APUSH Terms-Laurinec

Samoset

A Native American who spoke to the Pilgrims and gave them useful information about the peoples and places of the area. He also introduced them to Squanto

Joint Stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Rerum Novarum (New Things, 1893)

" some American Catholics see used on the 1893 publication of Pope Leo XIII's Encyclical rerum novarum ("New Things") as justification for their own Crusade for social justice.

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second place becoming vice president.

Dorothea Dix

Dix began a national movement for new methods of treating the mentally ill. Began in Massachusetts

Plymouth Plantation

Created by pilgrims who wanted to worship without interference

Bakke v. Board of Regents of California (1978)

Established restrictive new guidelines for such programs to achieve affirmative action in the future.

Containment

Containment is a military strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. It is best known as the Cold War policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. Containment represented a middle-ground position between detente and rollback, but it let the opponent choose the place and time of any confrontation. The basis of the doctrine was articulated in a 1946 cable by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan during the post-WWII administration of U.S. President Harry Truman.

Deep South (The Cotton Kingdom)

Cotton production dominated here and it became known as the "Cotton Kingdom." The prospect of tremendous profits from growing cotton drew white settlers to the lower to the lower South by the thousands. Some were wealthy planters from the older states who transferred their assets and slaves to a cotton plantation. Most were small slaveholders or slave less farmers who hoped to move into the planter class.

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation (1985)

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State, 470 U.S. 226 (1985), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning aboriginal title in the United States. The case, sometimes referred to as Oneida II, was "the first Indian land claim case won on the basis of the Nonintercourse Act."

Craft unions vs. Industrial unions

Craft unionism refers to organizing a labor union in a manner that seeks to unify workers in a particular industry along the lines of the particular craft or trade that they work in by class or skill level. Industrial unionism is a labour union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union—regardless of skill or trade—thus giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations.

National Bank Acts of 1863 to 64

Created a new national banking system. Existing or newly formed banks could join the system if they had enough capital and were willing to invest one third of it in government securities.The National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864 were attempts to assert some degree of federal control over the banking system without the formation of another central bank. The Act had three primary purposes: (1) create a system of national banks, (2) to create a uniform national currency, and (3) to create an active secondary market for Treasury securities to help finance the Civil War (for the Union's side).

personal liberty laws

Created by abolitionists, these laws forbid state officials to assist in capture and return of runaways. They also petitioned congress to abolish slavery in all places where the federal government had jurisdiction.

Council of National Defense

Created in 1916, composed of members of his cabinet, and a Civilian Advisory Commission which set up local defense councils in every state a locality. According to their first plan, economic mobilization was to rest on a large-scale dispersal of power to local communities.

"Seventh of March" Address

Daniel webster rose in the Senate chamber to stake his career, his reputation, and perhaps the nation's future on the success of a speech that he hoped would unite moderates of all sections in support of Kentucky Senator Henry Clay's proposed "Compromise of 1850.

de jure and de facto segregation

De jure: segregation by law. De facto: segregation in practice, as through residential patterns.

Wilson Gorman Tariff of 1894

Democrats passed in 1894 the Wilson Gorman Tariff Act. Named for Congressman William Wilson of West Virginia and Senator Arthur Gorman of Maryland, the Act was supposed to be the cornerstone of the Democrats' economy recovery policy. The Act did two significant things. One, it drastically reduced tariff rates (taxes on imports).Second, the Wilson Gorman Tariff Act instituted for the first time a federal income tax.

Boston Tea Party

Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

New York draft riots (1863)

Demonstrators against the draft rioted in New York City for four days in July 1863, after the first names were selected for conscription. Over 100 people died. Irish workers were at the center of this violence.

Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (1906)

FIRST LINK: The Hepburn Act of 1906 was a bill that fortified the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and strengthened federal regulation of railroads. SECOND LINK: The Hepburn Rate Act was intended to give power to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroad shipping rates. The legislation was strongly endorsed by President Theodore Roosevelt who firmly believed that the Federal government must increase its supervision and regulation of the railways engaged in interstate commerce.

Freedom Riders

FREEDOM RIDERS is the powerful harrowing and ultimately inspirational story of six months in 1961 that changed America forever. From May until November 1961, more than 400 black and white Americans risked their lives—and many endured savage beatings and imprisonment—for simply traveling together on buses and trains as they journeyed through the Deep South. Deliberately violating Jim Crow laws, the Freedom Riders met with bitter racism and mob violence along the way, sorely testing their belief in nonviolent activism.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

He expressed his disillusionment with the experiment and, to some extent, with transcendentalism in a series of notable novels known as The Blithedale Romance. He wrote scathingly of the Brook farm itself, portraying the disastrous consequences of the experiment on the individuals who submitted to it and describing the great fire that destroyed the community as a kind of liberation from oppression.

Six Day War (1967)

Israel routed Egyptian, Syrian, and Jordanian forces, gained control of the whole of the whole long-divided city of Jerusalem, and occupied substantial territories: on the west bank of the Jordan River, the Gaza strip, the Golan heights, and elsewhere. This war also increased the number of refugee Palestinians, Arabs who claimed the lands now controlled by Israel and who, dislodged from their homes, became a source of considerable instability in Jordan, Lebanon, and other surrounding countries into which they now moved.

Writs of Assistance

It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.

Jim Crow's impact on black voting rights

Laws restricting the franchise and segregating schools were only part of the network of jim crow laws. These institutionalized an elaborate system of segregation that spread across the south. Some of them were blacks and whites could not sit together in railroad cars, sit in the same waiting rooms, use the same washrooms, eat in the same restaurants or sit in the same theaters. Blacks were also denied access to public parks, beaches, and picnic areas and they couldn't be patients in hospitals. These laws degressed the blacks and gave the whites more control of social relations. These laws led to white violence against blacks such as lynchings.

Dred Scott v. Sanford 60 US 393 (1857)

A slave named Dred Scott who was the property of a surgeon in missouri and he travelled into two free states which prohibited slavery, while in the states his master died, sued the widow for freedom saying that living in free territory made him a free man. The circuit court in which Scott filed his case pronounced him free. The brother of the widow John Sanford, appealed the ruling of Scott's freedom to the missouri supreme court, giving sanford ownership. They said Scott couldn't have sued because he wasn't a citizen but he was private property. The supreme court couldn't come to one single ruling so they released separate decisions on each major issue and each justice wrote a separate opinion.

American Party (1852)

The know nothings turned their attention to party politics and formed a party called the american party. In the east they scored immediate and huge success in elections.

Nicholas Trist

A special presidential envoy sent by polk to negotiate a settlement. Eventually he reached a settlement which became known as the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which brought an official end to the Mexican American War (1846 to 1848) was signed on February 2, 1848, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city north of the capital where the Mexican government had fled with the advance of U.S. forces.

nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

"Dark" Romantics

A sub genre of writing that took a shadowy approach to the fantastical and explored the inner workings of the mind. Dark romantic writers such as Hawthorne and Poe used the following characteristics in their writing; lots of creepy symbols, horrific themes, and psychological effects of guilt and sin.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Schechter Poultry Corporation v United States (1935)

A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corporation (Petitioners) were convicted in the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of New York for violating the Live Poultry Code, promulgated under Section:3 of the National Industrial Recovery Act. Intrastate commerce which can only be run by the state not federal government.

Nagasaki

Two days after Hiroshima, another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Inflicting terrible damage and over 100,000 deaths on another unfortunate community.

patronage

the power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges. Grant relied chiefly and increasingly, on established party leader- the group most ardently devoted to patronage, and his administration used the spoils system even more blatantly than most of its predecessors, embittering reform minded members of his party.

Original jurisdiction

the power to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction, when a court has the power to review a lower court's decision

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

the three men who wrote a series of papers that explained the meanings and virtues of the constitution

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954), now acknowledged as one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century, unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Although the decision did not succeed in fully desegregating public education in the United States, it put the Constitution on the side of racial equality and galvanized the nascent civil rights movement into a full revolution.

Decimation of the Buffalo

Buffalos were killed in large amounts by whites as a source of food while migrating and having buffalo hide and leather soon became a fad east of the Missouri river. Everyone wanted one. Some Indians also killed to sell them. Many bands of hunters went for sport and for market. The buffalo population was also decimated by white settlement, which took over the plain they relied on. The Southern herd was virtually destroyed by 1875.

United States v. Butler (1936)

Butler, the Respondent (Respondent), seeks judgment that the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 (the Act) is unconstitutional in its scope. (the link didn't work i just found this randomly online) US v Butler. 1936 a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional.

Hawley Smoot Tariff (1930)

Contained protective increases on 75 farm products and raised rates to the highest point in american history, to an average of 50% on protected commodities. Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, formally United States Tariff Act of 1930, also called Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, U.S. legislation (June 17, 1930) that raised import duties to protect American businesses and farmers, adding considerable strain to the international economic climate of the Great Depression. The act takes its name from its chief sponsors, Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and Representative Willis Hawley of Oregon, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. It was the last legislation under which the U.S. Congress set actual tariff rates. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raised the United States's already high tariff rates.

Virginia Plan

this plan called for a new legislature consisting of two houses, in one house the states would be represented in proportion to their population. In the other house the was represented by elected officials from the members of the lower house

Equal Pay Act (1963)

Passed by the Kennedy administration in 1963, barred the pervasive practice of paying women less than men for equal work.

"Copperheads"

Peace democrats were called this by their enemies.

David Farragut

Commanded ironclads and wooden vessels that gathered in the gulf of mexico then pushed past the weak confederate forts near the mouth of the mississippi, from there they sailed up to new orleans which was defenseless because the confederates expected them to come from the north. New Orleans surrendered, marking the first major union win and a turning point in the war. The mouth of the mississippi was now closed to confederate trade and the south's largest banking center and city was in Union Hands. YAY

Frederick Douglass

Considered the greatest african american abolitionist of all time. Great orator. He was born a slave in maryland but he managed to escape to Mass. in 1838. Following his escape he became a leader of an antislavery sentiment the moved to england for 2 years where he lectured. The antislavery community of england loved him. When he came back to the U.S in 1847 he bought his own freedom from his MAryland owner and founded an antislavery newspaper in Rochester, NY called the North Star.

Specie Circular

this was a presidential order by Jackson that provided payment for public lands the government would only accept silver or gold coins or currency securely backed by gold or silver

Sacajawea

this women was Louis and Clark's guide

First Battle of Bull Run

On july 21 Mcdowell who was commanding 30,000 men of the union believed he had almost succeeded in dispersing confederate forces. But the southerners stopped the union attack and countered savagely. Union troops were exhausted and suddenly panicked. They broke ranks and retreated chaotically. Mcdowell couldn't reorganize his army and ordered them to retreat to washington. The withdrawal was complicated because civilians were present along the route that had come to watch the battle. The confederates didn't pursue after them because they were excited about the win and were short on supplies as well as transportation. This lowered the reputation of the union and the president's confidence in his officers.

McKinley Tariff

On this date, October 01, 1890, the McKinley Tariff of 1890 became law—boosting protective tariff rates of nearly 50 percent on average for many American products. Ways and Means Committee Chairman William McKinley of Ohio led the effort in the House. The new legislation increased rates for many manufactured goods, while it placed items such as sugar and coffee on the free list.

Yom Kippur War (1973)

On this day, Egyptian and Syrian forces attacked Israel. For ten days, the Israelis struggled to recover from the surprise attack; finally, they launched an effective counter offensive against Egyptian forces in Sinai. At that point, the US intervened, placing heavy pressure on Israel to accept a ceasefire rather than press its advantage. The imposed settlement of the Yom Kippur War demonstrated the growing dependence of the US and its allies on Arab oil. Led to Arab Oil Embargo.

Abandonment of Reconstruction

Once the North became preoccupied with it's own political and economic problems, interest in Reconstruction decreased. The Grant administration continued its protection of Republican governments in the south, but less because of any interest in ensuring the position of freedom than because of a desire to prevent the reemergence of a strong Democratic party. The presence of federal troops was not enough to prevent white southerners from overturning the Reconstruction regimes.

The Dixiecrats (State's Rights Party)

One of 2 factions that abandoned the Democratic party, they walked out of the convention and formed the States right sparty, with Governor Strom Thurmond of SOuth Carolina as its nominee. supported a platform based on states' rights and southern cultural preservation, which included support for racial segregation

Edgar Allan Poe

One of the few southern writers at the time to embrace the search for the essence of the human spirit. In the course of his short, unhappy life (he died at the age of 40), Poe produced stories and poems that were primarily sad and macabre. His first book was Tamerlane and other poems (1827)

Commonwealth v Hunt (1842)

One of the largest victories of industrial workers, Declared that unions were lawful organizations and strike was a lawful weapon. States began to slowly accept this but the union movement was generally ineffective

Oneida Community (1848)

One of the most enduring of the utopian colonies if the nineteenth century . IT was established in 1848 in upstate New York by john humphrey noyes. The redefinition of gender roles was crucial here. Nineteenth-century visitors to the Oneida Community in central New York State found a family of 300 individuals who lived in a rambling brick Mansion House and shared everything — their worldly possessions, their religious fervor, their sexual partners.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Rejecting the efforts of conservatives to nominate Robert Taft or Douglas MacArthur, the party turned to a man with no previous identification with the party, Dwight D. Eisenhower. While running for president in 1952, he did not speak out against McCarthy even though he disliked his tactics and was outraged on McCarthy's attacks on General George Marshall. Ran with the Republican, a military hero, commander of NATO, president of Columbia University in NY, he won nomination on the first ballot. Attracted support through his geniality and statesmen like pledges to settle the Korean conflict. Won a popular and electoral landslide: 55% of popular vote to stevenson's 44%, 442 electoral votes to Stevenson's 89.

Moscow Agreement (1944)

The Percentages agreement was an agreement between Soviet premier Joseph Stalin and British prime minister Winston Churchill during the Fourth Moscow Conference on October 1944, about how to divide various European countries into spheres of influence. The agreement was made public by Churchill. The US ambassador, who was supposed to represent Roosevelt in these meetings, was excluded from this particular discussion

Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan was created by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen in December 1905. The Schlieffen Plan was the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilise her forces near the German border. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914. Schlieffen concluded that a massive and successful surprise attack against France would be enough to put off Britain becoming involved in a continental war. This would allow Germany time (the six weeks that Schlieffen had built into his plan) to transfer soldiers who had been fighting in the successful French campaign to Russia to take on the Russians.

sharecroppers

The other farmers, predominantly black farmers couldn't afford equipment so the landlords would supply minimal supplies and sometimes living quarters for farmers,, in return farmers promise the landlord a large share of the annual crop. After giving to their landlords, sharecroppers had very little crop left which they had to sell to pay off credit. system where farmers promised large share of crop for land, tools little money left over after payments. Subsistence farming gave way to only growth of cash crops increased poverty. Coupled w/ "fence laws" (prevented people from raising livestock) led to decline in living self sufficiently. Tied to crop lien system.

Effects of the Nixon pardon

The pardon of Richard Nixon, which occurred in 1974, was US history's most significant presidential pardon. Given by Gerald Ford, the President at that point in time, the pardon of Richard Nixon removed all punishment towards Richard Nixon as a result of Nixon's attempt to steal information from the Democratic Party at Watergate. Richard Nixon was impeached as a result of the Watergate incident, although he did not have to serve any time in prison as a result of this pardon. This is significant as this was the first and only pardon of a presidential impeachment.

De Jure segregation

The practice of segregating people by race and gender has taken two forms. De jure segregation is separation enforced by law, while de facto segregation occurs when widespread individual preferences, sometimes backed up with private pressure, lead to separation. De jure racial segregation was a practice designed to perpetuate racial subordination; de facto segregation of African Americans had similar effects, but sometimes could be defended as a result simply of private choice, itself an important American value.

Radical or Congressional Reconstruction

The radicals want punishment for the South, believed the South needed to be punished for their actions. Confiscate land, imprison, deny right to vote, put former slaves in charge.

The Wade Davis Bill

The radicals' first effort at creating their own reconstruction plan. Passed by congress in July 1864. Authorized president to appoint a provisional governor for each conquered state, When a majority (not Lincoln's 10 percent) of the white males of the state pledged their allegiance to the Union, the governor could summon a state unconstitutional convention, The "Ironclad" Oath (those who were delegates of a state constitutional convention were to be elected by those who would swear that they had never borne arms against the United States), Abolish slavery, Disfranchise Confederate Civil and military leaders, Repudiate debts accumulated by the state governments during the war

Enforcement Acts (Ku Klux Klan Acts)

These acts prohibited the state from discriminating voters based on their race, they also gave power to the federal government to take the place of the state courts and prosecute violators of this law. First example of federal prosecution of an individual's law. The president could now protect civil rights and suspend the right of habeas corpus. Grant exercised this when he sent troops into nine counties of south carolina where the troops arrested 100's of suspected Klan members. Some were held for a long time w/o trial others were convicted and sent to jail. The acts were effective in reducing Klan terrorism.

Paxton Boys

These boys descended upon Philadelphia with demands for relief from colonial (not british) taxes and for money to help defend themselves against the indians

Agricultural Adjustment Act 1933

These initial actions were largely stopgaps, to buy some time for more comprehensive programs. The first was the agricultural adjustment act, which Congress passed in May 1933. It's most important feature was its provision for reducing Crop Production to end Agricultural surpluses and hold the downward spiral of farm prices. Under the provisions of the act, producers of 7 basic commodities (wheat, cotton, corn, hugs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products) would decide on production limit for their crops.

Midnight Judges

These judges were federalist, and were appointed by President Adams in the last minutes of his presidency in order to have a branch of government with some federalist power. So that the next president, Jefferson who was democratic republican, had to deal with judges of the opposing political party.

Leatherstocking Tales

These were James Fenimore Cooper's most important novels. Among them were The Last of the Mohicans(1826) and The Deerslayer(1841). They explored the American frontiersman's experience with Indians, pioneers, violence and the law.

redemption governments

These were in the South, they were state governments. The last withdrawal of the federal troops (they were sent there by Johnson to protect black voters). Every southern state government was redeemed after the last withdrawal of federal troops. Political power was restored to white democrats.

Charles Francis Adams

The american minister to London who inherited his diplomatic talents from his father, John Quincy Adams and his grandfather, John Adams. CFA assisted Seward. He also played an important role in keeping Britain neutral during the U.S. Civil War (1861-65). Was named the ambassador to great britain by Sewald. During this long and taxing period in Anglo American relations, Adams' judicious and balanced conduct greatly enhanced the reputation of his country abroad. From 1871 to 1872 Adams served as U.S. arbiter on the international commission that met at Geneva to settle the "Alabama" claims. His name is inseparable from this seminal work in forwarding the concept of world law through arbitration.

nativism

The americans who were alarmed by immigration and defended native borns of america and were hostile towards foreigners. Most desired to stop and or slow immigration.

Gaspee

The british boat that was set on fire and sunk by the colonists

cottage industries

They were used before the war and was the way of manufacturing, mostly handmade or with small machines like the loom. No factories.

Osceola

This Indian chief refused to leave and staged an uprising against the whites in 1835 to defend their lands.

Declaratory Act 1766

This act asserted Parliament's authority over the colonies in "all cases whatsoever", this was barely noticed by the americans who were celebrating the removal of the stamp act

Tariff Act of 1816

This act effectively limited competition from abroad on a wide range of items, among the most important of which was cotton cloth. This act brought objections from agricultural interests who would have higher taxes as a result of the act. At the end the nationalist dream of having a industrial economy prevailed.

Indian Intercourse Act

This act officially created Indian Territory

Voting Rights Act of 1965

This act was signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon Johnson. It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845)

This autobiography painted the picture of how bad slavery was for him. He demanded for african americans freedom and overall equality.

MARBURY V MADISON

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Five Civilized Tribes

The confederacy attempted to befriend the 5 civilized tribes to recruit their support against the union forces in the west. The indians were divided. Some sided with the south due to the resentment of the treatment of natives by the government and because some natives were also slaveholders. Others supported the north due to their hostility towards slavery. This resulted in a mini civil war between the indians themselves, some natives also fought for and against the union without ever formally allying themselves.

Judah Benjamin

The confederate secretary of state for most of the war. Although he was clever and intelligent he didn't have a strong conviction and most of his work was on very routine administrative tasks.

"Good Neighbor" Policy

The intention of the new policy was to mend relations with Latin American countries after they criticized The Coolidge Administration during the Sixth Pan-American Conference in Havana in 1928 for armed interventions in Haiti and Nicaragua. U.S. relations with Latin America were at an all-time low. FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region

Effects of the Immigration Reform Act (1965)

The law maintained a strict limit on the number of newcomers admitted to the country each year (170,000) but it eliminated the "national origins" system of the 1920's which gave preference to northern european immigrants. The act eliminated quotas based on national origin, from then on, newcomers from regions other than Latin America were generally admitted on a first come, first-served basis

law of supply and demand

The law of supply and demand is one of the most basic principles in economics. In simplest terms, the law of supply and demand states that when an item is scarce, but many people want it, the price of that item will rise. Conversely, if there is a larger supply of an item than consumer demand warrants, the price will fall.

General Zachary Taylor

The leader of a small army sent by polk to protect the border between Mexico and Texas (Nueces River) from potential mexican invasion.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

The leader or transcendentalists who was a unitarian minister in his youth. Emerson left the church to devote himself entirely to writing and teaching the elements of transcendentalism

Maj. Robert Anderson

The man most synonymous with the embattled federal position at Fort Sumter and the first Union loss of the Civil War. When the confederate forces at charleston demanded the island (with force), Anderson refused at first, until the confederates bombarded for two days and Anderson was forced to surrender.

Mandate System

The mandate system was a compromise between the Allies' wish to retain the former German and Turkish colonies and their pre Armistice declaration (November 5, 1918) that annexation of territory was not their aim in the war. The mandates were divided into three groups on the basis of their location and their level of political and economic development and were then assigned to individual Allied victors (mandatory powers, or mandatories). The mandate system was replaced by the UN trusteeship system in 1946.

Underground Railroad

The moderates joined Garrisonians to help runaway slaves find refuge in the North or Canada.

"Shakerism"

The most distinctive feature of shakerism was its commitment to complete celibacy which meant, of course, that no one could be born to shakerism; all shakers had to choose the faith voluntarily.

Moby Dick (1851)

The most important of Herman Melville's novels was Moby Dick, published in 1851. His portrayal of Ahab, the powerful, driven captain of a whaling vessel, was a story of courage and strength of individual will; but it was also a tragedy of pride and revenge. Ahab's maniacal search for Moby Dick, a great white male that had maimed him, suggested how the search for personal fulfillment and triumph could not only liberate but destroy

W.E.B. DuBois

The most influential public critique of Booker T. Washington's policy of racial accommodation and gradualism came in 1903 when black leader and intellectual W.E.B. DuBois published an essay in his collection The Souls of Black Folk with the title "Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others." DuBois rejected Washington's willingness to avoid rocking the racial boat, calling instead for political power, insistence on civil rights, and the higher education of Negro youth. Wanted equality now. First african american to receive a Phd from Harvard. NIagara movement came before, NAACP. Immediate.

Psychological Loss

The myth of the open land of the west was now diminished and americans were suffering a psychological loss, they believed that because the land of the west was open it was full of opportunities, they now believed the opportunities were gone.

Battle of the Wilderness

The northern campaign began with the Army of the Potomac marching 115,000 men into the Wilderness to pursue Lee's 75,000 man army. Lee turned them back in the battle of the Wilderness, but Grant came back without rest and resumed his march to Richmond. On May 5, 1864, the Union Army of the Potomac once again locked horns with the Army of Northern Virginia in the dense thickets known as the Wilderness of Spotsylvania. Over the course of two days, the two armies fought to a bloody stalemate, inaugurating a new era of violence in the war in the East. Though badly bloodied in the fighting, the Federals continued their march to the south.

Cumming (an african american parent) v Richmond County Board of Education 175 U.S. 528 (1899)

This case had the court rule that laws establishing separate schools for white and blacks valid even if there were no comparable schools for blacks. case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on December 18, 1899, ruled (9-0) that a Georgia county board of education did not violate any constitutional rights when it decided to discontinue high school services for 60 African American students in order to provide elementary education for 300 African American students. The decision was overturned in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. in 1954.

Ableman v. Booth 62 US 506 (1859)

This case in which Booth petitioned for the release of a runaway slave, that had many appeals, convictions and releases, the case is significant because wisconsin's judicial power is ignored and overridden by federal power.

De Bow's Review (1846 to 1880)

This survived from its founding in 1846 until 1880. De Bow made his journal into a tireless advocate of southern economic independence from the North, warning constantly of the dangers of the "colonial relationship between the sections,evidence of the dependency De Bow's Review was itself evidence of the dependency of the South on the North. It was printed in New York, because no New Orleans printer had facilities adequate for the task; it was filled with advertisements from norther manufacturing firms; and its circulation was always modest in comparison with those of northern publications.

Seminole War

This war was started by the Chief Osceola, and dragged on for years. Despite Jackson's additional troops that he sent to Florida, the indians guerilla warfare overpowered them. Even after Osceola was captured and died, the war continued. Finally, the US government abandoned the war in 1842 after losing 1500 soldiers and spending $20 million.

Warsaw Pact (1955)

This was created by the Soviet Union in conjunction with the Eastern European communist governments after the creation of NATO.

Treaty of Washington

This was formed in 1871 after a number of failed attempts to resolve the Alabama Claims. This provided international arbitration and in which Britain expressed regret for the escape of the Alabama from England.

National Industrial Recovery Act 1933 (NIRA)

This was the result of the need for help to create jobs and increase consumer buying power. Also, to ensure that the incomes of workers would rise along with prices. GOOGLE: The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was a law passed by the United States Congress in 1933 to authorize the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery.

Peggy Eaton affair

This woman the daughter of a Washington tavern keeper with whom both Andrew Jackson and his friend John H Eaton. A few weeks later, she lost her husband. She was soon married to John Eaton. Jackson named his new wife secretary of war and thus made the new Mrs. Eaton a cabinet wife. The rest of the administrative wives refused to receive her. Jackson demanded that his wife be accepted, Calhoun refused to accept her and as a result Jackson befriended Van Buren and ended Calhoun's hope for the White House.

Henry David Thoreau

Thoreau's rejections of what he considered the artificial constraints if society extended as well to his relationship with government. He went to jail in briefly in 1846, rather than agreeing to pay a poll tax. He would not give financial support to a government that permitted the existence of slavery

"American Race"

Throughout the 1840s many Americans defended the idea of westward expansion by citing the superiority of the "American Race' white people of northern European origins and pushed west saying they were destined to expand. Say they are destined by god to control the nation.

