APUSH Unit 1 College Board MCQ 1491-1607

The issue of religious toleration figured prominently in the founding of colonies by all of the following EXCEPT (A) James Oglethorpe (B) Cecil Calvert (C) Anne Hutchinson (D) William Penn (E) Roger Williams

(A) James Oglethorpe

Which of the following best describes the way Europeans treated Native Americans in the 1500s and 1600s? (A) Native Americans were regarded as inferior people subject to Christian domination. (B) Native American ways of life were respected. (C) Since nothing of value could be learned or obtained from the Native Americans, Europeans thought it was permissible to exterminate them. (D) Europeans cultivated good relations with Native Americans and sought to make them economic partners. (E) Only the English believed that Native Americans should be treated fairly.

(A) Native Americans ways of life were respected.

Which of the following did the colonies lack? (A) an adequate monetary system (B) good harbors and rivers for transportation (C) the ability to import goods from England (D) an adequate supply of slave labor (E) sufficient markets for colonial timber and naval stores

(A) an adequate monetary system

The Great Awakening had all of the following consequences EXCEPT (A) reduced competition among Protestant sects (B) decline in the authority of Protestant ministers (C) a belief that common people could make their own decisions (D) increased emotionalism in church services (E) a feeling of shared experience among colonists in different regions and of different national origins

(A) reduced competition among Protestant sects

Which of the following is true of immigration to the colonies during the first half of the 18th century? (A) Most immigrants settled in New England (B) Most immigrants came from continental Europe (C) A sizable minority of immigrants had no freedom of choice in coming to the colonies (D) The English government tried to discourage immigration (E) Most immigrants worked for low wages in cities along the eastern seaboard

(B) Most immigrants came from continental Europe.

Which of the following was the LEAST important factor behind European exploration and settlement in the 16th century? (A) increase in scientific knowledge and technological change (B) population increase (C) development of nation-states (D) competition for trade (E) religious commitment

(B) population increase

The chief purpose of mercantilist policies was to (A) help colonies to be self- sufficient (B) strengthen the economy and power of the parent country (C) defend the colonies from rival powers (D) maintain tight control over the tobacco industry (E) foster stable relations between the Crown and the colonies

(B) strengthen the economy and power of the parent country

William Penn's "Holy Experiment" included all of the following ideas EXCEPT (A) nonviolence (B) the Bible as religious authority for all (C) fair treatment of Native Americans (D) a refuge for Quakers (E) religious toleration

(B) the Bible as religious authority for all

The issue of religion figured most prominently in the consideration of which of the following? (A) the settlement of Jamestown (B) the establishment of Puritan colonies in Massachusetts (C) France's Indian policy (D) discoveries by the Spanish conquistadores (E) Spain's support of Columbus' voyages

(B) the establishment of Puritan colonies in Massachusetts

Which of the following statements is the most widely excepted description of Columbus' accomplishments? (A) He discovered a new world. (B) He bears much of the blame for oppressing Native American peoples in North America. (C) He started a permanent relationship between Europe and the Americans. (D) He is responsible for most of the problems in the Americas during the colonial period. (E) His heroic deeds will always be respected by fair-minded American citizens.

(C) He started a permanent relationship between Europe and the Americas.

In the mid-18th century, all of the following were generally true about slavery in the British colonies EXCEPT (A) Planters thought it provided a more dependable labor supply than other options. (B) There were more slaves than indentured servants in the southern colonies. (C) It was strongly opposed in New England. (D) Slaves accounted for about half the population of Virginia. (E) Colonial laws gave slavery a permanent legal status.

(C) It was strongly opposed in New England.

