APUSH vocab

Liberia,

in 1822 the Republic of Liberia, on the fever-stricken West African coast, was established for former slaves.

American Anti-Slavery Society.

in 1833 they founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. Prominent among them was Wendell Phillips, a Boston patrician known as "abolition's golden trumpet."

Gag Resolution.

in 1836 sensitive southerners drove through the House the so-called Gag Resolution. It required all such antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate.

Creole.

in 1841, when British officials in the Bahamas offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled and captured the American ship

Chinese Exclusion Act

in 1882, prohibiting nearly all further immigration from China.

American Federation of Labor,

in 1886, the American Federation of Labor was just what it called itself—a federation. It consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its independence, with the AF of L unifying overall strategy. No individual laborer could join the central organization.

Interstate Commerce Act

in 1887. It prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line. Most important, it set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to administer and enforce the new legislation.

Bretton Woods Conference

in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, the Western Allies established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates. They also founded the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) to promote economic growth in war-ravaged and underdeveloped areas.

Allies

Great Britain, Russia, and France later joined by Italy, Japan, and the US; formed this alliance againt the Central Powers in WWI

Fundamental Orders

(1639): Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a dem o cratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution. (52)

English Civil War

(1642-1651): Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I. (54)

New England Confederation

(1643) Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and connecticut led by Puritans for the purpose of defense and organization; an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War (49)

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

(1644-1646): Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement. (33)

Nathaniel Bacon

(1647-1676) Young Virginia planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley in 1676 to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect frontier settlers from Indian attacks.

Act of Toleration

(1649): Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period. (36

Barbados slave code

(1661): First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries. (37)

Noche Triste (6/30/1520)

"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds; Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule

King Philip's war

(1675-1676): Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New En gland. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New En gland settlers for several decades. (54)

Dominion of New England

(1686-1689): Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New En gland, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in En gland demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control. (55)

First Anglo-Powhatan War

(1614): Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in En gland's campaigns against the Irish. (32)

Mayflower Compact

(1620): Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony. (47)

V-J

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

Great English Migration

(1630-1642): Migration of seventy thousand refugees from En gland to the North American colonies, primarily New En gland and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Mas sa chu setts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Chris tian settlement in the new world. (49)

Pequot War

(1636-1638): Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies. (54)

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Industrial Workers of the World

"wobblies;" radical organization that sought to build "one bigh union" and advocateed idustrial sabatoge in defense of the goal. At its peak in 1923, it could claim 100k memebers and could gain the support of 300k. The IWW particularly appealed to migratory workers in agriculture and lumbering and to miners, all of whom suffered from horrific workign conditions

William Penn

( (O.S. 14 October 1644) 24 October 1644 - 30 July 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

John Winthrop

(12 January 1587/88 - 26 March 1649) was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in what is now New England after Plymouth Colony.

Elizabeth I

(1533- 1603) English queen who created a strong, centralized monarchy based on national unity and a sharing of power between monarchy and Parliament. Virginia was named after her.

Jacobus Arminius

(1560-1609)—Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was open to all, not just the elect

Roanoke Island

(1585): Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina. (28)

John Rolfe

(1585-1622) was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.

Spanish Armada

(1588): Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. (29)

William Bradford

(1590-1657) was a founder and longtime governor of the Plymouth Colony settlement. Born in England, he migrated with the Separatist congregation to the Netherlands as a teenager.

Anne Hutchinson

(1591-1643), was a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638.

William Berkeley

(1606-1677) Royal governor of Virginia, with brief interruptions, from 1641 until his death; He, a member of Virginia's seaboard elite, drew the ire of backwater settlers for refusing to protect them against Indian attacks. This friction eventually led to Bacon's Rebellion.

Jamestown

(1607): First permanent En glish settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company. (30)

Glorious or Bloodless Revolution

(1688): Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority. (55)

salutary neglect

(1688-1763): Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. (56)

John (Peter) Zenger

(1697-1746)—New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state's corrupt royal governor; his acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press

Protestant Reformation

(16th Century): Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in En gland in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.

