APUSH unit 2

Public Vigilance

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Public virtue

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Staple Act

1663 The Staple Act was a set of different rules and regulation that determined how business would be transacted in the colonies of Britain. The 1663 Staples Act stated that all imported goods were to pass through Britain before being taken to the various colonies.

New York Tenant Riots

1766, riots of Tenants in New York

John Locke

A British historia/phylosifer that argued that all men were born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that a government's purpose was to protect these rights. His ideas were influential to the Constitution

Boston Tea Party

A group of Boston citizens disguised themselves as Indians and boarded the tea ships in Boston Harbor on December 16, 1773. They smashed open 342 chests of tea and dumped them in the harbor. Samuel Adams was apparently the leader of the group. Reactions were varied, ranging from passionate radicals giving their whole-hearted approval to conservatives criticizing the destruction of private property.

Bacon's Rebellion

A movement organized by Nathatnial Bacaon in response to Berkely's denial of Bacons request to attack Indina tribes that were attacking colonies. At one point in the Rebellion Bacon burned James town.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept.

Great Awakening

A sudden spontaneous series od Protestant revivals. a time when people began to rethink basic assumptions about church and state institutions and society. Began to question athority and got a new sence of identity. only lasted for like a decade during the 1730s in the Britain and was not until the 1750s and 1760s that it had a big inpact on the colonists.

Molasses Act

Act of 1733 aimed to hinder English colonial trade with the French West Indies. However, colonists found several ways around the law, primarily by bribing and smuggling enforcers. The Molasses Act foreshadowed colonial rejection of laws passed by Parliament that sought to thwart American international trade.

Tea Act

Act of 1773 was passed by Parliament in order to preserve the vitality of the British East India Company, which was struggling to maintain its prosperity. The idea was that colpnists would be inspired to buy British tea as opposed to Dutch tea because of their low prices.However, Americans rejected Parliament's right to tax them and resisted tax collection by tarring and feathering tax collectors. In addition, most colonists did not even allow the tea to land in their ports. Consequently, the Boston Tea Party boarded British ships dressed as Indians and threw the tea into the Boston harbor on December 16, 1773.

Albant Plan

Albany Congreww 1754, Only seven representatives from the thirteen colonies showed up to the meeting in Albany, but it was the first time a sense of unity was being established. The immediate purpose was to keep the Iroquois loyal to the British but the long term goal was to promote unity and bolster the common defense against France. Ben Franklin himself published a political cartoon with the caption "join or die".

Benjamin Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer; Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757); entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution; helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. It is how the British justified control over the colonies. Mercantilists believed that the colonies were advantageous because they could supply their mother country with raw goods, which would in turn decrease the importation of foreign materials. Mercantilism spurred the belief that the wealth of a country was dependent on the amount of gold it possessed.

Sectional Divisions

As people began to move wets they felt as if they werent being represented well enough in the colonial goverment which was dominated by the eastern colonies East and West, North and South

Salem Whitchcraft trials

Began in the late 1691 when several adolecent girls began to behave in strange ways. In 1692 a specail coutr convened and began to send men and woment to the gallows for suposid witch craft. (puritand believed an individual migh make a compact with the devi, whiches, Massachusets)

Virtual Repreentation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Colonial assemblies

Colonial assembly refers to the meetings, which were held during colonial era so as to discuss issues and ideas. This assembly shared power with an appointed governor and it contributed to the growth and running of a state.

Navigation Act of 1673

Cut off loop holes from last navigation act. stated a plantation duty, a sum of money equal to normal English customs duties to be collected on enumerated products at the carious coonial ports, new englaners could not excape paying costumes

Sugar Act

George Grenville contributed to the development of the Sugar Act of 1764; the first law passed by Parliament that required colonists to pay taxes that would benefit the crown. However, in order to appease the colonists, the Sugar Act was later revoked.

