APUSH Unit 6

Used great sales tactics and technology to create vertical integration and climb to success.

Andrew Carnegie

Was Angel Island or Ellis Island more difficult?

Angel Island

The thought and practice of removing native culture from native children.

Assimilation

Founded the Back to Africa Movement

Bishop Henry Turner

Sought to financially liberate African Americans in order to restore their civil rights. Believed that through economic power, African Americans could be equal.

Booker T. Washington

Which of the following pairs of immigrant groups were most prominent in the construction of the first transcontinental railroad? a) Chinese and Italians b) Italians and Irish c) Chinese and Irish d) Irish and Japanese e) Chinese and Japanese

C

Restricted Chinese immigration

Chinese exclusion act

What was the belief that god decided who was rich and it was man's noble duty to pursue wealth?

Gospel of Wealth

Staged a movement in which he illegally boarded a whites only train, was arrested, and brought his case to the supreme court in which the presidence was established that states had the right to uphold the "separate but equal" ideas.

Homer Plessy

The false belief that poor could become rich in America, as Carnegie did.

Horatio Alger Myth

A method by which you buy out all the companies in your industry and control every stage of manufacturing and sale through affiliate companies.

Horizontal Integration

Promoted justice for African Americans, fought for women's suffrage, ran anti-lynching crusades and was a founding member of the NAACP.

Ida Wells

What was the problem with different railroads existing in the same area? they were ....

Incompatible

Poverty ____ in the south after reconstruction.

Increased

Negated progress of the National Grange Movement by stating that interstate commerce is a federal affair.

Interstate commerce act

The first billion dollar corporation

JP Morgan

Invested by selling assets and stocks for an inflated price.

Jay Gould

______ kept African Americans in a state of inequality.

Jim Crow Laws

The belief that the american economy would regulate itself without government interference.

Laissez-faire

Attempted to aid farmers financially through social moves, was able to get a few laws passed in certain states.

National Grange Movement

A movement that almost became a political party. It stood for creating inflated crop prices, taxing the rich, creating a new banking system and decreasing tariffs.

Ocala Platform

The Supreme Court decision on Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka essentially reversed which of the following earlier Court decisions?

Plessy V. Ferguson

Decided that seperate but equal was lawful

Plessy v. Ferguson

Used horizontal integration to buy out other businesses in his industry and monopolize.

Rockefeller

What ideology stated that the lower class were inferior and that natural selection could and should kill them?

Social Darwinism

Linked Christianity to social work and encouraged organized religious groups to prioritize social reform.

Social Gospel

A strike involving all industries in 1877

The great railroad strike

Industrialization and urbanization happened ______.

Together

decided that trusts were unlawful only in commerce, not in manufacturing. So monopolies continued to thrive.

United States v. Knight co

The method by which a company is in charge of every stage of manufacturing and sale to streamline profit and efficiency.

Vertical Integration

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 Which of the following most directly supports Blight's argument in the excerpt? a) The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson b) The emergence of the first national civil rights organizations, such as the Afro-American League and the NAACP c) The election of seventeen African Americans to Congress between 1869 and 1877 d) The industrialization of some segments of the southern economy in the late nineteenth century

a

"Is a tractor bad? Is the power that turns the long furrows wrong? If this tractor were ours, it would be good—not mine, but ours.... We could love that tractor then as we have loved this land when it was ours. But this tractor does two things—it turns the land and turns us off the land. There is little difference between this tractor and a tank. The people are driven, intimidated, hurt by both." John Steinbeck, novelist, The Grapes of Wrath, 1939 Which of the following movements expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt? a) Populism in the 1890s and early 1900s b) Nativism in the 1840s and 1850s c) Abolitionism in the 1830s and 1840s d) The counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s

a

"The remedy for... inefficiency lies in systematic management.... The fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corporations.... At the works of Bethlehem Steel, for example,... thousands of stop-watch observations were made to study just how quickly a laborer... can push his shovel into the pile of materials and then draw it out properly loaded.... With data of this sort before him, . . . the man who is directing shovelers can first teach them the exact methods which should be employed to use their strength to the very best advantage." Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 Which of the following groups of people would have been most likely to oppose Taylor's management ideas? a) Factory workers b) White-collar professionals c) Owners of large businesses d) Tenant farmers

a

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor—a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 The "temporary unequal distribution of wealth" that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the a) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies b) efforts by workers to organize local and national unions c) government policy of reducing tariffs to promote free trade d) growth of cities in both size and number

a

"We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads ... We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible ... We demand a graduated income tax ... We demand a free ballot." Which of the following groups included the passage above in its platform? a) People's Party (Populists) b) Democratic Party c) Union-Labor Party d) National Grange e) American Federation of Labor

a

The Dawes Act (1887) did which of the following? a) Divided Native American tribal lands into individual holdings. b) Set up the reservation system c) Promoted the preservation of Native American cultural identity d) Granted immediate citizenship to Native Americans. e) Forbade the use of Native American languages in public schools.