Jonathan Edwards

(1703-1758)—New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening; emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God's grace alone

Tuscarora War

(1711-1713): Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Indians were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation. (40)

New York slave revolt

(1712)—Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks

George Whitefield

(1714-1770)—Iterant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening; his emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, "Old Light," ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice

Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s)—Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century

Poor Richard's Almanack

(1732-1758)—Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense

Zenger trial

(1734-1735)—New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel

Michel (-Gullaume Jean de) Crevecoeur

(1735-1813)—French settler whose essays depicted life in the North American colonies and described what he saw as a new American identity—an amalgam of multiple ethnicities and cultures

Molasses Act

(1737)—Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling

John (Singleton) Copley

(1738-1815)—Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere; loyalist during the Revolutionary war, he spent the rest of his life in London, painting portraits of British aristocrats and depicting scenes from English history

South Carolina slave revolt

(1739)—Uprising also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than 50 South Carolina blacks along the Stono River; the slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia

John Trumbull

(1756-1843)—Connecticut-born painter who, like many of his contemporaries, traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions; he was best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence

Paxton Boys

(1764)—were frontiersmen of Scots-Irish origin from along the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group to retaliate in 1763 against local American Indians in the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion

Regulator movement

(1768-1771)—Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite

Sir Edmund Andros

(6 December 1637 - 24 February 1714) was an English colonial administrator in North America. He was the governor of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence.

Congress of Racial Equality

(CORE) Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

Henry Hudson

(Died 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. He made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a prospective Northwest Passage to Cathay (today's China) via a route above the Arctic Circle.

New Deal

(FDR) , , President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Phillis Wheatley

(ca. 1753-1784)—African-American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems; as a young girl, she lived in Boston, and was later taken to England where she found a publisher willing to distribute her work

Iroquois Confederacy

(late 1500s): Bound together five tribes — the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. (42)

criminal syndicalism laws

- made it a criminal offense to advocate Bolsheviks or IWW ideologies. -Was repeatedly invoked to discourage union agitators in such tense situations as the 1923 San Pedro waterfront strike, various cannery strikes, during the 1930's, and work stoppages in 1933 and 1934 among vegetables, fruit, and cotton pickers of the Imperial and San Joaquin Valleys

Operation Wetback

. In a massive roundup of illegal immigrants, dubbed Operation Wetback in reference to the migrants' watery route across the Rio Grande, as many as 1 million Mexicans were apprehended and returned to Mexico in 1954.

United Negro Improvement Association

..., A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 act that sharply increased tariffs on imported goods; most Republican leaders of the 1920s firmly believed in "protectionist" policies that would increase profits for American businesses.

Agricultural Marketing Act

1929 act championed by Herbert Hoover that authorized the lending of federal money to farmer's cooperatives to buy crops to keep them from the over saturated market; program hampered by lack of adequate federal financial support

Federal Reserve Act

An act establishing twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in thhe volatile banking secotr. The law carried the nation through the financial crises of the First World War

Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Johnson Debt Default

1934- prohibited any loans ( including private ones) to any government that had defaulted on its World War I debts to the United States

Rome-Berlin Axis

1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Mary II

1662-1694. Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1694). The eldest daughter of James II, she ruled jointly with her husband, William III, the former William of Orange, at the behest of the Protestant opponents of her father.

Federal Trade Commission Act

A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling goods

Shay's Rebellion

A rebellion led by Daniel Shay and his followers because they were losing their land, but it failed

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

John Calvin

1509-64, French theologian and reformer in Switzerland: leader in the Protestant Reformation

Pocahontas

1617. Powhatan princess who befriended the English colonists at Jamestown and is said to have saved Capt. John Smith from execution by her people. She married the colonist John Rolfe (1614) and later traveled to England, where she died. Pocahontas.

Charles II

1630-1685. King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Roger Williams

A Puritan religious leader of the seventeenth century, born in England. After he was expelled from Massachusetts for his tolerant religious views, he founded the colony of Rhode Island as a place of complete religious toleration.

