APUSH Unit 3

12th Amendment

Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College which was originally described in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3. proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures on June 15, 1804.

Gibbons v Ogden

Robert Fulton was given exclusive rights to navigation in New York Waters Robert Fulton gave Ogden his NY State exclusive rights to navigate NY waters Gibbons obtained a costing right from US Congress Brought the constitutional questions "What is the definition of commerce?" and "who has the authority to regulate interstate commerce?" Outcome was NY laws were voided and Gibbons kept his navigation rights Did not solve the issue of whether states can regulate commerce where commerce has not regulated Established national supremacy Broadly defined commerce

Pinckney's Treaty

1796 established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River New Orleans had been closed to American goods in 1784 and borders of Florida had been unclear

John Adams

2nd president of the United States, politician, American revolutionary, supporter of strong central government

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States, founder of the Democratic-Republican party, supporter of relations with France and author of the Declaration of Independence

Aaron Burr

3rd Vice President of the United States, killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel, and was involved in multiple conspiracy to sucede certain parts of the country from the Union

Anthony Wayne

A United States Army officer, statesman, and member of the United States House of Representatives. adopted a military career at the outset of the American Revolutionary War, where his military exploits and fiery personality quickly earned him promotion to brigadier general He later served as General in Chief of the Army and commanded the Legion of the United States. Washington called him from military retirement to command the Legion of the United States he established a basic training facility to prepare professional soldiers for his force Led an expedition in the Northwest Indian War and won a lot of land Negotiated the treaty of Greenville

Protective Tariffs

A duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.

Second Bank of the United States

A private corporation with public duties handled all fiscal transactions for the U.S. Government, and was accountable to Congress and the U.S. Treasury. Twenty percent of its capital was owned by the federal government, the largest stockholder. Four thousand private investors held 80% of the capital, including one thousand Europeans. The bulk of the stocks were held by a few hundred wealthy Americans. The essential function was to regulate the public credit issued by private banking institutions through the fiscal duties it performed for the U.S. Treasury, and to establish a sound and stable national currency. Chartered by James Madison Jackson made sure the bank was not rechartered

Robert Fulton

American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat In 1800, he was commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte to design the "Nautilus", which was the first practical submarine in history. He is also credited with inventing some of the world's earliest naval torpedoes for use by the British Royal Navy.

Eli Whitney

American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin which made cotton extremely profitable and strengthened slavery Also worked on interchangeable parts

Oliver Evans

American inventor, engineer and businessman. A pioneer in the fields of automation, materials handling and steam power one of the most prolific and influential inventors in the early years of the United States. He left behind a long series of accomplishments, most notably designing and building the first fully automated industrial process; America's first high-pressure steam engine; and the first (albeit crude) amphibious vehicle and American automobile.

Oliver Hazard Perry

American naval commander Served in the West Indies in the Quasi War, the Mediterranean during the Barbary Wars, and in the Caribbean fighting piracy and the slave trade During the War of 1812 against Britain, he supervised the building of a fleet at Erie, Pennsylvania, at the age of 27. He earned the title "Hero of Lake Erie" for leading American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie His leadership aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories, and the fleet victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the War of 1812.

Democratic-Republicans

American political party in the 1790s of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed in opposition to the centralizing policies of the new Federalist party. It came to power in 1800, and dominated national and state affairs until the 1820s, when it faded away.

Samuel Chase

Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and earlier was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland. His political views changed over his lifetime, and, in the last decades of his career, he became well known as a staunch Federalist and was impeached for allegedly letting his partisan leanings affect his court decisions, although he was not removed from office.