a

The major goal of the Social Gospel movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was to a) draw the attention of Protestant churches to the plight of the urban poor b) encourage support for Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution c) stimulate public interest in the principles of Anglo-Saxon superiority d) send missionaries to convert American Indians to Protestantism e) promote the spread of Protestantism in United States territorial possessions

a

Which of the following labor organizations endorsed the philosophy of "bread and butter" unionism by concentrating on demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved work conditions? a) The American Federation of Labor b) The National Labor Union c) The Molly Maguires d) The Knights of Labor e) The Industrial Workers of the World

a

"Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 The conflict between the Sioux nation and the United States was primarily driven by differing a) styles of farming b) claims to land c) forms of government d) family structures

b

"One by one the southern states have legally disfranchised the Afro-American, and since the repeal of the Civil Rights Bill nearly every southern state has passed separate [railroad] car laws with a penalty against their infringement. The race, regardless of advancement, is penned into filthy, stifling partitions cut off from smoking cars." The author of the statement above was a) a White southern Democrat in the 1930s b) an African American journalist in the 1890s c) a White segregationist in the 1910s d) an African American Civil Rights worker in the 1970s e) a Scalawag in the 1870s

b

"When [Robert E.] Lee surrendered . . . the South became, and has since been, loyal to this Union. We fought hard enough to know that we were whipped, and in perfect frankness accept as final the [arbitration] of the sword to which we had appealed. . . . "The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement—a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core—a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace—and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age. "The new South is enamored of her new work. Her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life. The light of a grander day is falling fair on her face. She is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten." Henry W. Grady, Georgia newspaper editor and Democratic political activist, speech in New York City, 1886 Evidence in the excerpt can best be used to support which of the following arguments about the historical situation of South after the Civil War? a) Elections in the South were more democratic than in the North. b) Some Southern leaders promoted industrialization as progress. c) Some elite Southerners opposed the growth of sharecropping d) Northern politicians hindered the economic recovery of the South.

b

Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth endorsed which of the following views? a) All workers could attain wealth by following a diligent work ethic b) Wealthy individuals have a duty to return their fortunes to society. c) Utopian communities were desirable because they protected the well-being of people living in poverty. d) Trusts and combinations were desirable because they guaranteed job stability to immigrant workers. e) Major industries should be nationalized to ensure equitable distribution of wealth.

b

During the Gilded Age, which of the following groups generally voted Republican? a) Confederate war veterans b) Black northerners c) Unskilled wage earners d) Southern Protestant farmers e) Roman Catholic immigrants

b

From the 1880's to the beginning of the New Deal, the dominant American Indian policy of the United Stated government sought to a) encourage American Indian emigration to Canada b) break up tribal landholdings c) relocate all American Indians to the Oklahoma territory d) strengthen traditional tribal authority e) encourage American Indians to preserve their languages and religions

b

In the three decades following the Civil War, the policies of the Republican Party generally favored a) inflationary currency policies b) northern industrial interests c) the interests of laborers d) southern agricultural interests e) woman suffrage

b

The precipitating factor in the 1894 Pullman strike was Pullman's a) introduction of scrip in part of payment wages b) cutting of wages without proportionate cuts in company housing rents c) dismissal of union workers d) retraction of its promise to provide an employee insurance and retirement plan e) employment of immigrant labor at less than a living wage

b

"Every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce in any territory of the United States . . . is hereby declared illegal." The passage above was most effectively used for which purpose in the late nineteenth century? a) Regulating railroads and grain storage silos b) Supporting the goals of Social Darwinists c) the power of labor unions d) Restricting the power of monopolies and trusts e) Upholding the powers of the Interstate Commerce Act