Turnpike

A broad, hard-surfaced highway known for a tollgate barrier of sharp pikes which were turned aside when the toll was paid

American plan

A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an "open shop" in contrast to the mandatory union membership through the "closed shop" that many labor activists had demanded in the strike after World War I.

modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Congress of Industrial ORganizationss

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

Laird rams

A final Anglo-American crisis was touched off in 1863 by the Laird rams—two Confederate warships being constructed in the shipyard of John Laird and Sons in Great Britain. Designed to destroy the wooden ships of the Union navy with their iron rams and large-caliber guns, they were far more dangerous than the swift but lightly armed Alabama. If delivered to the South, they probably would have sunk the blockading squadrons and then brought Northern cities under their fire. In retaliation the North doubtless would have invaded Canada, and a full-dress war with Britain would have erupted.

Teapot Dome scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Hitler-Stalin Pact

A letter sent from Stalin to Hitler in 1939, it gave Germany the permission to wage war on Poland, meaning an agreement of neutrality between the Soviet Union and Germany. Treaty signed on August 23, 1939 in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other; the fateful agreement paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western democracies

closed shop

A major goal of Gompers was the "trade agreement" authorizing the closed shop—or all-union labor.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression. a public work relief program for unemployed men so they have jobs. the men worked on jobs related to conservation and development of natural resources

Constitutional Union party,

A middle-of-the-road group, fearing for the Union, hastily organized the Constitutional Union party, sneered at as the "Do Nothing" or "Old Gentleman's" party. It consisted mainly of former Whigs and Know- Nothings, a veritable "gathering of graybeards." Desperately anxious to elect a compromise candidate, they met in Baltimore and nominated for the presidency John Bell of Tennessee.

Caroline,

An American steamer, the Caroline, was carrying supplies to the insurgents across the swift Niagara River. It was finally attacked on the New York shore by a determined British force, which set the vessel on fire. Lurid American illustrators showed the flaming ship, laden with shrieking souls, plummeting over Niagara Falls.

Ku Klux Klan,

A number of secret organizations mushroomed forth, the most notorious of which was the "Invisible Empire of the South," or Ku Klux Klan, founded in Tennessee in 1866.

Red Scare

A period during the Cold War where the American public was terrified of Communists and the spread of Communism.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Molly Maguires

A shadowy Irish miners union that rocked the Pennsylvania coal districts in the 1860's and 1870's

London Economic Conference

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.

Monitor,

A tiny Union ironclad, the Monitor, built in about one hundred days, arrived on the scene in the nick of time.

Duke of York

A title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, usually been given to the second son of English (later British) monarchs. The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany.

Captain John Smith

An English adventurer and explorer of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Smith was one of the original settlers of Jamestown in 1607. He was taken prisoner by the braves of the Native American chief Powhatan.

Adkins vs Children's Hospital

Act that erased Muler vs Oregon, took away special rights for women

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Activated the low tariff policies of New Dealers, aimed at both relief, recover, reversed the traditional high protective tariff

responsorial

African practices also persisted in the responsorial style of preaching, in which the congregation frequently punctuated the minister's remarks with assents andamens—an adaptation of the give-and-take between caller and dancers in the African ringshout dance.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English explorer of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. He is best known for his expeditions to the Americas and for introducing tobacco and the potato, two products of the New World, into England

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

After heavy fighting, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers in February 1862. When the Confederate commander at Fort Donelson asked for terms, Grant bluntly demanded "an uncon- ditional and immediate surrender."

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Half-Way Covenant

Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second- and third-generation Puritans.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

ABC-1 Agreement

Agreement with Britain that adopted the strategy to defeat Germany before concentrating on Japan If the U.S. entered the war, then it would focus its efforts first on Germany. After Germany was defeated, the Allies would focus on Japan.

Nine-Power Treaty

All at the Conference; deals with China and keeping the Open Door Policy; guarantees the political and the territorial integrity of China 1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

Metacom (King Philip)

Also Known as Phil·ip Died 1676. He was the Wampanoag leader who waged King Philip's War (1675-1676) with New England colonists who had encroached on Native American territory

blue laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. These were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New En gland and Quaker Pennsylvania. (62)

Executive Order no. 9066

American citizens of Japanese ancestry were forced into internment camps in 1942. They lost their homes, businesses and personal property This was after Pearl Harbor. 110,000 were shipped to California, Utah and Arizona to barged wired camps They had to carry papers with them like Jews in Germany

the Maine

Americans if a dangerous flare-up should occur and to demonstrate Washington's concern for the island's stability. Tragedy struck on February 15, 1898, when the Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor, with a loss of 260 sailors.

the Alabama.