March on Washington

To generate support for the legislation, and to dramatize the power of the growing movement, more than 200,000 demonstrators marched down the mall in Washington DC and gathered before the lincoln memorial for the greatest civil rights demonstration in the nation's history.

"Southern conspiracy"

To spread slavery throughout the U.S and stop capitalism which would be replaced with the aristocratic system of the south.

Guerrilla

Took place in the final phase of the war and helped make it truly revolutionary (along with the ability to mobilize larger troops), it was a new kind of combat in which a small group of combatants such as armed civilians or irregulars use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit and run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less mobile traditional military. British fought in a continental style (shoot at each other in an open field until one group dies or surrenders. The english knew they could not win through this method, therefore, the guerrilla method was put in place.

Battle of Midway (June, 1942)

Took place six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States defeated Japan in one of the most decisive naval battles of World War II. Thanks in part to major advances in code breaking, the United States was able to pre empt and counter Japan's planned ambush of its few remaining aircraft carriers, inflicting permanent damage on the Japanese Navy. An important turning point in the Pacific campaign, the victory allowed the United States and its allies to move into an offensive position.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge 36 US 420 (1837)

Two companies trying to make same bridge, one with a tax one without. First company brought up Marshall's rulings and taney didn't listen. He supported the right of .... and gave it to the second group. Marshall believed if it was private, forget the public but Taney had opposite views. Already a bridge with a fee, company wants to build second bridge with no fee to pass. Contract clause is meant to be interpretive not restrictive

James Mason and John Slidell

Two confederate diplomats who slipped through the union's blockade to Havana, Cuba where they boarded an english steamer called the Trent to voyage to england. Waiting in the Cuban waters was an american frigate, San Jacinto which was commanded by Charles Wilkes. Without authorization, Wilkes stopped the trent and arrested diplomats then carried them to boston. The british government then demanded the release of the prisoners along with reparations and an apology. Lincoln and Seward knew that Wilkes had gone against maritime law and because they didn't want to risk war with england, they dragged out negotiations until the american public opinion simmered down then released the diplomats with an indirect apology.

Radical Republicans

Wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately and completely. Whereas conservatives favored a slower, more gradual process.

Worcester v Georgia

the court invalidated a Georgia Law that attempted to regulate access by US citizens to the cherokee country. In Worcester, the Court ruled that only the United States, and not the individual states, had power to regulate or deal with the Indian nations. Impact in terms of Cherokee Nation: Georgia making laws that took away their rights, so the Cherokee, the government ruled against these laws but weren't able to enforce this. led to the trial of tears

Treaty of paris

the document that ended the american revolution, it said that america was now independent, had a generous area of territory

Common man

the era of democracy, era to restore liberty to the people and the economy

Continentals

the first form of paper money issued by congress, this was issued by congress because there was no paper money in the colonies

elitist theory of government

the general belief that governments will come to be ruled by those with elite status, usually determined by wealth, educational levels, or other methods.

Interchangeable Parts

the gun was made out of multiple parts

Limiting of Federal Power

the idea that the federal government should only have broad power, like power to tax, regulate commerce, control currency, and pass laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its responsibilities

law of competition

the invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets and capitalism through competition for scarce resources. Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and become wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship, society as a whole is better off. Furthermore, any government intervention in the economy isn't needed because the invisible hand is the best guide for the economy.

olive branch petition

the last approved conciliatory appeal to the king

Samuel Adams

the most effective radical in the colonies, he occupied several political and government positions, he had a unflagging voice that expressed outrage at the British oppression

"Clay eaters"

the name affluent whites coined for the crackers/sand hillers/poor white trash who had to sometimes resort to eating clay.

parity

the state or condition of being equal, especially regarding status or pay. The government, through the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, would then tell individual farmers how much they should produce and would pay them subsidies for leaving some of their land item. A tax on food processing would provide the funds for the new payment. Farm prices were to be subsidized up to the point of parity

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798 to 1799)

the states are voluntary member of the union

"Domino Theory"

the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominos to fall.

Committee on the Conduct of the War

the was created to monitor both military progress and President Abraham Lincoln's administration. This was created after the disaster of the battle of Ball's Bluff in Virginia, and was designed to provide a check executive branch's management of the war.

Articles of Confederation

these articles did little more than confirm the weak, decentralized government that was already in place. They did not make it clear that congress was to be a real government at all.

personal liberty laws

these laws barred courts and police officers from helping to return runaway slaves to their owners. These laws were in the Northern states. In response, southern states made a stringent law that would require Northern states to return fugitive slaves to their owners.

crackers, sand hillers or "poor white trash"

these people did not share in the plantation economy in even limited ways and yet continued to accept its premises. These people were apart of a particularly degraded class. They lived in the infertile lands of the pine barrens, the red hills, and the swamps in merisible cabins. Few owned land and supported themselves through hunting and foraging. Some worked as laborers for their neighbors, but due to the slave system their opportunities were limited. The only thing that made them feel better was "at least I'm not a slave." This is why they supported slavery.

militia diplomats

these people were known as this because they were the earliest American representatives stationed abroad

Henry clay and John c calhoun

these two men were members of the war hawks and were elected to the House of Representatives

Bank Notes

these were currencies that banks made before the government was required to make one solid currency overall

Black Codes

these were designed to give white substantial control over the former slaves. The codes authorized local officials to apprehend unemployed blacks, fine them for vagrancy, and hire them out to private employers to satisfy the fine. Some of the codes forbade blacks to own or lease farms or to take and jobs other than as plantation workers or domestic servants.

Robert Y. Hayne

this man was a young senator from South Carolina, he responded to the debate about western federal lands by proposing that slowing down the growth of the West was away for the East to retain its political and economic power. He hoped his stance would attract support from Westerners in Congress for South carolina's drive to lower the Tariff.

Count de Vergennes

this man was france's foreign minister who helped Louis XVI in aiding the americans in their fight against england

Horace Mann

this man was the first secretary of the Massachusetts board of Education. He thought that education was the only way to "counteract the tendency to the domination of capital and the servility of labor." He also thought it was the only way to protect democracy, an educated electorate was essential to the workings of a free political system

william henry harrison

this man went to washington as an advocate of growth and development in the western lands and played a large role in the so called Harrison Law

Regulator Movement

this movement was made up of farmers who organized an opposition because they felt underrepresented

northwest ordinance of 1787

this ordinance abandoned the 10 districts established in 1784, and created a single northwest territory out of the land north of the Ohio, also set up restrictions, Population of 60,000 as a minimum for statehood, freedom of religion, right to trial by jury of peers, prohibited slavery

Common Sense

this pamphlet helped change American outlook toward the war

American System

this system proposed creating a great home market for factory and farm producers by raising the protective tariff, strengthening the national bank, and financing internal improvements.

Nullification Theory

this theory was created from the ideas of Madison and Jefferson and their virginia and Kentucky resolutions. This theory cited the tenth amendment to the constitution. The theory argued that since the federal government was a creation of the states, the states not the courts or congress were the final arbiters of the constitution of federal laws. If the state concluded the that Congress passed an unconstitutional law then it could hold a special convention and declare the federal law, then it could hold a special convention and declare federal law null and void within the state.

Pinckney's Treaty

this treaty gave americans free navigation of mississippi river

Rush bagot treaty

this treaty provided mutual disarmament on the Great Lakes, eventually the Canadian American boundary became the longest unguarded border in the world

Treaty of Wang Hya (1844)

this treaty with the chinese gave americans same rights as european countries when trading

Black Hawk War

this war was a fight between indians and whites, it was notable for the viciousness of the white military leaders. Whites attacked indians even when the indians tried to surrender, after much bloodshed the Leader Black Hawk was captured and was sent on a tour of the East.

Five Civilized Tribes

this was a group of tribes that included the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. These tribes were established in agriculture and had successful economies.

Trail of Tears

this was the Indian journey across the country, from the East to the West. Many indians became sick and died during this journey, which was forced upon them by the Whites.

Conscription Act of 1862

this was the very first wartime draft in America. The act called for registration of all males between the ages of 20 and 45, including aliens with the intention of becoming citizens, by April 1. Exemptions from the draft could be bought for $300 or by finding a substitute draftee. This clause led to bloody draft riots in New York City, where protesters were outraged that exemptions were effectively granted only to the wealthiest U.S. citizens

Washington's Farewell Address (1797)

this was written to end Washington's term in office, in this he sharply reacted to the republicans and talked about denouncing the republicans who had been conspiring with the French to frustrate the federalist diplomatic program. He also warned the country about foreign affairs, and he advised that the US remain neutral in all foreign affairs to prevent conflict.

Treaty of Utrecht

transferred substantial areas of the French territory to the english

sub

treasury-Made to replace bank of U.S. The government would place its funds in an independent treasury at washington and in sub treasuries in other cities. No private banks could have the governments money or name to use, government and banks were divorced

Treaty of Paris

treaty where...French gave britain a portion of their west indian islands and most of their indian colonies, transferred canada and all other colonies east of the mississippi except new orleans to great britain, New orleans and land west of the mississippi went to Spain

American Communist Party

was instrumental in creating the lincoln brigade. And directed many of its activities. They were also active in organizing the unemployed in the 1930s and staged a hunger march in washington DC, in 1931. Were some of the most effective union organizers in some industries. In favor of racial justice. Helped organize a union of black sharecroppers in Alabama.

"Indian Hunters"

white vigilantes who spent their time hunting down and killing thousands of indians

Battle of tippecanoe

william henry harrison was the hero of this battle, he lead an attack against the native americans, we wiped out the indians, this made him famous and led to his winning of the white house.

The winter at valley forge

winter spent in valley forge, the american army had no food, was weak, and could have been easily defeated

National Woman's Loyal League (1863)

worked toward the goal of abolishing slavery and awarding suffrage to women

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Henry Hudson

An english explorer who sailed up the river present day hudson river

Hat act of 1732

British law that restricted colonial manufacturing and exporting hats to England's competition

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Henry VIII

King who had 4 wives, 2 divorced, 2 killed. He changed the religion of England after the Pope refused to grant him a divorce from his wife.

Nathaniel Bacon

Led Bacon's Rebellion

John Calvin

Most influential reformer and went even further than Luther had in rejecting the Catholic belief that Human institutions could affect an individual's prospects for salvation

Enlightenment

Movement that stressed the importance of science and human reason

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques

Columbian Exchange

Old world products brought to new, and vice versa. Trade of plants, animals, and disease. Horses, disease (smallpox old world to new world) (gonorrhea and syphilis)

Martin Luther

Openly challenged some of the basic practices of and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church

Conquistadores

People who attempted to conquer nations and claim them as their own

Puritans

People who returned to the country after being forced into exile, and returned bringing their new, more radical ideas with them

Puritanism

Said men and women are equal before god, but also said that men were the head of the family, this lead to a very patriarchal society.

Loose Pack

Slaves were packed looser, allowing for more room and a lower number of slaves brought over to America

Starving time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original five hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because the indians prevented them from obtaining food

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

This created the government in North Massachusetts bay by allowing a larger number of men to participate in the government

separation of Church and State

Where the state governs apart from the church, the church doesn't have a say in the government

Cottage industries

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home

Northwest Passage

a course through the New World to the Orient

Iroquois Confederacy

a defensive alliance formed in the 15th century between the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida

Captain John Smith

a famous world traveler, hero of implausible travel narratives that he had written and published. He reorganized the leadership of the colony and put himself as council president and asserted his will

congregationalism

a system of organization among Christian churches whereby individual local churches are largely self governing

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers

New Netherlands

colony that was created on the condition that they would bring more immigrants to America

East India Company

company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India, incorporated by royal charter on December 31, 1600

Thomas Moore's Utopia

described a mythical and nearly perfect society on an imaginary island supposedly discovered by a companion of Amerigo Vespucci in the waters of the New World

Cortez

led a small military exploration of 600 in the new world, he exposed the natives to smallpox, effectively eventually wiping out large parts of their civilization

methodists

member of a Christian Protestant denomination originating in the 18th-century evangelistic movement of Charles and John Wesley and George Whitefield

presbyterianism

part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles

Seasoning

people gradually became developed immunity to the local diseases, this increased life expectancy

City on a Hill

phrased used by John Winthrop to describe how the American colonists and colonies would serve as an example for Europe and the rest of the world

Headright system

pieces of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

"Divine Right of Kings"

political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.

Phillip II

powerful spanish king who was determined to end england's challenges with to spanish commercial supremacy and bring england back to the catholic church

King William's War

produced few, indecisive clashes between the english and french in northern new england

Woolen Act of 1699

prohibited colonists from exporting wool, wool yarn, or wool cloth to markets outside the colony it was produced

enclosure movement

push in the 18th and 19th centuries to take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, or at least available to the public for grazing animals and growing food, and change it to privately owned land, usually with walls, fences or hedges around it

merchant capitalism

refers to the earliest phase in the development of capitalism as an economic and social system

Deism

rejects the supernatural aspects of religion, such as belief in revelation in the Bible, and stresses the importance of ethical conduct

Iron act of 1750

restricted metal processing in the colonies

circumnavigation

resulted in new discoveries of the world, completed by Ferdinand Magellan, 1519-1522

John Cabot

sailed to the northeastern coast of North America on an expedition sponsored by King Henry VII

Tight Pack

slaves were closely packed together to fit many slaves into one boat for the journey to America

Patriarchal Society

social system in which the father or eldest male is head of the household, having authority over women and children

Sir Francis Drake

staged successful raids and built confidence in England's ability to challenge Spanish sea power

House of Burgess

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619

miscegenation

the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types

primogeniture

the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son

Primogeniture

the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son.

Christopher Columbus

took 3 ships and sailed west on the atlantic into what he thought was a straight course to Japan, after 10 weeks he landed on an island in the bahamas, and continued on, reaching Cuba, thinking it was China.

Sir Walter Raleigh

veteran of earlier colonial efforts in Ireland

Blended families

women tended to outlive their husbands, which led to them being remarried and having many children, step children, half brothers, and half sisters

"Croatoan"

words left in a cryptic inscription carved on a post that left no clue as to what happened to the settlers fate

Ohio Valley

Claimed by the french, although many indian tribes lived here. this became a potential battleground when the english settlements began expanding too close to the indian settlements

Breadbasket

Colonies that had good soil for growing wheat and grain for bread

Salutary Neglect

England's policy of looking the other way when Americans violated the Navigation Acts; resulted from complacency and bowing to the inevitable

Robert Walpole

First modern prime minister, Refrained from the strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts, believing that relaxed trading restrictions would stimulate commerce

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown. He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony and increased their profits

Mercantilism

The mother country uses colonies to get a source of raw materials to create goods that can be sold for a profit. the mother country then sells the finished goods back to the colonies, and it keeps people employed, making the products. The people making the products use their salary from making them to purchase the finished goods when they get sent back to the American Colonies. The mother country gets revenue from the finished goods

mercantilism

The mother country uses colonies to get a source of raw materials to create goods that can be sold for a profit

Albany Plan of Union

The plan that said parliament would set up one general government for all of the colonies (except georgia and Nova Scotia). Said each colony would retain its present constitution but would grant the new government the authority to deal with all Indian relations

Social mobility

The ability to move both up and down the social scale

Middle Passage

The journey to America from Africa for slaves

Albany Congress

The meeting held in Albany to attempt to negotiate and form a treaty with the Iroquois

Separatists

a person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender.

Protestant Reformation

began in Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther openly challenged some of the basic practices of and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church

denominationalism

belief that some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same religion regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs, and practices

pantheism

belief that the Universe is identical with divinity, or that everything composes an all encompassing, immanent God

chartered companies

chartered company is an association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration, and colonization

Queen Anne's War

lasted 12 years, generated substantial conflicts, border fights with spain, and border fights with french and indians in the north

Act of Toleration (1649)

law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians. Passed on April 21, 1649 by the assembly of the Maryland colony, in St. Mary's City

Sir Richard Grenville

lead a group of men to roanoke to establish a colony

Tidewater

members of eastern civilization

Backwater

members of western backcountry, often resented the tidewater because they felt underrepresented in the government and challenged by natives in close region

Patrilineal

of, relating to, or based on relationship to the father or descent through the male line

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)

repealed the missouri compromise, divide area into 2 new territories Nebraska and Kansas, instead of one territory

Presidential Reconstruction (Restoration)

revealed soon after he took office, and implemented it during the summer of 1865, his plan was similar to the Wade Davis bill. He offered amnesty to southerners who took an oath of allegiance, president appointed a provisional governor (who would invite qualified voters to elect delegates to a constitutional convention). In order to win readmission to Congress, a state had to revoke its ordinance of secession, abolish slavery, ratify the 13th amendment, and repudiate the Confederate and state war debts. The final procedure before restoration was a state to elect a state government and send representatives to congress. Wanted to make amends. This plan failed due to Lincoln's death and Johnson who didn't have a good reputation.

extraterritoriality

right of americans accused of crimes in China to be tried by American, not chinese officials

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution

New England Antislavery Society (1832)

After attracting a large following in the north, garrison created this in 1832.

"Peace Democrats"

Also known as copperheads, these were democrats who opposed the war.

Webster

Ashburton Treaty (1842)-this treaty established a firm northern boundary between the US and Canada

George Ripley

Boston transcendentalist who founded and created the Brook Farm. He was also one of the first Americans to attribute positive connotations to the idea of leisure.

The Virginian (1902)

romanticized Owen Wister's freedom from social constraints, affinity with nature, and supposed propensity for violence.

De Soto

Led many expeditions to the continent in a search for gold, silver, and jewels

Urban Manifest Destiny

Middle class people settling in the inner city and bringing civilization to the urban Frontier. This became the new definition for the word settlement

Rocky Mountain Fur Company

This company increased the fur trading industry into the Rockies, was founded by Andrew and William Ashley.

Infrastructure

creation of the steamboat which made domestic trade much faster.

Samuel J. Tilden

A reform governor of NY who was instrumental in overthrowing the corrupt Tweed Ring of NYC's Tammany Hall. Democrats chose him as their presidential candidate.

Harriet Tubman

"Harriet Tubman is perhaps the most well known of all the Underground Railroad's "conductors." During a ten year span she made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom. And, as she once proudly pointed out to Frederick Douglass, in all of her journeys she "never lost a single passenger."" By 1856, Tubman's capture would have brought a $40,000 reward from the South. On one occasion, she overheard some men reading her wanted poster, which stated that she was illiterate. She promptly pulled out a book and feigned reading it. The ploy was enough to fool the men." Tubman even carried a gun which she used to threaten the fugitives if they became too tired or decided to turn back, telling them, "You'll be free or die."

Freedmen's Aid Societies

"It distributed food to millions of former slaves and established schools staffed by missionaries and teachers who had been sent to the south by Freedmen's Aid Societies and other private and church groups in the North." Private organizations made up primarily of Northern abolitionists who gave money and volunteers.

popular sovereignty

"That the Constitution, and all laws of the United States which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within the said Territory of Kansas as elsewhere within the United States, except the eighth section of the act preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the Union, approved March sixth, eighteen hundred and twenty, which, being inconsistent with the principle of non intervention by Congress with slavery in the States and Territories, as recognized by the legislation of eighteen hundred and fifty, commonly called the Compromise Measures, is hereby declared inoperative and void; it being the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any Territory or State, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States" Section 32 of the Kansas Nebraska Act 1854

Ex parte Merryman

"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it." It was a writ issued by Chief Taney requiring lincoln to release an imprisoned maryland secessionist leader, that lincoln simply ignored.

Underground Railroad

"The Underground Railroad, a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada, was not run by any single organization or person. Rather, it consisted of many individuals many whites but predominantly black who knew only of the local efforts to aid fugitives and not of the overall operation. Still, it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year according to one estimate, the South lost 100,000 slaves between 1810 and 1850." "The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 ensured that even if slaves arrived in free states in the North, they could be captured and sent back to their slave masters. However, Canada, which lay only one mile across the Detroit River prohibited slavery, thus offering slaves full liberation and safety. Secrecy was essential because under the same Act, even in Northern states, individuals found collaborating with escaped slaves could be heavily fined and sometimes imprisoned. Therefore, flags and lanterns became clandestine signals, verbal language carried code and handbills and newspaper were often encrypted with Railroad symbols."

Fifteenth Amendment

"right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Five Power Pact of 1922

Established both limits for total Naval tonnage and a ratio of armaments among the signatories. for every 5 tons of American and British warships, Japan would maintain 3 and France and Italy 1.75 each.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

-Organization formed by MLK in 1957. Aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights. Trained and tested African Americans for ability to remain calm so they could participate nonviolently in marches and "sit ins". The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.

Conciliatory Propositions

A series of proposals sent to parliament to attempt to smooth over the issues that were occurring. Had to do with the first continental congress, some delegates wanted to just smooth over and try to compromise with the other side. Some colonists attempted to form an agreement with England.

Mayflower Compact

1620, The first agreement for self government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676; VA frontiersmen seeking land clashed with Native Americans; Frontiersmen demanded help from the government; Jamestown refused aid, fearing Native American War; Bacon and his men lived on frontier; Bacon & men stormed Jamestown; Bacon died of fever; Rebellion collapsed; Colonial rebellion against government authority; Clash between east/west, rich/poor; Tidewater's discrimination against frontiersmen; Revision of indentured servant system, greater reliance on slave labor

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants, led to the boston tea party

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property

Payne Aldrich Tariff Act

1909, passed by the U.S. Congress. It was the first change in tariff laws since the Dingley Act of 1897; the issue had been ignored by President Theodore Roosevelt. The Republican platform of 1908 pledged revision of the tariff downward, and to this end President Taft called (1909) Congress into special session. The House promptly passed a tariff bill, sponsored by Sereno E. Payne, which called for some reduced rates. The Senate substituted a bill, fathered by Nelson W. Aldrich, which made fewer downward revisions and increased numerous rates. After a sustained attack on the Aldrich Bill by a group of insurgent Republicans in the Senate, a compromise bill was adopted, which somewhat moderated the high rates of the Aldrich bill; the measure was immediately signed by Taft. It lowered 650 tariff schedules, raised 220, and left 1,150 unchanged. Although the Payne Aldrich Tariff Act was less aggressively protectionist than the McKinley Tariff Act (1890) and the later Dingley Act, it was, nevertheless, protectionist.

An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution

1913—written by Charles Beard; first book to attack the constitution as a conspiracy of the founding fathers to profit economically from a larger national government

Spanish Civil War (1936

1939)-In the 1930s, Spain was a deeply divided country that was politically torn between right-wing Nationalist and left-wing Republican parties. The Nationalist party was made up of monarchists, landowners, employers, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. The Republicans consisted of the workers, the trade unions, socialists and peasants.

Chinese Civil War (1927

1949)-The Chinese Civil War was a civil war in China fought between forces loyal to the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China, and forces loyal to the Communist Party of China (CPC). The war began in August 1927, with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek's Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major active battles ceased in 1950. The conflict eventually resulted in two de facto states, the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China, both officially claiming to be the legitimate government of China. The war represented an ideological split between the Communist CPC and the KMT's brand of Nationalism.

Articles of confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781 to 1788 (weaknesses: no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Virtual representation v. actual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Peninsular campaign

A campaign designed by McClellan to capture the confederate capital at richmond. Instead of a direct route there, he chose a complicated roundabout route that he thought would overcome confederate defenses. The plan was that the Navy would carry his troops down the Potomac river to a Peninsula east of Richmond between York and James Rivers. Then the army would approach from there. About 100,000 of his men began the campaign while the rest guarded washington. McClellan then said washington would be safe as long as richmond was threatened so Lincoln agreed to send the rest of his troops. But Jackson then sent his confederate army though shenandoah as if to attack Washington, Lincoln then dispatched McClellan's corps to Jackson. During this time Jackson defeated 2 union forces and slipped away b4 McClellan's forces reached him. Meanwhile confederate troops were attacking McClellan's army outside of richmond, but in this 2 day battle called fair oaks or seven pines the union forces won. The confederates attacked again with a new offensive in the battle known as the Battle of Seven Days. Which would cut McClellan off from his army and then destroy the army. But before then McClellan set up a new base.

Americans for Democratic Action

A coalition of liberals, tried to entice Dwight D. Eisenhower, the popular war hero, to contest the nomination. Only after Eisenhower had refused did liberals how to the inevitable and concede the nomination to Truman.

"Colored Alliances"

A colored part of the movement that had over 1 and a quarter million members by 1890. Excluded on the basis of race from membership in the Southern Farmers' Alliance, the blacks formed a separate organization in Texas in 1886. The Colored Farmers' Alliance comprised both black farmers and farm workers. They were active in the publication of a weekly newspaper and a variety of educational programs. In 1891, a strike of cotton pickers was called, but coordination was poor and the strike failed. Also lost support when the populist party arose.

John Brown

A committed abolitionist from Ohio. He thought god willed him to destroy slavery. He moved to Kansas with his sons to make kansas a free state. One night he gathered a group 6 men, 4 of whom were his sons to murder 5 pro slavery settlers in Kansas, they left their dead bodies out to discourage other pro slavery people from coming to Kansas. This was known as the Pottawatomie Massacre. This started more unlawfulness in the land.

Indian Peace Commission (1867)

A committee established by Congress which was composed of White soldiers and civilians, whom after a series of Bloody conflicts were to recommend a new and "permanent" Indian Policy. The commission's recommended replacing the concentration policy. They suggested that the government move all Plain Indians into 2 large reservations. One in Indiana Territory and one in the Dakotas. The government met with tribes and swindled them into agreeing to treaties which established the new reservation.

"Slave Power Conspiracy"

A conspiracy meant to spread slavery into the entire nation and destroy northern capitalism and replace it with southern aristocracy. The threatened every white laborer and property owner in the north.