The acts of trade and navigation had all of the following consequences in the colonies EXCEPT (A) Colonial manufacturing was limited (B) Colonial economies were regulated from London (C) Low prices were charged for English imports. (D)Smuggling became a common practice. (E) New England shipbuilding prospered

(C) Low prices were charged for English imports

In the 1500s, Native Americans possessed a wide range of complex cultures. Each of the following gives evidence to support this statement EXCEPT (A) the Aztec captial of Tenochtitlan (B) the organization of Inca society (C) Native Americans' susceptibilty to European diseases (D) the Mayas' agricultural system (E) the Maya calender

(C) Native Americans' susceptibility to European diseases

The Great Awakening was a reaction to (A) the flood of immigrants (B) established churches in many of the colonies (C) churches' earlier failure to take account of people's emotional needs (D) guilt over the evils of slavery (E) the overly strict teachings of the Church of England

(C) churches' earlier failure to take account of people's emotional needs

The survival of the Jamestown colony can be most directly attributed to the (A) religious spirit of the settlers (B) management of the Virginia Company (C) development of a tobacco industry (D) location of the settlement (E) nobles' diligent search for gold

(C) development of a tobacco industry

"Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the multitalented colonial American." Each of the following could be used to support this statement EXCEPT (A) experiments with electricity (B) Poor Richard's Almanack (C) military leadership (D) invention of bifocal lenses (E) founding of a nonsectarian college

(C) military leadership

At the beginning of the 17th century, all of the following factors served to increase the English role in America EXCEPT (A) defeat of the Spanish Armada (B) population growth (C) royal leadership (D) development of joint-stock companies (E) emigration for religious reasons

(C) royal leadership

Which of the following documents would be most useful in examining the origins of constitutional government in colonial America? (A) the sermons of Puritan ministers (B) newspaper commentary on the Halfway Convenant (C) the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (D) political tracts concerning the Dominion of New England (E) the correspondence of Sir Edmond Andros

(C) the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

By the end of the 16th century, all of the following were greatly true about Spain's colonial empire EXCEPT (A) It was controlled by a bureaucracy in Madrid. (B) The Roman Catholic Church had great influence. (C) New universities were spreading education and culture. (D) Families continued to emigrate from Spain. (E) Great wealth was being sent back to Spain.

(D) Families continued to emigrate from Spain.

In the 18th century, all of the following were generally true about colonial society in America EXCEPT (A) The English language and English traditions were dominant (B) There were few poor people and no real aristocrats (C) Voters played an active role in government (D) It was impossible for individuals to better themselves economically or socially (E) A degree of religious toleration could be found in each colony.

(D) It was impossible for individuals to better themselves economically or socially.

"Puritan intolerance of dissent led to the founding of a number of new colonies." The founding of which of the following does NOT support this statement? (A) Providence (B) Portsmouth (Rhode Island) (C) Hartford (D) New Hampshire (E) New Haven

(D) New Hampshire

Which of the following statements accurately describes the governments of all 13 colonies in the mid-18th century? (A) The governor was appointed by the king (B) Members of the governor's council were elected (C) The government assisted an established church (D) One house of the legislature was elected by eligible voters. (E) The governor had nearly dictatorial power

(D) One house of the legislature was elected by eligible voters.

Which of the following best represents the "new man" described by Cre`vecoeur? (A) an indentured servant recently arrived from France (B) a native-born Pennsylvania merchant (C) an adult slave on a South Carolina plantation (D) a German-speaking farmer on the frontier (E) a royal governor of Virginia

(D) a German-speaking farm on the frontier

Roger Williams differed from other Puritan ministers in his emphasis on (A) the study of the Bible (B) the value of consensus in church meetings (C) nonviolence (D) the individual's private religious conscience (E) the supreme authority of church leaders

(D) the individual's private religious conscience

Which of the following was NOT a factor in the formation of the New England Confederation? (A) the problem of defending against Indian attacks (B) conflicts over colonial boundaries (C) concern about runaway servants (D) neglect by the English government (E) a desire to suppress religious dissent

(E) a desire to suppress religious dissent

Preachers of the Great Awakening focused on the importance of (A) the consequences of leading a sinful life (B) the sovereignty and power of God (C) repenting of one's sins in order to be saved from eternal damnation (D) looking to the Bible as the final source of authority (E) all of the above

(E) all of the above.