Stamp Act Congress

In 1765, which consisted of twenty-seven delegates from the nine colonies, met in New York City to debate British imposition in the colonies. Following a series of debate, the congress created a statement of their rights and grievances, which they sent to Parliament in the hopes of encouraging them to repeal their legislation. Although the Stamp Act Congress was unacknowledged in England, it served as a major step toward inter-colonial unity. Group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent

Thomas Paine

In 1776, he published Common Sense, a strong defense of American Independence from England. Though he traveled with the Continental Army and failed to be a success as a soldier, but he produced The American Crisis, which helped inspire the Army. In 1791, he wrote The Rights of Man in response to criticism of the French Revolution. This work caused Paine to be labeled an outlaw in England for his anti-monarchist views. He fled for France to join the National Convention. By 1793, he was imprisoned in France for not endorsing the execution of Louis XVI. During his imprisonment, he wrote and distributed the first part of, the anti-church text, The Age of Reason. In England he published The Rights of Man

Taxation Without Representation

In response to the newly imposed Townshend Acts in the colonies, the colonists used this slogan to express their discontent, as they were being taxed by Parliament without their consent. The slogan is ironic because the towns that resented the Stamp Act the most denied full representation to their back-country pioneers. Reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

Iron Act

Iron Act of 1750 was passed by Parliament to encourage iron production in the colonies. It provided for duty-free importation of colonial pig iron and (by a later extension of the law) bar iron into any English port. English manufacturers supported restrictive clauses in the law, which stipulated that colonists could not erect slitting mills, steel furnaces, and plating mills, although those already in operation could continue. The law was not very successful. Colonists sent increasing amounts of iron to England but not in such quantities as manufacturers had expected. Colonial suppliers also ignored the more restrictive aspects of the law, and they built many forbidden ironworks in the colonies.

Second Contiental Congress

It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Navigation Act of 1660

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. so the colonists found loop holes

"Shot heard around the world"

Lexington and concord april 1775 they fires 'the shot heard round the world' that started the American Revolution. The colonist minute ment were all pushed back to concord had to retreat because British were to strong.

Quartering Act

March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Bacon's Rebellion (in eyes of Morgan)

Mogan beleived that Bacon's rebelion was an early example of sectional conflic in the colonies similarly to how the westerners werent being hear or understood by the easterners and their

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

November 7, 1775, by John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, royal governor of the British Colony of Virginia. The Proclamation declared martial law[1] and promised freedom for slaves of American Patriots who left their masters and joined the royal forces.

Green Mountatin Boys

November 7, 1775, by John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, royal governor of the British Colony of Virginia. The Proclamation declared martial law[1] and promised freedom for slaves of American Patriots who left their masters and joined the royal forces. Were for the patriots.

Decloratory Act

Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 in order to appease the the unruly colonists. However, soon after, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, which emphasized that Parliament had the right "to bind" colonists no matter what. By passing the Declaratory Act, the British government affirmed its position as indefinite rulers of the North American colonies.

Loyalists

People loyal to British parlememnt and the crown

The Regulator Movement

Regulator movement, designation for two groups, one in South Carolina, the other in North Carolina, that tried to effect governmental changes in the 1760s. In South Carolina, the Regulator movement was an organized effort by backcountry settlers to restore law and order and establish institutions of local government. Plagued by roving bands of outlaws and angered by the assembly's failure to provide the western counties with courts and petty officers, the leading planters, supported by small farmers, created (1767) an association to regulate backcountry affairs.

Revolutionary Republican Ideology

Republicanism is a political values system that has been a major part of American civic thought since the American Revolution.[1] It stresses liberty and "unalienable" rights as central values, makes the people as a whole sovereign, rejects aristocracy and inherited political power, expects citizens to be independent in their performance of civic duties, and vilifies corruption.

Poniac's Rebellion

Taking advantage of the precarious postitions of the Indians, the Ottawa chief Pontiac led several tribes in 1763 to drive the British out of the Ohio country. Some two thousand settlers and soldiers were killed and the British retaliated with a fury that destroyed the uprising. One factor of the war that was lasting was the fact that the British now kept regular troops along the frontier to police and protect the colonies. The British government soon had the colonists paying for the bill.

Continental Army

The Continental Army was formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775, it was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and other troops that remained under control of the individual states. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war.