The First Continental Congress

A convention of delegates, from 12/13 colonies, that met in 1774 in response to the intolerable acts, form committees to form petitions. Boycott british goods. Rejected by British as an act of defiance, parliament advocated use of force against colonists

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society that used terrorism to frighten or physically stop blacks from voting and exercising citizenship. Was formed in 1866 and led by confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest. In order to create a bond among the members of the Klan as well as intimidate others, the Klan devised rituals, costumes, and secret languages among other things. The Klan ran "midnight rides" where they would dress themselves and their horses in all white and terrorize black communities in the south. Southerners considered the Klan and other Parliamentary organizations like it proud, patriotic societies. The groups served to the likes of a military force that continued the battle against the North. In an effort to reverse white repression, the republican congress passed two enforcement acts in 1870 and 1871 called

The Atlanta Compromise (1895)

A famous speech given by Booker T. Washington that outlined a philosophy of race relations. He said that if blacks were ever to win the rights and privilege of citizenship they had to show they were able and ready to exercise these rights. He had awaken the interest of self advancement through self improvement. He also said no to challenge the system of segregation. He also spoke about the need for african americans and the other races specifically whites, to create a bond in all ways in agriculture, industry, commerce and in business. He also spoke about the need for african americans to prepare themselves from the transition of slave to free men by gaining skill for work. He also said that we all start at the bottom and must work our way up. Washington also called for white men to "cast their bucket down" to the blacks, the very men who tilled their lands, cleared forests, built their railroads and cities, etc... Blacks also want the trust they had as the domestic slaves and such. Because the people trusted them with their kids. Wanted to make the interests of both races one. Overall wanted blacks to improve and prepare themselves through intelligence and skill but needed the white men to accept and recognize them as equals and see their efforts. Speaking at the cotton exposition of 1895. Southern Whites rejected this.

Pickett's Charge

A force of 15,000 confederates marching across a mile of open land while being fired at by the union. Only 5,000 made it up the ridge and they surrendered and or retreated. By now Lee lost ⅓ of his army. On July 4th he withdrew from Gettysburg.

Rutherford B. Hayes

A former union army officer, governor, congressman and champion of civil service reform. Republicans chose him as their presidential candidate. Won the election of 1876 after the compromise of 1877. In his inaugural address he said the south's most pressing need was restoration of "wise, honest, and peaceful local self-government". He was sort of a hated man, promised to only serve one term

David Walker

A free black who expressed the aspirations of his race. In 1829 he published a harsh pamphlet called "Walker's Appeal... to the colored citizens."

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

"backwoods" literature

A group of southern writers who produced works that were more broadly American and less committed to a glorification of the peculiarities of southern life. These were writers from fringes of plantation society, who depicted the world of the backwoods rural areas. Instead of romanticizing their subjects, they were deliberately and sometimes painfully realistic

Frederick Jackson Turner

A historian at the University of Wisconsin who had one of the clearest visions of the frontier. When he was 33 he delivered a paper titled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History". Turner delivered this paper to a meeting of the American Historical Association in Chicago.

Women's Clubs

A large network of Associations that proliferated rapidly beginning in the 1880s and 1890s and that became the Vanguard of many important reforms. Began largely as cultural organizations to provide middle and upper class women with an outlet for their intellectual energies.

land ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Judiciary Act of 1801

A law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists. Trying to minimize the influence of the supreme court, congress has a power to decide the size of the court.

Coinage Act of 1873

A law that officially discontinued silver coinage.

Patrick Henry

A leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736 to 1799), said "Give me liberty or give me death"

Tripartite Pact (1940)

A loose defensive alliance with Germany and Italy that seemed to extend the Axis into Asia. On this day in 1940, the Axis powers are formed as Germany, Italy, and Japan become allies with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in Berlin. The Pact provided for mutual assistance should any of the signatories suffer attack by any nation not already involved in the war. This formalizing of the alliance was aimed directly at "neutral" America-designed to force the United States to think twice before venturing in on the side of the Allies. The Pact also recognized the two spheres of influence. Japan acknowledged "the leadership of Germany and Italy in the establishment of a new order in Europe," while Japan was granted lordship over "Greater East Asia."

Non Aggression Pact of 1939

A non aggression pact or neutrality pact is a national treaty between two or more states/countries where the signatories promise not to engage in military action against each other.[1]An example of non-aggression pact is the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, which lasted until the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa.

Red Shirts and White Leagues

A paramilitary organization armed by themselves to "police" elections and worked to force all white males to join the democratic party and exclude all blacks from meaningful political activity. Wanted to exercise political power against blacks to stop them from voting and exercising their right.

Renaissance man

A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.

Report on Manufactures

A proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to imported goods in order to protect American industry Though congress did not do anything with it, the report later influenced later industrial policies.

NSC 68

AKA a National security council report, issued in 1950, outlined a shift in the American position. The first statements made some distinction between the areas of vital interest to the US and areas of less importance to the nation's foreign policy and called on America to share the burden of containment with its allies.

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states, madison thought that all power came from the people and this meant that no level of government was truly sovereign

Corrupt bargain

Adams and Jackson are running for president, tie in the electoral college, the vote goes to the house (where federalists hold power the speaker of the house Clay supports Adams) as a result, adams wins the election, then adams is appointed secretary of state, the belief was that the secretary of state was next in line to be the president.

The Townshend Acts

Added taxes to goods, such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. It also allowed customs officials to search without real reason in order to prevent smuggling. Colonists believed that this tax was an example of taxation without representation.

Theodore Roosevelt

Advocated for government to play a more active role in regulating and planning economic life. Once said "We should enter upon a course of supervision, control, and regulation of those great corporations a regulation which we should not fear, if necessary, to bring to the point of control of monopoly prices." Was one of the most powerful symbols of the reform.

Booker T. Washington

After Americans as their own race faced greater obstacles in legal, economic, social and political instances than any other race or group, they turned to Booker T. Washington. Specifically his quote of "put down your bucket where you are", meaning to work on immediate self improvement rather than long range social change. A lot of people wanted to see things done differently than how Washington proposed, that is where W.E.B Du Bois stepped in.

Berlin Airlift (1948)

After Stalin imposed a tight blockade around the western sectors of Berlin, Truman ordered a massive airlift to supply the city with food, fuel, and other needed goods.

Suez Crisis

After america withdrew its offers to assist Egypt in building the Aswan Dam as punishment for being friendly towards communists, Nasser retaliated by seizing control of the Suez Canal from the British, saying he would use the income from it to build the dam himself. The repercussions of that seizure were quick and profound. On October, 29, 1956, Israeli forces struck a pre emptive blow against Egypt. The next day the British and French landed troops in the Suez to drive Egyptians from the canal. Dulles and Eisenhower feared this crisis would drive the Arab states toward the Soviet Union and precipitate a new world war. The US helped pressure the French and British to withdraw and helped persuade Israel to agree to a truce with Egypt.

Failure of America's Interwar Diplomacy

After it was clear that the International System of the United States had attempted to create in the 1920s had collapsed, the United States faced a choice. it could adopt a more energetic form of internationalism and enter into forever and more meaningful association with other nations. Or it could resort to nationalism and rely on its own devices for dealing with its problems. For the next 6 years, it experimented with elements of both approaches

Battle of Chattanooga

After occupying Chattanooga, Union forces led by William Rosecrans began to pursue Bragg's army. Bragg was then waiting for them with reinforcements from Lee's army. The union lost this. Then Grant came to the rescue and the now reinforced union army drove the confederates back into Georgia. Union forces had then completed another important objective, obtaining control of the TN river. 4/11 confederate states were now cut off from the southern nation.

John Marshall

this man served as chief justice of the US for almost 35 years, he molded the development of the constitution, strengthened judicial powers, increased federal power, and advanced interests of propertied and commercial classes

Antietam

After receiving word that confederates under Jackson had separated to attack Harpers Ferry, McClellan stalled and gave Lee time to pull his forces together behind Antietam Creek. This turned out to be the bloodiest single day engagement of the war on September 17th. McClellan's army then repeatedly attacked Lee's forces with enormous casualties on both sides. 6,000 died and 17,000 were injured. Just when it seemed that the Confederates would break, Jackson's troops arrived after Harper Ferry to reinforce them. McClellan then allowed Lee to retreat into Virginia. Antietam was technically a Union victory but it was truly a squandered opportunity. Led to the emancipation proclamation

Ex parte Milligan

After the war in 1866, the supreme court ruled this in that said that military trials in areas where the civil courts existed were unconstitutional.

Sherman's March to the Sea

After they lost Atlanta, the Confederate army headed west into Tennessee and Alabama, attacking Union supply lines as they went. Sherman was reluctant to set off on a wild goose chase across the South, however, and so he split his troops into two groups. Major General George Thomas took some 60,000 men to meet the Confederates in Nashville, while Sherman took the remaining 62,000 on an offensive march through Georgia to Savannah, "smashing things" (he wrote) " to the sea." Also From November 15 until December 21, 1864, Union General William T. Sherman led some 60,000 soldiers on a 285 mile march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. The purpose of this "March to the Sea" was to frighten Georgia's civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. Sherman's soldiers did not destroy any of the towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned the houses and barns of people who tried to fight back. The Yankees were "not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people," Sherman explained; as a result, they needed to "make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war."

The Non

Aggression Pact of 1939-The terms of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact were briefly as follows: the two countries agreed not to attack each other, either independently or in conjunction with other powers; not to support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; to remain in consultation with each other upon questions touching their common interests; not to join any group of powers directly or indirectly threatening one of the two parties; to solve all differences between the two by negotiation or arbitration. The pact was to last for 10 years, with automatic extension for another 5 years unless either party gave notice to terminate it 1 year before its expiration.

President's Commission on the Status of Women

Established by John Kennedy, although the President's motive in creating it probably had more to do with deflecting more substantive feminist demands than with real commitment to women's goals, the commission brought national attention to sexual discrimination and helped create important networks of feminist activists who would lobby for legislative redress.

Election of 1876

Although Grant wanted to run again but republicans were scared of the scandals associated with him as well as his health. So the republicans chose Rutherford B. Hayes, and the democrats chose Samuel J.Tilden. Won by Hayes. The election was in a deadlock at one point and congress created a special electoral commission to judge the disputed votes. Tilden won popular vote but dispute over 20 electoral votes from 3 states. Tilden one vote shy of electoral vote majority, Hayes needed all 20 votes to win. Congress created special electoral commission of 15 members.5 senators, 5 representatives and 5 justices. 7 of which were democrats to judge disputed votes, chose 8 to 7 to give all votes to Hayes due to the compromise of 1877.—won election. Louisiana. South Carolina, and FLorida had disputed votes because they still had federal troops and were not redeemed. The house of representatives couldn't decide so the commission was created.

imperialism

America was becoming more engaged in foreign affairs which raised the concern of America becoming an imperialist nation. a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Goal of the "Muckrakers"

Among the first people to articulate the new spirit of Reform and were crusading journalists who began to direct public attention towards social, economic, and political injustices. They became known as the muckrakers, after Theodore Roosevelt accused one of them of raking up muck through his writings. they were committed to exposing Scandal, corruption, and Injustice to public views. Are now investigative journalists.

Jacob S. Coxey

An Ohio businessman and Populist who advocated a massive public works program to create jobs for the unemployed and an inflation of the currency. After his goals made no progress, Coxey announced he would send a petition to washington, a march of the unemployed to the capital where they would present their demands. The group of unemployed men was called Coxey's army which was about 500 men when they reached washington. Police blocked them from the Capitol and arrested Coxey. Congress took no action no his demands.

Pendleton Act (1883)

An act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States.The Pendleton Act stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit. It provided for selection of government employees through competitive examinations. It also made it unlawful to fire or demote covered employees for political reasons or to require them to give political service or payment, and it set up a Civil Service Commission to enforce the law.The Pendleton Act transformed the nature of public service.

Impeachment

An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officers of the United States of committing "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

Compromise of 1877

An agreement that won over Southern Democrats, the democrats exacted several pledges from republicans saying the appointment of one southerner to the Hayes cabinet, control of federal patronage in their areas, generous internal improvements, and federal aid for the texas and pacific railroad. also involved more financial aid for railroads and internal improvements in South in order to help Dems grow business and industrialize, withdraw troops to rid S of last Repub state govts. Deal between southern democrats and northern republicans.

Nixon's Domestic Policy

An attempt to restore balance between the needs of the poor and the desires of the middle class, between the power of the federal government and the interests of local communities. Many of his policies were a response to what he believed to be the demands of his own constituency of the silent majority.

Federalist 10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist

liberal Protestantism vs. evangelical fundamentalism

Evangelical: Try to convert people to christianity (fundamentalism bible should be taken literally christianity). Liberal: Social gospel, open to new ideas and concepts, don't follow the bible literally.

Guinn Beal v. United States 238 US 347 (1915)

An important victory by the NAACP. This court case had the supreme court rule that the grandfather clause in an Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. The so called Grandfather Clause of the amendment to the constitution of Oklahoma of 1910 is void because it violates the Fifteenth Amendment ("right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.") to the Constitution of the United States.

John O'Sullivan

An influential Democratic editor who gave the movement of manifest destiny its name, wrote in 1845 that the American claim to territory "is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence had given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative self government entrusted to us"

Daughters of Liberty

An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British Rulers

Economic aristocracy

Andrew Jackson appealed to a broad coalition that opposed the "economic aristocracy." It was when people with a higher economic status were ranked higher than others. Jackson takes many steps towards elimination this concept and supports the concept of the common man.

Social Cohesion

Another Progressive impulse was a belief in the importance of social cohesion: the belief that individuals are not autonomous but part of the Great web of social relationships, that the welfare of any single person is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole.

Buchanan v. Worley 245 US 60 (1917)

Another big win for the NAACP in which the court struck down a Louisville, Kentucky law which required residential segregation. Buchanan was a white individual who sold a house to Warley, a black individual in Louisville, Kentucky. Louisville had an ordinance that prohibited blacks from living on a block where the majority of residents were white. Since 8 of 10 houses were occupied by whites, Warley was not allowed to live on the block. Buchanan sued Warley in Jefferson County Circuit Court to complete the sale. Warley cited the city ordinance as the reason for non completion of the sale. The question went to the Kentucky Court of Appeals. Buchanan alleged that the ordinance violated the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ( The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which included former slaves recently freed.). The Kentucky Court of Appeals upheld the statute. The NAACP was blazing a path for black rights

Impact of blockade on Germany

British imposed a naval blockade on Germany to prevent munitions and supplies from reaching the enemy. As a neutral, the US had a right, in theory, to trade with Germany. A truly neutral response to the blockade would have been to stop training with Britain as well, but the US could survive an interruption of its modest trade with the Central Powers, it could not easily weather an embargo on its much more extensive trade with the Allies, particularly when was orders from Britain and France soared after 1914.

Freeport Doctrine (Freeport Heresy)

Even though the Dred Scott court decision said the opposite, the doctrine said that slavery could be excluded from territories of the United States by local legislation.

Women's Trade Union League (1903)

Assembled after being rejected by other Union organizations. Interested in securing protective legislation for workers rather than mobilization of labor.

Gold Standard Act of 1900

Assigned a specific gold value to the dollar and required all currency issued by the united states to hew to that value.

Department of Commerce and Labor (1903)

At the heart of Roosevelt's policy was his desire to win for government the power to investigate the activities of Corporations and publicize the results. The pressure of educated public opinion, he believed, what alone eliminate most corporate abusive. Government could legislate solutions for those that remained. The new Department of Commerce and labor ( later to be divided into two separate departments) was to assist in this task through its investigatory arm, the Bureau of Corporations

Romanticism

At the same time as what is written above, some of America's cultural leaders were beginning to strive for another kind of liberation, one that would gradually come almost to overshadow their self conscious nationalism. That impulse (which was ironically, largely an import from Europe) was the spirit of Romanticism. The American Period of Romanticism (1830 to 1865) was "an age of great westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery questions, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North" (Harman 454). It has many of the same characteristics as European Romanticism but had several uniquely American aspects. (European) Romanticism 1820 to 1865: A European artistic and intellectual movement of the early 19th century, characterized by an emphasis on individual freedom from social conventions or political restraints, on human imagination, and on nature in a typically idealized form.

Germany Defeated

At the same time, Soviet forces were closing in from the east, invading Poland and East Prussia. By March, Western Allied forces were crossing the Rhine River, capturing hundreds of thousands of troops from Germany's Army Group B. The Red Army had meanwhile entered Austria, and both fronts quickly approached Berlin. Strategic bombing campaigns by Allied aircraft were pounding German territory, sometimes destroying entire cities in a night. In the first several months of 1945, Germany put up a fierce defense, but rapidly lost territory, ran out of supplies, and exhausted its options. In April, Allied forces pushed through the German defensive line in Italy. East met West on the River Elbe on April 25, 1945, when Soviet and American troops met near Torgau, Germany. Then came the end of the Third Reich, as the Soviets took Berlin, Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April 30, and Germany surrendered unconditionally on all fronts on May 8 (May 7 on the Western Front).

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934

Authorized the administration to negotiate treaties lowering tariffs by as much as 50% in return for reciprocal reductions by other nations.

Naval Construction Act of 1916 to 1916

Authorized the expansion of the US navy. It was seen as less of a threat than an army, and thus was met with less opposition.

Pizarro

Conquered Peru and revealed to the Europeans the wealth of the Incas

Jayhawkers

Bands of union sympathizers in Kansas, they were slightly less savage than Quantrill's band. They moved across western Mississippi retaliating the actions of Quantrill and other confederate guerrillas. One Jayhawks unit was led by John Brown and Susan B. Anthony's brother, they brought the same passion of the abolitionists to their work. The border of Kansas and Missouri was one of the bloodiest sites in the whole war.

Battle of Alamance

Battle where the regulators movement was beaten by the militiamen

Lincoln Douglas Debates (1858)

Because Lincoln was not such a prominent figure as Douglas, Lincoln wanted to increase his rep by having debates between him and his opponent. The debates had large crowd turnouts and lots of attention on a national platform. When they were over Lincoln had achieved his goal, he was in the public eye.

Radicals

Conservatives insisted that the South accept the abolition of slavery, but proposed few other conditions for the readmission of the seceded states. Some radicals favored granting suffrage to the former slaves. Others hesitated, since few Northern states permitted blacks to vote.

Bay of Pigs

Before his inauguration, John F. Kennedy was briefed on a plan by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) developed during the Eisenhower administration to train Cuban exiles for an invasion of their homeland. The plan anticipated that the Cuban people and elements of the Cuban military would support the invasion. The ultimate goal was the overthrow of Castro and the establishment of a non-communist government friendly to the United States. The first mishap occurred on April 15, 1961, when eight bombers left Nicaragua to bomb Cuban airfields.The CIA had used obsolete World War II B-26 bombers, and painted them to look like Cuban air force planes. The bombers missed many of their targets and left most of Castro's air force intact. As news broke of the attack, photos of the repainted U.S. planes became public and revealed American support for the invasion. President Kennedy cancelled a second air strike. On April 17, the Cuban-exile invasion force, known as Brigade 2506, landed at beaches along the Bay of Pigs and immediately came under heavy fire. Cuban planes strafed the invaders, sank two escort ships, and destroyed half of the exile's air support. Bad weather hampered the ground force, which had to work with soggy equipment and insufficient ammunition.

The Great Railway Strike of 1877

Began after eastern RR's announced a 10% wage cut. Strikers disrupted rail services, destroyed equipment and rioted in the streets. The president ordered federal troops to suppress the breakouts. In Baltimore demonstrators were killed by militiamen . In Philly state militia opened fire and killed 20 people. This was the first major national labor conflict, this This showed how disputes between workers and employers could no longer be localized in the increasingly national economy. This also showed the amount of resentment between a worker and his employer.

"Southern Nationalism"

Beginning in the 1830s, the South developed a new and aggressive sense of "nationalism" that was rooted in its sense of distinctiveness and its perception that it was ringed by enemies. The South began to conceive of itself more and more as the true custodian of America's revolutionary heritage. Southern travelers who ventured into the North regarded it as a "strange and distant land" and expressed disgust about its vice ridden cities and its grasping materialism. Southern intellectuals also began to defend slavery as a positive factor.

Edward Bellamy

Bellamy publish the utopian novel looking backward in 1888 which sold more than 1 million copies. It describe the experience of the young Bostonian went into a hypnotic sleep and 1887 and awoke in the year 2000 to find social order where want,, politics, and vice were unknown. The large trusts of the 19th centuries had continued to grow in size and to combine with one another until ultimately they formed a single great trust, controlled by the government which of all of the businesses of the citizens and distribute the abundance of the Indus industrial economy equally among all the people. Society has become a great machine. Class of variance had disappeared. His work inspired the formation of more than 160 nationalist club to propagate his ideas.

National Association of Colored Women

Black women occasionally join Club dominated by whites. The most such clubs excluded blacks, and so African Americans formed clubs of their own, some of which affiliated with the general Federation, but more of which became part of the independent National Association of Colored Women. They modeled themselves primarily on their white counterparts, but some black clubs also took positions on issues of particular concern to Black, such as lynching and aspects of segregation

Susan B. Anthony

Born on February 15, 1820, Susan B. Anthony was raised in a Quaker household and went on to work as a teacher before becoming a leading figure in the abolitionist and women's voting rights movement. She partnered with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and would eventually lead the National American Woman Suffrage Association. A dedicated writer and lecturer, Anthony died on March 13 1906.

Boxer Rebellion

Boxers were a secret chinese martial arts society that were highly nationalist. They launched a revolt against foreigners in China. The climax of the rebellion was a siege of the entire foreign diplomatic corps. The imperial powers sent an international expeditionary force into China to rescue the diplomats. McKinley and Hay agreed to american participation in stopping the Boxer Rebellion to secure a voice in settlement of the uprising and to prevent partition of China by European nations. Hay now gained support for his open door policy from England and Germany. Us maintained access to Chinese trade after this occurrence.

"penny press"

By the 1840s the idea of Manifest Destiny had spread throughout the nation, publicized by the new "penny press" (inexpensive newspapers aimed at a mass audience), and fanned by the rhetoric of nationalist politicians.

Nullification

Calhoun wanted to void the tariff not because it was important but he believed it would shape his political future

Penny Press

Carried news of the candidates to a large audience of workers and tradespeople. It also showed how the concept of a party competition or the subordination of ideology to immediate political needs had cemented itself in america in the election of 1840.

Civil Disobedience (passive resistance)

Civil disobedience or passive resistance is a public refusal to obey unjust laws. Thoreau believed this was the proper response to governments that required violation of the personal morality that every individual was entitled to

Clayton Antitrust Act

Clayton Antitrust Act, law enacted in 1914 by the United States Congress to clarify and strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). The vague language of the latter had provided large corporations with numerous loopholes, enabling them to engage in certain restrictive business arrangements that, though not illegal per se, resulted in concentrations that had an adverse effect on competition.

grange laws

Coalition of U.S. farmers, particularly in the Middle West, that fought monopolistic grain transport practices during the decade following the American Civil War. The Granger movement began with a single individual, Oliver Hudson Kelley. The organization involved secret ritual and was divided into local units called "Granges." At first only Kelley's home state of Minnesota seemed responsive to the Granger movement, but by 1870 nine states had Granges. By the mid 1870s nearly every state had at least one Grange, and national membership reached close to 800,000. What drew most farmers to the Granger movement was the need for unified action against the monopolistic railroads and grain elevators (often owned by the railroads) that charged exorbitant rates for handling and transporting farmers' crops and other agricultural products.

The Boston Massacre

Colonists gathered outside the Boston customs house. Colonists and redcoats taunted each other and insulted each other. Snowballs, rocks, and oyster shells were thrown by the Boston mob. British shots were fired killing five colonists.

The Mutiny Act of 1765

Colonists were required to assist in provisioning and maintaining the army

Jamestown

Colony created by the the men of the three ships, the Godspeed, the DIscovery, and the Susan Constant

massachusetts Bay colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

general horatio gates

this man took control of England's northern army after Burgoyne suffered 2 massive defeats

Treaty of Paris 1898

Commissioners from the United States and Spain met in Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war after six months of hostilities. The American peace commission consisted of William R. Day, Sen. Cushman K. Davis, Sen. William P. Frye, Sen. George Gray, and the Honorable Whitelaw Reid. The Spanish commission was headed by Don Eugenio Montero Rios, the President of the Senate. Jules Cambon, a French diplomat, also negotiated on Spain's behalf. The American commissioners negotiated in a hostile atmosphere because all Europe, except England, was sympathetic to the Spanish side. Although the Conference discussed Cuba and debt questions, the major conflict concerned the situation of the Philippines. Admiral Dewey's victory had come as a great surprise and it marked the entrance of the United States into the Pacific. Spanish commissioners argued that Manila had surrendered after the armistice and therefore the Philippines could not be demanded as a war conquest, but they eventually yielded because they had no other choice, and the U.S. ultimately paid Spain 20 million dollars for possession of the Philippines. The islands of Puerto Rico and Guam were also placed under American control, and Spain relinquished its claim to Cuba. The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898.

Three fifths Compromise

Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention each slave would count as 3/5 of a free person in determination for both representation and direct taxation

concentration camps

Concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; abbreviated as KL or KZ) were an integral feature of the regime in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945. The term concentration camp refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy.The first concentration camps in Germany were established soon after Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933. In the weeks after the Nazis came to power, The SA (Sturmabteilungen; commonly known as Storm Troopers), the SS (Schutzstaffel; Protection Squadrons—the elite guard of the Nazi party), the police, and local civilian authorities organized numerous detention camps to incarcerate real and perceived political opponents of Nazi policy. Soon the camps were established all over Germany.

Wilson's Creek

Confederates backed up Missouri governor Claiborne Jackson and others who wanted to secede from the union but Nathaniel Lyon moved his troops into southern missouri to face the secessionists. Lyon was defeated and killed but beforehand he was able to weaken the striking power of the confederates and hold most of the state.

The French Indian War/The Seven Years' War

Conflict between english, french, and iroquois. these groups always had an uneasy balance of power. These events led to a prolonged and open conflict, and established a precarious dominance for English societies throughout the region. War was apart of the struggle for power between england and france over world trade and naval power, the british victory rearranged global power and imperial nation, also cemented its control over most of the settled regions of North America

Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)

Congress grudgingly to public pressure in 1887 with the Interstate Commerce Act. This banned discrimination in rates between long and short hauls, required that railroads publish their rate schedule and file them with the government, and declared that all interstate rail rates must be "reasonable and just" although the act did not define what that meant. A five person agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission, was to administer the act. But it had to rely on the courts to enforce its ruling. For almost 20 years after its passage, the Interstate Commerce Act haphazardly enforced and narrowly interpreted by the courts was without much practical effect

Neutrality Act of 1937

Congress passed more stringent measures, established the so called cash-and-carry policy, by which belligerents could purchase only nonmilitary goods from the US and had to pay cash and carry the goods away on their own vessels.