Which of the following accurately describes a problem faced by Virginia in the last decades of the 17th century? (A) a decline in tobacco production (B) frequent slave uprisings (C) the lowering of wages caused by an influx of immigrants (D) political control by small farmers in the House of Burgesses (E) conflict between large plantation owners and settlers on Virginia's western frontier

(E) conflict between large plantation owners and settlers

The delay in founding English settlements in the Americans was the result of (A) weak English monarchs (B) the lack of English territorial claims in the Americans (C) failure to develop trade with other nations (D) fear of Spain (E) religious upheavals in England

(E) religious upheavals in England

Which of the following sources would be most useful in studying the development of democratic institutions in the early colonial period? (A) The Edict of Nantes (B) The first charter of the Virginia Company (C) Columbus' journals (D) the Treaty of Tordesillas (E) the Mayflower Compact

(E) the Mayflower Compact

At his trial, John Peter Zenger won acquittal on the grounds that (A) the king had less authority in the colonies than in England (B) English law permitted the press almost total freedom (C) libel laws did not apply to government officials (D) New York's governor deserved to be criticized (E) truth could not be libel.

(E) truth could not be libel.

"On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . . As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe. ". . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued." Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012 Hakluyt's call for the English to learn about Native American "language, manners, and customs" best represents which of the following developments in the 1500s? A) Native Americans and Europeans partnered for trade. B) Europeans introduced maize cultivation to the Americas. C) Native Americans were sent in large numbers into slavery in Europe. D) Europeans refused defensive military alliances with Native Americans.

A) Native Americans and Europeans partnered for trade

"On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . . As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe. ". . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued." Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012 Which of the following best characterizes the Mississippian societies described in the excerpt? A) They had mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages. B) They were nomadic peoples who utilized river systems to move throughout the region. C) They lived in isolated, impermanent communities and left very little trace of their presence once a settlement had been abandoned. D) They used advanced agricultural practices like irrigation to support economic growth.

A) They had mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages

"The isolation of the [native peoples] of the Americas . . . from Old World germs prior to the last few hundred years was nearly absolute. Not only did very few people of any origin cross the great oceans, but those who did must have been healthy or they would have died on the way, taking their pathogens with them. . . . [Native Americans] were not without their own infections, of course. [But Native Americans] seem to have been without any experience with such Old World maladies as smallpox [and] measles. . . . "Indications of the susceptibility of [Native Americans] . . . to Old World infections appear almost immediately after the intrusion of the whites. In 1492, Columbus kidnapped a number of [Arawak Indians] to train as interpreters and to show to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Several of them seem to have died on the stormy voyage to Europe [in 1493]. . . . In 1495, Columbus . . . sent 550 [Arawak] slaves . . . off across the Atlantic. . . to be put to work in Spain. The majority of these soon were also dead. . . . ". . . What killed the Arawaks in 1493 and 1495? . . . Columbus certainly did not want to kill his interpreters, and slavers and slaveholders have no interest whatever in the outright slaughter of their property. . . . The most likely candidates for the role of exterminator of the first [Native Americans] in Europe were those that killed so many other Arawaks in the decades immediately following: Old World pathogens." Alfred W. Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, published in 1986 In the excerpt, Crosby makes which of the following claims about the transmission of Old World diseases to the Americas? A) It had minimal effect on Native Americans. B) It was an unintended consequence of contact between the New World and the Old World. C) It was significant in the centuries prior to Columbus' arrival in the Americas. D) It was a deliberate act on the part of Columbus.

B) It was an unintended consequence of contact between the New World and the Old World

In which of the following ways did the Spanish impose racial hierarchies in the regions of the Americas that they controlled during the 1500s and 1600s? A) The Spanish promoted the status of Native American peoples who supported them to a level in the hierarchy equivalent to the Spanish colonizers B) The Spanish created a caste system that incorporated people of European, Native American, and African descent C) The Spanish avoided using enslaved African labor- ers and tried to bar them from Spanish colonies D) The Spanish banned interracial marriages and sought to maintain a racially distinct Spanish population as a colonial elite

B) The Spanish created a caste system that in- corporated people of European, Native American, and African descent

"On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . . As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe. ". . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued." Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012 Which of the following contributed most significantly to the population trend in pre-Columbian Mexico described in the excerpt? A) Migration in pursuit of fertile lands B) Trade and settlement resulting from maize cultivation C) Low birth rates and high death tolls as a result of European diseases D) Internal conflict between groups causing political instability