Hat and Felt Act

The Hat Act is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 5 Geo II. c. 22) enacted in 1732 to control hat production by the Americans in the Thirteen Colonies. It specifically placed limits on the manufacture, sale, and exportation of American-made hats. The act also restricted hiring practices by limiting the number of workers that hatmakers could employ, and placing limits on apprenticeships by only allowing 2 apprentices.

Prohibitory Act

The Prohibitory Act 1775 was passed as a measure of retaliation by Great Britain against the general rebellion then going on in her American colonies, which became known as the American Revolutionary War (or, to the British, the American War of Independence). It declared and provided for a naval blockade against American ports.

Repressive / Intolerable Acts

The Repressive Acts, which came to be known as the Intolerable Acts in America, were passed by Parliament in 1774 in response to the mayhem of the Boston Tea Party. The Intolerable Acts were focused at Boston, but Massachusetts in general. 4 acts passed, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Revenue Act of 1764

The Revenue Act can refer to a number of tax-related laws: sugar actect.

Two Treatises of Government

The Two Treatises of Government (or "Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government") is a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke. The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the Second Treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilised society based on natural rights and contract theory.

Samuel Adams

a cousin of John Adams, was one of the passionate, outspoken opponents against the British government's actions to limit local liberties of the colonists. He stoutly defended the principle "no taxation without representation" and used propaganda to further his ideas among the colonies. He referred to the people as his "trained mob" and did his best to use their emotions and frustrations to make his points heard. In Massachusetts, he organized the local committees of correspondence, a letter-writing network that worked to exchange news and information about the resistance. the first committee of correspondence in 1772.

Boycott

a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Nathanial Bacon

came to Virginia in 1674 he came from a respectable English family. He was a planter not and indentured servant. When indians attacked conoly platations that were on their land Bacon offered to lead a attack against the Indians. Berkely refused his request and Bacon organised a rebelion against the govenor and the Indian tribes

Nonimportation

during their controversy with britain over tazation the colonists devised a stradegy of political resistance in which they boycotted a wide range of British imported goods to put economic pressure on Britain the coperative efforts promoted mutual trust among the colonists and strengthened their resistance to the British measures.

Sir William berkely

govenor of Virginia during Bacons rebellions. in 1670 he and the house ofburgesses idsenfranchised all landless freemen, persons they regarded as trounlemakers, but the threat of social violence remained. I n 1676 he constructed defense forts against indian attackes

Virtual Representation

is the concept promoted by George Grenville, which claimed that all Americans were represented in British Parliament. Although Americans did not want direct representation in Parliament, they resented the notion of virtual representation.

Leisler's Rebellion

jacob Leisler, was much like Bacon, he was through marrage aligned with the Dutch elite. He was a merchant but hated the succes of the Anglo-Dutch. News of Glorious Revolution reached New York City in May 1689, and Leisler raised a group of militiamen and seized the local fort in the name of William and Mary. unfortuantly he was not very popular and had some trouble holding the goverment together. In 1691 the new royal govenor, Henry Sloughter, came to take over Leisler didnt think he was from the kind and Sloughter declared Leisler a rebel and he was put to deth.

Townshend Revenue Acts

laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea They were considered "light import duties" that were indirect customs duties payable at American ports. This meant that the tax was part of the price of the good instead of a direct payment to the government, yet the colonists were still outraged, especially at the tax on tea, a very popular good in the colonies. Their protests were less vehement, however, because the tax was small and smugglers easily bypassed it. The revenue from the Townshend Acts was determined for the salaries of royal governors and judges in America, but it was unsuccessful in terms of net profit. The Townshend revenue duties were finally repealed amid petitions from British manufacturers suffering from boycotts and nonimportation agreements. The tax on tea, however, remained.

Enumerated goods

notably tobacco, were products that American merchants had to ship exclusively to Britain, despite better prices that were offered elsewhere.

Enlightenment

philosophical and intellectual moevement that began in Europe during the 1700s. It stress the appication of reason to solve social and scientific problems.

Parliamentrary Sovernty

princi[le that emphasized the power of Parliament to govern colonia affairs as the preeminent authority.