March on Selma (1965)

During January and February, 1965, King and SCLC led a series of demonstrations to the Dallas County Courthouse. On February 17, protester Jimmy Lee Jackson was fatally shot by an Alabama state trooper. In response, a protest march from Selma to Montgomery was scheduled for March 7. Six hundred marchers assembled in Selma on Sunday, March 7, and, led by John Lewis and other SNCC and SCLC activists, crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge over the Alabama River en route to Montgomery. Just short of the bridge, they found their way blocked by Alabama State troopers and local police who ordered them to turn around. When the protesters refused, the officers shot teargas and waded into the crowd, beating the nonviolent protesters with billy clubs and ultimately hospitalizing over fifty people.

Ocala Demands

During the 1880s an agricultural depression in the South and Great Plains gave rise to several agrarian lobbying organizations, including the Southern Farmers' Alliance and the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union. Under the leadership of Leonidas Polk and Charles Macune, the two organizations met at Ocala, Florida, in December 1890 to demand government support for the nation's depressed farmers. The Ocala Platform demanded, among other things, the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, the establishment of sub treasuries where farmers could obtain money at less than 2 percent on nonperishable products, and the election of U.S. senators by a direct vote of the people. When neither major party adopted the Ocala demands, the disgruntled farmers turned to direct political action on their own behalf. In July 1892 they organized the Populist Party at Omaha, Nebraska, and nominated James B. Weaver as their presidential candidate. Weaver garnered 1 million votes; carried the states of Colorado, Kansas, Nevada, and Idaho; but finished third in the race. In 1896 the Populist Party fused with the Democratic Party in support of William Jennings Bryan's presidential campaign. Bryan finished a distant second to William McKinley, and the Populist Party soon disbanded.

Black Enlistment

During the first months of the war, the African Americans were generally excluded from joining the military. A few black regiments eventually began in the union occupied areas of the confederacy, mainly because they were a ready source of manpower in a defeated regions. Once Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, black enlistment increased rapidly and the union military began actively to recruit African American soldiers and sailors in both the North and where possible, the south.

"Acres of Diamonds" speech

During the speech Russell Conwell told the story series of stories which he claimed were true of individuals would find opportunities for extraordinary well in their own backyard. one of these stories involve the modest farmer who discovered of the diamond mind in his own fields in the course of working his land. He claimed that most of the millionaires in the country had become lowest rung of the economic ladder and had to work their way to success. Every industrious individual had the chance to do likewise.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower Doctrine, (Jan. 5, 1957), in the Cold War period after World War II, U.S. foreign-policy pronouncement by President Dwight D.Eisenhower promising military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression.

Role of the Sabotage and Sedition Acts of 1918

Empowered the post office to ban seditious material from mails. Sedition act an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds.[1] The Sedition Act of 1918 stated that people or countries cannot say negative things about the government or the war. It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. Made illegal any public expression of opposition to the war; in practice, it allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the president or government.

Adventurers

Englishmen who agreed to finance the expedition for the pilgrims to the new world

Lowell or Waltham system

Enlisted young women, mostly farmers' daughters in their late teens and early twenties to work for several years in the factories, saved their wages, and returned home to marry and raise children.

Munn v. Illinois 94 U.S. 113 (1877)

Fact: Illinois regulated grain warehouse and elevator rates by establishing maximum rates for their use. Question of the case: Did the state imposed rates deny the warehouse and elevator owners equal protection and due process under the 14th Amendment? Answer: No on both counts. Waite, for the Court, took a broad view of the state's police power. He argued that the states may regulate the use of private property "when such regulation becomes necessary for the public good." Waite resurrected an ancient legal doctrine to support his view: "When property is affected with a public interest, it ceases to be juris privati only." The most significant of the Granger cases was Munn v.Illinois, in which a Chicago grain storage facility challenged the constitutionality of the 1871 Illinois law setting maximum rates. The court, with Chief Justice Morrison Remick Waite writing for the majority, upheld the state legislation on the grounds that a private enterprise that affects the public interest is subject to governmental regulation.

Isolation

Farms were scattered across lands, cutting families off from others and limiting interactions. Farmers isolated, lacked education for children, proper medical facilities, and community this sense of obsolescence lead to growing malaise among farmers that created great political movement in 1890s sturdy yeoman farmers had viewed themselves as the backbone of American life, now they were becoming aware that their position was declining in relation to the rising urban industrial society in the East

Anti

Federalists-people who go against the ideas of the federalists, federalists thought they had nothing to offer except opposition and chaos, they argued that any centralized government would inevitably produce despotism

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

First appeared as a serial in an antislavery weekly but was then published as a book. More than 300,000 copies were sold within a year. It was a document of abolitionist propaganda but was fiction. Was a popular sentimental novel among females. The book combined emotional sentiments with politics

Alabama Claims

Fish's first major challenge was to deal with the longstanding controversy with England over the American claims that is had violated neutrality laws during the Civil War by permitting English shipyards to build ships for the Confederacy. American demands that England pay for the damage these vessels had caused became known as the "Alabama Claims".

William Gilmore Simms

For a time, his work expressed a broad nationalism that transcended his regional background; but by the 1840s he too had become a strong defender of southern institutions especially slavery against the encroachments of the North.

"Gag Rule"

Forbid discussion of slavery in congress, due to its controversy. The southern democrats passed this rule.

Progressive Party

Formed by the party's Left Wing, objected what they considered the slow and ineffective domestic policies of the Truman administration, but they resented even more the president's confrontational statues toward the Soviet Union.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (1893)

Formed in 1890, NAWSA was the result of a merger between two rival factions the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), led by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and Julia Ward Howe. These opposing groups were organized in the late 1860s, partly as the result of a disagreement over strategy. NWSA favored women's enfranchisement through a federal constitutional amendment, while AWSA believed success could be more easily achieved through state by state campaigns. NAWSA combined both of these techniques, securing the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 through a series of well orchestrated state campaigns under the dynamic direction of Carrie Chapman Catt. With NAWSA's primary goal of women's enfranchisement now a reality, the organization was transformed into the League of Women Voters.

American Anti Slavery Society (1833)

Founded a year later after a convention in Pennsylvania

Amana community (1843)

Founded by German Immigrants in 1843; its members settled in Iowa in 1855. The Amanas attempted to realize Christian ideals by creating an ordered, socialist society.

American Colonization Society (1817)

Founded by a group of white virginians, they worked to challenge slavery without challenging property rights in the south. They proposed a gradual freeing of slaves, and the masters would receive compensation by funds raised by private charity or appropriated by state legislature. The ACS then transported freed slaves out of the country so they could establish their own society.

Women's Trade Union League

Founded in 1903 by female union members and upper class reformers and committed to persuading women to join unions. In addition to working on behalf of protective legislation for women, wtul members held public meetings on behalf of female workers, raised money to support strikes, merge on picket lines, and bailed striking women out of jail.

"Mother" Ann Lee

Founder of the shaker community

General Oliver O. Howard

Freedman's Bureau was run by the War Department, and its first and most important commissioner was General O.O. Howard, a Civil War hero sympathetic to blacks.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

Labor Management Relations Act (1947) (Taft

Hartley Act)-It made the illegal so-called closed shop, however it continued to permit the creation of so-called union shops. Empowered the president to call for a "cooling-off" period before a strike by issuing an injunction against any work stoppage that endangered national safety or health.

Roosevelt's Quarantine Speech (1937)

He claimed aggressors should be "quarantined" by the international community to prevent the contagion of war from spreading.

Douglas' Position on Slavery

He didn't have a true position and Lincoln even cited Douglas on when he said he didn't care if slavery was "voted up, or voted down" in kansas.

Manhattan Project

From 1941 on the government secretly gave 2 billion into the so called Manhattan project. A massive scientific effort conducted at hidden laboratories in Oak Ridge, TN, Los Alamos, NM. Hanford, Washington and other sites. 100s of scientist many of them not aware of what they were working on, labored away to complete two complementary projects. One at Oak Ridge and Hanford was the production of fissionable plutonium, the fuel for an atomic explosion; the other at Los alamos was the construction of a bomb that could use the fuel. The scientists worked faster than predicted . Even so the war in Europe ended before they were ready for their test job. On July, 6th 1945, near Alamogordo, NM, the scientists gathered to witness the first atomic explosion in history: a blinding flash of light, brighter than any ever seen on earth, and a huge, billowing mushroom cloud.

civil service reform

Garfield began his presidency by trying to defy the stalwarts in his appointments and by showing support for civil service reform. He soon found himself embroiled in an ugly public quarrel with both Conklin and other stalwarts. it was never resolved. On July 2nd 1881 only four months after his inauguration Garfield was shot twice while standing in the Washington railroad station by an apparently deranged gunman who shouted, " I am a stalwart and Arthur is president now!" The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, 22 Stat. 403) is a United States federal law, enacted in 1883, which established decided that federal government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation.

treaty of greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Role of the Espionage Act of 1917

Gave the government new tools with which to respond to negative reports on the american war effort. This act created stiff penalties for spying, sabotage or obstruction of the war effort. Empowered the post office to ban seditious material from mails.

General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis." It was negotiated during the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed by 23 nations in Geneva on October 30, 1947 and took effect on January 1, 1948. It lasted until the signature by 123 nations in Marrakesh on April 14, 1994 of the Uruguay Round Agreements, which established the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994.

Battle of Chancellorsville

General Joseph Hooker the new leader of the Army of the Potomac created his own spring campaign to to attack Lee's army. He was advancing but then retreated to a defensive position in the Wilderness. Lee had half as many men as Hooker but he still divided his forces for a dual assault on the union army. Lee attacked the union from the right and Lee charged the front. Hooker barely escaped with his army. Lee had won but didn't defeat the army. Lee's best officer, Jackson was fatally wounded in this battle

General Winfield Scott

General Winfield Scott was among the most celebrated American soldiers of his day.An outspoken Whig, he opposed President James K. Polk's policies toward Mexico, a move that cost him the primary field command in the ensuing U.S. Mexican War. When General Zachary Taylor's campaign bogged down at Monterrey, Scott proposed a bold plan to land an army at Vera Cruz and to march overland to capture Mexico City. Polk grudgingly agreed, and Scott's campaign succeeded brilliantly and won the war.

Panic of 1873

Grant's and nations problems was a financial crisis that became known as the Panic of 1873. This began with the failure of a leading investment banking firm, Jay Cooke and Company, which was heavily invested in postwar railroad building. This was the worst panic yet, and it lasted 4 years

Alliance for Progress

Growing out of the fear of increased Soviet and Cuban influence in Latin America, the 1961-1969 Alliance for Progress was in essence a Marshall Plan for Latin America. The United States pledged $20 billion in assistance (grants and loans) and called upon the Latin American governments to provide $80 billion in investment funds for their economies. It was the biggest U.S. aid program toward the developing world up to that point—and called for substantial reform of Latin American institutions.

Union Party

Had Union victories not occurred when they did, and had Lincoln not made special arrangements to allow Union troops to vote, the Democrats might have won.

James K. Polk

He had represented Tennessee in the House of Representatives for fourteen years, four of them as Speaker, and had subsequently served as governor. But by 1844 he had been out of public office and for the most part of the public mind for three years. What made his victory possible was his support for the position, expressed in the democratic platform, "that the reoccupation of oregon and the reannexation of texas at the earliest practicable period are great american measures" Polk carried the election by 170 electoral votes to 105, although his popular majority was 40,000. Replaced Clay because he had too many enemies and was overall more controversial. Encouraged western expansion, settled treaty in northwest. Encouraged mexican american war to establish a boundary between the two.

Roger Sherman

He helped draft the Great Compromise that determined how states would be represented in Congress. The congress would have two houses (house and senate, this was called bicameral) the constitution gave more population more power, the south wanted to count slaves as part of the population which was unfair to the north, so the north wanted to count slaves as taxation. SOLUTION: bicameral legislature, population representation in the house chosen through voting by the people, equal representation in the senate: 2 per states chosen by state legislatures, any law attempting to be passed goes through both houses, check and balance system being used, count the slaves as ⅗ of a white man for taxation and representation.

Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)

He proposed this act, which established a government bureaucracy to help farmers maintain prices. A federally sponsored Farm Board would administer a budget of 500 million, from which it could make loans to national marketing cooperatives or establish corporations to buy surpluses and thus raise prices.

Philosophical beliefs behind the reductions

He reduced the navy as to not promote overseas commerce, he was also trying to establish the united states military academy, when trouble began brewing he began rebuilding his fleet

Walker's Appeal ... to the Colored Citizens (1829)

He says "America is more our country than it is the whites' we have enriched it with our blood and tears." then he said "The whites want slaves, and want us for their slaves, but some of them will curse the day they ever saw us." He also declared that slaves should cut their masters throats and should "kill, or be killed!" He wanted Africans to basically fight to freedom by harming masters and such. He believed the country was the africans, they had done all the hard work after all.

General Valeriano Weyler

He served in Cuba, organizing a squad of volunteers from among the merchants of Havana that was something like a foreign legion. In 1878 Weyler was made a general. In 1895 he was given the Grand Cross of Maria Cristina for his command of troops in the Philippines. In 1896 when rebellion was in full swing in Cuba, Weyler was named governor with full powers to suppress the insurgency and return the island to political order and the sugar industry to greater profitability.

William Seward

He staunchly opposed the compromise, to him the issue of eliminating slavery were more important than the ideals of the union.

James B. D. De Bow

He was perhaps one of the most prominent advocate of the southern economic independence and a resident of New orleans. He published a magazine advocating southern commercial and agricultural expansion.

Daniel shays

Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because landowners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"

Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer was the first and most important person to support the theory of social Darwinism he argued that society benefited from the elimination of the unfit and survival of the strong and talented his books are popular in America in the 1870s and 1880s teachings from prominent supporters and among american intellectuals intellectuals including William Graham Sumner of Yale who promoted similar ideas in lectures articles in a famous 1906 book folkways he did not agree with everything but he didn't believe that individuals must have absolute freedom to compete to succeed or fail.

Lincoln's First Inaugural Address

His address dealt directly with the secession crisis. Lincoln laid down several basic principles: since the union was older than the constitution, no state could leave it, acts of force or violence to support secession were insurrectionary, and the government would "hold, occupy, and possess" federal property in the seceded states a clear reference to fort sumter.

Richard Nixon

His political career had seemed at an end after his losses in the in presidential race of 1960 and a california gubernatorial campaign 2 years later, reemerged as the preeminent spokesman for what he called "middle america". He recognized that many americans were tired of hearing about their obligations to the poor, tired of hearing about the sacrifices necessary to achieve racial justice, tired of judicial reforms that seemed designed to help criminals.

Johnson v McIntosh

Illinois and Piankeshaw tribes sold parts of land to white settlers, but later signed a treaty with US GOV ceding territory that included that land to the United states. As a result, it was decided indian tribes had the right to their land, but US citizens could not buy or sell lands to the indians, only the gov't had that power

"push" and "pull" factors

Immigrants were coming to America in part to escape poverty and oppression in their homelands. But they were also lured to the United States by expectation of new opportunities. Sometimes such expectations are realistic, but often they were the results of false promises.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Pacific Railroad Act of 1862

In 1862 Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act, which designated the 32nd parallel as the initial transcontinental route and gave huge grants of lands for rights of way. The act was an effort to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean and to secure the use of that line to the government.

universal milling machine

In 1867, American engineer Joseph R. Brown (1805-1870) introduced his universal milling machine at the Paris Exhibition. Brown's machine arose following the testing in 1861 of one designed to solve the problem of producing spiral flutes for twist drills. This machine proved amazingly versatile, and led to Brown's significant addition in 1864 of a formed cutter. Ever since, milling machines have vied with lathes as the most employed industrial machine tool. Their high adaptability is demonstrated by the numerous cutting jobs they perform, including flat surfaces, grooves, shoulders, inclined surfaces, slots, and dovetails. A turret milling machine is an example of a miller used in conjunction with a related machine tool, the drill.

Comstock Laws

In 1872 Comstock set off for Washington with an anti-obscenity bill, including a ban on contraceptives, that he had drafted himself. On March 3, 1873, Congress passed the new law, later known as the Comstock Act. The statute defined contraceptives as obscene and illicit, making it a federal offense to disseminate birth control through the mail or across state lines.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a lecturer in naval history and the president of the United States Naval War College, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, a revolutionary analysis of the importance of naval power as a factor in the rise of the British Empire. Two years later, he completed a supplementary volume, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812. Mahan argued that British control of the seas, combined with a corresponding decline in the naval strength of its major European rivals, paved the way for Great Britain's emergence as the world's dominant military, political, and economic power. Mahan and some leading American politicians believed that these lessons could be applied to U.S. foreign policy, particularly in the quest to expand U.S. markets overseas.

General Federation of Women's Clubs (1892)

In 1892, when women form the general Federation of women's clubs to coordinate the activities of local organizations, there were more than 100,000 members in nearly 500 Club. 8 years later, there were 160000 members; and by 1917, over 1 million

Platt Amendment (1902)

In 1902 the U.S granted independence to Cuba, but only after the new government agreed to the so called Platt Amendment to its constitution, giving the U.S the right to prevent any foreign power from intruding in the new nation. Later on this came up after some domestic uprising in Cuba. America then intervened and stabilized the country then remained there for 3 years. The Platt Amendment conditions prohibited the Cuban Government from entering into any international treaty that would compromise Cuban independence or allow foreign powers to use the island for military purposes. The United States also reserved the right to intervene in Cuban affairs in order to defend Cuban independence and to maintain "a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty." Other conditions of the Amendment demanded that the Cuban Government implement plans to improve sanitary conditions on the island, relinquish claims on the Isle of Pines (now known as the Isla de la Juventud), and agree to sell or lease territory for coaling and naval stations to the United States. Finally, the amendment required the Cuban Government to conclude a treaty with the United States that would make the Platt amendment legally binding, and the United States pressured the Cubans to incorporate the terms of the Platt Amendment in the Cuban constitution.

National Reclamation Act (1902)

In 1902, the president backed the national Reclamation Act, better known as the Newlands Act ( named for its sponsor, Nevada senator Francis Newlands). it was the culmination of years of lobbying by businessmen and others from the West ( through the National irrigation Association). Frustrated by the failure of private capital in state governments to develop their Water Resources, they wanted the federal government to take over such projects. The Newlands act provided federal funds for the construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in the West projects that would open new lands for cultivation and provide ( Years later) cheap electric power.

Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

In 1909, Taylor published "The Principles of Scientific Management." In this, he proposed that by optimizing and simplifying jobs, productivity would increase. He also advanced the idea that workers and managers needed to cooperate with one another. This was very different from the way work was typically done in businesses beforehand. A factory manager at that time had very little contact with the workers, and he left them on their own to produce the necessary product. There was no standardization, and a worker's main motivation was often continued employment, so there was no incentive to work as quickly or as efficiently as possible.

Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)

In 1919, a small group of women served with the United States Navy as nurses, answering to male officers. 23 years later, in early Aug 1942, female officer Naval Reserve Lieutenant Commander Mildred McAfee was commissioned into the US Navy amidst World War II to head up the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service program (WAVES). The use of the word "emergency", however, signified that when the effort to resurrect female service was in the planning stages, US Navy brass thought female service would cease when the emergency, or the war, came to and end. The reason for that was due to political resistance from many who did not believe women had a place in the US Navy, and for the program to take place, creative intrigue had to be used. Despite the resistance from conservative officers, however, the demand was clearly there; for example, as early as Jan 1942, the Office of Naval Intelligence was recruiting female college students. Even as President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Navy Women's Reserve Act into law on 30 July 1942, little did people know that female service in the US Navy would become something that would last far beyond the "emergency".

Washington Naval Conference of 1921

In 1921, U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes invited nine nations to Washington, D.C. to discuss naval reductions and the situation in the Far East. The United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy were invited to take part in talks on reducing naval capacity, while Belgium, China, Portugal, and the Netherlands were invited to join in discussions on the situation in the Far East. Three major treaties emerged out of the Washington Naval Conference: the Five-Power Treaty, the Four-Power Treaty, and the Nine-Power Treaty.

Treblinka uprising (1943)

In 1943, the tide of World War II began to turn against Nazi Germany. Losses in North Africa and the massive defeat at Stalingrad destroyed the myth of German military invincibility and stiffened anti-Nazi resistance, even in the killing centers and concentration camps of occupied Europe. In the Treblinka death camp, news of the German defeats filled the Jewish prisoners with both hope and trepidation. Many feared that the SS would soon liquidate the camp and its remaining prisoners so that all evidence of their heinous crimes would be destroyed.On August 2, 1943, the Committee launched their revolt. The prisoners seized weapons from the SS storeroom, attacked the German and Ukrainian guards, and set some of the buildings ablaze. Unconcerned with their own safety, the resistance leaders fought bravely to aid the escape of the inmates. Under gunfire from the watchtowers, many prisoners broke through the camp's barbed-wire fences. Of an estimated 300 inmates who escaped from Treblinka that day, about 100 survived the massive SS manhunt. Most of the Committee's members, including Galewski, Bloch, and Kurland, perished during the uprising. Jankiel Wiernik escaped his captors and found shelter with a righteous Pole. The following year, with the assistance of Jewish underground leaders in Warsaw, he secretly published his memoirs of Treblinka and of the bold camp uprising, which were then smuggled to England and the United States. Wiernik died in Israel in 1972.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

In 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect, creating one of the world's largest free trade zones and laying the foundations for strong economic growth and rising prosperity for Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Since then, NAFTA has demonstrated how free trade increases wealth and competitiveness, delivering real benefits to families, farmers, workers, manufacturers, and consumers.

Fear of an "October Surprise"

In American political jargon, this is a news event with the potential to influence the outcome of an election, particularly one for the U.S. presidency. The reference to the month of October is because the Tuesday after the first Monday in November is the date for national elections (as well as many state and local elections), and therefore events that take place in late October have greater potential to influence the decisions of prospective voters.

The Alamo

In December 1835, during Texas' war for independence from Mexico, a group of Texan volunteer soldiers occupied the Alamo, a former Franciscan mission located near the present day city of San Antonio. On February 23, 1836, a Mexican force numbering in the thousands and led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna began a siege of the fort. Though vastly outnumbered, the Alamo's 200 defenders-commanded by James Bowie and William Travis and including the famed frontiersman Davy Crockett-held out courageously for 13 days before the Mexican invaders finally overpowered them. For Texans, the Battle of the Alamo became an enduring symbol of their heroic resistance to oppression and their struggle for independence, which they won later that year.

Leaves of Grass(1855)

In Leaves of Grass (1855), he celebrated democracy, nature, love, and friendship. This monumental work chanted praises to the body as well as to the soul, and found beauty and reassurance even in death.

Women's Auxiliary Ferry Service (WAFS)

In September 1942, the Army Air Force (AAF) created the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) and appointed Nancy H. Love its commander. Love recruited highly skilled and experienced female pilots who were sent on noncombat missions ferrying planes between factories and AAF installations. While WAFS was being organized, the Army Air Force appointed Jacqueline Cochran as Director of Women's Flying Training. Cochran's school, which eventually moved to Avenger Field in Sweetwater, TX, trained 232 women before it ceased operations. Eventually, over 1000 women completed flight training. As the ranks of women pilots serving the AAF swelled, the value of their contribution began to be recognized, and the Air Force took steps to militarize them. As a first step the Air Force renamed their unit from WAFS to Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP).

United States v E.C. Knight Co. 156 U.S. 1 (1895)

In United States v. E. C. Knight (1895), the Supreme Court interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which was designed to limit the dangerous growth of corporate monopoly in the last quarter of the 19th century.The case involved the American Sugar Refining Company. Not long after the Sherman Act was passed, American Sugar bought out four other sugar refineries, increasing its control over national sugar production to 98 percent. In response, the U.S. government sought to invalidate American Sugar's purchase in a lower federal court on the grounds that it violated the Sherman Act. The lower court dismissed the case, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court.the Supreme Court ruled that an in state commercial activity like manufacturing may be deemed a part of interstate commerce if the activity has a "close and substantial relationship" to interstate commerce.

West Coast Hotel v Parrish 300 US 379 (1937)

In a 5 to 4 decision, the Court held that the establishment of minimum wages for women was constitutionally legitimate. The Court noted that the Constitution did not speak of the freedom of contract and that liberty was subject to the restraints of due process. The Court also noted that employers and employees were not equally "free" in negotiating contracts, since employees often were constrained by practical and economic realities. This was found to be especially true in the case of women. This case explicitly overruled the Court's decision in Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

Appomattox Courthouse

In a private home in the small town of Appomattox Courthouse on April 9th Lee arranged to meet with Grant and there Lee surrendered what was left of his army and 9 days later Johnston surrendered to Sherman.

"Gentleman's Agreement" (1906)

In a series of notes exchanged between late 1907 and early 1908, known collectively as the Gentlemen's Agreement, the U.S. Government agreed to pressure the San Francisco authorities to withdraw the measure of segregating against Japanese, and the Japanese Government promised to restrict the immigration of laborers to the United States.

Williams v. Mississippi, 170 U.S. 213 (1898)

In this case the court voided the grandfather clause but validated the literacy test, this also displayed a general willingness to let southern states define their own suffrage standards as long as evasions of the 15th amendment were minimal

Cohens v virginia

In this court case Congress authorized the operation of a lottery in the District of Columbia. The Cohen brothers sold D.C. lottery tickets in the state of Virginia, violating state law. State authorities tried and convicted the Cohens, and then declared themselves to be the final arbiters of disputes between the states and the national government

"War Tax"

In august 1967, Johnson asked congress for a tax increase, a 10% surcharge that was widely labeled a "war tax", which he knew was necessary if the nation was to avoid even more ruinous inflation. In return, congressional conservatives demanded and received a 6 billion dollar reduction in the funding for Great Society Programs.

"Dark horse" candidate

In politics, a dark horse is a candidate for office considered unlikely to receive his or her party's nomination, but who might be nominated if party leaders cannot agree on a better candidate. Polk may have been this because of his vote number?

Andrew Carnegie

In steel, the central figure was Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish immigrant who had worked his way up from modest beginnings and in 1873 opened his own steel works in Pittsburgh. Soon he dominated the industry. His methods were much like those of other industrial Titans. He cut costs and prices by striking deals with the railroads and then bought out rivals who could not compete with him. He elaborated on idea that social Darwinism was connected to people great wealth an advocate the best idea argued that had great power and great responsibility. He wrote about this in the Gospel of wealth in which he wrote that the wealth you should consider all revenues in excess of their own needs as trust funds to be used for the good of the community the person of wealth he said was "the mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren"

Lyndon Johnson

In the 1960 campaign, Lyndon B. Johnson was elected Vice President as John F. Kennedy's running mate. On November 22, 1963, when Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson was sworn in as the 36th United States President, with a vision to build "A Great Society" for the American people. A man widely considered to be one of the most expert and brilliant politicians of his time, Johnson would leave office a little more than five years later as one of the least popular Presidents in American history.

antebellum era

In the United States, a great many people were looking at American paintings in the antebellum era and they were doing so not because the paintings introduced them to the great traditions of Europe, but because they believed Americans were creating important new artistic traditions of their own. American painters sought to capture the undiluted power of nature by portraying some of the nation's wildest and most spectacular areas.