Dartmouth v Woodward

Dartmouth was chartered by King George III and when the United States became independent, the charter was transferred to New Hampshire New Hampshire wanted to make Dartmouth college a state university, not a private college, but Dartmouth objected Brought up the constitutional questions "is a charter a contract?" and "does this allow states to take over?" Supreme Court voted 5 - 1 in favor of Dartmouth It increased the power of national government over states, also impose restrictions upon state legislatures Determined that state legislatures could not change decisions made by earlier legislatures Proved to corporations state legislatures would not change things in their charters so it increased corporation development and investment

Fletcher v Peck

George legislature voted (most were bribed) to grant 35 million dollars worth of land to private citizens Peck sold land to Fletcher in 1803 After it was revealed that the vote passed because of a bribe, it was revealed Fletcher brought the case to the Supreme Court It was determined that the repeal of the law was unconstitutional because state legislatures could not repeal binding contracts Asserted Supreme Courts right to determine state laws as unconstitutional

Whiskey Excise Tax

Hamilton believed import duties, which were the government's primary source of revenue, had been raised as high as was feasible. He therefore promoted passage of an excise tax on domestically produced distilled spirits. This was to be the first tax levied by the national government on a domestic product Became law in March 1791.

John Marshall

His court opinions helped laid the basis for United States constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. The longest-serving Chief Justice and the fourth longest-serving justice in U.S. Supreme Court history dominated the Court for over three decades and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. he reinforced the principle that federal courts are obligated to exercise judicial review, by disregarding purported laws if they violate the constitution. he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers.

Non-Intercourse Act

In the last sixteen days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the Congress replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with this. It lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. Its intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France. Like its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812. In addition, it seriously damaged the economy of the United States. the bill did help America begin to industrialize as no British manufactured goods could be imported and instead had to be produced domestically.

Washington's Farewell Address

Letter written by George Washington to the American people classic statement of republicanism, warning Americans of the political dangers they can and must avoid if they are to remain true to their values. reflects on the emerging issues of the American political landscape in 1796, expresses his support for the government eight years after the adoption of the Constitution, defends his administration's record, and gives valedictory advice to the American people.

Albert Gallatin

Swiss-American politician, diplomat, ethnologist andlinguist. He served as a Congressman, Senator, United States Ambassador and was the longest-serving United States Secretary of the Treasury. In 1831, he helped found the University of the City of New York, now New York University he was removed from office by a 14-12 party-line vote after a protest raised by his opponents suggested he did not meet the required nine years of citizenship. Two years later, he was elected to the House of Representatives and served in the fourth through sixth Congresses. Democratic-Republican

Naval Battles of Tripoli

The First Battle of Tripoli Harbor was a naval battle fought on May 16, 1802 in Tripoli Harbor between a combined force consisting of the American frigate USS Boston and two Swedish Navy frigates against several Tripolitan Barbary corsairs. The Swedish-American force was enforcing the blockade when an engagement broke out between it and Tripolitan forces. The Allied fleet damaged the Tripolitan squadron as well as the harbor fortifications before withdrawing and resuming the blockade. The Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor, was a naval action during a naval blockade which took place in Tripoli Harbor in 1804. The battle is part of the First Barbary War between forces of the United States and the forces of Tripoli.

McCulloch v Maryland

The Second National Bank was created Maryland put high taxes on non-chartered banks (the only one was the Second National Bank) McCulloch (head of the Baltimore branch of the national bank) refused to pay taxes Brought constitutional questions "is the bank of US Constitutional?" and "Do national or state rights reign?" Supreme Court determined that Congress had the power to create the Second National Bank Decision defined implied powers of Congress, national supremacy, and broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause

Macon' Bill 2

The law lifted all embargoes with Britain and France (for three months). If either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon American shipping, the United States would end trade with the other, unless that other country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well. Napoleon immediately recognized American rights in order to hurt Britain Napoleon did not follow through and did not recognize rights of neutral American ships Caused US and Britain to be entangled in the war of 1812

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Jay's Treaty

a 1795 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that is credited with averting war, resolving issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 and facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain terms of the treaty were designed primarily by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, strongly supported by the chief negotiator John Jay, and supported by President George Washington. The treaty gained the primary American goals, which included the withdrawal of British Army units from pre-Revolutionary forts that it had failed to relinquish in the Northwest Territory of the United States although it was recognized as an American territory in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 The parties agreed that disputes over wartime debts and the American-Canadian boundary were to be sent to arbitration The Americans were granted limited rights to trade with British possessions in India and colonies in the Caribbean in exchange for some limits on the American export of cotton. Strongly contested by anti-federalist Helped lead to the beginning of the first party system

