading contrary to Law. ... I performed my Duty with great diligence and zeal, but was alwaies opposed in open Court by the Magistrates, and my Seizures & prosecution (tho' made upon very plain Evidence) were ended ineffectuall, for the Juries... all [the members of which] Agreeing that the Power of the [Royal] Comrs of the Customes in matters of Trade, did not extend to their Colony.... they support themselves in an open violation of the Acts of Trade and will so continue to do...." —Edward Randolph, imperial agent, 1690 The passage above most directly reflects which of the following policies attempted by England toward its colonies? A) Bringing the operations of colonial courts of law under imperial control B) Encouraging stronger trade connections with other European countries C) Controlling and regulating trade through mercantilist laws D) Restricting the cultivation of tobacco because of its role in social conflicts

c. Controlling and regulating trade through mercantilist laws

"... wee must be knit together, in this worke, as one man, Wee must entertaine each other in brotherly affection. We must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the supply of others' necessities, Wee must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience and liberality, we must delight in eache other; make other;s conditions our owne; rejoice together, mourn together, labour and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the woke, as members of the same body... The eyes of all people are upon us, So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause him to withdraw his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a by world though the world." John Winthrop, "A Modell of Christian Charity," 1630 Which of the following factors contributed to the success of the colony founded under this vision by John Winthrop? A) Slow population growth and ample food supplies B) Intense competition with neighboring French settlements C) Favorable environmental conditions D) Lack of internal dissent

c. Favorable environmental conditions

"Between 1815 and 1850 Americans constructed elaborate networks of roads, canals, and early railroad lines; opened up wide areas of newly acquired land for settlement and trade; and began to industrialize manufacturing. What had been in Thomas Jefferson's day a backward rural nation on the fringes of world economic development had by midcentury established many of the preconditions necessary to its becoming a major economic power. In the 1950s George Rogers Taylor wrote what remains the authoritative account of these changes and dubbed them, collectively, America's 'transportation revolution.' ... Behind the technological and institutional innovations Taylor discussed was a deeper revolution in human relations, linked to the emergence of new markets in land, labor, and produce." —Sean Wilentz, historian, Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848, 1990 Which of the following regions of the United States would have been least affected by the economic transformation described in the passage? a. New England b. The West c. The South d. The Old Northwest

c. The South

"I. Resolved, that the several States composing the United States of America ... delegated to [the national] government certain definite powers, reserving each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self government.... II.... therefore the act of Congress, passed on the 14th day of July, 1798 ... [is] altogether void ... and that the power to create, define, and punish such other crimes is reserved solely and exclusively to the respective States.... VIII.... that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact, to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits." — Thomas Jefferson, Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 The conflict revealed in the passage led most directly to which of the following? a. The dissolution of the Articles of Confederation b. George Washington's Farewell Address c. The creation of the first political parties d. New legislation for the government of the western territories

c. The creation of the first political parties

Questions 4-7 refer to the following image: Part 3 Which of the following best characterizes the interaction between Americans and the natural environment depicted above? a. Cooperation with American Indians allowed for the preservation of the natural environment. b. Settlers transplanted the economic ventures of the East to the West despite the new environment. c. The struggle to find resources that would ensure survival and profit defined the character of western settlers. d. Fierce conservationists called for the protection of the economy in the West at the expense of economic expansion.

c. The struggle to find resources that would ensure survival and profit defined the character of western settlers.

Questions 18-20 refer to the following cartoon: part 2 Which of the following best explains why conflicts like the one revealed by the cartoonist's perspective were more common in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Until the 1840s, the majority of Americans were themselves recent immigrants. b. The success of the American System helped to decrease sectionalism. c. The surge of international migrants and their settlement in major cities increased the hostility of nativists. d. Before the Civil War, the most significant conflict was focused on removing American Indians from the land desired by American settlers.

c. The surge of international migrants and their settlement in major cities increased the hostility of nativists.

"The Kansas Fever Exodus—the most remarkable migration in the United States after the Civil War—took some six thousand Blacks from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas to Kansas in the space of a few months .... Terrorism and poverty lay at the root of the Exodus .... The Exodusters .... [had an] implacable determination not to return to the South, despite the cold and hunger, despite their discovery that there was no free transportation to Kansas and no free land, and despite offers of free transportation back to the South .... A former state senator from Louisiana ... stressed that Exodusters were not migrants, but refugees 'fleeing from oppression and bondage.'" —Nell Irvin Painter, historian, Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction, 1992 Which of the following explains the impact that the migration described in the passage had on those who migrated? a. They benefited from the strong material support of the national government. b. They benefited from relaxed social tensions in the years after the Civil War. c. They were able to take advantage of opportunities unavailable to them in their place of origin. d. The migration opened the door for other oppressed groups to move west.

c. They were able to take advantage of opportunities unavailable to them in their place of origin.