Detroit riot (rebellion)

In the five days and nights of violence 33 blacks and 10 whites were killed, 1,189 were injured and over 7,200 people were arrested. Approximately 2,500 stores were looted and the total property damage was estimated at about $32 million. Until the riots following the death of Dr. Martin Luther King in April 1968, the Detroit Race Riot stood as the largest urban uprising of the 1960s.

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

In the mid 1830s, instability in Mexico led to General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna to seize power as a dictator and impose new, more conservative and autocratic regime on the nation and its territories.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10 year prohibition on Chinese labor immigration. For the first time, Federal law proscribed entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities.The Chinese Exclusion Act required the few non laborers who sought entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate. But this group found it increasingly difficult to prove that they were not laborers because the 1882 act defined excludables as "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining." Thus very few Chinese could enter the country under the 1882 law.

Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)

Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 applies to the Indian tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes. The Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code.

Indian reorganization Act of 1934

Indian Reorganization Act, also called Wheeler-Howard Act, (June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility. In gratitude for the Indians' services to the country in World War I, Congress in 1924 authorized the Meriam Survey of the state of life on the reservations. The shocking conditions under the regimen established by the Dawes General Allotment Act (1887), as detailed in the Meriam report of 1928, spurred demands for reform.

limited liability

Individual stockholders risked losing the value of only their own investment if the corporation failed, also the stockholders were not responsible for corporations larger losses

Labor Contract Law (1885)

Is permitted industrial employers to pay for the passage of workers and advance and deduct the amount later from their wages. Even after the repeal of the law, employers continue to encourage the immigration of unskilled labor, often with the assistance of foreign born labour brokers, such as the Greek and Italian padrones, who recruited workings of their fellow nationals.

New Frontier

Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy's full acceptance speech at the 1960 Democratic National Convention at the Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California.The speech later became known as "The New Frontier." In his remarks, then Senator Kennedy famously states, "The New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises-- it is a set of challenges. It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them."

James Fenimore Cooper

James Fenimore Cooper was the author of over thirty novels in the space of three decades and was known to his contemporaries as a master of adventure and suspense. What most distinguished his work, however was its evocation of the American wilderness. Cooper had grown up in central New York, at a time when the edge of white settlement was not far away; and he retained throughout his life a fascination with man's relationship to nature and with the challenges and dangers of America's expansion westward

Russo

Japanese War (1904-05)- Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where T.Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

John Slidell

John Slidell served as agent to Mexico in the months preceding the outbreak of war between that nation and the United States.Slidell's connections landed him the official task of negotiating a deal with Mexico(Polk got him to try to buy off the mexicans). He was instructed to offer a settlement of all U.S. claims against Mexico, in exchange for recognition of the Rio Grande as the boundary between the two nations. In addition, Polk instructed Slidell to try and buy California for $25 million.The Mexicans rejected Slidell and his mission outright. He responded to President Polk by hinting that the Mexican reluctance to negotiate might require a show of military force by the United States. Based on this intelligence, Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to head for the Rio Grande. Slidell remained in Mexico until March 1846, but left as war became unavoidable.

Battle of Okinawa (April

June, 1945)- Week after Week, Japanese sent kamikaze planes against american and british ships, sacrificing 3,500 of them while inflicting great damage. Japanese troops onshore launched desperate nighttime attacks on the American lines. The US and its allies suffered nearly 50,000 casualties before finally capturing Okinawa in late June 1945. Over 100,000 Japanese died in this siege. The Battle of Okinawa was one of the bloodiest and costliest of World War II in the Pacific. The United States needed a base to stage an invasion of mainland Japan. The island of Okinawa was the crucial final stepping stone for the Americans. For the Japanese, it would be the first time they met the enemy on home soil.

Free Soil Party, 1840

Keeping slavery out of territory, some were concerned about the african americans welfare others only cared about keeping the west for the whites.

Strict constructionists vs. Loose constructionists

L: a person who believes the constitution should be broadly interpreted. S: A person who strictly follows the constitution, if it's not in the constitution then it doesn't exist

"company towns"

Large scale expansion of southern textile mills began in the 1880s. Many people left the farms and the mountains to begin work in these mills. Although they would have preferred to stay on their farms and remain independent, they had lost their land because they could not pay taxes and were indebted to merchants as tenant farmers or sharecroppers. Mill companies offered to move them, their families, and their possessions to the new mill villages to encourage them to undertake "public work," or work for wages outside the home. Steady wages, the company store, and mill houses were strong attractions. Mill owners had the rights and responsibilities of a father to his workers. All new workers needed housing and services, and only the mill owners had the money to provide these.

Daniel Webster

this man was a senator from Massachusetts, He thought that Hayne and Calhoun were challenging the integrity of the union. Hayne responded with a defense of the theory of nullification.

Fidel Castro

Led a popular movement of resistance against the Batista regime. Led to Batista forces being in total disarray and on January, 1, 1959, with Batista now in exile in Spain, Castro marched Havana and established a new government. At first america reacted warmly to Castro, relieved to get rid of the corrupt and ineffective Batista and hopeful that Castro would be a moderate, democratic reformer who would allow american economics activity to continue in Cuba unchallenged. But once Castro began implementing significant land reforms and expropriating foreign-owned businesses and resources. Cuban-American relations rapidly deteriorated.

"Stalwarts"

Led by Roscoe conkling and was one of the two groups who were competing for control of the Republican party and threatening to split it. Competed with the half-breeds during the presidency of Rutherford B Hayes

Battle of Gettysburg

Lee moved up the Shenandoah valley into maryland then pennsylvania at the same time the Union's army of the potomac also moved north, commanded first by hooker then by George C. Meade. They stayed between Lee and washington. The armies then encountered each other in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. They then fought from July 1 thru 3, 1863 the most celebrated battle of the war. Meade's army established a strong protected position on the hills, Lee's army still attacked even tho they were outnumbered. Lee's first assault on the Union failed. The next day he ordered another one known as Pickett's Charge, this failed and ended in retreating and surrenders so Lee withdrew.

Battle of Cold Harbor

Lee repulsed union forces again. General Grant was poised for a major assault to General Lee's right flank and cut off the Confederates off from Richmond, but when Maj. General Hancock's Second Corps arrived after a midnight march too fatigued to support the Union left flank, the operation was postponed until the following day. This fatal delay gave Lee's troops time to build an impressive line of trenches. Grant later expressed remorse for the egregious Union casualties at Cold Harbor, stating, "I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made [...] no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained."

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Legislative reapportionment. The court voters had a right to challenge the apportionment of state legislative districts in ways that overrepresented rural districts and diluted the voting power of urban voters. From book- This required state legislatures to appoint electoral districts so that all citizens' votes would have equal weight.

writ of habeas corpus

Lincoln used extraordinary methods to suppress "peace" democrats. He ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters and suspended the right of habeas corpus (the right of an arrested person to a speedy trial). Latin for "that you have the body."

Lincoln's Position on Slavery

Lincoln was opposed to slavery, he said that if we accept that african americans weren't entitled to rights, we should be able to do the same for other groups such as immigrant laborers. He also said that is slavery expanded west, poor white laborers opportunities to better their lots would be lost. Although Lincoln believed slavery was morally wrong he wasn't an abolitionist. He thought this bc/ he couldn't envision an alternative to slavery where it existed. He also thought the blacks weren't ready to live with whites. He wanted to stop it from spreading but not challenge the areas where it existed.

Lincoln's 10% Plan

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan, which he announced in December 1863, offered a general amnesty to white southerners other than high officials of the confederacy who would pledge loyalty to the government and accept the elimination of slavery. Whenever 10 percent of the number of voters in 1860 took the oath in any state, those loyal voters could set up a state government. Lincoln also hoped to extend suffrage to those blacks who were educated, owned property, and had served in the Union army. (Three southern states that reestablished loyal government under Lincoln's plan: Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee)

Disunion

Lincoln's election showed white southerners that their position was useless and disunion began.

"Operation Torch" (1942)

On November 8, 1942, the military forces of the United States and the United Kingdom launched an amphibious operation against French North Africa, in particular the French-held territories of Algeria and Morocco. That landing, code-named 'Torch,' reflected the results of long and contentious arguments between British and American planners about the future course of Allied strategy — arguments that were finally stilled by the intervention of the American president, Franklin D. Roosevelt. In both a direct and an indirect sense, Torch's impact was enormous on the course of Anglo-American strategy during the remainder of the war. It may have been the most important strategic decision that Allied leaders would make. In fact, this amphibious operation inevitably postponed the landing in France until 1944, but at the same time it allowed the United States to complete mobilization of its immense industrial and manpower resources for the titanic air and ground battles that characterized the Allied campaigns of 1944.

Great Society

Lyndon B. Johnson had a vision for America. Believing that problems of housing, income, employment, and health were ultimately a federal responsibility, Johnson used the weight of the presidency and his formidable political skills to enact the most impressive array of reform legislation since the days of Franklin Roosevelt. He envisioned a society without poverty or discrimination, in which all Americans enjoyed equal educational and job opportunities. He called his vision the "Great Society."

The Log Cabin Campaign

Made william henry harrison a rich and wealthy elite seem as if he was a simple man of the people who also loved log cabins and hard cider, so he can relate to the people, like Jackson had. They also accused Van buren of being an aloof aristocrat who ate off of gold plates, drank champagne and used cologne.

Manifest Destiny

Manifest destiny reflected both the burgeoning pride that characterized American nationalism in the mid nineteenth century and the idealistic vision of social perfection that fueled so much of the reform energy of the time. It rested on the idea that America was destined by God and by history to expand its boundaries over a vast area, an area that included, but was not necessarily restricted to, the continent of North America. From the link: "Manifest Destiny, as O'Sullivan explained it, described the United States's providential mission to extend its systems of democracy, federalism, and personal freedom, as well as to accommodate its rapidly growing population by ultimately taking possession of the entire North American continent."

sharecropping

Many farmers (including most black ones) had no money or equipment at all for the form of tenantry written below. Landlords would supply them with land, a crude house, a few tools, seed and sometimes a mule. In return, farmers would promise the landlord a large share of the annual crop hence the term "sharecropping." After paying their landlords and their local furnishing merchant (who were often the same people), share croppers seldom had anything left to sell on their own. The absence of cash or an independent credit system led to the creation of sharecropping. Sharecropping is a system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop.

Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 - September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, and the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he governed as Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His Marxist-Leninist theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Marxism-Leninism-Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought.

Battle of Iwo Jima (November, 1944

March, 1945)- American marines seized the tiny volcanic island of Iwo Jims, only 750 miles from Tokyo, but only after the costliest single battle in history of the marine corps. The marines suffered over 20,000 casualties. The penultimate test of U.S. Marine Corps amphibious doctrine and practice. By the end of 1944, American forces had secured from Japan control of the Mariana Islands to provide air bases for B-29 strategic bombers that could strike Japan. En route to Japan, these bombers flew over Iwo Jima (Sulphur Island). Located in the Japanese Bonin Islands, halfway between the Marianas and Japan, the pork-chop-shaped volcanic island of Iwo Jima is from 800 yards to 2.5 miles wide and 5 miles long, with a total area of some 8 square miles.

George McClellan and the Army of the Potomac

McClellan commanded the army of Potomac and was one of most controversial generals of the war. He was good at training men but was reluctant to commit his troops to battle. Many opportunities for important battle passed by him. His excuse was always that he wasn't prepared or the timing was wrong. During the winter of 1861 to 1962 McClellan trained his army of 150,000 men near Washington. He then designed a spring campaign. (Details Below)

"Redeemers" or "Bourbons"

Members of the new power southern, conservative oligarchy, known as redeemers by themselves but known as Bourbons by their critics and aristocrats. Similar to the ruling class of the Antebellum period, planter elites were retaining much of their former power. Redeemers consisted of, merchants, industrialists, railroad developers and financiers. Some of them were also former planters, northern immigrants, upwardly mobile white southerners from the lower classes. They were all committed to economic development. Their regimes were awash in waste and fraud. At the same time the regimes did lower taxes, cut spending and diminish state services such as school systems. Southern government was also democratic.

Tejanos

Mexican residents of texas who had fought with the americans in the revolution. After texas won independence, they were in a difficult position and were not trusted, people thought they were agents of the Mexican government

"Fire Eaters"

Militant leaders of the south that were champions of the new concept of southern nationalism (above). They were known both to their contemporaries and to history as fire eaters and they began to demand the end of the union.

Miscegenation

Miscegenation is the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types and it occurred when male slave owners would frequently have sexual relations with the female slaves on their plantations. The children of those unions became part of the plantation labor force and served as a constant reminder to white women of their husbands' infidelity.

"traditionalists" vs. "modernists"

Modernists were mostly urban, middle-class people who had attempted to adapt religion to the teachings of modern science and to the realities of their modern, secular society. Traditionalist on the other hand, were provincial, largely rural men and women fighting to maintain the centrality of religion on American life. They were also known as fundamentalists. They insisted the bible was to be interpreted literally. They also opposed the teachings of Charles Darwin, who openly challenged the biblical story of Creation.

Shah of Iran

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was the Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. He took the title Shāhanshāh on 26 October 1967.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

NATO, this was an agreement signed by 12 nations, declaring that an armed attack against one member would be considered an attack against all.

New Harmony (1825)

New Harmony represents one of the less successful American utopian experiments.New Harmony's founder studied, and Oneida , which would follow it, New Harmony resulted from the utopian vision of one man, Robert Owen.It was to be a "Village of Cooperation" in which every resident worked and lived in total equality. The community was an economic failure, but the vision that had inspired it continued to enchant Americans.

"New Immigrants" vs. "Old Immigrants"

New immigrants: Irish, chinese, italian, polish, greek, russian, hungarian, slovakian, turks, austrian, bosnian, serbian. Old Immigrants: english, french, germans, dutch, spanish class of immigrants who became nativists, considered themselves to be Americans.

Associated Press (1846)

Newspaper publishers from around America came together and formed the Associated Press to promote news gatherings by wire. News was travelling faster than ever before and no longer were people waiting for the exchange of newspapers from out of town reports. The nation was communicating better than before. Information was spread town to town more easily.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909)

Niagara movement members joined with this association. The NAACP was mostly run by white people but Du Bois was the director of publicity and research. This organization led the drive for equal rights and did so using lawsuits in federal courts as their primary weapons. Was a leading black organization, especially after the death of Booker T. Washington. The organization wasn't radical, it relied on intelligence rather than violence. They also really relied on the "talented tenth" of the black population. A phrase coined by Du Bois which highlighted the need for more opportunity for exceptional blacks to gain positions of full equality. They believed efforts by this tenth would benefit the whole race, because they would then have a leadership group who could fight for their rights.

Washington's crossing of the Delaware and the Battle of Trenton

On christmas night 1776, washington crossed the icy delaware river and surprised and scattered the hessians and occupied the town. He then advanced to princeton or trenton, and he finally took refuge for the rest of the winter in the hills around Morristown, New Jersey. Th was a great morale boost for the americans and it changed the way people looked at washington.one thrid of the country supported the revolution, one third of the country opposed the revolution and one third of the country couldnt care less john adams

U2 Incident

Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet premier demanded that the NATO powers abandon the city. The US and allies refused. Nikita suggested that he and Eisenhower meet and discuss the issue personally, both in visits to each other's countries and at a summit meeting in Paris in 1960. The US agreed. Nikita's visit to America produced a cool but polite response and plans proceeded for the summit conference and Eisenhower's visit. Only days before the scheduled summit meeting in Paris, however, the Soviet Union announced that it had shot down an American U-2, a high-altitude spy plane, over Russian territory. It's pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was in captivity. Eisenhower administration responded clumsily, first denying Soviet charges of spying, and then, when confronted with proof of them, awkwardly admitting that they were true. Nikita lashed back angrily, breaking up the Paris summit and almost before it could begin and withdrawing his invitation to Eisenhower to visit the Soviet Union. This incident may have been an excuse by Nikita to avoid what he believed would be fruitless negotiations.

Forty

Niners-california migrants who abandoned everything to move to the West

Adkins v. Children's Hospital 261 US 525 (1923)

Nullified a minimum wage law for women in the District of Columbia. In 1918, Congress enacted a law which guaranteed a minimum wage to women and children employed in the District of Columbia. This case was decided together with Children's Hospital v. Lyons. However, in this case, the statute's implementation procedures were overly vague and did not act to regulate the character or method of wage payments, or the conditions and hours of labor, areas in which regulation to protect the public welfare were legitimate. The Congress simply had enacted a "price-fixing law."

Foraker Act

On April 2, 1900, U.S. President McKinley signed a civil law that established a civilian government in Puerto Rico. This law was known as the Foraker Act for its sponsor, Joseph Benson Foraker (an Ohio statesman), and also as the Organic Act of 1900. The new government had a governor and an executive council appointed by the President, a House of Representatives with 35 elected members, a judicial system with a Supreme Court, and a non voting Resident Commissioner in Congress. In addition, all federal laws of the United States were to be in effect on the island. The first civil governor of the island under the Foraker Act was Charles H. Allen, inaugurated on May 1, 1900 in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Osawatomie speech

On August 31, 1910, President Theodore Roosevelt visited Osawatomie, Kansas and laid out his vision for what he called a "new nationalism." In the speech, he called for the end of special protections for businesses in government. He declared that anyone who worked hard should be able to provide for themselves and their family, and that no one person was more entitled to special privileges than another. He stood by fair play under the rules of the game ensuring the rules made opportunity available to everyone.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

On February 17th, 2009, the President signed The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, or Recovery Act, into law. This Act is an unprecedented effort to jumpstart our economy, save and create millions of jobs, and put a down payment on addressing long-neglected challenges so that our country can thrive in the 21st century.

Role of the Zimmerman telegram

On February 25, British gave Wilson a telegram that had intercepted from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to the government of Mexico. The telegram said Zimmermann instructed the ambassador, Count Johann von Bernstorff, to offer significant financial aid to Mexico if it agreed to enter any future U.S German conflict as a German ally. If victorious in the conflict, Germany also promised to restore to Mexico the lost territories of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.

National Defense Act of 1916

On June 3, 1916, United States President Woodrow Wilson signs into law the National Defense Act, which expanded the size and scope of the National Guard—the network of states' militias that had been developing steadily since colonial times—and guaranteed its status as the nation's permanent reserve force.

Jones Act

On March 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones Shafroth Act. This law gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. The Jones Act separated the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative branches of Puerto Rican government, provided civil rights to the individual, and created a locally elected bicameral legislature. The two houses were a Senate consisting of 19 members and a 39 member House of Representatives. However, the Governor and the President of the United States had the power to veto any law passed by the legislature. Also, the United States Congress had the power to stop any action taken by the legislature in Puerto Rico. The U.S. maintained control over fiscal and economic matters and exercised authority over mail services, immigration, defense and other basic governmental matters.

Balfour Declaration

On November 2, 1917, Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour writes a letter to Britain's most illustrious Jewish citizen, Baron Lionel Walter Rothschild, expressing the British government's support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Britain's public acknowledgement and support of the Zionist movement emerged from its growing concern surrounding the direction of the First World War.

Jane Addams and Hull House

One response to the problems of crowded immigrant neighborhoods of American cities, borrowed from England, was a settlement house. The most famous, and one of the first, was Hull House, which opened in 1889 in Chicago as a result of the efforts of Jane Addams. It became a model for more than 400 similar institutions throughout the nation. Staff by members of the educated middle class, imbued with ideas derived from the social sciences, settlement houses thought to help immigrant families adapt to the language and customs of their new country. settlement houses avoided the condescension and moral disapproval of earlier philanthropy efforts. But they generally and break their belief that a middle class Americans have a responsibility to impart their own values to Immigrant and to teach them how to create middle class lifestyles

National Security Council

Operated out of White House, governed foreign and military policy.

Operation Dixie

Operation Dixie was the name of the post-World War II campaign by the Congress of Industrial Organizations to unionize industry in the Southern United States, particularly the textile industry.

American Tobacco Company

Owned by James B. Duke of North Carolina, his company, for a time, established a virtual monopoly over the processing of raw tobacco into marketable materials. Duke emerged as the president of the American Tobacco Company, which within a decade became a multinational corporation. Through numerous foreign and domestic combinations, Duke interests controlled the manufacture of a variety of tobacco products until the United States Supreme Court in 1911 ordered the dissolution of the tobacco trust as a combination in restraint of trade.

Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

Passed by Congress on July 2, 1909, and ratified February 3, 1913, the 16th amendment established Congress's right to impose a Federal income tax. In 1909 progressives in Congress again attached a provision for an income tax to a tariff bill. Conservatives, hoping to kill the idea for good, proposed a constitutional amendment enacting such a tax; they believed an amendment would never received ratification by three fourths of the states. Much to their surprise, the amendment was ratified by one state legislature after another, and on February 25, 1913, with the certification by Secretary of State Philander C. Knox, the 16th amendment took effect.

Platt Amendment

Passed by congress in response to the Cubans creating a constitution which had no mention of the US. They pressured Cuba into incorporating its terms into their constitution. The amendment barred cuba from making treaties with other nations, therefore establishing US control over Cuban foreign policy. The amendment also gave america the right to intervene in Cuba in order to preserve independence, life and prosperity. It also required Cuba to permit American naval stations on its territory. Leaving Cuba, minimally independent.

Dayton Accords

Peace agreement reached on Nov. 21, 1995, by the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, ending the war in Bosnia and outlining a General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It preserved Bosnia as a single state made up of two parts, the Bosniak-Croat federation and the Bosnian Serb Republic, with Sarajevo remaining as the undivided capital city.

Spirituality

People were still religious they just didn't belong to organized churches, Deism, Universalism and Unitarianism seemed more popular than they were because confused religious people were unorganized. But soon the second great awakening would begin a wave of revivalism.

Homestead Act (1862)

Permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to purchase it for a small fee after living on it for five years.

Charles Fourier and Robert Owen

Philosophers whose ideas of socialist communities organized as cooperative "phalanxes" received wide attention in America. Others drew from their ideas and conducted multiple experiments.

Impact of the Sykes

Picot Agreement (1916)- secret convention made during World War I between Great Britain and France, with the assent of imperial Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement led to the division of Turkish held Syria,Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French and British administered areas. Negotiations were begun in November 1915, and the final agreement took its name from its negotiators, Sir Mark Sykes of Britain and François Georges Picot of France.

Second Battle of Bull Run

Pope the leader of a smaller force that was ordered to coincide with McClellan, attacked approaching confederates led by Lee because Joseph E. Johnston died, before McClellan could join them. The confederates threw back the assault and and went against Pope who fled washington, hopes for a campaign against richmond were in shambles Lincoln then removed Pope from command and put McClellan back in charge of all Union forces in the region.

First Confiscation Act (1861)

President Abraham Lincoln objected to the act on the basis that it might push border states, especially Kentucky and Missouri, into secession in order to protect slavery within their boundaries. He later convinced Congress to pass a resolution providing compensation to states that initiated a system of gradual emancipation, but the border states failed to support this plan. And Lincoln repudiated the position of Generals John C. Frémont and David Hunter, who proclaimed that the first Confiscation Act was tantamount to a decree of emancipation.

X, Y, Z Affair

President Adams's envoys to Paris were asked to pay a huge bribe as the price of doing diplomatic business by three go betweens referred to as X, Y, and Z. These terms were intolerable, and humiliated Americans rose up in wrath against France. X, Y, Z were three frenchmen in America trying to bribe american officials to enter negotiations with France at all. America had to pay in order to talk to French officials.

Panamanian Revolt

President Roosevelt responded by dispatching U.S. warships to Panama City (on the Pacific) and Colón (on the Atlantic) in support of Panamanian independence. Colombian troops were unable to negotiate the jungles of the Darien Strait and Panama declared independence on November 3, 1903. The newly declared Republic of Panama immediately named Philippe Bunau Varilla as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. In his new role, Bunau Varilla negotiated the Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty of 1903, which provided the United States with a 10 mile wide strip of land for the canal, a one time $10 million payment to Panama, and an annual annuity of $250,000. The United States also agreed to guarantee the independence of Panama.

Mass production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

The Proclamation of 1763

Proclamation that allowed london to control the westward movements of the white population

Sheppard Towner Act (1921)

Provided federal funds to states to establish prenatal and child health care programs.

Dawes Act (1887)

Provided for the gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land and the allotment of tracts to individuals. 160 acres to head of family, 80 to single adult or orphan, 40 to dependent child. Couldn't gain full ownership of land for 25 years. authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Dawes Act of 1887 eliminated tribal ownership and gave land to individual owners. Bureau of Indian Affairs promoted assimilation, sometimes by removing children and sending them to white boarding schools, build churches sometimes called Indian schools. i)Efforts taken to destroy reservation + communal land ownership in order to force Indians to become farmers, landowners abandon culture for white civili.

"push" and "pull factors"

Pull is when a person is attracted to a different country so they migrate there. A push factor is more forceful and is when a problem or something occurs in the country the person is from so they want to migrate.

Dingley Tariff Act

Raised duties to the highest point in american history. Passed by Congress in July 1897, the Dingley Tariff Act increased duties by an average of 57 percent. Tariff rates were hiked on sugar, salt, tin cans, glassware, and tobacco, as well as on iron and steel, steel rails, petroleum, lead, copper, locomotives, matches, whisky, and leather goods.

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote—a right known as woman suffrage. At the time the U.S. was founded, its female citizens did not share all of the same rights as men, including the right to vote. It was not until 1848 that the movement for women's rights launched on a national level with a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, organized by abolitionists Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815 to 1902) and Lucretia Mott (1793 to 1880). Following the convention, the demand for the vote became a centerpiece of the women's rights movement. Stanton and Mott, along with Susan B. Anthony (1820 to 1906) and other activists, formed organizations that raised public awareness and lobbied the government to grant voting rights to women. After a 70 year battle, these groups finally emerged victorious with the passage of the 19th Amendment.

