APUSH Unit 1 Terms

Dominion of New England

James II and Charles II wanted to bring the colonies in the New World under royal control; British combined Mass., RI, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into one province; this province was ruled by Governor Andros; this lasted from 1686-1692.

"Deism"

Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws.

James Oglethorp

Founded Georgia as a place for poor people of England to settle; some thought his leadership style bordered on dictatorship; banned slavery; Georgia eventually became one of 13 colonies

London Company-Virginia Company

established in 1606; This was the private company that established the colonies in Virginia. The company ended in 1624 and then Virginia was changed to a "royal colony" by the King.

First Continental Congress

first meeting in 1774; meet again in 1775; gathering of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies in; discussed action to be carried out in response to the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts, adopted a Declaration of American Rights, urged MA to arm for defense, adopted the Continental Association to boycott British goods

Mercantilism

1.Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return. 2. Mercantilism was a theory of trade stressing that a nation's economic strength depended on exporting more than it imported. British mercantilism manifested itself in triangular trade and in laws passed between the mid-1600s and the mid-1700s, such as the Navigation Acts (1651-1673), aimed at fostering British economic dominance.

"triangular trade"

1600-1800; Pick up slaves in Africa--> drop them off at Barbados and load up on sugar--> make rum out of sugar and trade rum for slaves

William Berkeley

1624- He was the king who turned Virginia into a royal colony. He then appointed himself as governor of Virginia but failed. He forcibly put an end to the rebellion of the Native Americans. He was chased by Bacon's army and eventually had to flee the colonies and go back to England. He tried to get back into office upon his return but was pressured not to by he king. Eventually he died in England.

William Penn's "Holy Experiment"

1681; Women, Natives, and blacks and everyone else was seen as equal in God's eyes. He wanted to go to America so that he could start a quaker society and have a place where they could practice peace. It was for anyone who believed God granted religious freedom. This land would be more accepting and democratic than any other society. Thus, there was Pennsylvania.

Quebec Act

1774 Organize the Canadian's lands gained from France; Catholicism was official religion of Quebec; Gov't w/o representative assembly; extended Quebec's boundary to Ohio River; Americans viewed it as attack on American colonies, b/c it took land from them; feared would try to steal American gov't; resented recognition given to Catholicism.

Galloway Plan of Union

1774; put forward in the First Continental Congress by Joseph Galloway of PA; the idea was to have the colonies stay with Britain and create their own Colonial Parliament, which would act together with British Parliament; due to the already well-established radical wave, the plan was narrowly outvoted by the Congress

John Adams

A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the xyz Affair, Quasi War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace w/ France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation"

Separatists

A group of Puritans who advocated total withdrawl from the Church of England and wanted the freedom to worship independently from English authority; included the Pilgrims who migrated to America. The Separatists were English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. One Separatist group, the Pilgrims, founded Plymouth Plantation and went on to found other settlements in Rhode Island and elsewhere in New England. Other notable separatist groups included the Quakers and Baptists.

sons of liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere

William Byrd

A wealthy VA planter living along the James River. He surveyed the NC border region and kept a diary describing the people in the backland as lazy, dirty, irreligious, and similar to Native Americans.William Byrd was a man from colonial Virginia who tried very hard in life to achieve an elite lifestyle. As a kid in England he was discriminated against. He was denied royal governorship of Virginia and was rejected by the woman that he loved. His life was a very good and clear example of prejudice against Virginia's culture.

Enlightenment

Also known as the Age of Reason, the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that spread through Europe and America in the eighteenth century. Followers championed the principles of rationalism and logic in all areas of thought - religious, political, social, and economic. Their skepticism toward beliefs that could not be proved by science or clear logic naturally led to Deism.

actual representation

Americans thought thought that they should be able to elect their representative which came to be known as the theory of actual representation.

Indentured Servant

An indentured servant was a lower class person who came to America and served a total of 7 years. It was dominantly men who served but women did too. It was difficult for women because they suffered from sexual abuse, cheap labor. Indentured servitude was vital to the economy.

Stamp Act Congress

Angered over the Stamp Act, representatives of nine colonial assemblies met in New York City at the Stamp Act Congress in October 1765. The colonies agreed widely on the principles that Parliament could not tax anyone outside of Great Britain and could not deny anyone of a fair trial, both of which had been dictates of the Stamp Act. The meeting marked a new level of colonial political organization.

Antinomialism

Anne Hutchinson preached this. she believed that you could be faithful and still go to heaven without having to follow the convential rules. She was kicked out of the church for believing this.

Albany Plan of Union

Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan at 1754 (before the start of the 7 years war) gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies. Short term goals: fix indian problems. Long term goals: solve international, threats, taxation, etc.

Glorious Revolution

Caused end of great dominion of New England; English revolution where James II was overthrown; he was replaced with William and Mary; 1691, Mass. became a royal colony and the right to vote was extended to all Protestants under the new monarch's rule (this was different than before, as before only puritans could vote)

virtual representation

Colonies and Ireland were represented in Parliament even though they didn't get to elect their representatives. This was the theory of virtual representation.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams in 1772, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Quakers

Egalitarian people (Pennsylvania) - politically chaotic because so many different people (founded by william penn in the 1680s/1690s)

General Court

Elected legislature in Massachusetts; Each puritan town had representatives that they sent to the General Court. Restricted to church members only; however, preachers/ministers were not allowed to hold office (although they had alot of influence).