"Col. MASON. Slavery ... bring[s] the judgment of heaven on a Country. Mr. ELSWORTH. Let us not intermeddle. As population increases poor laborers will be so plenty as to render slaves useless. Slavery in time will not be a speck in our Country ... abolition has already taken place in Massachusetts. General PINKNEY. S. Carolina & Georgia cannot do without slaves. The more slaves, the more produce to employ the carrying trade; the more consumption also, and the more of this, the more of revenue for the common treasury. He ... should consider a rejection of the clause as an exclusion of S. Carola. from the Union." —James Madison, Notes from the Constitutional Convention, August 22, 1787 Based on the context of his remarks, Col. Mason would most likely receive support for his position on this issue in A)the Northwest Territories. B) the South. C) the North. D) the Southwest.

c. the North.

"Col. MASON. Slavery ... bring[s] the judgment of heaven on a Country. Mr. ELSWORTH. Let us not intermeddle. As population increases poor laborers will be so plenty as to render slaves useless. Slavery in time will not be a speck in our Country ... abolition has already taken place in Massachusetts. General PINKNEY. S. Carolina & Georgia cannot do without slaves. The more slaves, the more produce to employ the carrying trade; the more consumption also, and the more of this, the more of revenue for the common treasury. He ... should consider a rejection of the clause as an exclusion of S. Carola. from the Union." —James Madison, Notes from the Constitutional Convention, August 22, 1787 Strong support in the South for the arguments made by Pinkney in this passage would most immediately lead to a) the growth of political parties centered on the debate over slavery. b) the South's refusal to ratify the Constitution without the Bill of Rights to protect property rights. c) a convention in the South to debate secession from the Union. d) the growth of a distinctive, regional identity based partly on ideas about slavery.

d) the growth of a distinctive, regional identity based partly on ideas about slavery.

"For more than four centuries, the communities formed by escaped slaves dotted the fringes of plantation America... Maroons and their communities were ... a widespread and embarrassingly visible part of these systems. The very nature of plantation slavery engendered violence and resistance, and the wilderness setting of early New World plantations allowed marronage ... Throughout Afro-America, such communities stood out as an heroic challenge to white authority, and as living proof of a slave consciousness that refused to be limited by the whites' definition and manipulation of it." ---Richard Price, "Maroons: Rebel Slaves in the Americas" 1992 Which of the following statements most strongly supports the author's statement about the "very nature of plantation slavery"? A) Many slave owners allowed slaves to develop a sense of community through religion in hopes of maintaining control through a sense of Christian duty. B) European attitudes of racial superiority cemented a system of slave laws that defined slaves as mere property. C) The practice of grouping slaves from diverse tribes together made unified resistance to slavery difficult. D) The dehumanization of enslavement led many Africans to defy their masters despite enormous risks.

d)The dehumanization of enslavement led many Africans to defy their masters despite enormous risks

"... wee must be knit together, in this worke, as one man, Wee must entertaine each other in brotherly affection. We must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the supply of others' necessities, Wee must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience and liberality, we must delight in eache other; make other;s conditions our owne; rejoice together, mourn together, labour and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the woke, as members of the same body... The eyes of all people are upon us, So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause him to withdraw his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a by world though the world." John Winthrop, "A Modell of Christian Charity," 1630 Which of the following explains the impact that the guiding principle revealed in this passage had on the development of the colonies? A) Focus on personal improvement led to the creation of a social hierarchy that was more pronounced in this region than in the Chesapeake. B) Fears about the supposedly corrupting influence of England led the colony to isolate itself from future British settlers and merchants. C) The diversity of the colonists arriving with Winthrop created a thriving colony based on the shared experiences of the settlers. D) The New England colonists developed a society that was largely homogenous and punished dissent.

d. The New England colonists developed a society that was largely homogenous and punished dissent.

"Between 1815 and 1850 Americans constructed elaborate networks of roads, canals, and early railroad lines; opened up wide areas of newly acquired land for settlement and trade; and began to industrialize manufacturing. What had been in Thomas Jefferson's day a backward rural nation on the fringes of world economic development had by midcentury established many of the preconditions necessary to its becoming a major economic power. In the 1950s George Rogers Taylor wrote what remains the authoritative account of these changes and dubbed them, collectively, America's 'transportation revolution.' ... Behind the technological and institutional innovations Taylor discussed was a deeper revolution in human relations, linked to the emergence of new markets in land, labor, and produce." —Sean Wilentz, historian, Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848, 1990 Which of the following most directly supports the author's contention that the economic changes of the era in question led to a "deeper revolution in human relations"? a. The rise of abolitionism b. The growth of popular democracy c. The growth of nativism d. The widening wealth gap

d. The widening wealth gap

"I. Resolved, that the several States composing the United States of America ... delegated to [the national] government certain definite powers, reserving each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self government.... II.... therefore the act of Congress, passed on the 14th day of July, 1798 ... [is] altogether void ... and that the power to create, define, and punish such other crimes is reserved solely and exclusively to the respective States.... VIII.... that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact, to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits." — Thomas Jefferson, Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 The ideas expressed in the passage are best understood as part of the debate in American politics over a. racial justice. b. economic equality and the class system. c. the legitimacy of the U.S. Constitution. d. the relative power of the national government.

d. the relative power of the national government.