Reconstruction

Readmitting the South, the leaders of both parties believe, would reunite the Democrats and weaken the Republicans. (reconstruction- a thing that has been rebuilt after being damaged or destroyed.)

"Reagan Revolution"

Reagan Revolution the policies of the first reagan administration which increased defense spending reduced social programs and cut taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the economy by cutting government interference and taxes

Pontiac's Rebellion

Rebellion by the indians that led to the proclamation of 1763

Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham Board of Education (1958)

Refused to declare the transparent devices for maintaining segregation unconstitutional

Milliken v. Bradley (1974)

Rejected a plan to transfer students across district lines between detroit and the suburbs to achieve racial balance.

Hiroshima

The Enola Gay, dropped an atomic weapon on the Japanese industrial center at Hiroshima. With a single bomb the US completely incinerated a 4 square mile area at the center of the city. More than 80,000 died. Many survived but face the crippling side effects of radiation.

Hungarian Revolt of 1956

Relations between the Soviet Union and the West soured further in 1956 in response to the Hungarian revolution. Inspired by riot in Poland a year earlier, Hungarian dissidents had launched a popular uprising in November 1956 to demand Democratic reforms. For several days they had control of the Hungarian government. But before the month was out, Soviet tanks and troop entered Budapest to crush the uprising and restore an orthodox, pro-Soviet regime. The Eisenhower administration refused to intervene. But the suppression of uprising convinced many American leaders that Soviet policies had not softened as much as the events of the previous two years had suggested. The failure of conciliation brought renewed vigor to the Cold War and, among other things, greatly intensified the Soviet-American arms race.

Neutrality Act of 1936

Renewed provisions of 1935 act

Central Intelligence Agency

Replaced the wartime office of Strategic Services and would be responsible for collecting information through both open and covert methods. The CIA would also engage secretly in political and military operations on behalf of American goals during the cold war.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Required the government to purchase silver, and pay for it in gold. Therefore decreasing the supply of Gold. Cleveland repealed this Act.

"Perfectionists"

Residents of the oneida community called themselves perfectionists. They rejected traditional notions or family and marriage. All residents were married to all other residents, there were to be no permanent conjugal ties. Women were to be protected from unwanted childbearing; in which children were raised communally, often seeing little of their own parents. The oneidas took special pride in what they considered the liberation of their women from the demands of male "lust" and from the traditional bonds of family.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Restored the right for tribes to own land collectively. Indian Reorganization Act, also called Wheeler-Howard Act, (June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility. In gratitude for the Indians' services to the country in World War I, Congress in 1924 authorized the Meriam Survey of the state of life on the reservations. The act terminated the allotment program of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; provided funds for tribes to purchase new land; offered government recognition of tribal constitutions; and repealed prohibitions on Native American languages and customs. That same year, federal grants were provided to local school districts, hospitals, and social welfare agencies to assist Native Americans.

Republicans

Rivals of the Federalists who believed in a smaller government based on state rights. Their rivalry sparked tensions with Federalists, creating a political party system.

Gramm

Rudman-Hollings Act (1985)- officially the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, U.S. budget deficit reduction measure. The law provided for automatic spending cuts to take effect if the president and Congress failed to reach established targets; the U.S. comptroller general was given the right to order spending cuts. Because the automatic cuts were declared unconstitutional, a revised version of the act was passed in 1987; it failed to result in reduced deficits. A 1990 revision of the act changed its focus from deficit reduction to spending control.

Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Ed. (1971)

Ruled in favor of the use of forced busing to achieve racial balance in schools.

Wabash case (1886)

Ruled one of the Granger laws in Illinois unconstitutional. later, the courts limited the powers of the states to regulate commerce even within their own boundaries. A statute of Illinois enacts that if any railroad company shall, within that state, charge or receive for transporting passengers or freight of the same class, the same or a greater sum for any distance than it does for a longer distance, it shall be liable to a penalty for unjust discrimination. The defendant in this case made such discrimination in regard to goods transported over the same road or roads from Peoria in Illinois and from Gilman in Illinois to New York, charging more for the same class of goods carried from Gilman than from Peoria, the former being eighty six miles nearer to New York than the latter, this difference being in the length of the line within the State of Illinois.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

United States v. Maple Flooring Assoc. 268 US 563 (1925)

Sanctioned the creation of trade associations. Ruling that such organizations did not violate antitrust statutes as long as some competition survived within an industry.

InterAmerican Conference of 1933

Secretary of State Hull signed a formal convention declaring "No state had the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another".

Federal Trade Commission Act

The Federal Trade Commission was created on September 26, 1914, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Trade Commission Act into law. The FTC opened its doors on March 16, 1915. The FTC's mission is to protect consumers and promote competition. As the FTC celebrates its 100th anniversary, our thoughts turn to its unique mission, significant events in Commission history, and its staff, stakeholders and constituents - present and past. On January 12, 2015, President Barack Obama visited the Commission, the first presidential visit to the Commission since 1937.

James G. Blaine

Served as Secretary of State in two Republican administrations in the eighteen eighties. He literally efforts to expand American influence into Latin America, where, he believed, the United States must look for markets for its Surplus Goods. In October 1889 Blaine helped organize the first Pan American Congress Kama which attracted delegates from 19 inches. The delegates agreed to create the Pan American Union, a week International Organization located in Washington that served as a clearinghouse for Distributing information to the member nations. But they rejected Blaine's more substantive proposals: for an inter American Customs Union and arbitration procedures for hemispheric disputes.

National Origins Act of 1929

Set a rigid limit of 150,000 immigrants a year. Immigration officials seldom permitted even half that number to actually enter the country.

Capture of Atlanta

Sherman a union leader marched an army northwest of atlanta and fought Johnston, Johnston won but didn't stop the union from advancing to atlanta. Then Johnston was replaced with Hood who was twice as daring, he attacked sherman's army but ended up only weakening his own. Sherman then took Atlanta on September 2nd.

The Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention, 1848

Similar structure of the declaration of independance, biggest demand was women's right to vote, therefore launching the movement of women suffrage. The document was rejected by the nation because it stated that men and women should be assigned separate spheres in society. One line from the document that i felt was powerful, lol "He has made her, if married, in the eyes of the law, civilly dead. "

Depression of 1873

Since the end of the Civil War, railroad construction in the United States had been booming. Between 1866 and 1873, 35,000 miles of new track were laid across the country. Railroads were the nation's largest non agricultural employer. Banks and other industries were putting their money in railroads. So when the banking firm of Jay Cooke and Company, a firm heavily invested in railroad construction, closed its doors on September 18, 1873, a major economic panic swept the nation. Since the end of the Civil War, railroad construction in the United States had been booming. Between 1866 and 1873, 35,000 miles of new track were laid across the country. Railroads were the nation's largest non agricultural employer. Banks and other industries were putting their money in railroads. So when the banking firm of Jay Cooke and Company, a firm heavily invested in railroad construction, closed its doors on September 18, 1873, a major economic panic swept the nation. The nation's first transcontinental railroad had been completed in 1869. Entrepreneurs planned a second, called the Northern Pacific. Cooke's firm was the financial agent in this venture, and poured money into it. On September 18, the firm realized it had overextended itself and declared bankruptcy.

The Pro

Slavery Argument- Slavery was becoming more lucrative in the south with the expansion of the cotton economy into the deep south.

Free

Soil Party-this party drew from the existing liberty party and the antislavery wings of the Whig and Democratic parties, and endorsed the Wilmot Proviso.

London Conference of 1930

The London Naval Conference of 1930 was the third in a series of five meetings, formed with the purpose of placing limits on the naval capacity of the world's largest naval powers. The purpose of the meetings was to promote disarmament in the wake of the devastation of the First World War

Spanish Civil War

Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union, as well as from International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States.Helped the left give meaning and purpose to individual lives. The war pitted the fascists of Francisco Franco, (who had support from hitler and mussolini) against the existing republican government. The war attracted a large group of young Americans, more than 3,000, who formed the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and traveled to Spain to join in the fight against the fascists. About 1/3rd of the members died in combat.

Booker T. Washington

Spokesman for black education and his race as a whole. Also the founder and president of the Tuskegee institute in Alabama. He was born into slavery and after that was gone, he worked his way out of poverty after getting an education. He urged others to follow his same path of self improvement. He believed blacks should, make industrial education their goal, refine their speech, improve their dress, and adopt habits of thrift and personal cleanliness. (White middle Class) He said after doing so they would earn the respect of whites. Gave a speech called the atlanta compromise. he controlled the flow of funds to black schools and colleges. Was more shy about "rocking the racial boat".

Settlement house

Staffed by members of the educated middle class, imbued with ideas derived from the social sciences, settlement houses thought to help immigrant families adapt to the language and customs of their new country. settlement houses avoided the condescension and moral disapproval of earlier philanthropy efforts.

Lynchings

Started by Jim Crow laws which stirred the Blacks and Whites. The lynches were done by white mobs who harmed whites. Victims were lynched because they were accused of crimes. In the entire nation during the 1890's there was an average of 187 lynchings each year over 80% of which were in the south. Sometimes large organizations in cities would seize black prisoners and publicly hang them in a large ceremony. These large public lynchings attracted large audiences from different areas. But more dangerous was the spontaneous lynchings done by small mobs. People conducting lynch's thought that they were a type of law enforcement, yet in most cases it was only white population trying to control the black population through terror and intimidation. Victims were chosen by either people that committed crimes and others were lynched because they were threatening the normal pattern of race relations.

The Quartering Act of 1765

Stationed a large number of troops in America and forced the colonists to feed and house them. Sent to keep the peace, and instead they heightened tensions

Northern Securities Co. v. United States 193 U.S. 197 (1904)

Stockholders of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railway companies corporations having competing and substantially parallel lines from the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean at Puget Sound combined and conceived the scheme of organizing a corporation, under the laws of New Jersey which should hold the shares of the stock of the constituent companies, such shareholders, in lieu of their shares in those companies, to receive, upon an agreed basis of value, shares in the holding corporation. Pursuant to such combination, the Northern Securities Company was organized as the holding corporation through which that scheme should be executed, and, under that scheme, such holding corporation became the holder more properly speaking, the custodian of more than nine tenths of the stock of the Northern Pacific, and more than three fourths of the stock of the Great Northern, the stockholders of the companies, who delivered their stock, receiving, upon the agreed basis, shares of stock in the holding corporation.

Roe v. Wade (1974)

Struck down laws forbidding abortions.

Samuel F. B. Morse (1844)

Succeeded with the telegraph after working on it for years, he sent a message from baltimore to washington with the new of James K. Polk's nomination for presidency. The low cost of construction made his system of communication appealing to most.

Keating Owen Act (1916)

Supported by Wilson, was the first federal law regulating child labor. It prohibited shipment, across state lines, of goods produced by underage children, thus giving an expanded importance to the constitutional clause assigning Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce. This was first struck down by the court in 1819. When the court first struck it down, a new bill attempted to achieve the same goal by imposing a heavy tax on the products of child labor. The court struck this down too. The act banned the sale of products from any factory, shop, or cannery that employed children under the age of 14, from any mine that employed children under the age of 16, and from any facility that had children under the age of 16 work at night or for more than 8 hours during the day. Although the Keating Owen Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart 247 U.S. 251 (1918) because it overstepped the purpose of the government's powers to regulate interstate commerce.

"The Second Reconstruction"

Term given to try to remake southern life for African Americans after WWII. Black americans referred to the 1950s and the steps that they took to bring about change as the second reconstruction

Effects of the recession of 1974 and 1975

The 1973-75 recession or 1970s recession was a period of economic stagnation in much of the Western world during the 1970s, putting an end to the general post-World War II economic boom. It differed from many previous recessions as being a stagflation, where high unemployment coincided with high inflation

Polar Bear Expedition

The American military intervention at Archangel, Russia, at the end of World War I, nicknamed the "Polar Bear Expedition," is a strange episode in American history. Ostensibly sent to Russia to prevent a German advance and to help reopen the Eastern Front, American soldiers found themselves fighting Bolshevik revolutionaries for months after the Armistice ended fighting in France.

Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration is the oldest comprehensive consumer protection agency in the U. S. federal government. Its origins can be traced back to the appointment of Lewis Caleb Beck in the Patent Office around 1848 to carry out chemical analyses of agricultural products, a function that the newly created Department of Agriculture inherited in 1862. Although it was not known by its present name until 1930, FDA's modern regulatory functions began with the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act, a law a quarter-century in the making that prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated and misbranded food and drugs. Harvey Washington Wiley, Chief Chemist of the Bureau of Chemistry in the Department of Agriculture, had been the driving force behind this law and headed its enforcement in the early years, providing basic elements of protection that consumers had never known before that time.

Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942)

The Battle of Midway is well known as the turning point in the Pacific war. However, if not for the Battle of the Coral Sea a month earlier, the three American carriers at Midway would have faced six Japanese carriers of the type that had devastated Pearl Harbor five months prior, instead of only four — and the Battle of Midway might have ended differently. Coral Sea was the world's first all-carrier battle, and the first sea battle in which neither side could see the other. Both the U.S. and the Japanese navies thought they understood how to fight using carriers. Both discovered they were wrong. At the end of this painful learning experience, the United States had lost the 41,000-ton carrier Lexington, while Japan had lost only the 11,000-ton carrier Shoho. The battle was a strategic victory for the United States. The Japanese invasion fleet turned back, saving the region that a Japanese air base at Port Moresby would have dominated. More importantly, Japan's two newest carriers, Shokaku and Zuikaku, were damaged so much that they could not participate in the Battle of Midway. Their absence might have been a decisive factor. After the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese army continued to press south, but the Australians beat them back twice in New Guinea, and the U.S. held them off at Guadalcanal.

Camp David Accords (1978)

The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.[1] The two framework agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks (A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel) led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty. Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework (A Framework for Peace in the Middle East), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations.

The Carter Doctrine

The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23, 1980, which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf. It was a response to the Soviet Union's intervention of Afghanistan in 1979, and was intended to deter the Soviet Union—the United States' Cold War adversary—from seeking hegemony in the Persian Gulf region.

World Disarmament Conference of 1932

The Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments of 1932-1934 (sometimes World Disarmament Conferenceor Geneva Disarmament Conference) was an effort by member states of the League of Nations, together with the U.S., to actualize the ideology of disarmament. It took place in the Swiss city of Geneva, ostensibly between 1930 and 1934, but more correctly until May 1937.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in 1942 as the Committee of Racial Equality by an interracial group of students in Chicago-Bernice Fisher, James R. Robinson, James L. Farmer, Jr., Joe Guinn, George Houser, and Homer Jack.. Many of these students were members of the Chicago branch of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), a pacifist organization seeking to change racist attitudes. The founders of CORE were deeply influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's teachings of nonviolent resistance.

Stone v. Powell (1976)

The Court agreed to certain limits on the right of a defendant to appeal a state conviction to the federal judiciary.

Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. 259 US 20 (1922)

The Court struck down federal legislation regulating child labor; As an exercise of its taxing powers Congress enacted the Revenue Act of 1919, also called the Child Labor Tax Law. Under the law, companies employing children under fourteen years of age would be assessed ten percent of their annual profits. During the same year in which the act was passed, Drexel Furniture Company was found in violation of it and required to pay over $6000 in taxes, which it did under protest. The Court found that the Child Labor Tax Law was in violation of the Constitution as it intruded on the jurisdiction of states to adopt and enforce child labor codes. Chief Justice Taft argued that the tax law in question did much more than simply impose an "incidental restraint" but exerted a "prohibitory and regulatory effect" in a realm over which Congress had no jurisdiction.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a pivotal moment in the Cold War. Fifty years ago the United States and the Soviet Union stood closer to Armageddon than at any other moment in history. In October 1962 President John F. Kennedy was informed of a U-2 spy-plane's discovery of Soviet nuclear-tipped missiles in Cuba. The President resolved immediately that this could not stand. Over an intense 13 days, he and his Soviet counterpart Nikita Khrushchev confronted each other "eyeball to eyeball," each with the power of mutual destruction. A war would have meant the deaths of 100 million Americans and more than 100 million Russians.

Berlin Wall

The East German government constructed a wall between East and West Berlin. Guards fired on those who tried to escape, and for nearly 30 years the wall served as the most potent physical symbol of the conflict between the communist and noncommunist worlds.

Economic Cooperation Administration

The Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) was a United States government agency set up in 1948 to administer the Marshall Plan. It reported to both the State Department and the Department of Commerce. The agency's head was Paul G. Hoffman, a former head of Studebaker. Much of the rest of the organization was also headed by major business figures. The ECA had an office in the capital of each of the sixteen countries participating in the Marshall Plan. In theory the ECA served as joint administrator of the Marshall Plan development projects in each European nation. In practice, local officials knew far more about what was needed than ECA representatives, who developed a management strategy of listening to local officials and allowing them to set priorities for reconstruction assistance.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was passed as a part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson's "War on Poverty" and has been the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by the United States Congress.The act is an extensive statute that funds primary and secondary education.[1] It also emphasizes equal access to education and establishes high standards and accountability.[2] In addition, the bill aims to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing each child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education.

The Geneva Peace Accords

The Geneva Peace Accords, signed by France and Vietnam in the summer of 1954, reflected the strains of the international cold war. Drawn up in the shadow of the Korean War, the Geneva Accords represented the worst of all possible futures for war-torn Vietnam. Because of outside pressures brought to bear by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, Vietnam's delegates to the Geneva Conference agreed to the temporary partition of their nation at the seventeenth parallel to allow France a face-saving defeat. The Communist superpowers feared that a provocative peace would anger the United States and its western European allies, and neither Moscow or Peking wanted to risk another confrontation with the West so soon after the Korean War.

Grimke sisters, Catherine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Dorothea Dix

The Grimke sisters were born in South Carolina, they were active and outspoken abolitionists and pushed the boundaries of the feminine role, men would often scold them and say their activities were not appropriate for females, but the Grimke sisters believed men and women were created equal and could all the same things. The other reformers also pushed the limit of the female role that was deemed acceptable at the time.

Helsinki Agreements

The Helsinki Final Act was an agreement signed by 35 nations that concluded the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Helsinki, Finland. The multifaceted Act addressed a range of prominent global issues and in so doing had a far-reaching effect on the Cold War and U.S.-Soviet relations.

Women's Army Corp (WACs)

The Honorable Edith Nourse Rogers, Congress woman from Massachusetts, introduced the first bill to establish a women's auxiliary in May 1941. On 14 May 1942, Congress approved the creation of a Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). Two days later, Mrs. Oveta Culp Hobby was appointed the first Director of the WAAC. Five training centers were opened within a year. The first at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, the second at Daytona Beach, Florida, the third at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, the fourth at Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and the fifth at Camp Ruston, Louisiana. As an auxiliary of the Army, the WAAC had no military status, therefore Mrs. Rogers introduced another bill in 1943 to enlist and appoint women in the Army of the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill on 1 July 1943 and 90 days later the WAAC was discontinued and in its place was the Women's Army Corps (WAC). Colonel Hobby continued as Director of the WAC.

Effects of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (1987)

The Immigration Reform and Control Act was passed and signed into law on November 6, 1986. The purpose of this legislation was to amend, revise, and reform/re-assess the status of unauthorized immigrants set forth in the Immigration and Nationality Act. The content of this bill is overwhelming and is divided into many sections such as control of unauthorized immigration, legalization and reform of legal immigration. The focus of this précis will be on the legalization aspect of the bill. This bill gave unauthorized aliens the opportunity to apply and gain legal status if they met mandated requirements. The fate or status of all those who applied fell into the hands of "Designated Entities" and finally the U.S. Attorney General. Applicants had to prove that they lived and maintained a continuous physical presence in the U.S. since January 1st, 1982, possess a clean criminal record, and provide proof of registration within the Selective Service. Moreover, applicants had to meet minimal knowledge requirements in U.S. history, government and the English language or be pursuing a course of study approved by the Attorney General.

Immigration Act of 1965

The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965, also known as the Hart/Cellar Act, abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States. (more below)

D Day

The Invasion of Normandy (June 6, 1944)- Led by Dwight D. Eisenhower, the supreme commander of the allied forces, sent an armada of 3 million troops and a great array of naval vessels. The landing came not where the germans expected it, but along 60 miles of the Contenin Peninsula on the coast of Normandy. 4,000 vessels landed troops and supplies on the beaches. Fighting was intense along the beach, but the superior force of the Allied prevailed. Within a week German forces were done.

The Iran Hostage Crisis

The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. More than sixty American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981) after a group of Iranian students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.

Natty Bumppo

The Leatherstocking Tales can be seen not only a celebration of the American spirit and landscape but an evocation, through the central character of Natty Bumppo, of the ideal of the independent individual with a natural inner goodness. Living on the literal edge of society in Delaware Indian country, Natty is both frontiersman and Native American; part of both the white world and the land of savages. In his relatively undeveloped state in The Pioneers, Natty represents the frontier in conflict with civilization and the law.

specie currency

The government could issue specie or paper certificates backed by specie but there wasn't enough specie to support the demand for credit.

Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave $13 billion (approximately $130 billion in current dollar value as of March 2016) in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous again, and prevent the spread of communism.[1] The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many regulations, and encouraged an increase in productivity, labour union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) was founded on April 26, 1964 as part of a voter registration project for African Americans in the state. For over half a century Mississippi blacks had attempted to attend regular Democratic Party meetings and conventions but were continually denied entry. They formed the MFDP, which welcomed both whites and blacks, to run several candidates for the Senate and Congressional elections on June 2, 1964. The regular Democrats wanted to seat an all-white delegation at the 1964 National Democratic Convention which met in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The MFDP protested. Supporters of the MFDP came from all over the United States to support their protest. Eventually a compromise proposal orchestrated by Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey offered the MFDP two non-voting seats next to the regular Mississippi delegates. However, the MFDP refused the offer because it denied them any chance of voting on the floor of the convention. MFDP leader Fannie Lou Hamer spoke before the convention rules committee explaining the position of the party and why the compromise offered was unacceptable.

National Defense Education Act

The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was signed into law on September 2, 1958, providing funding to United States education institutions at all levels.The act authorized funding for four years, increasing funding per year: for example, funding increased on eight program titles from $183 million in 1959 to $222 million in 1960. In total, over a billion dollars was directed towards improving American science curricula.However, in the aftermath of McCarthyism, a mandate was inserted in the act that all beneficiaries must complete an affidavit disclaiming belief in the overthrow of the U.S. government. This requisite loyalty statement stirred concern and protest from the American Association of University Professors and over 153 institutions.

Volstead Act (1919)

The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment after Wilson vetoed it, which established prohibition in the United States.

National Security Act of 1947

The National Security Act of 1947 mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the U.S. Government. The act created many of the institutions that Presidents found useful when formulating and implementing foreign policy, including the National Security Council (NSC).

National Woman's Party (1916)

The National Woman's Party, representing the militant wing of the suffrage movement, utilized picketing and open public demonstrations to gain popular attention for the right of women to vote in the United States. The origin of the National Woman's Party (NWP) date from 1912, when Alice Stokes Paul and Lucy Burns, young Americans schooled in the militant tactics of the British suffrage movement, were appointed to the National American Woman Suffrage Association's (NAWSA) Congressional Committee.

Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 and Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 (Necessary and Proper Clause or the "Elastic" Clause)

The Necessary and Proper Clause allows Congress to decide whether, when, and how to legislate "for carrying into Execution" the powers of another branch; but it respects and even reinforces the principle of separation of powers. (clause 18) The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Congress (federal) (interstate commerce) can regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes

Concept of the "Talented Tenth"

The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. If this be true-and who can deny it-three tasks lay before me; first to show from the past that the Talented Tenth as they have risen among American Negroes have been worthy of leadership; secondly to show how these men may be educated and developed; and thirdly to show their relation to the Negro problem. The Talented Tenth is a term that designated a leadership class of African Americans in the early 20th century. The term was created by Northern philanthropists, then publicized by W. E. B. Du Bois in an influential essay of the same name, which he published in September 1903. Du Bois believed it was impossible for the other 9/10 to succeed in the political condition, so the 1/10th that can should take full advantage of their talents.

Nye Committee

The Nye Committee, officially known as the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, was a committee of the United States Senate which studied the causes of United States' involvement in World War I. It was a significant factor in heightening public and political support for neutrality in the early stages of World War II. The Committee investigated allegations that the United States had been tricked into entering the First World War by munitions manufacturers seeking to make a profit. The Nye Committee was derailed when Nye alleged that President Wilson had withheld critical information from Congress when asking for a declaration of war against Germany, The Democrats who controlled the Senate would tolerate no criticism of St. Woodrow.

Panama Canal Treaty (1978)

The Panama Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties. One of President Jimmy Carter's greatest accomplishments was negotiating the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, which were ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1978. These treaties gave the nation of Panama eventual control of the Panama Canal.

Role of the hostage crisis

The hostages were released on Reagan's inauguration day in return for the release of billions in Iranian assets that the Carter administration had frozen in American banks.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts. It was named for Senator John Sherman of Ohio, who was a chairman of the Senate finance committee and the Secretary of the Treasury under President Hayes. Several states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses. The Sherman Antitrust Act was based on the constitutional power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.The Sherman Act authorized the Federal Government to institute proceedings against trusts in order to dissolve them. Any combination "in the form of trust or otherwise that was in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations" was declared illegal. Persons forming such combinations were subject to fines of $5,000 and a year in jail. Individuals and companies suffering losses because of trusts were permitted to sue in Federal court for triple damages. The Sherman Act was designed to restore competition but was loosely worded and failed to define such critical terms as "trust," "combination," "conspiracy," and "monopoly." Congress passed the first antitrust law, the Sherman Act, in 1890 as a "comprehensive charter of economic liberty aimed at preserving free and unfettered competition as the rule of trade."

repeating rifle

The Spencer repeating rifle was adopted by the Union Army, especially by the cavalry, during the American Civil War, but did not replace the standard issue muzzle loading rifled muskets in use at the time. The Spencer carbine was a shorter and lighter version.

patronage

The Stalwarts favored traditional, professional machine politics, reform. In fact, both groups were mainly interested in a larger share of the patronage pie. the battle over patronage overshadowed all else during hayes's unhappy presidency

Stonewall Riot (1969)

The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay (LGBT) community [note 1] against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.

Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical hegemony during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 and further developed on July 12, 1948 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey.

battle of fallen timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Supreme Law of the Land

The U.S. Constitution's description of its own authority, meaning that all laws made by governments within the United States must be in compliance with the Constitution.

