APUSH Unit 4.3 - The Era of Good Feelings

Results of the Panic of 1819

1. calls for reform and pressure for increased democracy 2. western farmers began to hate the BUS 3. smaller parcels of land being sold 4. widespread sentiment to end debtor's prisons

issues dividing the nation during the Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

1. emerging sectionalism (east, west, south) 2. tariff issue (east & south opposed, west in favor) 3. internal improvements (east & south opposed, west in favor) 4. Bank of U.S. (west & south opposed, east in favor) 5. sale of public lands (east opposed, west & south in favor) 6. panic of 1819 caused hostility from west to eastern bankers 7. issue of slavery in Missouri (resolved by MO Compromise) 8. factions beginning to develop in Republican party after demise of Federalists - led to emergence of the Whig party

Ralph Waldo Emerson

greatest transcendentalist that developed the "oversoul" idea, and advocated self-reliance, self-improvement, optimism, freedom, and championed American individualism

events that occurred during Monroe's presidency

1. Panic of 1819 2. Missouri Compromise

Fletcher v. Peck

(1810) Constitution forbids states from "impairing" contracts - protection of property rights against popular pressures

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee

(1816) upheld Supremacy Clause of the Constitution and federal judicial supremacy over the states

Rush-Bagot Treaty

(1817) between U.S. and Canada, significantly limited naval armament on the Great Lakes

Convention of 1818

(1818) John Quincy Adams negotiated a treaty with England that fixed the American/Canadian border at the 49th parallel & 10 yr. joint occupation of Oregon Territory

McCullough v. Maryland

(1819) Bank of the U.S. declared constitutional via Hamilton's doctrine of implied powers - boost to loose constructionism, blow to states' rights

Dartmouth v. Woodward

(1819) states cannot invalidate public charters (contracts) - safeguarded business from state domination, set precedent for corporations being able to escape government control

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) treaty between U.S. and Spain that gave Florida to the U.S. and settled the border dispute between U.S. and Mexico

Cohens v. Virginia

(1821) Supreme court had the power to review decisions of the state supreme courts in issues involving powers of the national government - blow to states' rights

Monroe Doctrine

(1823) J.Q. Adams' message to foreign nations concerning American foreign policy: Imperial powers could keep existing colonies in the Western hemisphere, but couldn't gain any new ones - the new republics should be able to govern themselves

Gibbons v. Odgen

(1824) Only Congress had the right to regulate interstate commerce

examples of nationalism in the arts

1. Thomas Jefferson (Monticello) 2. John Trumbull 3. Hudson River School (Thomas Cole, Asher Durand)

sides of the sectional battle over the Tariff of 1816 (part of Clay's "American System")

1. John C. Calhoun: south, war-hawk and nationalist - opposed tariff b/c enriched NE manufacturing @ south's expense 2. Daniel Webster: north, opposed tariff b/c it would damage not-completely-industrialized northern economy 3. Henry Clay: saw tariff as a way to develop domestic market - eastern trade would flourish, profits would fund western roads/canals

examples of nationalism in Literature

1. Noah Webster 2. William H. McGuffey 3. Knickerbocker Group 4. Henry W. Longfellow 5. Transcendentalism (Thoreau, Emerson)

reasons for westward expansion

1. had been significant since colonial era 2. cheap land in Ohio attracted immigrants 3. land exhaustion in tobacco states 4. speculators accepted smaller down payments 5. economic depression 6. defeat of Amerindians on the frontier 7. transportation revolution improved land routes

Causes of the Panic of 1819

1. overspeculation of frontier lands 2. inflation from war of 1812 3. trade deficit w/Britain 4. BUS forced western banks to foreclose on western farmers

causes of heightened nationalism after War of 1812

1. victories in the war, including New Orleans 2. death of Federalist party (temporarily reduced sectionalism) 3. decline of economic dependence on Europe 4. westward expansion 5. began to see themselves as Americans

Davy Crockett

America's first pop culture icon who possessed legendary hunting and fighting skills

Daniel Webster

American Federalist politician who argued federalist and nationalistic ideas before Marshall's court - important in influencing Marshall's decisions (challenged states' rights)

Thomas Cole

American artist regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School

James Fenimore Cooper

American author who wrote "Last of the Mohicans," which dramatized conflict between British and Amerindians during the F/I War, member of the Knickerbocker Group

Washington Irving

American author who wrote "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip van Winkle", member of the Knickerbocker Group

John Trumbull

American painter who glorified America's past through massive historical scenes

Asher Durand

American painter, member of the Hudson River School

Walt Whitman

American poet who celebrated the greatness of America

William Cullen Bryant

American romantic poet who focused on nature as a metaphor for truth, member of the Knickerbocker group

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American romantic poet who wrote "Paul Revere's Ride"

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who followed Emerson, most famous book 'Of Life in the Woods' described the relationship between self and nature; essay "Civil Disobedience" encouraged Gandhi and MLKs views about nonviolent resistance

Missouri Compromise of 1820

a compromise negotiated by Clay where Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a Free state, and the 36 30 line would dictate the limits of slavery

"Era of Good Feelings"

a period in the political history of the United States that reflected rising nationalism in America after between 1817-1825. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System.

McGuffey Readers

a series widely used textbooks in American schools from 1830s-1960s that taught reading & grammar and promoted patriotism

transcendentalism

an idealistic philosophical movement influenced by romanticism in Europe that emerged in New England in the 1830s that believed that truth "transcends" the senses, that every person has an inner light that can illuminate truth, and stressed individualism

nationalism

an overwhelming sense of pride in one's country, usually accompanied by a feeling of superiority over other countries

"American System"

economic plan proposed by Henry Clay during the early 1800s based on the ideas of Hamilton; composed of a 2nd bank of the U.S., a protective tariff, and internal improvements

John Marshall

one of the most important Supreme Court justices who strengthened the Supreme Court by establishing judicial review and increased power of the federal government over the states

Tallmadge Amendment

proposed amendment requesting the territory of Missouri to become a state - promoting eventual emancipation (Jefferson: "like a firebell in the night") - marked the beginning of slavery/sectional tensions in the U.S. leading up to the civil war

internal improvements

proposed bill that would have given money to states to fund construction of roads and canals, but failed - states' rights issue; part of Clay's "American System"

Noah Webster

published the first American English dictionary separate from that of England, designed to promote patriotism

Hudson River School

school of art in the early 1800s that glorified American landscapes, and emphasized realization and preservation of nature as a source of wisdom and fulfillment; hosted several famous painters such as T. Cole and A. Durand

Panic of 1819

the first major peacetime financial crisis in the U.S. followed that persisted through 1821. Displayed the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe toward a industrial, laissez-faire based economy. Cause: overspeculation of land, Result: calls for reform and pressure for increased democracy

Tariff of 1816

the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition, part of Clay's "American System"

judicial nationalism

the idea of deciding cases for the sake of the national government, rather than that of the states

2nd National Bank

the second federally authorized Hamiltonian bank that existed from 1816 to 1836, where it was killed by Andrew Jackson, part of Clay's "American System"

Knickerbocker Group

three men, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant, who were American pioneers in literature that stressed American over European themes in writing