Writs of Assistance

Established in 1751; gained attention again with the Townshend acts in 1767. They were general search warrants that allowed British customs officers to search any colonial building or ship that they believed might contain smuggled goods, even without probable cause for suspicion. The colonists considered the writs to be a grave infringement upon their personal liberties (Otis).

Roger Williams

Extreme Separatist; he disagrees with teachings of the church of England; he founded Rhode Island as an offshoot of Mass. because General Court kicked him out of Mass bc he okayed religious freedom; was a minister in Salem; did not like the Puritan system; he also thought settlers had no right to their land unless they paid the Indians for it and he thought Puritanism was too similar to Anglicanism; encouraged religious tolerance; wanted separation of church and state.

Jacob Leisler

German immigrant, merchant, leader of New York dissidents, his militia captured the fort (Fort James in Manhattan) and he became the new head of the goverment in New York, William and Mary appointed a new governor and forced him out, later hanged for treason

Jonathan Edwards

He is considered America's minister. He was very intelligent and said that people saw the Enlightenment incorrectly and that science made mistakes. He said that the five senses are are our only source of ideas. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon. In my opinion, he speaks almost as if he uses scare tactics to make people want salvation. (he scared people into converting, george whitefield made everyone cry with his preaching)

George Whitefield

He was a great preacher in the Great Awakening (1740). Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. His speeches were really incredible. Thousands of people converted after hearing him speak. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy. His core message was: the need for new birth.

John Winthrop

He was a minister of a group of English puritans. He was then the governor of the in 1630 of Massachusetts. It was his goal to create a spiritual community.

Declaratory Act

In 1766, the English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time signed the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It is important in history because it stopped the violence and rebellions against the tax on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a defiant reaction to the Stamp Act. (parliament is supreme)

John Smith

John Smith was an adventurous man who traveled and was the classic "adventurer" and was one of the men that came on one of the first ships to Virginia. The people of Virginia struggled in their quest for a new life in Virginia due to famine and lack of supply under horrible weather. He was the one who decided to make things better for the Virginians. He told the men that they had to work 4 hours a day, encouraged the English government to send supplies while describing the land as Eden, was captured by Powhatan and the Native Americans, threatened to death but was saved by Pocahantas (fyi they were not lovers but rather brother/sister relationship, Disney), shifted to an alliance with the Native Americans, got supplies from Natives, Smith had a bad accident with some powder that burned him, as wounded he was sent back to England where he probably died. After being sent to England, the Native/English relationship soured. Quoted as saying "He who does not work will not eat."

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who wrote about the governor. He was questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's because he made the governor look bad. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty because of "freedom of press."

Toleration Act of 1649

Lord Baltimore created this to bring more settlers to Maryland; guaranteed freedom of religion to anyone who believes in Christ. In 1649, the local representative assembly passed the Act of Toleration (Maryland Act of Toleration). This act provided religious toleration to all Christians living in Maryland. However, it allowed the death penalty for Jews, atheists, and anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. Overall the law actually provided less religious toleration, however it ensured that Catholics, who feared persecution, were sheltered. Basically it was a law that gave religious toleration.

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770; colonists threw rock-filled snowballs at Redcoats(British), who panicked and shot 5 people; people often presume it was an unprovoked British attack, but it was just a misunderstanding

Old vs. New Lights

Old lights: orthodox members of the clergy that did not believe in the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching; new lights: the modern-thinking members of the clergy who believed in the Great Awakening

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament (last chance of no revolution)

middle passage

Part of the Triangle Trade Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco.

Navigation Acts

Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing. (no enforcement - smuggling, etc.)

Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry was the American orator who urged colonists to take up arms against the British, proclaiming, "I know not what course others may take; but as for me... give me liberty or give me death! Made a dramatic speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses in May 1765. "Virginia Resolves" were his resolutions for the colonies on taxes. No taxing unless by the Virginia House. He was the richest man in the English empire.

Visible Saints

People who are so faithful to God and do good deeds. They are such good people that you can see that they are going to heaven. (john calvin) Church membership restricted to visible saints only

Townshend Acts

Popularly referred to as the Townshend Duties or the Revenue Act of 1767 It taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British empire.

Great Migration

Puritan Migration to the New World. 1620-1640; primarily refers to puritans migrating to the Massachusetts; motivated by the fact that they could migrate and create a safe haven for their religion; farmers, artisans, and aaround university trained (nearly all studied divinity) colonists came; first ministers

Lord North

Prime Minister of Great Britain during most of her conflict with America; attempted to appease the colonies by modifying the Townshend Acts and imposing the Tea Act, but he just caused tensions to escalate and boil over; forced to resign after the British surrender at Yorktown

Treaty of Paris of 1763

Result of French and Indian war; all French territory on the mainland of Canada was lost; the British received Quebec and the Ohio valley; Spain received port of New Orleans and the Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi for their efforts as a British ally

Sam Adams

Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party

Anne Hutchinson

She believed that you did not have to follow the conventional laws. All you had to do was believe in God and have faith and you could go to heaven. She was kicked out of the church for her beliefs. She followed Roger Williams to Rhode Island. She was considered an outcast and "unorthodox."

