APUSH Unit 1 ID's

Mayflower Compact

A sort of constitution for the government and way of living the Puritans hoped to follow when settling. It helped pave the way for a successful and fairly orderly settlement of Plymouth.

Stuart Restoration

After Cromwell's death in 1658, England fell into chaos, and the parliament proceeded to placed the Stewart, Charles II on the throne. Charles II then began the process of colonization of the new world once again, which took the monarchy's eyes off of New England.

Oliver Cromwell

After the close successful revolt in 1649, Cromwell began to consolidate the power of the Church of England, raising the hopes of the new colonists.

Roger Williams

Argued that civil government should stay out of religious matters. He was in turn banished for these "radical ideas" and founded the colony of Providence which later became Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only New England colony that practiced religious toleration.

encomiendas

Encomiendas were Spanish plantations that used forced labor under harsh conditions. They highlighted the violent and uncooperative relationship between the Spanish and the Natives.

Massachusetts General Court

Established in the Massachusetts Bay Colony when the colony received its Charter from the King of England (Charles I). It was the first example of a government for the people, by the people in the new colonies.

Peter Stuyvesant

He was a governor of New Netherland who was angered by Swedish trading with the Indians for furs. He then decided to use his army to take over New Sweden. Eventually, his colony was conquered by the British and became New York.

Indentured servants

In the 17th century, most of the English settlers came to the new world as indentured servants. Many of these settlers did not live long enough to escape their contract, so indentured servitude essentially became slavery.

John Rolfe

John Rolfe adapted tobacco to Virginia conditions. He helped create the most valuable export crop in Virginia.

John Smith

John Smith became captain of Jamestown while it was failing. He made people work in order to provide food for the colony, tried to prevent the spread of disease, and established order. Smith helped Jamestown become prosperous and serve as a model for future colonies.

Joint Stock Companies

Joint stock companies were formed to finance colonization attempts. Without them, establishing settlements would have been financially impossible.

Virginia Company of London

Joint stock company that financed the first expedition and settlement of Jamestown. It was England's first colony that actually stayed around in the long run.

Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Lord Baltimore held between 10 and 12 million acres of American land (later Maryland). He skillfully kept his charter rights for Maryland over many decades and established Maryland with mostly his own money.

Maryland Act of Religious Toleration

Lord Baltimore originally intended for his city to be a safe place for Catholics coming over from England, but there were many more Protestants, so they argued over who had more power. Besides Rhode Island, this was the only colony that had religious toleration after this act was implemented. However, afterwards the Protestants pushed out Catholics and the Governor William Stone until Lord Baltimore got power back in 1658.

Pocahontas

Pocahontas was the daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Indians. She represented an important link between the Powhatans and the English settlers at Jamestown.

William Penn and the Quakers

Quakers (Society of Friends) were founded on the ideas of George Fox, who said that an Inner Light inspires people. They believed in equality based on spirit, and William Penn started a colony in Pennsylvania at Philadelphia that served as a place for people to escape religious persecution. Quakers were the basis for a government established in Pennsylvania.

Roanoke

Roanoke was an English colony that failed because the colonists refused to grow their own food. It demonstrated that everyone needed to work in order for the colonies to survive.

Anne Hutchinson and antinomians

She casted doubt upon the clergy's spiritual state and she thought a person should look inward for salvation. Her followers were called antinomians (those who opposed the rule of law) and she gathered a rather large amount of followers. She and the antinomians were eventually banished from Massachusetts.

John Winthrop and "A Model of Christian Charity"

Spelled out the utopian aims of the new colony of Massachusetts. It held within it the idea of a city on a hill where the settlers would build a godly community with a more pure English church. The new colony would be governed almost totally on the basis of religion.

Bacon's Rebellion

Starting with a militia killing innocent Indians and fueled by anger over friendly terms with them, the rebellion involved Nathaniel Bacon leading colonists to kill Indians and rebel against Berkeley's system. Since he was successful, Bacon convinced the government to let them murder or enslave any Indian. This is significant because it revealed dissatisfaction with Berkeley and showed racism toward Indians.

Pope and the Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Tensions over harsh treatment and religious matters escalated between the Pueblo Indians and the Spanish. The Indians united under Pope and murdered colonists in Taos, took over Santa Fe, and sacked the churches. This was important because it kicked out the Spanish until Diego de Vargas took over for the Spanish.

Charles I and the English civil war

The Civil War started in 1642 after Charles I attempted to create new taxes without the consent of the Parliament. After seven years of the war, the Puritans seized control, and proceeded to behead Charles I. They then placed Oliver Cromwell (see below) in power.

"praying towns", "praying Indians"

The Puritans of the new world set up these towns for Native Americans (the praying Indians) to come and live in once they converted to Christianity. The conversion included giving up the hunter-gatherer lifestyle, their clothing and anything else "savage". The "praying Indians" were, of course, the Indians who made this choice and moved to the "praying towns" to become Christians.

Religious Toleration Act 1649

The Religious Toleration Act of 1649 was passed by the Maryland Assembly and granted religious freedom to Christians. It is important because it paved the way for freedom of religion in America.

conquistadors

The conquistadors were the original Spanish explorers of the Americas. They are important because they claimed lands for Spain and began colonization.

King Phillip's War

The first major war between New England and the Native Americans. The war chief and leader of the Native Americans in question, the Wampanoag, was named Metacomet and was known as King Phillip to the colonists. After three years of fighting, the colonists emerged victorious in April of 1678.

Virginia House of Burgesses and Royal Governor's Council

The house of Burgesses was set up by the Virginia Company as the first elected assembly in the new world. The Royal Governors Council was a group of elected officials who worked with the governor to make decisions for the colony.

New England town meeting

The meetings were very democratic in the "one man, one vote" style. The meetings were frequently held in the towns church and were used to discuss politics and town issues.

conversion relation

The number of "saints" in Massachusetts gradually decreased over time as people became less involved in religious practices. This was because children were afraid of the public grilling and humiliation that was a part of conversion.

headrights

The right of people to 50 acres of land for each other migrant they brought over with them. This helped people gain a lot of land in the new world and start their new lives.

Coureurs de bois

These were French explorers and traders who wanted to move further westward. France had no control over them. This free trade between Indians and the French enabled the French to get furs, and it created friendly relations between the two groups.

Half-Way Covenant

This compromise of the Puritans allowed "the children of baptized adults, including nonsaints, to receive baptism". This dramatically increased the membership of the church from the later generations, because as long as a family member two generations previously had been baptized, their grandchild could be baptized even if the parent was not a saint.

Anthony Ashley Cooper and John Locke

Together, they established an early government system in Carolina called the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, which said that rank in society was based on wealth. The nobility was made into three tiers and held their power in a Council of Nobles. Poorer people did not have as much power but they had some rights and religious toleration.