The Invasion of Afghanistan

The United States invasion of Afghanistan occurred after the September 11 attacks in late 2001, supported by close allies. The conflict is also known as the U.S. war in Afghanistan. It followed the Afghan Civil War's 1996-2001 phase. Its public aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda, and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power. The United Kingdom was the key ally of the United States, offering support for military action from the start of preparations for the invasion. In August 2003, NATO became involved as an alliance, taking the helm of the International Security Assistance Force. U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al-Qaeda, bin Laden had already been wanted by the U.N. since 1999. The Taliban declined to extradite him unless given what they deemed convincing evidence of his involvement in the 9/11 attacks[4] and ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases and hand over other terrorist suspects apart from bin Laden.

Vladivostok Agreements (1974)

The Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control was a two-day summit held on November 23 and 24, 1974 in Vladivostok for the purpose of extending arms control provisions between the Soviet Union and the United States. After a series of talks between American President Gerald Ford and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in Washington and American Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's visit to Moscow, Ford traveled to Vladivostok to meet with Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev directly. The two heads of state agreed to terms that would limit both nations an "equal aggregate number" of various weapons, including strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (SNDVs), intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) fitted with multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs).

yeoman farmer

The Western yeoman had to work as hard as a common laborer or a European peasant, and at the same tasks. Despite the settled belief of Americans to the contrary, his economic status was not necessarily higher. But he was a different creature altogether because he had become the hero of a myth, of the myth of mid-nineteenth-century America

Role of the Yom Kippur War (1973)

The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War, or October War, also known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, was a war fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973. The military combat actions during the war mostly took place in the Sinai and the Golan Heights, territories that were occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967. Egypt and Syria wanted to regain the Sinai and the Golan Heights respectively. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat wanted also to reopen the Suez Canal. Neither specifically planned to destroy Israel, although the Israeli leaders could not be sure of that.

Westering

The idea of moving westward. This term was used to define the movement of whites westward. The concept among white americans regarding their desire to continue to move and expand westward. Most whites thought that native americans needed to move out of the way for white settlers.

Building the Transcontinental Railroad

The construction of a transcontinental railroad was one of the United States' greatest technological achievements. Railroad track had to be laid over 2,000 miles of rugged terrain, including mountains of solid granite.The first spikes were driven in 1863, in the midst of the Civil War. Two companies competed to lay as much track as possible. The Central Pacific built east from Sacramento, Calif., while the Union Pacific built west from Omaha, Neb. The government gave the companies rights of way of 200 feet on each side of the track and financial aid of $16,000 to $48,000 for each mile of track laid.The transcontinental railroad was built in six years almost entirely by hand.Construction of the railroad provided many opportunities for financial chicanery, corruption, graft, and bribery. The railroad had profound effects on American life. New phrases entered the American vocabulary such as "time's up," "time's a wasting," and "the train is leaving the station." It also led to the division of the nation into four standard time zones. In addition, the railroads founded many of the towns on the Great Plains on land grants they were awarded by the federal government, and then sold the land to settlers.

William Seward

The counterpart of Benjamin in Washington, one of the greatest secretaries of state. Received lots of assistance from Charles Francis Adams in stopping the construction of Confederate warships. He was appointed by Lincoln in march of 1861. Some of his important accomplishments were international affairs during the Civil War and also negotiated the 1867 purchase of Alaska. Born in Florida, NY. He was a republican moderate. He also won a seat in the State Senate in 1830, and served as Governor from 1838 to 1840. In 1849, Seward was elected to the U.S. Senate, where became a leading antislavery politician. Seward was the frontrunner for the Republican presidential nomination in 1860, but his antislavery speeches caused some party members to view him as too radical to win over swing voters in critical states. The winner of this election was the more seemingly safe, Abraham Lincoln.

Miranda v. Illinois (1966)

The court had confirmed the obligation of authorities to inform a criminal suspect of his or her rights.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

The court had ruled that every felony defendant was entitled to a lawyer regardless of his or her ability to pay.

Roth v. United States (1957)

The court had sharply limited the authority of local governments to curb pornography.

Louchner v. New York 198 US 45 (1905)

The court had struck down a New York Law limiting the number of hours bakers in New York could be required to work. The state of New York enacted a statute forbidding bakers to work more than 60 hours a week or 10 hours a day.. The justices argued that the law was an abrogation of freedom of workers and employers to from contracts and with that decision the Court set nearly impossible standards against which all future economic regulations would have to be measured.

Furman v. Georgia (1972)

The court overturned existing capital punishment statutes and established strict new guidelines for such laws in the future.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

The court ruled that prayers in public schools were unconstitutional, sparking outrage among religious fundamentalists and others.

Crop lien system

The crop lien system was a credit system that became widely used by cotton farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants (google) The store owner will take a share of a crop and put a lien (a debt). Until the debt is repaid, the store owner will keep taking shares of crops.

nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Carter's Foreign Policy

The election of Democrat Jimmy Carter as President in 1976 brought a new emphasis, based on Carter's personal ideology, to U.S. foreign policy. Carter believed that the nation's foreign policy should reflect its highest moral principles, a definite break with the policy and practices of the Nixon Administration

Freedman's Bureau

The federal government kept troops in the South after the war to preserve order and protect the freedmen, In March 1865, congress established the Freedmen's Bureau, an agency of the army directed by General Oliver O. Howard. It distributed food to millions of former slaves and established schools staffed by missionaries and teachers who had been sent to the south by Freedmen's Aid Societies and other private and church groups in the North. It made modest efforts to settle blacks on lands of their own. (The Bureau also offered considerable assistance to poor whites, many of whom were similarly destitute and homeless after the war.) BUT it was not a permanent solution, it was only authorized for one year and was far too small to deal with the enormous problems effectively.

13th Amendment

The final step, which came in 1865. This abolished slavery as an institution in all parts of the United States.

The Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green, "the shots heard round the world"

Liberty Party

The formation of this was somewhat based on antislavery beliefs, they offered Kentucky antislavery leader James G. Birney as its presidential candidate. Never outright campaigned for abolition

gold standard

The gold standard is a monetary system where a country's currency or paper money has a value directly linked to gold. With the gold standard, countries agreed to convert paper money into a fixed amount of gold. This causes instability, because gold is an unstable currency.

Watts riot (rebellion)

The rebellion began on August 11th when the Los Angeles Highway Patrol stopped black Watts resident Marquette Frye and his brother, alleging that they were speeding. Backup was called from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) as a crowd of African Americans gathered to watch the scene. Since the incident was close to Frye's home, his mother emerged to find her son resisting arrest. Fearful that his arrest may ignite a riot, one LAPD officer drew his firearm. Catching a glimpse of the gun, Mrs. Frye jumped onto the officer's back, causing the crowd to begin cheering. Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers arrested all three of the Fryes. Enraged by the family's arrests, Watts' residents protested as the police cars drove away. Less than an hour later, black Angelenos took to the streets. The five day revolt which involved some 30,000 people served as stark testimony to the inequality and poverty that dominated the lives of thousands of Watts's residents. Many of those engaged in the uprising looted items from local groceries and clothing stores, acquiring what they wanted and needed but often could not afford. Others battled the LAPD which they held immediately responsible for their poverty and alienation.

Second Confiscation Act (1862)

The second Confiscation Act, passed July 17, 1862, was virtually an emancipation proclamation. It said that slaves of civilian and military Confederate officials "shall be forever free," but it was enforceable only in areas of the South occupied by the Union Army. Lincoln was again concerned about the effect of an antislavery measure on the border states and again urged these states to begin gradual compensated emancipation.

Sedition Acts

The sedition act allowed the government to prosecute those who engaged in sedition against the government

Shaker

The shakers made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society. They openly endorsed the idea of sexual equality

Homestead strike

The skilled workers at the steel mills in Homestead, seven miles southeast of downtown Pittsburgh, were members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers who had bargained exceptionally good wages and work rules. Homestead's management, with millionaire Andrew Carnegie as owner, was determined to lower its costs of production by breaking the union. First, as the union's three year contract was coming to an end in 1892, the company demanded wage cuts for 325 employees, even though the workers had already taken large pay cuts three years before. During the contract negotiations, management didn't make proposals to negotiate. It issued ultimatums to the union. Management was determined to provoke a strike. One of Andrew Carnegie's steel mills, one of the last steel mills with a union.

Article I, Section 9, Clause 2

The sources of habeas corpus can be found in the Constitution, statutory law, and case law. The suspension Clause of the constitution (Article I, Section 9, Clause 2) states: "The Privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when in the Cases of Rebellion of Invasion the public Safety may require."

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)

The supreme court ruled in this case that the courts could not be used to enforce private "covenants" meant to bar blacks from residential neighborhoods. The Korean War (1950-1953)- One June 24th, 1950, the armies of communist north korea swept across their southern border in an invasion of the pro-western half of the Korean peninsula to the South. Within days they had occupied much of South Korea, including Seoul, its capital. Almost immediately the United States committed itself to the conflict, President truman ordered limited American military assistance to South Korea, and on the same day he appealed to the UN to intervene. It was the nation's first military engagement of the Cold War.

Korematsu v. United States 323 US 214 (1944)

The supreme court ruled that the relocation was constitutionally permissible. In defiance of the order, Fred Korematsu, an American-born citizen of Japanese descent, refused to leave his home in San Leandro, California. Duly convicted, he appealed, and in 1944 his case reached the Supreme Court. A 6-3 majority on the Court upheld Korematsu's conviction. Writing for the majority, Justice Hugo Black held that although "all legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group are immediately suspect" and subject to tests of "the most rigid scrutiny," not all such restrictions are inherently unconstitutional. "Pressing public necessity," he wrote, "may sometimes justify the existence of such restrictions; racial antagonism never can." During World War II, Presidential Executive Order 9066 and congressional statutes gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed critical to national defense and potentially vulnerable to espionage. Korematsu remained in San Leandro, California and violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army.

U.S. v. Richard Nixon (1974)

The supreme court ruled unanimously that the president must relinquish the tapes to Special Prosecutor Jaworski. Days later, the House Judiciary Committee voted to recommend three articles of impeachment, charging that Nixon had, first, obstructed justice in the Watergate cover-up; second, misused federal agencies to violate the rights of citizens; and third, defied the authority of Congress by refusing to deliver tapes and other materials subpoenaed by the committee. On August 8, 1974, Nixon announced his resignation and the next day Gerald Ford took the oath of office as president.

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

The supreme court stripped the 14th and 15th amendments of their significance. The court ruled that the 14th amendment prohibited the state government from discriminating against people because of race but didn't restrict private organizations or individuals from doing so.

Prohibitory Act

closed the colonies to all overseas trade and made no concessions to american demands except an offer to pardon repentant rebels

extraterritoriality

The system of extraterritoriality now in force in China, which is to be reconsidered by the treaty powers in the forthcoming Peking conference with a view to its ultimate abandonment, is one of the main causes of anti-foreign sentiment in that country. The system has its basis in a series of treaties signed by the Chinese Government—the first with Great Britain in 1843—in which extraterritorial rights were conceded to certain foreign powers. Under these treaties the nationals of the treaty powers resident in China are not subject to Chinese law, but remain under the protection of their own national law, administered in China by their own national officials. The system is now looked upon by China as a derogation of her sovereignty and its abolition has been repeatedly sought by the Chinese Government. Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.

24th Amendment

The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. Passed by Congress February 20, 1933. Ratified December 5, 1933. The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment (before this is what it said in the link). Roosevelt supported indent signed a bill to legalize the manufacture and sale of beer with a 3.2% alcohol content- an interim measure pending the repeal of prohibition, for which a constitutional amendment ( the 21st) was already in process. The amendment was ratified later in 1933. (before this is what it said in the book)

Keynesian economics

The various theories about how in the short run, and especially during recessions, economic output is strongly influenced by aggregate demand (total spending in the economy). In the Keynesian view, aggregate demand does not necessarily equal the productive capacity of the economy; instead, it is influenced by a host of factors and sometimes behaves erratically, affecting production, employment, and inflation. The theories forming the basis of Keynesian economics were first presented by the British economist John Maynard Keynes in his book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936, during the Great Depression. Keynes contrasted his approach to the aggregate supply-focused 'classical' economics that preceded his book. The interpretations of Keynes that followed are contentious and several schools of economic thought claim his legacy.

Whigs and Democrats

The whigs were the anti jackson forces and the Democrats were jackson's followers. Thus giving a permanent name to what is now the nation's oldest political party

Herman Melville

The work of Herman Melville suggested that the new literary concern with the unleashing of human emotions did not only always produce such optimistic works. Melville ran away to sea as a youth and spent years sailing before returning home and becoming the greatest American Novelist of his era.

"Nature v. Nurture"

There's long been agreement that both "nature" and "nurture" play some role in determining many aspects of our physical and mental selves, from our height and weight to our intelligence and disposition. But as to which plays the bigger role in shaping us, scientists have never seemed to agree. That debate may now be over, thanks to a sweeping analysis of studies conducted around the world for more than five decades. The analysis involving more than 14.5 million twin pairs from 39 countries indicates that nature and nurture are virtually tied

general howe

commanded the formidable british navy that occupied the coast of America during the Summer of 1776, he wanted the americans to surrender instead of putting up a fight

Plessy v Ferguson, 163 US 537 (1896))

This case validated state legislation that institutionalized the separation of the races. This case involved the Louisiana law that required separate seating arrangements for the races on railroads, the court ruled that this didn't deprive blacks of equal rights because the accommodations were equal. Acts 1890, No. 111, p. 152. states that "all railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in this state, shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored races, by providing two or more passenger coaches for each passenger train, or by dividing the passenger coaches by a partition so as to secure separate accommodations: provided, that this section shall not be construed to apply to street railroads. No person or persons shall be permitted to occupy seats in coaches, other than the ones assigned to them, on account of the race they belong to.'' This statement and act in louisiana violates the 13th and 14th amendment, yet this case was ruled otherwise.

Establishment of Salt Lake City

This city was established the Mormons who were led by Brigham Young, Smith's successor. They abandoned Nauvoo and formed this city, which had an initial population of about 12,000 people. Here, Mormons were able to create a permanent settlement, they were not long to remain isolated from the Rest of America as they were at the beginning, never again were they to be dislodged.

Boston Manufacturing Company

This company was organized by Francis Lowell, this company was in Waltham Massachusetts and founded the first mill in America to carry on the process of spinning and weaving under a single roof. This company was an important step in revolutionizing American manufacturing and in shaping the character of the early industrial work force

Fletcher v Peck

This court case arose out of land frauds in georgia, the court had to decide whether georgia legislature could repeal the act of the previous granting lands under shady circumstances

Farmers' Declaration of Independence (1873)

This declaration was the outgrowth of the burgeoning Granger movement, begun in 1867 by Oliver Hudson Kelley, a Minnesota farmer who had worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Those belonging to the Grangers were alarmed by the encroachment of monopolies such as the ones run by those who owned the railroads (and as a consequence could set exorbitant prices to transport farmers' crops). This declaration in part aims to call attention to their plight and spark a successful organized effort to demand that Congress regulate the monopolies. IMPORTANT: Proclaimed that the time had come for Farmers, "suffering from long continued systems of Oppression and abuse, to use" all lawful and peaceful means to be free [themselves] from the tyranny of Monopoly.

Oregon Treaty of 1846

This fixed the boundary at the 49th parallel, where it remains today.

Jacksonians

This group were angry with the corrupt bargain

"Empire of Liberty"

This is a region that would include Canada, Mexico, Caribbean and Pacific islands, and ultimately, a few dreamed, much of the rest of the word. Some advocates of manifest destiny envisioned that this would be the future of America.

Alien Land Act of 1913

This law was enacted in California at a time where the Anti Japanese movement was going strong. The Alien Land Law made it illegal for immigrants to be citizens and own land or property. However, this law permits three year leases which creates limitations for Asian Americans. Asian Americans worked hard to work around this racially constructed law.

Robert Fulton

This man introduced the new technological advances that contributed to the expansion of the steamboat lines in the rivers and great lakes. This led to an increase in the shipping industry.

Martin Van Buren

This man won election to the governorship of New York in 1828, and then resigned a year later when Jefferson appointed him as secretary of state. He soon established himself as a member both of the official cabinet and of the president's unofficial circle of political allies, also known as the "Kitchen Cabinet". His influence with the president was strong and grew stronger as a result of a quarrel over etiquette that drove a wedge between the president and Calhoun.

Noble Savage

This name was used to describe the indians, it meant "people without real civilization but with an inherent dignity that made civilization possible among them"

Desert Land Act (1877)

This provided that claimants could buy 640 acres at $1.23 an acre if they irrigated part of the land within 3 years.

Prigg v Pennsylvania 41 US 539 (1842)

This ruled that states didn't have to enforce a 1793 law enforcing the return of fugitive slaves to their owners.

Maine

This ship blew up the Havana Harbor with a death total of more than 260 people. The ship had been ordered to Cuba in January to protect American lives and property against attacks by possible Spanish loyalists. "Remember the Maine" became a national chant for revenge.

Brook Farm (1841)

Transcendentalism helped to spawn the most famous of all 19th century experiments in communal living. The Brook Farm was an experimental country in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1841. These, individuals would gather to create a new form of social organization, one that would permit every member of the community full opportunity for self realization. All residents would share equally in the in the labor of the community so that all could share too in the leisure, for it was leisure that was the first necessity for cultivation of the self.

Adam Onis Treaty (1819)

Transcontinental Treaty, also called Adams Onís Treaty or Purchase of Florida, (1819) accord between the United States and Spain that divided their North American claims along a line from the southeastern corner of what is now Louisiana, north and west to what is now Wyoming, thence west along the latitude 42° N to the Pacific. Thus, Spain ceded Florida and renounced the Oregon Country in exchange for recognition of Spanish sovereignty over Texas.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Transferred substantial public acreage to the state governments, which were to sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education. Led to land- grant universities.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Vice Admiralty Courts

Tried people accused of smuggling sugar, deprived them of having a local jury

The Fair Deal

Truman's 21-point domestic program outlining what would later be called "the fair deal". This called for the expansion of Social Security benefits , the raising of local minimum wage from 40 to 65 cents, a program to ensure full employment through aggressive use of federal spending and investment, a permanent Fair Employment Practice Act, public housing, and slum clearance, long-range environmental and public works planning, and government promotion of scientific research.

Nuremburg Laws of 1935

Two distinct laws passed in Nazi Germany in September 1935 are known collectively as the Nuremberg Laws: the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor. These laws embodied many of the racial theories underpinning Nazi ideology. They would provide the legal framework for the systematic persecution of Jews in Germany.According to the Reich Citizenship Law and many clarifying decrees on its implementation, only people of "German or kindred blood" could be citizens of Germany. The law defined who was and was not a German, and who was and was not a Jew. The Nazis rejected the traditional view of Jews as members of a religious or cultural community. They claimed instead that Jews were a race defined by birth and by blood.The Law for the Protection of German Blood forbade Jews to employ female German maids under the age of 45, assuming that Jewish men would force such maids into committing race defilement. Thousands of people were convicted or simply disappeared into concentration camps for race defilement.

"Bull Moose" party

U.S. dissident political faction that nominated former president Theodore Roosevelt as its candidate in the presidential election of 1912; the formal name and general objectives of the party were revived 12 years later. Opposing the entrenched conservatism of the regular Republican Party, which was controlled by Pres. William Howard Taft, a National Republican Progressive League was organized in 1911 by Sen. Robert M. La Folletteof Wisconsin. The group became the Progressive Party the following year and on August 7, 1912, met in convention and nominated Roosevelt for president and Gov. Hiram W. Johnson of California for vice president; it called for revision of the political nominating machinery and an aggressive program of social legislation. Wilson would not have won is Taft and Roosevelt had not split the Republican votes.

"Joint Occupation"

Unable to resolve their conflicting claims diplomatically, they agreed in an 1818 treaty to allow citizens of each country equal access to the territory. This arrangement, known as the joint occupation continued for twenty years.

Dawes Plan of 1924

Under the Dawes Plan, Germany's annual reparation payments would be reduced, increasing over time as its economy improved; the full amount to be paid, however, was left undetermined. Economic policy making in Berlin would be reorganized under foreign supervision and a new currency, the Reichsmark, adopted. France and Belgium would evacuate the Ruhr and foreign banks would loan the German government $200 million to help encourage economic stabilization. U.S. financier J. P. Morgan floated the loan on the U.S. market, which was quickly oversubscribed. Over the next four years, U.S. banks continued to lend Germany enough money to enable it to meet its reparation payments to countries such as France and the United Kingdom. These countries, in turn, used their reparation payments from Germany to service their war debts to the United States. In 1925, Dawes was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his plan's contribution to the resolution of the crisis over reparations.

Socialist Party of America

Under the leadership of Norman Thomas, also cited the economic crisis as evidence of the failure of capitalism and sought vigorously to win public support for its own political program. They attempted to mobilize support among the rural poor.

U.S. v. Wheeler (1978)

United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313 (1978), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held The Double Jeopardy Clause does not bar the federal prosecution of a Native American (Indian) who has already been prosecuted by the tribe.

Burke Act (1906)

Used by congress to try and speed up Native Americans assimilation and ditching of their cultures to join with Whites.

Democratic Party platform regarding annexation

What made Polk's victory possible was his support for the position, expressed in the democratic platform, "that the reoccupation of oregon and the reannexation of texas at the earliest practicable period are great american measures"

Intervention in Nicaragua

When a revolution broke out in 1909, the administration sided with the insurgents and send american troops into the country to seize the customs houses. After peace was achieved, Knox encouraged American bankers to offer substantial loans to the new government as a way to increase washington's financial leverage over the country. In the years leading up to the First World War, the United States and Mexican governments competed for political influence in Central America. As a result, the U.S. Government intervened more directly in Nicaraguan affairs in two separate, but related, incidents in 1911 and 1912, with the objective of ensuring the rule of a government friendly to U.S. political and commercial interests and preserving political stability in Central America. Although officials within the administration of President William H. Taft saw themselves as intervening to ensure good government, many Nicaraguans became increasingly alarmed at what seemed to be a foreign takeover of their political, banking, and railroad systems.

Colonel Stephen W. Kearny

When war broke out between the United States and Mexico, Kearny was promoted to Brigadier General, with orders to gather an army of volunteers around his unit and head down the Santa Fe Trail to seize the Mexican province of New Mexico.His campaign was swift and bloodless. He captured Santa Fe on August 18, 1846, and promptly established a territorial government in the province, over the protest of Texas officials who claimed the region as their own. He then led the bulk of his army of down the Rio Grande and then west toward California. Believing that organized resistance there had ceased, Kearny sent most of his command off to other posts and arrived near Los Angeles, just in time to help suppress a severe revolt against U.S. control. Kearny was slightly wounded at the Mexican victory of San Pascual, but was able to restore U.S. control by the middle of January 1847.

Reform Movements and the Rise of Feminism

While playing their role in movements, many women took the opportunity to state the problems women face in the male-dominated society.

Walt Whitman

Whitman is regarded as one of America's most significant nineteenth century poets. He was the self proclaimed poet if American democracy. His poems were an unrestrained celebration of democracy, of the liberation of the individual, and of the pleasures of the flesh as well as of the spirit. They also expressed whitman's personal yearning for emotional and physical release and personal fulfillment which may have been rooted from his experience as a homosexual living in a society profoundly intolerant of unconventional sexuality.

Union Labor Party

committed to a program of reform almost indistinguishable from that of middle class and elite progressives in the city. Corruption and ineptitude within the new party's leadership limited its effectiveness, but the party did manage to have 2 of its candidates elected mayor.

Stamp Act Congress

congress that met in new york, decided to petition the king and two houses of parliament, the petition denied that colonists could be rightfully taxed unless it was through their own provincial assemblies

Wilson's Fourteen Points Speech

Wilson appeared before congress to present principles for which he claimed the nation was fighting. The 14 points fell into 3 broad categories. First, 8 proposals contained specific recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries and for establishing new nations to replace defunct Austro Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. Second, there were 5 general principles to govern international conduct in the future: freedom of the seas, open covenants instead of secret treaties, reductions in armaments, free trade and impartial mediation of colonial claims. Finally, there was a proposal for a league of nations (similar to UN) that would help implement his new principles and territorial adjustments and resolve future problems. This had many flaws.

Creation of the Treaty of Versailles

Wilson opposed compensation for the Central Powers. The other allied powers were unwilling to change his views and the principle of reparation was introduced. The figure established in 1921 was 56 billion to pay for damages to civilians and for military pensions. But on the end germany only payed 9 billion. The punishments against germany were in an effort to keep them weak, as to not threaten the peace of Europe. Wilson won some victories in dealing with former colonies.

The Club Movement

Women in urban areas, especially middle class and upper class women decided to take action themselves. They brought in speakers and raised money for charity. A vast majority of them were organized and operated by women themselves. This held back a little more than the Women's Clubs, not in the actual hands on activity. (basically the same thing as above, but more chill)

Lecompton Constitution

Written at a constitutional convention held at Lecompton in 1857. They wrote a constitution that legalized slavery, and scheduled a general vote by the electorate on the question of whether to allow more slaves into Kansas. Completely written my proslavery representatives because antislavery supporters refused to participate in the convention.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin

Arab Oil Embargo

Yom Kippur War demonstrated the growing dependence of the US and its allies on Arab oil. Permitting Israel to continue its drive into Egypt might have jeopardized the ability of the US to purchase needed petroleum from the Arab states. A brief but painful embargo by the Arab governments on the sale of oil to supporters of Israel (including America) in 1973 provided an ominous warning of the costs of losing access to the region's resources.

Anaconda Plan

a blockade by the union that was shaped like an anaconda, created by union General Winfield Scott, in 1861, called for strengthening the union against the confederacy. It was never officially adopted by the union government

My Lai massacre

a company of American soldiers brutally killed the majority of the population of the South Vietnamese hamlet of My Lai in March 1968. Though exact numbers remain unconfirmed, it is believed that as many as 500 people including women, children and the elderly were killed in the My Lai Massacre.. Higher-ranking U.S. Army officers managed to cover up the events of that day for a year before revelations by a soldier who had heard of the massacre sparked a wave of international outrage and led to a special investigation into the matter. In 1970, a U.S. Army board charged 14 officers of crimes related to the events at My Lai; only one was convicted. The brutality of the My Lai killings and the extent of the cover-up exacerbated growing antiwar sentiment on the home front in the United States and further divided the nation over the continuing American presence in Vietnam

Soft Money

a group of people that wanted more currency in circulation and believe issuing bank notes unsupported by gold and silver was the best way to circulate more currency

Amerigo Vespucci

a member of a later Portuguese expedition to the New World who wrote a vivid series of descriptions of the new lands he visited and who recognized the Americas as new continents

Second Bank of the US

congress used this to deal with the currency problem (there was no strict currency) by chartering a second bank of the United States in 1816. It was essentially the same institution Hamilton had found in 1791 except that it had more capital than its predecessor.