Proclamation Line of 1763

prohibited Americans from settling beyond the Appalachians because Parliament did not want to incite further conflict with the Native Americans. However, Americans regarded this act with contempt as they resented the English for exploiting the colonial militia during warfare and then taking away their privileges to expand their colonies.

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Interant preachers

traveling revivalists minister of the Freat Awakening movement. These charismatic preachers spread revivalism through out America.

Boston Massacre

was preceded by the arrival of two regiments of highly disorganized and drunken British troops. Local colonists railed against their presence, and combined with the strain from numerous restrictive legislatures and frustration dealing with the imperious British government, a conflict was unavoidable. On Marcy 5, 1770 about sixty townspeople and ten British soldiers engaged in an altercation that resulted in eleven killed or wounded colonists. Supposedly acting without orders but under provocation from the crowd, the troops opened fire on the unarmed colonists. One of the first to die, Crispus Attucks, was former black slave and eventually grew to be a symbol for the rallying colonists. John Adams, future president, acted as the defense attorney for the soldiers in the trial, and only two were found guilty of manslaughter, while the remaining soldiers were branded on the hand and released. Five colonists killed

Whigs

were British political commentators, who feared that colonial justice would be revoked by British monarchy. The Whigs warned colonists to watch out for corruption and conspiracies to repeal colonial liberties. Both Republicanism and Radical Whigs inspired colonists to be protective of their rights. Colonists who wanted independence from Britain

Coercive Acts

were a series of four acts established by the British government. The aim of the legislation was to restore order in Massachusetts and punish Bostonians' protest against the Tea Act (Boston Tea Party). The Coercive Acts included that Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act. The Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boston until damages from the Boston Tea Party were paid. The Massachusetts Government Act, which restricted Massachusetts' democratic town meetings and turned the governor's council into an appointed body. The Administration of Justice Act, which made British officials immune to criminal prosecution in Massachusetts. The Quartering Act, which required colonists to house and quarter British troops. The Quebec Act, which extended freedom of worship to Catholics in Canada, as well as granting Canadians the continuation of their judicial system, was joined with the Coercive Acts because Protestant colonists did not approve of free Catholic worship.

First Continental Congress

The colonies summoned the First Continental Congress in 1774 to meet in Philadelphia and discuss the pressing issues of British policies. Twelve out of the thirteen colonies sent fifty-five total delegates, who eventually deliberated for seven weeks, from September 5 to October 26. Only Georgia did not send representatives to the congress. John Adams played an influential role supporting revolutionary actions. The Continental Congress drafted several papers to appeal to the British government. In addition, the Congress created The Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Seven Year's War

The difference in the French and Indian War and all the other wars over North America was the fact the this one originated in the colonies and then spread to Europe as opposed to the other way around. It started with George Washington in the Ohio Valley and soon spread all over the world. France wasted too many resources fighting the bloodbath in Germany that it was not able to throw adequate force into the New World. This was also the first time that a sense of colonial unity was trying to be established. Individuals don't amount to much money, but if you can tax a group then that's a lot of moolah. The British wanted the colonials to pay taxes in order to pay for armies and militias to protect their investments in the colonies.

Peace of Paris

The peace settlement of Paris in 1763 meant that the French were thrown off the continent of North America. They gave Canada to Britain and all their lands west of the Mississippi to Spain. France was able to keep some valuble sugar plantation islands in the Caribbean as well as two islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for fishing stations.

Geogre Washington

There was rivalry for the lands of the Ohio River Valley and in 1749, several wealthy Virginian planting families had secured land rights to this river valley but the French were establishing forts to try and control the river. The Virginian governor bade Washington to intervene and so he led a small group of militiamen. They encountered Fort Duquesne and were soon defeated and forced to retreat. Washington did recieve full military honors. Virginian, patriot, general, and president.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Govenor Hutchinson (of Boston)

Thomas Hutchinson, (born September 9, 1711, Boston, Massachusetts [U.S.]—died June 3, 1780, London, England), royal governor of the British North American Province of Massachusetts Bay (1771-74) whose stringent measures helped precipitate colonial unrest and eventually the American Revolution (1775-83). He was the govenor during the tea party.