c

"The [political] machine represented the dominant urban political institution of the late nineteenth century. . . . Bosses purchased voter support with individual economic inducements such as offers of public jobs. . . . The machine sustained itself by exchanging material benefits for political support. . . . "By 1890 Irish bosses ran most of the big-city Democratic machines constructed in the 1870s and 1880s. . . . By 1886, the Irish held 58 percent of the seats on the San Francisco Democratic party central committee. . . . 61 percent of the Tammany Society [political machine in New York City] were Irish in 1890. ". . . What accounts for their unusually high group political participation rates? The Irish capture of the urban Democratic party depended on a large Irish voting bloc. In city after city the Irish mobilized politically much more quickly than other ethnic groups. Irish naturalization and voter registration rates were the highest of all the immigrant groups. "[In the 1860s] Radical Republicans captured control of the New England and Middle Atlantic states. . . . [They] pursued a program of electoral and institutional reform in the eastern states with urban Democratic (and Irish) strongholds. Rather than weakening the embryonic Democratic city organizations, the Radical attack succeeded in strengthening these machines. The election of pro-machine Democratic governors in states such as New York, New Jersey, and California further aided Irish machine building." Steven P. Erie, historian, Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985, published in 1990 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence would best modify the claim in the last paragraph of the excerpt? a) Radical Republicans passed a law that allowed for federal supervision of local elections and the prosecution of voter fraud. b) State government leaders passed laws to take control of fire and police departments run by political machines in eastern cities. c) Some Democratic political machines continued Republican fiscal policies that limited spending on patronage jobs. d) Many members of Congress sought to restrict the ability of new immigrants to register to vote in elections in the 1870s.

c

"The purpose of this article is to present some of the best methods of performing this duty of administering surplus wealth for the good of the people. The first requisite for a really good use of wealth by the millionaire who has accepted the gospel [of wealth] . . . is to take care that the purpose for which he spends it shall not have a degrading, pauperizing tendency upon its recipients, and that his trust should be so administered as to stimulate the best and most aspiring poor of the community to further efforts for their own improvement. . . . "The result of my own study of the question 'What is the best gift which can be given to a community?' is that a free library occupies the first place, provided the community will accept and maintain it as a public institution, as much a part of the city property as its public schools. . . . "Many free libraries have been established in our country, but none that I know of with such wisdom as the Pratt Library, of Baltimore. Mr. [Enoch] Pratt presented to the city of Baltimore one million dollars [for the library]. . . . It is safe to say that the 37,000 frequenters of the Pratt Library are of more value to Baltimore, to the State [of Maryland], and to the country than all the inert, lazy, and hopelessly-poor in the whole nation. . . . ". . . The problem of poverty and wealth, of employer and employed, will be practically solved whenever the time of the [wealthy] few is given, and their wealth is administered during their lives, for the best good of that portion of the community which has not been burdened by the responsibilities which attend the possession of wealth." Andrew Carnegie, "The Best Fields for Philanthropy," North American Review, 1889 The creation of libraries in the late 1800s as described in the excerpt best reflects which of the following developments? a) Efforts to provide formerly enslaved people with education b) Challenges to the system of settlement houses in major cities c) Attempts to provide opportunities for people to fill their leisure time d) Undertakings to assimilate Native Americans into United States culture

c

"We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 Activists formed the Populist Party most directly in response to the a) emergence of concerns about abuses of the environment b) development of reform movements inspired by the Second Great Awakening c) growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming d) rise of monopolies and reduction of wages for industrial workers

c

City bosses and urban political machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did which of the following? a) They encouraged racial integration of residential neighborhoods. b) They discouraged railroad and highway construction to prevent people from moving out of urban areas. c) They provided some welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support. d) They enabled the urban middle class to participate more effectively in politics. e) They promoted prohibition and the abolition of prostitution.

c

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the formation of labor unions was often a response to a) the large numbers of immigrants working in factories b) the emergence of multinational companies and increased global competition c) low wages and dangerous conditions in industrial work d) federal protection of workers' rights to organize e) the presence of women in certain areas of industrial work

c

The 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson did which of the following? a) Declared civil rights legislation unconstitutional. b) Restricted the right to purchase or sell land. c) Upheld segregated railroad facilities. d) Outlawed segregation in public schools. e) Upheld literacy testing as a condition of voting in federal elections.

c

The decisions of the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries generally did which of the following? a) Strengthened the position of organized labor. b) Protected the civil and political rights of women. c) Strengthened the position of big business. d) Protected the civil and political rights of African Americans. e) Strengthened the regulatory powers of the federal government.

c

The method of mass production that developed during the nineteenth century was a process that a) relied on guilds to train artisans b) promoted more cooperation between labor unions and factory owners c) relied on the use of power-driven machinery utilized wireless communications to improve efficiency d) gave workers greater autonomy, less supervision, and the chance to be creative

c

Which of the following best accounts for the success of the American Federation of Labor in organizing labor in the late 1800s? a) Its active recruitment of immigrant workers b) Its campaign for a minimum wage c) Its policy of organizing only skilled craftsmen d) Its organization of all workers within a single industry into one union e) Its policy of racial inclusiveness

c

Which of the following best explains a connection between the economic productivity of the United States in the mid-1800s and in the late 1800s? a) Corporations' need for managers fostered the growth of a large middle class. b) The use of sharecropping in the South expanded cotton agricultural production. c) The application of new technologies expanded large-scale industrial manufacturing. d) Labor unions sought to improve conditions in factories and wages for workers.