Tecumseh

a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy which opposed the United States and then became an ally of Britain in the War of 1812. With Americans continuing to move west after the British ceded the Ohio Valley to the new United States in 1783, the Shawnee moved farther northwest. In 1808, they settled Prophetstown in present-day Indiana. With a vision of establishing an independent Native American nation east of the Mississippi under British protection, he worked to recruit additional tribes to the confederacy from the southern United States Allied with British in War of 1812 American forces caught them at the Battle of the Thames, and killed him in October 1813. With his death, his confederation disintegrated

Burr-Hamilton Duel

a duel between two prominent American politicians: the former secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, and sitting vice president, Aaron Burr, on July 11, 1804 At Weehawken, in New Jersey, Burr shot and mortally wounded Hamilton. Hamilton was carried to the home of William Bayard on the Manhattan shore, where he died the next day. The duel was the final skirmish of a long conflict between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. The conflict began in 1791 Most recent conflict had been while Burr was running for governor of New York and Hamilton was campaigning against him

Neutrality Proclamation

a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington in May 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.

Embargo Act

a general Embargo that made illegal any and all exports from the United States. It was sponsored by President Thomas Jefferson and enacted by Congress in 1807. The goal was to force Britain and France to respect American rights during the Napoleonic Wars.

Marbury v Madison

a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government. The case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams but whose commission was not subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to deliver the documents. The Court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, found that Madison's refusal to deliver the commission was illegal Court did not order Madison to deliver the commission because it was declared that the Judiciary Act of 1789 which gave the Supreme Court its jurisdiction was unconstitutional The petition was therefore denied.

Hudson River School

a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.

Bank of the United States

a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the nation's first de facto central bank. Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power, along with a federal mint and excise taxes, championed by Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution. When the government needed more funds, it sold its shares in the bank In 1811, Senate tied on a vote of whether to renew the bank's charter but Vice President George Clinton broke the tie by voting against renewal

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

a naval engagement that occurred off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on 22 June 1807, between the British warship HMS Leopard and Americanfrigate USS Chesapeake, when the crew of the Leopardpursued, attacked and boarded the American frigate looking for deserters from the Royal Navy. The Chesapeake was caught unprepared and after a short battle commander, James Barron, surrendered his vessel to the British after firing only one shot. Four crew members were removed from the American vessel and were tried for desertion, one of whom was subsequently hanged. The Chesapeake was allowed to return home where James Barron was court martialed and suspended from command. Created uproar among Americans and strident calls for war with Great Britain, but these quickly subsided. President Thomas Jefferson initially attempted to use this widespread bellicosity to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter. The United States Congress backed away from armed conflict when British envoys showed no contrition for the Chesapeake affair and delivered proclamations reaffirming impressment. Jefferson's political failure to coerce Great Britain led him towards economic warfare: the Embargo of 1807.

Era of Good Feelings

a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the bitter partisan disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System.

War Hawks

a person in politics who pushes for war In 1810, many young Republicans that were newly elected to congress pushed for war with Britain

XYZ Affair

a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican Francethat led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War. An American diplomatic commission was sent to France in July 1797 to negotiate problems that were threatening to break out into war. The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin. the Americans were offended by them, and eventually left France without ever engaging in formal negotiations. Gerry, seeking to avoid all-out war, remained for several months after the other two commissioners left. His exchanges with Talleyrand laid groundwork for the eventual end to diplomatic and military hostilities. The failure of the commission caused a political firestorm in the United States when the commission's dispatches were published. It led to the undeclared Quasi-War (1798 to 1800).