Another major crisis in Anglo-American relations arose over the unneutral building in Britain of Con- federate commerce-raiders, notably the Alabama. These vessels were not warships within the meaning of loopholed British law because they left their shipyards unarmed and picked up their guns elsewhere. The Alabama escaped in 1862 to the Portuguese Azores, and there took on weapons and a crew from two British ships that followed it. Although flying the Confederate flag and officered by Confederates, it was manned by Britons and never entered a Confederate port. Britain was thus the chief naval base of the Confederacy.

Harpers Ferry,

At scenic Harpers Ferry, he seized the federal arsenal in October 1859, incidentally killing seven innocent people, including a free black, and injuring ten or so more. But the slaves, largely ignorant of Brown's strike, failed to rise, and the wounded Brown and the remnants of his tiny band were quickly captured by U.S. Marines under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee.

Free Soil party.

Ardent antislavery men in the North, distrusting both Cass and Taylor, organized the Free Soil party. Aroused by the conspiracy of silence in the Democratic and Whig platforms, the Free-Soilers made no bones about their own stand. They came out four- square for the Wilmot Proviso and against slavery in the territories.

Leisler's Rebellion

Armed conflict between aspiring merchants and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to re-create European social structures in the New World.

Tenure of Office Act

As an initial step, Congress in 1867 passed the Tenure of Office Act—as usual, over Johnson's veto. Contrary to precedent, the new law required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body.

Homestead Strike

At Andrew Carnegie's Homestead steel plant near Pittsburgh, company officials called in three hundred armed Pinkerton detectives in July to crush the defiant Homestead Strike by steelworkers angry over pay cuts. Strikers, armed with rifles and dynamite, forced their assailants to surrender after a vicious battle that left ten people dead and some sixty wounded. Troops were eventually summoned, and both the strike and the union were broken. That same month, federal troops bloodily smashed a strike among silver miners in Idaho's fabled Coeur d'Alene district.

City Beautiful movement.

city not just to look beautiful but also to convey a confident sense of harmony, order, and monumentality.

Second Battle of Bull Run

At the Second Battle of Bull Run (August 29-30, 1862), he encountered a Federal force under General John Pope. A handsome, dashing, soldierly figure, Pope boasted that in the western theater of war, from which he had recently come, he had seen only the backs of the enemy. Lee quickly gave him a front view, furiously attacking Pope's troops and inflicting a crushing defeat.

Copperheads,

At the extreme were the so- called Copperheads, named for the poisonous snake that strikes without a warning rattle. Copperheads openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and especially, after 1863, against emancipation.

Court packing plan

Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.

American Colonization Society

Because of the widespread loathing of blacks, some of the earliest abolitionist efforts focused on trans- porting blacks bodily back to Africa. The American Colonization Society was founded for this purpose in 1817,

Keynesianism

Belief in aggressive government intervention to combat recession & promote economic growth, especially by massive federal spending ("stimulus")

antinomianism

Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson. (51)

Lusitania

British passenger liner that sank after it was torpedoed by Germany on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the US closer to war

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Emancipation Proclamation.

Bloody Antietam was also the long-awaited "victory" that Lincoln needed for launching his Emancipation Proclamation. The abolitionists had long been clamoring for action: Wendell Phillips was denouncing the president as a "first-rate second- rate man."

Opium War,

Britain had recently humbled China in the Opium War, fought to secure the right of British traders to peddle opium in the Celestial Kingdom.

Barcero program

Brought workers from Mexico to work in U.S To recruit Mexican-Americans for the war

World's Columbian Exposition,

Burnham's first major project, which came to symbolize the City Beautiful movement, was his design for the great World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893. His imposing landscape of pavilions and fountains honored the four hundredth anniversary of Columbus's first voyage

Fredericksburg,

Burnside proved it when he launched a rash frontal attack on Lee's strong position at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on December 13, 1862. A chicken could not have lived in the line of fire, remarked one Confederate officer. More than ten thousand Northern soldiers were killed or wounded in "Burnside's Slaughter Pen."

panic of 1873.