B) Trade and settlement resulting from maize cultivation

"On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . . As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Azteterm-4c capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe. ". . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued." Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012 Which of the following most directly contributed to the advanced development of both pre-Columbian American societies described in the excerpt? A) Creation of military forces stronger than those of most rival societies B) Access to waterways to transport goods and trade with other societies C) Adaptation to and use of the natural environment for their own benefit D) Transfer of power through inheritance, which reinforced spiritual claims to authority

C) Adaptation to and use of the natural environment for their own benefit

"On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . . As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, oterm-3r Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe. ". . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued." Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012 Which of the following developments in the 1500s is best illustrated by the excerpt? A) European settlers faced resistance from Native Americans. B) Europeans transported enslaved Africans to the Americas to produce sugar. C) Europeans sought new sources of wealth in the Americas. D) European missionaries traveled to the Americas seeking religious converts.

C) Europeans sought new sources of wealth in the Americas

"The isolation of the [native peoples] of the Americas . . . from Old World germs prior to the last few hundred years was nearly absolute. Not only did very few people of any origin cross the great oceans, but those who did must have been healthy or they would have died on the way, taking their pathogens with them. . . . [Native Americans] were not without their own infections, of course. [But Native Americans] seem to have been without any experience with such Old World maladies as smallpox [and] measles. . . . "Indications of the susceptibility of [Native Americans] . . . to Old World infections appear almost immediately after the intrusion of the whites. In 1492, Columbus kidnapped a number of [Arawak Indians] to train as interpreters and to show to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Several of them seem to have died on the stormy voyage to Europe [in 1493]. . . . In 1495, Columbus . . . sent 550 [Arawak] slaves . . . off across the Atlantic. . . to be put to work in Spain. The majority of these soon were also dead. . . . ". . . What killed the Arawaks in 1493 and 1495? . . . Columbus certainly did not want to kill his interpreters, and slavers and slaveholders have no interest whatever in the outright slaughter of their property. . . . The most likely candidates for the role of exterminator of the first [Native Americans] in Europe were those that killed so many other Arawaks in the decades immediately following: Old World pathogens." Alfred W. Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, published in 1986 Which of the following describes Crosby's overall argument in the excerpt about the reason for the change in Native American populations after 1492 ? A) Slaveholders overworked enslaved Native Americans in silver and gold mines. B) King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella commanded Native Americans to immigrate to Spain. C) Native Americans had no immunity to new diseases introduced by Europeans. D) Christopher Columbus pursued a policy of genocide against Native Americans.

C) Native Americans had no immunity to new diseases introduced by Europeans

"The isolation of the [native peoples] of the Americas . . . from Old World germs prior to the last few hundred years was nearly absolute. Not only did very few people of any origin cross the great oceans, but those who did must have been healthy or they would have died on the way, taking their pathogens with them. . . . [Native Americans] were not without their own infections, of course. [But Native Americans] seem to have been without any experience with such Old World maladies as smallpox [and] measles. . . . "Indications of the susceptibility of [Native Americans] . . . to Old World infections appear almost immediately after the intrusion of the whites. In 1492, Columbus kidnapped a number of [Arawak Indians] to train as interpreters and to show to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Several of them seem to have died on the stormy voyage to Europe [in 1493]. . . . In 1495, Columbus . . . sent 550 [Arawak] slaves . . . off across the Atlantic. . . to be put to work in Spain. The majority of these soon were also dead. . . . ". . . What killed the Arawaks in 1493 and 1495? . . . Columbus certainly did not want to kill his interpreters, and slavers and slaveholders have no interest whatever in the outright slaughter of their property. . . . The most likely candidates for the role of exterminator of the first [Native Americans] in Europe were those that killed so many other Arawaks in the decades immediately following: Old World pathogens." Alfred W. Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, published in 1986 Which of the following best describes evidence used by Crosby to support his argument about the change in Native American populations after 1492 ? A) The Spanish sought to use Native Americans as laborers on encomiendas. B) Columbus trained Native Americans as translators and guides. C) Native Americans who were taken to Europe as slaves experienced high mortality rates. D) Some diseases affecting Native Americans originated in the Americas.