Essex Junto

a powerful group of New England Federalist Party lawyers, merchants, and politicians They supported Alexander Hamilton and the Massachusetts radicals. When Hamilton was offered a place in the plot to secede New England from the Union, he denied the offer. Consequently, they tried to vie support from Aaron Burr, who accepted the offer. The first attempt to break off New England from the Union failed since it was unable to gain support from the major power brokers in the state of New York. After Hamilton's death, they became even more extreme. During the War of 1812, they were called "Blue Lights" because of the common belief and reports from the United States Navy that they would shine blue lights to alert the British blockading ships of escaping American ships, or to alert British ships to come ashore and carry out illegal trade. They supported the Hartford Convention's disaffection with the War of 1812 and proposed secession of New England. Some members were Timothy Pickering, George Cabot, Fisher Ames, Francis Dana,Nathan Dane, Benjamin Goodhue, Stephen Higginson, Jonathon Jackson, John Lowell, Israel Thorndike, Nathaniel Tracy, and Theophilus Parsons.

James Fenimore Cooper

a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a unique form of American literature.

Funding and Assumption

authorized the federal government to receive certificates of state war-incurred debts and to issue federal securities in exchange. It essentially proposed "a loan to the full amount of the said domestic debt."

Battle of New Orleans

a series of engagements fought between December 24, 1814, and January 8, 1815, together constituting the final major battle of the War of 1812. American combatants, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, prevented an invading British Army from seizing New Orleans as a strategic tool to end the war. The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814 (but was not ratified by the US Government until February 1815), and hostilities would continue in Louisiana, without knowing about and contrary to the Treaty, until January 18 when all of the British forces had retreated, finally putting an end to it

Treaty of San Ildefonso

a treaty between France and Spain in which Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France. The treaty was concluded on 1 October 1800 between Louis Alexandre Berthier representing France and Don Mariano Luis de Urquijo for Spain.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

a treaty between the United States and Britain limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, following the War of 1812.

Adams-Onis Treaty

a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.

Louisiana Purchase

acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000 USD) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000 USD) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15,000,000 USD) which averages to less than three cents per acre. Protected and isolated the United States from all European powers except Spain because France was removed from America

Burning of Washington DC

after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg during the War of 1812, British forces led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington DC and set fire to many buildings including the White House and Capital

Washington Irving

along with James Fenimore Cooper, was among the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe encouraged American authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville,Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe. Was admired by some European writers, including Walter Scott, Lord Byron, Thomas Campbell, Francis Jeffrey, and Charles Dickens. As America's first genuine internationally best-selling author, he advocated for writing as a legitimate profession, and argued for stronger laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement.

Convention of 1818

an international treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country The two nations agreed to a boundary line involving the 49th parallel north The treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the Continental United States and the United States' only permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power. Britain ceded all of Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel and west to the Rocky Mountains, including all of the Red River Colony south of that latitude, while the U.S. ceded the northernmost tip of the territory of Louisiana above the 49th parallel.

Election of 1800

between Jefferson and Adams Jefferson won Brought the beginning of the power of the Democratic-Republicans and the demise of the Federalists Sometimes referred to as the revolution of 1800

Erie Canal

canal in New York that originally ran about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, at Lake Erie. Built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. The canal is now part of the New York State Canal System. First proposed in 1807, its construction began in 1817. The canal contains 36 locks and a total elevation differential of about 565 feet (172 m). It opened on October 26, 1825. At the time, water was the most cost-effective way to ship bulk goods. The canal was the first transportation system between the eastern seaboard (New York City) and the western interior (Great Lakes) of the United States that did not require portage. It was faster than carts pulled by draft animals, and cut transport costs by about 95%. fostered a population surge in western New York and opened regions farther west to settlement.

Cotton Gin

device for removing the seeds from cotton fiber. Eli Whitney's machine of 1794, however, was the first to clean short-staple cotton, and a single device could produce up to fifty pounds of cleaned cotton in a day. revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States, but also led to the growth of slavery in the U.S. American South as the demand for cotton workers rapidly increased. The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of the U.S. American Civil War.

Naturalization Act of 1802

directed the clerk of the court to record the entry of all aliens into the United States. The clerk collected information including the applicant's name, birthplace, age, nation of allegiance, country of emigration, and place of intended settlement, and granted each applicant a certificate that could be exhibited to the court as evidence of time of arrival in the United States. This act repealed the Naturalization Act of 1798.