Bursting with startling rapidity, the crash was one of those periodic plummets that rollercoastered the economy in this age of unbridled capitalist expansion. Overreaching promoters had laid more railroad track, sunk more mines, erected more factories, and sowed more grainfields than existing markets could bear. Bankers, in turn, had made too many imprudent loans to finance those enterprises. When profits failed to materialize, loans went unpaid, and the whole credit-based house of cards fluttered down.

Shiloh,

But a Confederate force foiled his plans in a gory battle at Shiloh, just over the Tennessee border from Corinth, on April 6-7, 1862. Though Grant successfully counterattacked, the impressive Confederate showing at Shiloh confirmed that there would be no quick end to the war in the West

black belt

By 1860 most slaves were concentrated in the black belt of the Deep South that stretched from South Carolina and Georgia into the new southwest states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

predestination

Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect." (47)

Compromise of 1850

Cali is free, Texas-NM terriotry dispute goes to NM, D.C. cant have slavery. Rest of terrioty from war with Mexico open to slavery. Texas gets billions in compensation. More strigent fugitive-slave laws

vertical integration,

Carnegie thus pioneered the creative entrepreneurial tactic of vertical integration, combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. His goal was to improve efficiency by making supplies more reliable, controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production, and eliminating middlemen's fees

proprietary colonies

Colonies—Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors

Morrill Tariff Act,

Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Act, superseding the low Tariff of 1857.

Tariff of 1857.

Congress, embarrassed by a large Treasury surplus, had enacted the Tariff of 1857. The new law, responding to pressures from the South, reduced duties to about 20 percent on dutiable goods—the lowest point since the War of 1812.

Force Acts

Congress, outraged by this night-riding lawlessness, passed the harsh Force Acts of 1870 and 1871. Federal troops were able to stamp out much of the "lash law," but by this time the Invisible Empire had already done its work of intimidation. Many of the outlawed groups continued their tactics in the guise of "dancing clubs," "missionary societies," and "rifle clubs."

Manifest Destiny.

Countless citizens in the 1840s and 1850s, feeling a sense of mission, believed that Almighty God had "manifestly" destined the American people for a hemispheric career. They would irresistibly spread their uplifting and ennobling democratic institutions over at least the entire continent, and possibly over South America as well. Land greed and ideals—"empire" and "liberty"—were thus conveniently conjoined.

Wilmot Proviso

David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, fearful of the southern "slavocracy," introduced a fateful amendment. It stipulated that slavery should never exist in any of the territory to be wrested from Mexico.

Battle of D-Day

Day of the invasion of Western Europe by allied forces-June 6, 1944; landed at Normandy, France

Yamasee Indians

Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. Their defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies. (40)

Calvinism

Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation. (46)

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

"waving the bloody shirt"

reviving gory memories of the Civil War—which became for the first time a prominent feature of a presidential campaign.* "Vote as You Shot" was a powerful Republican slogan aimed at Union army veterans.

squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more in de pen dent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors. (40)

Headright System

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

Thirteenth Amendment

End of slavery in the US 1865

Puritans

English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of En gland of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout members of this group believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership. (47)

Royal African Company

English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony. (28)

Aroostook War,

English were determined, as a defensive precaution against the Yankees, to build a road westward from the seaport of Halifax to Québec. But the proposed route ran through disputed territory—claimed also by Maine under the misleading peace treaty of 1783. Tough-knuckled lumberjacks from both Maine and Canada entered the disputed no-man's-land of the tall-timbered Aroostook River valley. Ugly fights flared up, and both sides summoned the local militia. The small-scale lumber- jack clash, which was dubbed the Aroostook War, threatened to widen into a full-dress shooting war.

Neutrality Act of 1939

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position Act that allowed nations at war to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise on their own ships

Underground Railroad.