C) Native Americans who were taken to Europe as slaves experienced high mortality rates

How were European economic systems in the American colonies in the 1500s and 1600s different from existing economic systems in Europe? A) Most European colonies were based on agriculture B) French colonists engaged in commercial activities such as the fur trade C) Spanish colonists used enslaved Africans to work on plantations D) Most colonial economies were tightly regulated by the imperial and colonial governments

C) Spanish colonists used enslaved Africans to work on plantations

"I . . . write an account to Your Majesty as the first [person] to come among these natives. . . . "These Indian people of New Spain [Mexico] are vassals of Your Majesty. . . . I dare plead with you for a remedy because, for their people to be saved, they are in great need of relief in order to devote themselves at least somewhat to matters of Faith. After all, it is the struggle for their salvation that justifies their discovery. . . . "I firmly believe that if the decrees Your Majesty sent here for their benefit were implemented, and if the governors and judges did more than pretend to do so, great good would have come to these people. Even more firmly I believe that Your Majesty's intention is that they be saved and that they know God. For this to happen, they must have some relief, so that with the moderate labor needed to meet their tribute obligation, they can still give themselves wholeheartedly to our teachings. . . . Otherwise, God will have good reason to complain, for Spaniards came to this land and have taken their property for their own benefit, and Your Majesty has extracted great benefit from them, too. . . . ". . . Your Majesty . . . should know that the Indians who are required to labor for a master in Mexico City in domestic service and bring firewood, fodder, and chickens leave their pueblo for a month at a time. . . . And the poor Indians often have to buy these things because they are not to be found in their pueblos. . . . Take pity on them and consider what is happening to the poor Indian woman who is in her house with no one to support her and her children, for her husband is hard pressed to meet his tribute requirement. . . . ". . . I advise you that if Your Majesty does not establish that . . . [the Indians] be required to pay tribute only from what they have, within thirty years these parts will be as deserted as the [Caribbean] islands, and so many souls will be lost." Fray (Friar) Pedro de Gante, Spanish Catholic friar and missionary, letter to Emperor Charles V, king of Spain, 1552 In the third paragraph of the excerpt, which of the following pieces of evidence does de Gante use to support his argument about the emperor of Spain's obligations to Native Americans? A) Native Americans have their own religious practices. B) Native American workers were eager to fulfill the emperor's wishes. C) The emperor has benefited from the riches acquired in the Americas. D) The royal governors have followed the crown's decrees in the Americas.

C) The emperor has benefited from the riches acquired in the Americas

"The isolation of the [native peoples] of the Americas . . . from Old World germs prior to the last few hundred years was nearly absolute. Not only did very few people of any origin cross the great oceans, but those who did must have been healthy or they would have died on the way, taking their pathogens with them. . . . [Native Americans] were not without their own infections, of course. [But Native Americans] seem to have been without any experience with such Old World maladies as smallpox [and] measles. . . . "Indications of the susceptibility of [Native Americans] . . . to Old World infections appear almost immediately after the intrusion of the whites. In 1492, Columbus kidnapped a number of [Arawak Indians] to train as interpreters and to show to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Several of them seem to have died on the stormy voyage to Europe [in 1493]. . . . In 1495, Columbus . . . sent 550 [Arawak] slaves . . . off across the Atlantic. . . to be put to work in Spain. The majority of these soon were also dead. . . . ". . . What killed the Arawaks in 1493 and 1495? . . . Columbus certainly did not want to kill his interpreters, and slavers and slaveholders have no interest whatever in the outright slaughter of their property. . . . The most likely candidates for the role of exterminator of the first [Native Americans] in Europe were those that killed so many other Arawaks in the decades immediately following: Old World pathogens." Alfred W. Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, published in 1986 Which of the following developments in the late 1400s and early 1500s is depicted in the excerpt? A) Native Americans adapted to diverse geographical environments and developed complex societies. B) Alliances with Europeans aided some Native American societies in their efforts to conquer rival powers. C) Europeans persecuted for their religious beliefs established new separatist settlements in the Americas. D) Europeans undertook voyages across the Atlantic to the Americas in search of new sources of wealth.