Judicial Review

doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by court laws and decisions that are incompatible with a higher authority, such as the terms of a written constitution, can be invalidated

Star Spangled Banner

during the bombardment of Washington during the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key saw that fort McHenry's flag continued to fly and was inspired to write this

Samuel Slater

early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" he brought British textile technology to America, modifying it for United States use.

American System

economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture." Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent

US Navy

established during the Revolutionary war by the second continental congress Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 which established a permanent standing navy. The Naval Act ordered the construction and manning of six frigates and, by October 1797 three years later, the first three were welcomed into service: USS United States, USS Constellation, and USS Constitution. In 1798-99 the Navy was involved in an undeclared Quasi-War with France. Defeated the Barbary Pirates

Lowell Mill Girls

female workers who came to work for the textile corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States. The workers initially recruited by the corporations were daughters of propertied New England farmers, between the ages of 15 and 30. Although wages were about half of those for men, it gave women freedom from men

James Monroe

fifth president, last president who was a founding father, last president from the Virginian dynasty and Republican Generation, last president during the First Partisan Era

Battle of Fallen Timbers

final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy, including minor support from the British, against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory The battle, which was a decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until Tecumseh's War and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

Federalists

first American political party. It existed from the early 1790s to 1816 (the era of the First Party System); its remnants lasted into the 1820s. Called for strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain and opposition to revolutionary France

George Washington

first President of the United States and leader of the Continental army during the American Revolution

National Road

first major improved highway in the United States to be built by the Federal Government. About 620 miles (1,000 km) long, it connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and was a gateway to the West for thousands of settlers.

Election of 1796

first major political contest between Republicans and Federalists. John Adams ran as a Federalist, and Thomas Jefferson as a Republican. Republicans controlled the South, while Federalists dominated New England, New Jersey, and South Carolina. John Adams won

Tariff of 1816

first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government. The bill was conceived as part of a solution to the purely domestic matter of avoiding a projected federal deficit in 1816 there was widespread concern among Americans that war with Great Britain might be rekindled over economic and territorial issues. A tariff on manufactured goods, including war industry products, was deemed essential in the interests of national defense. 25 percent duty on cottons and woolens for 3 years until June 1819

Bill of Rights

first ten amendments of the Constitution Put in place to insure the rights of the people Helped gain anti-federalist support for the Constitution

Continental System

foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. As a response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree on 21 November 1806, which brought into effect a large-scale embargo against British trade. Milan Decree was issued on December 17, 1807 by Napoleon I of France to enforce the Berlin Decree of 1806.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

fought during the War of 1812 in the Mississippi Territory, now central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under Major General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War.

Battle of Tippecanoe

fought on November 7, 1811, near present-day Lafayette, Indiana between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison and Native American warriors associated with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh As tensions and violence increased, Governor Harrison marched with an army of about 1,000 men to disperse the confederacy's headquarters at Prophetstown Harrison camped near Prophetstown on November 6 and arranged to meet with Tenskwatawa the following day. Early the next morning, warriors from Prophetstown attacked Harrison's army. After the battle, the Natives abandoned Prophetstown and Harrison's men burned it to the ground, destroyed the food supplies stored up for the winter, and returned home. Harrison, having accomplished his goal of destroying Prophetstown, proclaimed that he had won a decisive victory. The defeat was a setback for Tecumseh's confederacy from which it never fully recovered. Natives soon rebuilt Prophetstown, and frontier violence increased after the battle until Tecumseh was finally killed in 1813. American public opinion blamed the violence on British interference—in terms of financial and munitions support for the Indians. This suspicion led to further deterioration of US relations with Great Britain and served as a catalyst of the War of 1812, which began six months later.

Alexander Hamilton

founding father of the United States, chief staff aide to General George Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, the founder of the Federalist Party, the world's first voter-based political party, and the Father of the United States Coast Guard

Alien and Sedition Acts

four bills that were passed by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798, the result of the French Revolution and during an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War. Authored by the Federalists, the laws were purported to strengthen national security, but critics argued that they were primarily an attempt to suppress voters who disagreed with the Federalist party.