Even more disagreeable to the South was the loss of runaway slaves, many of whom were assisted north by the Underground Railroad. This virtual freedom train consisted of an informal chain of "stations" (antislavery homes) through which scores of "passengers" (runaway slaves) were spirited by "conductors" (usually white and black abolitionists) from the slave states to the free-soil sanctuary of Canada

Antietam

Events finally converged toward a critical battle at Antietam Creek, Maryland. Lincoln, yielding to popular pressure, hastily restored "Little Mac" to active command of the main Northern army.

Realism

Foregoing romantic pageantry and supernatural melodrama, American authors increasingly found their subjects in the coarse human comedy and material drama of the world around them.

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

Expansionist Democrats were strongly swayed by the intoxicating spell of Manifest Destiny. They came out flat-footedly in their platform for the "Reannexation of Texas"† and the "Reoccupation of Oregon," all the way to 54° 40'. O

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Union party

Fearing defeat, the Republican party executed a clever maneuver. Joining with the War Democrats, it proclaimed itself to be the Union party (see Figure 21.1). Thus the Republican party passed temporarily out of existence.

Yalta conference,

Final plans were laid for smashing the buckling German lines and assigning occupation zones in Germany to the victorious powers. Stalin agreed that Poland, with revised boundaries, should have a representative government based on free elections—a pledge he soon broke. Bulgaria and Romania were likewise to have free elections—a promise also flouted. The Big Three further announced plans for fashioning a new international peacekeeping organization, the United Nations.

New York draft riots

For several days the New York draft riots put the city at the mercy of a rampaging, pillaging mob. Scores of lives were lost, and the victims included many lynched blacks. Elsewhere in the North, conscription met with resentment and an occasional minor riot.

James Oglethorpe

Founded Georgia; competent military leader who repelled the spanish

Lord Baltimore

Founded Maryland in order to create a haven for people who believed in Christ. Passed the act of toleration

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

Four provisions of the U.S. Banking Act of 1933 that limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations within commercial banks and securities firms. Apart from separating commercial and investment banking, it also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which guaranteed bank deposits up to a specified limit.

u-boats

German Sumbarines

Zimmermann note

German foreigh secretary Artuhur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States, When the note was intercepted and published in March 1917, it caused an uproar that made some Americans more willing to enter war

Central Powers

Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance agaisnt the Allies in WWI

Factory Girls

Girls who worked in factories for long hours with grueling work

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Wilderness Campaign,

Grant, with more than 100,000 men, struck toward Richmond. He engaged Lee in a series of furious battles in the Wilderness of Virginia, during May and June of 1864, notably in the leaden hurricane of the "Bloody Angle" and "Hell's Half Acre."

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

lost generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe A group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Harriet Beecher Stowe, a wisp of a woman and the mother of a half- dozen children, published her heartrending novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Dismayed by the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, she was determined to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery by laying bare its terrible inhumanity, especially the cruel splitting of families.

Open Door note.

Hay dispatched to all the great powers a communication soon known as the Open Door note. He urged them to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition.

Treaty of Wanghia,

Impressed by Cushing's charm and largesse—and also eager for a counterweight to the meddlesome British—silk-gowned Chinese diplomats signed the Treaty of Wanghia, the first formal diplomatic agreement between the United States and China, on July 3, 1844.

rock 'n' roll

rock was "crossover" music, carrying its heavy beat and driving rhythms across the cultural divide that separated black and white musical traditions.

War Industries Board

Headed by Baruch, this agency coordinated industrial production during WWI, setting production quotas, allocating raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Under the economic mobilization of the War Industries Board, industrial production in the US increased 20% during the war

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.

Federal Highway Act of 1956

Ike also backed a public works project that dwarfed anything the New Dealers had dreamed of. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 authorized a $27 billion plan to build forty-two thousand miles of sleek, fast motorways.

Nat Turner's rebellion

In 1831 the semiliterate Nat Turner, a visionary black preacher, led an uprising that slaughtered about sixty Virginians, mostly women and children. Reprisals were swift and bloody, and Nat Turner's rebellion was soon extinguished.

, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.