D) Europeans undertook voyages across the Atlantic to the Americas in search of new sources of wealth

"I . . . write an account to Your Majesty as the first [person] to come among these natives. . . . "These Indian people of New Spain [Mexico] are vassals of Your Majesty. . . . I dare plead with you for a remedy because, for their people to be saved, they are in great need of relief in order to devote themselves at least somewhat to matters of Faith. After all, it is the struggle for their salvation that justifies their discovery. . . . "I firmly believe that if the decrees Your Majesty sent here for their benefit were implemented, and if the governors and judges did more than pretend to do so, great good would have come to these people. Even more firmly I believe that Your Majesty's intention is that they be saved and that they know God. For this to happen, they must have some relief, so that with the moderate labor needed to meet their tribute obligation, they can still give themselves wholeheartedly to our teachings. . . . Otherwise, God will have good reason to complain, for Spaniards came to this land and have taken their property for their own benefit, and Your Majesty has extracted great benefit from them, too. . . . ". . . Your Majesty . . . should know that the Indians who are required to labor for a master in Mexico City in domestic service and bring firewood, fodder, and chickens leave their pueblo for a month at a time. . . . And the poor Indians often have to buy these things because they are not to be found in their pueblos. . . . Take pity on them and consider what is happening to the poor Indian woman who is in her house with no one to support her and her children, for her husband is hard pressed to meet his tribute requirement. . . . ". . . I advise you that if Your Majesty does not establish that . . . [the Indians] be required to pay tribute only from what they have, within thirty years these parts will be as deserted as the [Caribbean] islands, and so many souls will be lost." Fray (Friar) Pedro de Gante, Spanish Catholic friar and missionary, letter to Emperor Charles V, king of Spain, 1552 Which of the following best describes an argument made by de Gante in the letter? A) The Catholic Church should abandon conversion efforts in the Americas. B) The emperor should sponsor voyages to discover new American kingdoms. C) De Gante should be rewarded for his missionary work in the Americas. D) The Spanish should require less tribute after conquest to avoid Native American depopulation.

D) The Spanish should require less tribute after conquest to avoid Native American depopulation

What was a major difference between the Spanish encomienda system and the Spanish caste system in the Americas? A) The encomienda system privileged people of Spanish descent, while in the caste system people of indigenous descent had political power B) The encomienda system relied on the support of the Catholic Church, while the caste system was opposed by the Catholic Church C) The encomienda system required inequality, while the caste system assumed social equality D) The encomienda system was based on using Native Americans for forced labor, while the caste system was based on a diverse and racially mixed population

D) The encomienda system was based on using Native Americans for forced labor, while the caste system was based on a diverse and racially mixed population

"I . . . write an account to Your Majesty as the first [person] to come among these natives. . . . "These Indian people of New Spain [Mexico] are vassals of Your Majesty. . . . I dare plead with you for a remedy because, for their people to be saved, they are in great need of relief in order to devote themselves at least somewhat to matters of Faith. After all, it is the struggle for their salvation that justifies their discovery. . . . "I firmly believe that if the decrees Your Majesty sent here for their benefit were implemented, and if the governors and judges did more than pretend to do so, great good would have come to these people. Even more firmly I believe that Your Majesty's intention is that they be saved and that they know God. For this to happen, they must have some relief, so that with the moderate labor needed to meet their tribute obligation, they can still give themselves wholeheartedly to our teachings. . . . Otherwise, God will have good reason to complain, for Spaniards came to this land and have taken their property for their own benefit, and Your Majesty has extracted great benefit from them, too. . . . ". . . Your Majesty . . . should know that the Indians who are required to labor for a master in Mexico City in domestic service and bring firewood, fodder, and chickens leave their pueblo for a month at a time. . . . And the poor Indians often have to buy these things because they are not to be found in their pueblos. . . . Take pity on them and consider what is happening to the poor Indian woman who is in her house with no one to support her and her children, for her husband is hard pressed to meet his tribute requirement. . . . ". . . I advise you that if Your Majesty does not establish that . . . [the Indians] be required to pay tribute only from what they have, within thirty years these parts will be as deserted as the [Caribbean] islands, and so many souls will be lost." Fray (Friar) Pedro de Gante, Spanish Catholic friar and missionary, letter to Emperor Charles V, king of Spain, 1552 One piece of evidence that de Gante used in the excerpt to support his overall argument about the treatment of the people of Mexico is that Native Americans A) were not subjects of the Spanish crown B) were first encountered by de Gante himself C) had sufficient time to learn about Christianity D) did not have enough supplies to support their families

D) did not have enough supplies to support their families