Whiskey Rebellion

in response to the whiskey tax, the first tax on a domestic product Throughout Western Pennsylvania protesters used violence and intimidation to prevent federal officials from collecting the tax Washington sent peace commissioners to negotiate with rebels and called the governor to send a militia 13000 militia men from Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania went to suppress rebels but they went home before the army arrived so there was not confrontation

Impressment

in the early 1800s, the British navy would capture American ships and force the men to join the navy Help cause the War of 1812

Loose Construction

interpretation of the Constitution in which more than just what is explicitly stated is the implied meaning

Strict Construction

interpretation of the Constitution in which only what is explicitly stated is the implied meaning

Midnight Judges

judges that were signed into office by Adams the night before his presidential term ended

Toussaint L'Ouverture

leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military genius and political acumen transformed an entire society of slaves into the independent state of Haiti. The success of the Haitian Revolution shook the institution of slavery throughout the New World. Haitian revolution led to France leaving the New World

Henry Clay

leading war hawk in 1812 Played a significant role in leading the nation to the War of 1812 In 1824 he ran for president and lost, but maneuvered House voting in favor of John Quincy Adams, who made him secretary of state as the Jacksonians denounced what they considered a "corrupt bargain." He ran and lost again in 1832 and 1844 as the candidate of the Whig Party, which he founded and usually dominated. was the foremost proponent of the American System, fighting for an increase in tariffs to foster industry in the United States, the use of federal funding to build and maintain infrastructure, and a strong national bank.

Cabinet

most senior appointed officers of the president Washington's was Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War Henry Knox; and Attorney General Edmund Randolph to advise him and to assist him in carrying out his duties.

Report on the Public Credit

one of three major reports on fiscal and economic policy submitted by Alexander Hamilton on the request of Congress. analyzed the financial standing of the United States of America and made recommendations to reorganize the national debt and to establish the public credit. Commissioned by the House of Representatives on September 21, 1789, the Report was presented on January 9, 1790, at the second session of the First US Congress. called for full federal payment at face value to holders of government securities and the national government to assume funding of all state debt

Interchangeable Parts

parts (components) that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type. One such part can freely replace another, without any custom fitting crucial to the introduction of the assembly line at the beginning of the 20th century, and has become an important element of some modern manufacturing

Burr Conspiracy

people living in the Louisiana territory were very diverse and were not particularly American in identity Gave Burr the opportunity to unite them separate of America because they did not have strong allegiance to America Burr had lost reputation after the duel and had little to lose so he tried to get power Burr tried to convince them to secede from the United States and start a separate nation Was unsuccessful but he was completely acquitted

Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. In doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Implied Powers

powers that Congress has based on the clause that says Congress can do what is sees necessary and proper Because of its other duties, it has powers that are not explicitly stated

Matthew Lyon

represented Vermont in Congress from 1797 to 1801, and represented Kentucky from 1803 to 1811. His tenure in Congress was tumultuous. He brawled with one Congressman; and was jailed on charges of violating the Sedition Act, winning re-election to Congress from inside his jail cell. Was jailed for printing his own newspaper with radical ideas arguing against President John Adams

Judiciary Act of 1801

represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the Justices of the Supreme Court to "ride circuit" and reiterate decisions made in the appellate level courts. reduced the size of the Supreme Court from six justices to five and eliminated the justices' circuit duties. To replace the justices on circuit, the act created sixteen judgeships for six judicial circuits.

Hartford Convention

series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815 in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. discussed removing the three-fifths compromise which gave slave states more power in Congress and requiring a two-thirds super majority in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and laws restricting trade. The Federalists also discussed their grievances with the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo of 1807.

Citizen Genet

served as French minister to the United States from 1793 to 1794. His activities in that capacity embroiled the United States and France in a diplomatic crisis, as the United States Government attempted to remain neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and Revolutionary France. The controversy was ultimately resolved by his recall from his position. As a result, the United States established a set of procedures governing neutrality.