In 1845 he published his classic autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. It depicted his remarkable origins as the son of a black slave woman and a white father, his struggle to learn to read and write, and his eventual escape to the North.

buffer

In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory. (41)

Seward's Folly,

In 1867 Secretary of State William Seward, an ardent expansionist, signed a treaty with Russia that transferred Alaska to the United States for the bar- gain price of $7.2 million (see Map 22.2). But Seward's enthusiasm for these frigid wastes was not shared by his ignorant or uninformed countrymen, who jeered at Seward's Folly, "Seward's Icebox," "Frigidia," and "Walrussia."

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

In 1890 militant suffragists formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Its founders included aging pioneers like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who had helped organize the first women's rights convention in 1848, and her long-time comrade Susan B. Anthony, the radical Quaker spitfire who had courted jail by trying to cast a ballot in the 1872 presidential election.

Cold War.

In a fateful progression of events, marked often by misperceptions as well as by genuine conflicts of inter- est, the two powers provoked each other into a tense standoff known as the Cold War. Enduring four and a half decades, the Cold War not only shaped Soviet- American relations; it overshadowed the entire postwar international order in every corner of the globe.

conversion

Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation. (47)

Boxer Rebellion,

In what became known as the Boxer Rebellion, they murdered more than two hundred foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians and besieged the foreign diplomatic community in the capital, Beijing

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

"10 percent" Reconstruction plan.

It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when the equivalent of at least 10 percent of its total voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be formal erection of a state government. Lincoln would then recognize the purified regime

Taft-Hartley Act

It outlawed the "closed" (all-union) shop, made unions liable for dam- ages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a non- communist oath.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Japanese to sign the land- mark Treaty of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854. It provided for proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors, American coaling rights in Japan, and the establish- ment of consular relations.

Caravel

small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails; they could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible dur to prevailing winds on the homeward journey

yellow journalism

Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian-born and near-blind, was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism through his ownership of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and New York World. His use of colored comic supplements featuring the "Yellow Kid" gave the name yellow journalism to his lurid sheets.

Potsdam conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Henry Viii

King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

William III

Known as "William of Orange." 1650-1702. King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1702), Dutch stadholder (1672-1702), and prince of Orange.

Haymarket Square

Labor disorders had broken out, and on May 4, 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a meeting called to protest alleged brutalities by the authorities. Suddenly a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured several dozen people, including police.

Common Law

Law that is defined by avoiding too many details

Civil Law

Law that is defined by being extremely detailed

Lyceum

Lecture associations that provided platforms for speakers in areas such as science, literature, and moral philosophy

charter

Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of En glishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. (30)

primogeniture

Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas. (30)

horizontal integration,

Less justifiable on grounds of efficiency was the technique of horizontal integration, which simply meant allying with competitors to monopolize a given market. Rockefeller was a master of this stratagem.

Bull Run (Manassas Junction),

Lincoln eventually concluded that an attack on a smaller Con- federate force at Bull Run (Manassas Junction), some thirty miles southwest of Washington, might be worth a try. The "military picnic" at Bull Run, though not deci- sive militarily, bore significant psychological and politi- cal consequences, many of them paradoxical. Victory was worse than defeat for the South because it inflated an already dangerous overconfidence.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln journeyed to Gettysburg to dedicate the cemetery. He read a two-minute address, following a two-hour speech by the orator of the day, a former president of Harvard. Lincoln's noble remarks were branded by the London Times as "ludicrous" and by Democratic editors as "dishwatery" and "silly." The Gettysburg Address attracted relatively little attention at the time, but the president was speaking for the ages.

Freeport question.

Lincoln nearly impaled his opponent on the horns of a dilemma. Suppose, he queried, the people of a territory should vote slavery down. The Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision had decreed that they could not. Who would prevail, the Court or the people?

Lincoln-Douglas debates

Lincoln, as Republican nominee for the Senate seat, boldly challenged Douglas to a series of joint debates. This was a rash act because the stumpy senator was probably the nation's most devastating debater. Doug- las promptly accepted Lincoln's challenge, and seven meetings—the famed Lincoln-Douglas debates— were arranged from August to October 1858.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). The strict adherence to a particular doctrine.