Stamp Act

The 1765 Stamp Act required colonial Americans to buy special watermarked paper for newspapers and all legal documents. Violators faced juryless trials in vice-admiralty courts, as under the 1764 Sugar Act. The Stamp Act provoked the first organized response to British impositions.

Tea Act 1773

The 1773 Tea Act eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. This act effectively created a monopoly for the East India Company, which had been in financial difficulties. This, along with the Tea Act's reinforcement of the long-resented tax on tea, outraged many colonists and prompted the Boston Tea Party.

Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth. (important people to remember: Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield )

Thomas Hutchinson

The British official, who was also the Massachusetts governor was determined not to budge under the colonists. He ordered the tea ships not to clear the Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargo. His house was pillaged and burned by the colonists. house robbed by the Sons of Liberty in response to Stamp Act; determined to collect Tea tax and enforce the law

French and Indian War

The French and Indian War in North America (1754-1763) mirrored the Seven Years War in Europe (1756-1763). English colonists and soldiers fought the French and their Native American allies for dominance in North America. England's eventual victory brought England control of much disputed territory and eliminated the French as a threat to English dominance in the Americas. Metaphorically, the French were Igor.

Sugar Act

The Sugar Act (1764) lowered the duty on foreign-produced molasses as an attempt to discourage colonial smuggling. The act further stipulated that Americans could export many commodities - including lumber, iron, skins, and whalebone - to foreign countries only if the goods passed through British ports first. The terms of the act and its methods of enforcement outraged many colonists. (taxes on sugar; highly enforced)

Covenant of Grace

The belief that man can be saved by God if they are faithful and obedient; serving and believing in him entirely

Covenant of Works

The belief that man can be saved by God via good deeds. (Puritan belief)

Half Way Covenant

The children of the first Puritans who did not "pass the test" or achieve grace. By this, they were still allowed to partake in some church events. Hosmer compared this to how they lowered the standards on the UHS test.

"Seasoning Time"

The period of time Virginia's colonists needed to adjust to the colony's climate and health conditions. An immigrant that survived his or her first two years in the colony was 'seasoned.' Also known as starving time, as a result of inexperienced travelers, colonists were forced to eat whatever they could find, including diseased rats, snakes, and even pets like cats and dogs.1640: 8,000 of 15,000 survived. They dug better wells, had alcohalic "Apple Jack," and cotton. Colonists would have died out, had it not been for Squanto.

Pilgrims

These are a form of Puritans from England who came to America on the Mayflower to Plymouth for religious freedom. They did not want to follow the Church of England. They are basically radical puritans.

William Bradford

This guy was the first governor of the Puritans who came to Plymouth in Massachusetts. He helped the colonists get out of debt and build a "City on a Hill."

Headright

This is basically a right for the common people of England which allowed them to come to the New World so that they could start a new life in Virginia colonies. Headrights were attractive because it promised each person who paid his/her way to Virginia a land grant of 50 acres.

Plantation Economy

This is when the Virginians started mass agricultural production so that they could earn money. They usually had 1-2 crops that they specialized in growing. One of the main items that the Virginians grew was the "bewitching weed" tobacco. At first they used indentured servants for labor, but then switched to slavery as a way of saving money. They did try to enslave the Natives but the Natives had

House of Burgesses

This was the first government established in Virginia in 1619 and it was a republic (representative government). They had to follow the rules of England which stated that men with 3 acres of land were allowed to vote. Everyone, at the time, had land so 90% of people got to vote because of the rights that they had. They had more rights there than what they did in England. This government was created so that it could enact legislation.

Congregationalism

This was when the people of the Puritan Community got together and held town meetings at the church, which was the center of the community. Essentially, the church was the town hall. This was different from England because, there, they had one big church that guided all of the smaller churches.

Robert Walpole and "salutary neglect"

Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War.

Nathaniel Bacon

Wealthy colonist from Virginia; started Bacon's rebellion: a rebellion by farmers in Virginia; they disliked governor's policy with native americans (main focus of the rebellion), restrictions on who could vote, and high taxes;the farmers started an uprising and attacked Jamestown because they were against Gov. Berkeley; this was important because it is an example of the tense relations with the native americans and of dissatisfaction with the government; Berkeley lost his position as governor after this; many Indians killed; also encouraged the switch from indentured servants to slaves

Serpent of Wealth/Prosperity

When merchants began to be more prominent in New England, profits began to increase and become more tempting. The idea/lifestyle of becoming greedy was rejected by puritans during the 17th century

William Pitt

William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him (invested a ton of money into the french indian war and changed to effective generals and helped the british win)

Coercive Acts

acts instituted by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party; closed Boston Harbor until debt could be repaid, dissolved all town meetings in MA, and appointed British as all government officials