Andrew Jackson

seventh president Took land from Native Americans Known for the Indian Removal Act Enforced a policy of federal power most of the time Vetoed more than all presidents before him combined Portrayed himself as the average man's president Ran in 1828 after losing in 1824 because of the 'corrupt bargain' when he believed Adams and Henry Clay corruptly teamed up against him

Treaty of Greenville

signed on August 3, 1795, it followed negotiations after the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers a year earlier. It ended the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country and limited strategic parcels of land to the north and west. The parties to the treaty were a coalition of Native American tribes, known as the Western Confederacy, and United States government represented by General Anthony Wayne for local frontiers men. The treaty established what became known as the Greenville Treaty Line, which was for several years a boundary between Native American territory and lands open to European-American settlers. The latter frequently disregarded the treaty line as they continued to encroach on Native American lands.

Treaty of Ghent

signed on December 24, 1814 was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. it restored the borders of the two countries to the lines before the war started in June 1812. It took a month for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States. American forces under Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. was not in effect until it was ratified by the U.S. Senate unanimously on February 18, 1815. It began two centuries of peaceful relations between the U.S. and Britain

Judiciary Act of 1789

the Constitution declared judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court This established the Supreme Court and a system of federal trial courts

Washington DC

the Residence Act approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia

William Henry Harrison

the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the last President born as a British subject. He was also the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when inaugurated, the oldest president to take office until Ronald Reagan died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis, but its resolution left unsettled many questions following the presidential line of succession Led US forces against American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe Was a general in the Battle of Thames in the War of 1812, which brought an end to hostilities in his region, resulting in the death of Tecumseh and dissolution of the Indian coalition which he led

Natty Bumpo

the protagonist of James Fenimore Cooper's pentalogy of novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales. the child of white parents, grew up among Delaware Indians and was educated by Moravian Christians.In adulthood, he is a near-fearless warrior skilled in many weapons; chiefly the long rifle.

Report on Manufactures

the third report, and magnum opus, of American Founding Father and 1st U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. It was presented to Congress on December 5, 1791 and recommended economic policies to stimulate the new republic's economy and ensure the independence won with the conclusion of the Revolutionary War in 1783. It laid forth economic principles rooted in both the Mercantilist System of Elizabeth I's England and the practices of Jean-Baptiste Colbert of France. The principal ideas of the Report would later be incorporated into the "American System" program by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and his Whig Party. Abraham Lincoln, who called himself a "Henry Clay tariff Whig" during his early years, would later make the principles cornerstones, together with opposition to the institution and expansion of slavery, of the fledgling Republican Party.

Lewis and Clark

their expedition was the first American expedition to cross what is now the western portion of the United States, departing in May 1804, from near St. Louis on the Mississippi River, making their way westward through the continental divide to the Pacific coast. The expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, consisting of a select group of U.S. Army volunteers The journey lasted from May 1804 to September 1806. The primary objective was to explore and map the newly acquired territory, find a practical route across the Western half of the continent, and establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it. The campaign's secondary objectives were scientific and economic: to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and establish trade with local Native American tribes. With maps, sketches, and journals in hand, the expedition returned to St. Louis to report their findings to Jefferson.

War of 1812

two and a half year war between US and Great Britain, its North American colonies and Native American allies The United States declared war on June 18, 1812, for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by the British war with France, the impressment of US merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support for Native American tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honor after humiliations on the high seas, and possible US interest in annexing British territory in modern-day Canada. Most of it was happening concurrently with the Napoleonic Wars

Cult of Domesticity (true womanhood)

view about women in the 1800s women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. There were four things that women should be/do: 1. More religious than men 2. Pure in heart, mind, and body, purity 3. Submit to their husbands 4. Stay at home

Zebulon Pike

was an American brigadier general and explorer As a United States Army captain in 1806-1807, he led an expedition, sent out by President Thomas Jefferson, to explore and document the southern portion of the Louisiana territory and to find the headwaters of the Red River The expedition coincided with other Jefferson expeditions including the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) and the Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis expedition (1806). Traveled through present-day Colorado after his party confused their location, was captured by Spanish, sent to Chihuahua(present-day Mexico), was questioned by the governor and released in 1807

Repeal of Whiskey Tax

whiskey tax which was supported by the Federalist was repealed by Jefferson