Republican Party

created after the disbanding of the Whig party and divided of the democrat party in response to the Kansas Nebraska act.

"Molly Maguires"

a militant labor organization in the anthracite coal region of PENN. 'Molly Maguires," a band of roughs joined together for the purpose of instituting revenge against anyone whom they may have taken a dislike. The Mollies were apparently modeled after impoverished Catholic farmers in West Donegal County Ireland who disguised themselves wearing women's clothes who staged nocturnal raids against Protestant landowners. According to one tale, Molly Maguire was a woman who wore pistols strapped to her thighs and led bands of men through the countryside. the Molly Maguires helped mine operators crush the miners' union, the Workingmen's Benevolent Association, eliminating unions from the coal field for many years. Fear of the Mollies also led Catholic bishops to excommunicate any Catholic who remained a member of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, a fraternal order to which some violent Irish miners belonged, mollies were ordered to be hanged later.

Empresarios

a person who had been granted the right to settle on land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for new settlers, spanish word for entrepreneur

Atlantic Charter

a pivotal policy statement issued on 14 August 1941, that, early in World War II, defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. The leaders of the United Kingdom and the United States drafted the work and all the Allies of World War II later confirmed it. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people, self-determination; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. Adherents of the Atlantic Charter signed the Declaration by United Nations on the 1 January 1942, which became the basis for the modern United Nations.

New Jersey Plan

a plan proposed by William patterson that preserved the existing one house legislature where each state had equal representation, but gave congress power to tax and regulate commerce

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Federalist Papers

a series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convince readers to adopt the new constitution

Impact of the Hussain/McMahon Agreement (1915)

a series of letters exchanged in 1915-16, during World War I, between Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, emir of Mecca, and Sir Henry McMahon, the British high commissioner in Egypt. In general terms, the correspondence effectively traded British support of an independent Arab state in exchange for Arab assistance in opposing the Ottoman Empire. It was later contradicted by the incompatible terms of the Sykes Picot Agreement, secretly concluded between Britain and France in May 1916, and Britain's Balfour Declaration of 1917.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

a slave preacher, led a group of african americans who were armed with guns and axes on one summer night, and went from house to house in southampton county, Virginia and killed 60 white men, women, and children. until they were overthrown by state and federal troops. more than 100 blacks were executed from the rebellion. Nat turner was the only actual slave insurrection in

Treaty of ghent

a treaty made between american and britain signed on christmas eve 1814, the british abandoned their attempts to create an indian buffer state, americans gave up their demand for british reunification of impressment and for the cession of Canada to the united states, this helped to reestablish our relationship with england

"yellow press (journalism)" in the revolution

a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well researched news and instead uses eye catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism.

Andrew jackson

a wealthy planter and general in the state militia, temporarily abandoned plans for an invasion of Florida and set off in pursuit of the Creeks

Joseph Smith

a young, energetic, economically successful man who spent the better part of his 24 years moving throughout New England and the Northeast. He published an important book called the Book of Mormon in 1830, named after the ancient prophet he claimed had written it. He claimed it was a translation of a set of golden tablets he had found in the hill of New York, which was revealed to him by an angel of God. This book told the story of an ancient and successful civilization in America, peopled by one of the lost tribes of Israel who found their way to the New World centuries before Columbus. The members of this civilization waited patiently for the arrival of the Messiah, and were rewarded when Jesus actually came to America after his resurrection. Later generations from the path that had been laid out for them by God and they eventually collapsed and God punished them by making their skin dark. Smith was later arrested in 1844 and accused of conspiring against the government to win foreign support for a new Mormon colony in the Southwest. He was shot and killed when an angry mob attacked the jail.

"Seward's Folly"

accepted a Russian offer to sell Alaska to the US for $7.2 million, despite criticism from many who considered Alaska a frozen wasteland and derided this as "Seward's Folly". in 1867, Seward also engineered the American annexation of the tiny Midway islands, west of Hawaii, he did this because it was important in wars in the pacific, to be used as an Army base in the pacific.

ordinance of 1784

created by Thomas Jefferson; 10 new states equal in power to the 13 current states; slavery to be banned in the region; land to be given to the settlers for free

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

provided that after January 1st, 1879 the greenback dollars, whose value constantly changed, would be redeemed by the government and replaced by new certificates, firmly pegged to the price of gold. Resumption Act of 1875, in U.S. history, culmination of the struggle between "soft money" forces, who advocated continued use of Civil War greenbacks, and their "hard money" opponents, who wished to redeem the paper money and resume a specie currency.

People's Party

aka the Populists party, created by the merger of several different groups, labors join forces with farmers, created platform (stated position on various issues) Omaha Platform, Made up of farmers (predominantly) and city union members, eventually swallowed up by democrat party. Populism appealed mainly to small farmers, who had no long range economic security and relied on one crop. (The Populist movement was a revolt by farmers in the South and Midwest against the Democratic and Republican Parties for ignoring their interests and difficulties. For over a decade, farmers were suffering from crop failures, falling prices, poor marketing, and lack of credit facilities.) Most populists were engaged in a type of farming which was less visible in the face of the new more industrial form of agriculture, commercial.

Alien and sedition act of 1798

alien acts: the alien acts put new obstacles in the way for people who wanted to become American citizens, and strengthened the president's hand in dealing with aliens. sedition acts: The sedition act allowed the government to prosecute those who engaged in sedition against the government

David Wilmot from Pennsylvania

an antislavery democrat, he introduced an amendment to the appropriation bill prohibiting slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. This bill, nicknamed the Wilmot Proviso, passed in the house but failed in the Senate. It would spend years being called up, debated, and voted upon.

Missouri Compromise

an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted

Writ of mandamus

an order from a court to an inferior government official ordering the government official to properly fulfill their official duties or correct an abuse of discretion. Given to James Madison for not giving marbury his commission

"Grantism"

any political corruption and greed in government. During Grant's presidency, many of his associates took part in price skimming and tax evasion. By the end of Grant's first erms, members of the Liberal Republicans had come to oppose what they called "Grantism"

Timber and Stone Act (1878)

applied to non arable land, authorized sales at $2.50 an acre. Made it possible for individuals to acquire as much as 1280 acres of land at little cost.

War hawks

ardent nationalist fired by passion for territorial expansion

George III

assumed role in 1760, was to be active and responsible while ruling, and removed a long rusted governor whigs, had serious intellectual and psychological limitations that compounded his political difficulties

battle of oriskany

at this battle, patriot forces made up of german farmers led by Nicholas Herkimer held off the force of indians and Tories led by St Leger

The Convention of 1800

at this convention the two sides finally came to a agreement that annulled the 1778 treaty of alliance and excused the French from damage claims of American ships. Kept from going to war and dividing nation.

National Origins Act of 1924

banned immigration from east Asia entirely. This deeply angered Japan, which understood that the Japanese were the primary target. Chinese immigration had already been illegal since 1892. The law reduced the quota of europeans from 3 to 2 %. The quota would be based, moreover, not on the 1910 census but on the census of 1890, a year in which there had been many fewer southern and eastern europeans in the country. Federal legislation that set immigration quotas for individual countries that were based on the number of foreign nationals living in the United States in 1890. The new immigration now favored northwestern europeans.

battle of saratoga

battle where burgoyne ordered his remaining 5,000 troops to surrender to the americans

battle of moores creek bridge

battle where patriots quelled an uprising of loyalists, this discouraged British from invading southern states

Battle of bunker hill

battle where patriots suffered great casualties, they were ultimately driven from here. the english suffered more harm in this battle than the americans

the battle for boston

british occupied this area, until they concluded that being surrounded by enemies on all sides was bad and the patriots drove them out

cult of domesticity"

brought both benefits and costs to the middle class women. it allowed them to live lives greater material comfort than in the past and it placed a higher value on their "female virtues" and on their roles as mothers and wives. But it also left women increasingly detached from the public world and left them with fewer energy and interests.

Fort Necessity

built by Washington's militia, attacked by the french, trapped the militia and washington inside, after ⅓ of the militia died, Washington surrendered

Four Power Pact of 1922

by this Pact the United States, Britain, France, and Japan promised to respect one another's Pacific territories and cooperate to prevent aggression.

Jefferson Davis

chosen by the general electorate without opposition, for six year terms

Executive Order 8802

creating a Committee on Fair Employment Practices (FEPC) to investigate complaints of discrimination and take action against valid complaints in any defense industry receiving government contracts. President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802 only after A. Phillip Randolph, working with other civil rights activists, organized the 1941 March on Washington Movement, which threatened to bring 100,000 African Americans to the nation's capitol to protest racial discrimination. President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802 one week before the proposed March, and in return, Randolph called off the demonstration. However, Randolph continued to fight against discrimination and formed the March on Washington Movement (MOWM) to hold the FEPC accountable.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

declared blacks to be citizens of the United States and gave the federal government power to intervene in state affairs to protect the citizens. Johnson vetoed both bills, but congress overrode both of his vetoes

Second continental congress

delegates met from every colony except georgia, this congress agreed to support the war, but disagreed about the purpose of the war

The Sugar Act of 1764

designed to eliminate the illegal sugar trade between the continental colonies and the french and spanish west indies, raised duty on sugar, established new vice-admiralty courts in america to try accused smugglers, thus depriving them of local jury's

Panic of 1837

during this event hundreds of banks and businesses failed, unemployment grew, bread riots broke out in some of the larger cities, prices fell-especially land, many railroad and canal projects failed, debt burdened state governments ceased to pay interest

King George's War

engaged in a series of conflicts with the french, colonists v french

Emergency Immigration Act of 1921

established a quota system by which an annual immigration from any country country could not exceed 3% percent of the number of persons of that nationality who had been in U.S in 1910. This cut immigration from 800,000 to 300,000 in any single year. But nativist remained unsatisfied and pushed for a harsher law. The first federal law in U.S. history to limit the immigration of Europeans, the Immigration Act of 1921 reflected the growing American fear that people from southern and eastern European countries not only did not adapt well into American society but also threatened its very existence.

Neutrality Act of 1935

established mandatory arms embargo against both victim and aggressor in any military conflict and empowered the president to warn American citizens that they might travel on the ships of warring nations only at their own risk.

Lewis and clark expedition

expedition with two men that were tasked with exploring the west

Civil Rights Act of 1964

extended to women many of the same legal protections against discrimination that were being extended to blacks.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

forbade the president to remove civil officials, including members of his own cabinet, without the consent of the senate.

Quebec Act

former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in the Church of England

battle of ticonderoga

fort seized easily by General Burgoyne, who took an enormous amount of supplies after taking control

Judiciary act of 1789

gave the power to compel executive officials to act in such matters as the delivery of commissions

Social Darwinism

harsh theory that argued individuals who failed did so because of their own weaknesses and "unfitness". those influenced by social darwinism came to view the large number of unemployed vagrants in the North as irredeemable misfits.

Gadsden Purchase

he persuaded the mexican government to accept $10 million in exchange for a strip of land that today comprises part of Arizona and New Mexico.

Genet Affair

he refused to give aid Washington objected to this French ministers plan to hire American Privateers to fight on the high seas for France and against England.

Hamilton Fish

he served throughout 2 terms of the Grant administration

Command of the Army Act (1867)

prohibited the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general of the army, who could not be relieved of assigned elsewhere without the consent of the senate.

William Harper

he was a Southern Carolina politician in the 1840s, who had a quote about judgement. "The judgment is made up. We can have no hearing before the tribunal of the civilized world. Yet, on this very account, it is more important that we, the inhabitants of the slave holding States of America, insulated as we are, by this institution, and cut off, in some degree, from the communion and sympathies of the world by which we are surrounded, oi' with which we have intercourse, and exposed continually to their animadversions and attacks, should thoroughly understand this subject and our strength and weakness in relation to it." He was defending the South's ability to make a choice about slavery, they made the choice to continue it, so we should just isolate ourselves from the rest of the world

Charles Grandison Finney

he was an evangelistic Presbyterian minister. He became the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s, traditional Calvinist doctrines of predestination and individual human helplessness were both obsolete and destructive. He preached that each person contained within himself the capacity to experience spiritual rebirth and achieve salvation

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troops in barns and empty houses

siege of quebec

in this event, this was a long effort, but ultimately the americans failed to win the support of quebec and convince it to become part of the nation

Baptist

individuals who comprise a group of denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers

Non

intercourse act-reopened trade with all nations but great britain and france

Prince Henry the Navigator

interested in exploring the western coast of Africa and establishing a christian empire there to aid his country's wars against the Moors of South Africa

states' rights

interfered with the South's ability to fight the war greatest source of division in the south was over states rights. many white southerners resisted many efforts to exert national authority

Dorr Rebellion

issue surrounded voting rights. this was an event led by Thomas L Dorr and his group in an attempt to capture the state arsenal. The attempts of rebellion quickly failed and as a result Dorr surrendered and was imprisoned for a short time. In the end this helped pressure the old guard to draft a new constitution, which helped expand the suffrage

"Squatter Sovereignty" or "Popular Sovereignty"

it allowed the people of each territory to decide the status of slavery there

Indentured Servitude

labor system where young people paid for their passage to the new world by working for an employer for a certain number of years

"Half Breeds"

led by James G Blaine of Maine and was one of the two groups who were competing for control of the Republican party and threatening to split it up. This was during the presidency of Rutherford B Hayes

Second Agriculture Adjustment Act (1938)

legislation in the United States that was enacted as an alternative and replacement for the farm subsidy policies, in previous New Deal farm legislation (Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933), that had been found unconstitutional.[1] The act revived the provisions in the previous Agriculture Adjustment Act, with the exception that the financing of the law's programs would be provided by the Federal Government and not a processor's tax,[2] and was also enforced as a response to the success of the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936.[3]

The Currency Act of 1764

made it illegal for the colonies to issue paper money and required taxes be paid in gold or silver, also known as "specie"

Commercial imperialists vs. territorial imperialists

mercantilists wanted to return canada to the french in exchange for guadeloupe, the territorialism prevailed

Liberty Tea

name given to tea that was consumed by the colonists that was not sold to them by the British East India Company

McNary Haugen Bill

named after its two principal supporters in congress and was introduced many times between 1924 and 1928. Congress approved a bill requiring parity for grain, cotton, tobacco, and rice but was vetoed by President Coolidge both times.

North Acts

named after lord north, the duties of dealing with colonial resistance fell to this man, he secured the repeal of all of the townshend duties

No taxation without representation

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

macon's bill no 2

reopened free commercial relations to resume with Britain and france but gave the president permission to prohibit commerce if he saw fit

"Arsenal of Democracy"

one of the 30 fireside chats broadcast on the radio by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was read on December 29, 1940, during World War II, at a time when Nazi Germany had occupied much of Europe and threatened Britain. Nazi Germany was allied with Italy and Japan (the Axis powers). At the time Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union remained allied under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and had jointly invaded Poland in 1939, an alliance that remained until the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Roosevelt referred to Detroit, Michigan as "the great arsenal of democracy" because of the rapid conversion of much of the Detroit-area automotive industry to produce armaments during World War II. The speech was "a call to arm and support" the Allies in Europe, and to a lesser extent in Asia, in their struggles against totalitarian regimes. phrase originated from the American playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood, who was quoted in the May 12, 1940 New York Times as saying "this country is already, in effect, an arsenal for the democratic Allies."

Aaron Burr

one of the leading Democratic Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791 to 1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice President. served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.

Operation Overlord

operation OVERLORD, the invasion of Normandy, France, on 6 June 1944, was the Western Allies' greatest operation of World War II and the finest hour of Anglo-American cooperation. Only the United States and the British Empire could have successfully undertaken the largest and most dangerous amphibious assault in history. The operation was so complicated that U.S. Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall said it "almost defies description." The Allies assembled 2 million troops of numerous nationalities, nearly 5,000 ships, and 11,000 aircraft without the Germans knowing where or when the invasion would take place.

Tariff of 1828

originated with the demands of massachusetts and rhode island woolen manufacturers, complained british were dumping textiles on AMericans market, at artificially low prices.

imperialism

others had the ideas of the entire world, which was early thoughts of imperialism because they wanted to take over the lands of other nations with this dream. Some believed america should use force and power to obtain land and its goals, others thought to do it peacefully or not at all.

Fugitive Slave Act

pair of federal laws that allowed for the capture and return of runaway slaves within the territory of the United States. Enacted by Congress in 1793, the first Fugitive Slave Act authorized local governments to seize and return escaped slaves to their owners and imposed penalties on anyone who aided in their flight.

Loyalists (tories)

people who people who disapproved of the war and continued to have loyalty to the king

Timber Culture Act (1873)

permitted homesteaders to receive grants of 160 additional acres if they planted 40 acres of trees on them.

Homestead Act of 1862

permitted settlers to buy plots of 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied the land they purchased for five years and improved it. The act was intended as a progressive measure, and would give a free form to any American who needed one. It would be a form of government relief to people who otherwise might not have had any prospects. It helped create new markets and new outposts of commercial agriculture for the nation's growing economy.

Nine Power Pact of 1922

pledged a continuation of the open door policy in China

system of checks and balances

prevents any one branch of government from becoming too powerful, one branch can check another to make sure they don't overuse their power

Tallmadge Amendment

prohibit further introduction of slaves into missouri, gradual emancipation over time

Eighteenth Amendment

prohibited the making, transporting, and selling of alcoholic beverages. When this was ratified it had the support of most members of the middle class and most of those who considered themselves progressives. But after a year it had become clear that the "noble experiment", was not working well. Prohibition did substantially reduce drinking, at least in some regions of the country. But it produced conspicuous growing violations that made the law an almost immediate source of controversy.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

ruled unconstitutional a state law that banned abortions except to save the life of the mother. The Court ruled that the states were forbidden from outlawing or regulating any aspect of abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy, could only enact abortion regulations reasonably related to maternal health in the second and third trimesters, and could enact abortion laws protecting the life of the fetus only in the third trimester. Even then, an exception had to be made to protect the life of the mother. Controversial from the moment it was released, Roe v. Wade politically divided the nation more than any other recent case and continues to inspire heated debates, politics, and even violence today ("the culture wars"). Though by no means the Supreme Court's most important decision, Roe v. Wade remains its most recognized.

Coercive Acts

series of laws were harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Confederacy

seven southern states separate from the north

omnibus bill

single document that is accepted in a single vote by a legislature but packages together several measures into one or combines diverse subjects

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

slaves were prohibited in any territory acquired from Mexico.

Adam onis Treaty

spain must give florida to the US, All spanish territory north of the 42nd parallel goes the the US, The US gave its claims to texas to spain

Impact of the Balfour Declaration (1917)

statement of British support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people." It was made in a letter from Arthur James Balfour, the British foreign secretary, to Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (of Tring), a leader of British Jewry. Though the precise meaning of the correspondence has been disputed, its statements were generally contradictory to both the Sykes Picot Agreement (a secret convention between Britain and France) and the Ḥusayn McMahon correspondence(an exchange of letters between the British high commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, and Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, then emir of Mecca), which in turn contradicted one another (see Palestine, World War I and after). The Balfour Declaration, issued through the continued efforts of Chaim Weizmann and Nahum Sokolow, Zionist leaders in London, fell short of the expectations of the Zionists, who had asked for the reconstitution of Palestine as "the" Jewish national home. The declaration specifically stipulated that "nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non Jewish communities in Palestine." The document, however, said nothing of the political or national rights of these communities and did not refer to them by name.

Sojourner Truth's Speech to the Akron Convention, 1851

talks about how she shies away from the norms of a women and performs the equal tasks of men, she calls for men to allow women to make the world right.

The National Greenback Party

the "greenbackers" (as called by the inflationists) formed their own political party. It was active in the next 3 presidential elections, but failed to gain widespread support. It kept the issue of money alive. The question of the proper composition of the currency was to remain one of the most controversial and enduring issues in late 19th century American politics.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

the Supreme Court ruled that a state's ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. The case concerned a Connecticut law that criminalized the encouragement or use of birth control. The 1879 law provided that "any person who uses any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purposes of preventing conception shall be fined not less than forty dollars or imprisoned not less than sixty days." The law further provided that "any person who assists, abets, counsels, causes, hires or commands another to commit any offense may be prosecuted and punished as if he were the principal offender."

Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831)

the U.S. Supreme Court considered its powers to enforce the rights of Native American "nations" against the states. In Cherokee Nation, the Court ruled that it lacked jurisdiction (the power to hear a case) to review claims of an Indian nation within the United States.

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

the U.S. Supreme Court considered its powers to enforce the rights of Native American "nations" against the states. In Cherokee Nation, the Court ruled that it lacked jurisdiction (the power to hear a case) to review claims of an Indian nation within the United States. In Worcester, the Court ruled that only the United States, and not the individual states, had power to regulate or deal with the Indian nations. Impact in terms of Cherokee Nation: Georgia making laws that took away their rights, so the Cherokee, the government ruled against these laws but weren't able to enforce this. led to the trial of tears.

The Alien acts

the alien acts put new obstacles in the way for people who wanted to become American citizens, and strengthened the president's hand in dealing with aliens.

colonial assemblies

the assembly that americans thought was their counterpart to parliament over in England

Republican Mother

the attitude towards women, this idea of the perfect mother who runs the perfect household and family, the idea that we had to educate women so they could properly teach their children.

Francis Cabot Lowell

the boston merchant that that developed the best power loom in the world after examining the textile machinery in England

Newburgh Conspiracy

the brief idea of switching to a military dictatorship, resulted in the questioning on congress

Annapolis Convention of 1786

the convention held in response to James Madison's persuasions to hold a meeting of the states to meet and answer commerical questions about the articles of confederation

Worcester v Georgia

the court invalidated a Georgia Law that attempted to regulate access by US citizens to the cherokee country

hill people

these were southern highlanders who lived in the Appalachian mountains East of the Mississippi, in the Ozarks to the West of the river, and in other "hill country" or "backcountry" areas cut off from the more commercial world of plantation system. They were the most isolated of all southern whites. They practiced a simple form of subsistence agriculture, owned practically no slaves, and had a proud sense of seclusion. They were removed from the new commercial economy that dominated the great cotton planting region of the South. They produced only enough to feed themselves, had little money, and often bartered for goods that could not produce themselves. Were not trying to become slave owners but they were trying to become farmers and they were finding it difficult to compete in cotton dependent economy. This led them to supporting the abolition of slavery.

New Light revivalists

they were far removed theologically from the transcendentalists and Unitarians, they came to share the belief that every individual was capable of salvation

Land Act of 1785

this act Established the process for admitting new states.

Indian removal Act

this act appropriated money to finance federal negotiations with the southern tribes aimed at relocating them to the West

Judiciary Act of 1789

this act created the supreme court, thirteen district courts, and three circuit courts of appeal

Embargo act

this act prohibited American ships from leaving the US

Distribution Act of 1836

this act required the government to pay its surplus funds to the states each year in quarterly installments as interest free, unsecured loans

27th Amendment

this amendment limits the ability to change the salary of members of Congress until after an election of members of the House of Representatives

Thomas Amendment

this amendment prohibited slavery in the rest of the louisiana purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri

Force Bill

this bill authorized the president's ability to use the military to see that acts of congress were obeyed

Dartmouth college v woodward

this case further expanded the meaning of the contract clause of the Constitution. this affirmed the constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions.

Mcculloch v Maryland

this case reaffirmed the implied powers of congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

Gibbons v Ogden

this case strengthened congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. The court granted the robert fulton and robert livingston steamboat company power to exclusively carry passengers on the hudson river

necessary and proper clause

this clause said that the power to tax came with a power to destroy

Monroe Doctrine

this document declared that the american continents are not to be considered as colonization by ny european powers, any challenge to this would be an unfriendly act, unable to defend this claim

The Declaration of Independence

this document formally announced that the united states was breaking away from england, permanently

declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms

this document proclaimed that the british government left the american people with two alternatives, unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force

People's Party

this group attempted to pass a new constitution with the help of Thomas L. Dorr, the constitution was eventually ignored by the legislature even though it passed popular vote.

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance (1826)

this group emerged as a coordinating agency among various groups. It attempted to use many of the techniques of revivalism in preaching abstinence

Hard Money

this group of people believed gold and silver were the only basis for money.

Kitchen Cabinet

this group was an unofficial group made up of the president's unofficial circle of political allies.

Northern confederacy

this group was created by the federalists because they wanted to secede from the union

Bucktails/Albany Regency

this group was led by Martin Van Buren in New York, and were considered to be dissident political factions.

king louis XVI

this king was eager to see england lose to america, and created a fictional trading firm and the use of secret agents on both sides in order to supply the americans with much needed supplies

Article I, Section 8, Clauses 1 to 18

this laid out the powers of congress, "congress shall have the power to..." congress could collect taxes, pay debt, provide defence, general welfare, borrow money on credit, regulate commerce with foreign nations, rule of naturalization, establish post offices and roads, declare war, have and maintain a navy.......http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.htmll

Oliver evans

this man created a high pressure engine, lighter and more efficient than James Watt's, which made steam more feasible for powering boats as well as mill machinery

Thomas L. Dorr

this man created the "People's Party" with a group of his followers, and they held a convention, drafted a new constitution, and submitted it for popular vote. It was passed. The legislature refused to accept the constitution and submitted a new constitution for the vote, which was narrowly defeated.

James Madison

this man persuaded the virginia legislature to convene an inter state convention to overhaul the entire articles of confederation. he is known as the father of the constitution

Eli Whitney

this man revolutionized cotton production and weapons manufacturing

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

calvinism

Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination

navigation acts

didn't allow the colonies to trade, or produce products

predestination

divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others the idea that your life is already planned and where you will end up is already decided

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

established first British colony in the new world, and served for a time as governor of one irish district and suppressed native rebellions

Matriarchal

family, group, or state governed by a matriarch

Halfway covenant

form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. It was promoted in particular by the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose

Sir William Berkeley

governor appointed by King Charles I, controlled virginia for 28 years, sent explorers to western interior of virginia, organized force that quelled 1644 indian uprisings, killed Opechancanough

Lord de la Warr

governor who brought a relief party to Jamestown. He implemented a harsh military regime and took military action against the Indians