c

Which of the following is true of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890? a) It quickly limited the number of mergers taking place. b) It forced businesses to adopt pooling agreements. c) It had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations. d) It ended effective cooperation between business and the federal government. e) It led to federal control of the railroads.

c

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pantribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 Which of the following is a difference between White's and Hahn's claims in the excerpts about how American Indian societies changed in the late 1800s? a) White contends that American Indians retained possession of much land, while Hahn contends that they lost possession of most of their land to United States settlers. b) White asserts that American Indians came to be governed directly by the United States, while Hahn asserts that they remained outside the jurisdiction of the United States. c) White argues that federal supervision of American Indians decreased, while Hahn argues that the United States came to control all aspects of their lives on reservations. d) White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment.

d

"If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." William Jennings Bryan, 1896 Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the quote above? a) Urban workers b) Railroad executives c) White-collar and professional workers d) Midwestern farmers e) New York City financiers

d

"Yet, after all our years of toil and privation, dangers and hardships upon the ... frontier, monopoly is taking our homes from us by an infamous system of mortgage foreclosure, the most infamous that has ever disgraced the statutes of a civilized nation. ... How did it happen? The government, at the bid of Wall Street, repudiated its contracts with the people; the circulating medium was contracted. ... As Senator Plumb [of Kansas] tells us, 'Our debts were increased, while the means to pay them was decreased.' [A]s grand Senator ... Stewart [of Nevada] puts it, 'For twenty years the market value of the dollar has gone up and the market value of labor has gone down, till today the American laborer, in bitterness and wrath, asks which is the worst: the black slavery that has gone or the white slavery that has come?'" — Mary Elizabeth Lease, speech to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1890 People who agreed with the argument made in the speech would most likely have recommended which of the following solutions? a) Separate but equal segregated facilities to increase job opportunities for white workers b) Continuation of the gold standard as the basis for money c) Reduced government involvement in the economy in order to create more competition d) A stronger government role in the economic system

d

Although the Sherman Antitrust Act was originally intended to inhibit the growth of business monopolies, courts initially used its provisions successfully against a) urban political machines b) banks c) immigrants d) labor unions e) public schools

d

The American Federation of Labor under the leadership of Samuel Gompers organized a) unskilled workers along industrial lines b) workers and intellectuals into a labor party for political action c) workers into a fraternal organization to provide unemployment and old-age benefits d) skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains e) all industrial and agricultural workers in "one big union"

d

The Ghost Dance was an American Indian religious movement associated with a) the outbreak of King Philip's War b) the Pueblo Revolt c) an American Indian victory at Little Bighorn d) distress over loss of tribal autonomy e) an infusion of Hispanic cultural traditions

d

Which of the following statements about woman suffrage is true? a) The six states of New England were the first to have complete women suffrage b) Women suffrage was introduced in the South during Radical Reconstruction. c) No state granted woman suffrage before 1900. d) The only states with complete woman suffrage before 1900 were west of the Mississippi. e) California and Oregon were the first states to have complete women suffrage.

d

Which of the following was true of the South in the post-Civil War period? a) A large immigrant population moved to the region. b) Big business and railroads came to dominate the Southern economy just as they did in the North. c) A strong labor movement emerged in the textile industry. d) Landowners widely adopted sharecropping and tenant farming. e) The cotton market experienced a twenty-year boom.

d

Gilded age _____ were similar to jeffersonians and supported strong state governments and limited federal powers.

democrats

After the Civil War, some businesspeople and newspaper editors—such as the Atlanta Constitution's Henry Grady—promoted the idea of a New South. Which of the following best describes their vision for the southern states? a) An agricultural region consisting of small farms focused on growing food crops b) A postindustrial region whose economy revolved around health care, insurance, and financial services c) An agricultural region of large plantations growing cotton, tobacco, and rice, worked by sharecroppers d) An industrial region whose economic mainstays would be the mining and smelting of minerals and metals e) A mixed economy no longer primarily dependent on cash crops

e

Technological innovations made businesses more ...

efficient

African Americans who fled the violence of the Reconstruction South in 1879 and 1880 to start anew in Kansas were known as

exodusters

The social gap ____ as a result of industrialization.

increased

concerned with the power of business and banks and sought to institute the eight hour day and more federal economic involvement to regulate and disperse power.

populist party

Gilded age______ were similar to whigs and hamilton followers, supporting businesses and protective tariffs.

republicans

Western Railroads created...

settlement

At the end of the nineteenth century, the desire of American business to control supplies of raw materials led to

vertical integration