Clipper Ships

Long, narrow ships that glided across the sea under towering masts and clouds of canvas that could outrun a steamer ship

Homestead Act

Major magnets were free gold nuggets and free land under the Homestead Act of 1862. Strong propellants were the federal draft agents. The only major Northern industry to suffer a crippling setback was the ocean-carrying trade, which fell prey to the Alabama and other raiders.

sharecropping

Many blacks (as well as poor whites) were forced into sharecropping and tenant farming. Former slaves often found themselves at the mercy of former masters who were now their landlords and creditors. Through the "crop-lien" system, storekeepers extended credit to small farmers for food and supplies and in return took a lien on their harvests. Shrewd merchants manipulated the system so that farmers remained perpetually in debt to them.

Reconstruction Act

March 2, 1867 (see Map 22.1). Supplemented by later measures, this drastic legislation divided the South into five military districts, each commanded by a Union general and policed by blue-clad soldiers, about twenty thousand all told. The act also temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates.

Dred Scott v. Stanford

March 6, 1857, abruptly ended the two-day presidential honeymoon of the unlucky bachelor, James Buchanan. This pronouncement was one of the opening paper-gun blasts of the Civil War.

V-E

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Army-McCarthy hearings

McCarthy finally bent the bow too far when he attacked the U.S. Army.

Peninsula Campaign

McClellan warily inched toward the Confederate capital in the spring of 1862 with about 100,000 men. After taking a month to capture historic Yorktown, which bristled with imitation wooden cannon, he finally came within sight of the spires of Richmond.

Gettysburg,

Meade took his stand atop a low ridge flanking a shallow valley near quiet little Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (see Map 21.4). There his 92,000 men in blue locked in furious combat with Lee's 76,000 gray-clad warriors. The battle seesawed across the rolling green slopes for three agonizing days, July 1-3, 1863, and the outcome was in doubt until the very end.

Ostend Manifesto.

Meeting initially at Ostend, Belgium, the three envoys drew up a top-secret dispatch, soon known as the Ostend Manifesto. This startling document urged that the administration offer $120 million for Cuba. If Spain refused, and if its continued ownership endangered American interests, the United States would "be justified in wresting" the island from the Spanish.

Indentured Servants

Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement.

Ex parte Milligan

Military Reconstruction of the South not only usurped certain functions of the president as com- mander in chief but set up a martial regime of dubious legality. The Supreme Court had already ruled, in the case Ex parte Milligan (1866), that military tribunals could not try civilians, even during wartime, in areas where the civil courts were open.

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as twenty-five thousand Native Americans

Appomattox Courthouse

Rap- idly advancing Northern troops captured Richmond and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia, in April 1865. Grant—stubble-bearded and informally dressed—met with Lee on the ninth, Palm Sunday, and granted generous terms of surrender.

Union League,

Their primary vehicle became the Union League, originally a pro-Union organization based in the North. Assisted by Northern blacks, freedmen turned the league into a network of political clubs that educated members in their civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates.

code talkers

Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language Indians who transmitted messages in their native languages; languages which the Germans and Japanese could not understand

McKinley Tariff

Then sugar markets went sour in 1890 when the McKinley Tariff raised barriers against the Hawaiian product.

Checkers Speech

Nixon himself faltered late in the campaign amid accusations that he had accepted illegal donations. Responding with a self-pitying live address on television, Nixon denied the charges and solemnly declared that the only campaign gift he had ever received was the family cocker spaniel, Checkers. The shameless and mawkish Checkers Speech s

Freeport Doctrine.

No matter how the Supreme Court ruled, Douglas argued, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down. Laws to protect slavery would have to be passed by the territorial legislatures.

Black Codes.

These laws were designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks, much as the slave statutes had done in pre-Civil War days.

Disestablished

Not supported by the government

Korean War

Officially, the United States was simply participating in a United Nations "police action." Participating nations, including Great Britain, Canada, and the Philippines, did make significant troop contributions. But the United States provided 88 percent of the U.N. contingents, and General MacArthur, U.N. commander of the entire operation, took his orders from Washington, not from the Security Council

Jeremiad

Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century;

Freedmen's Bureau

On paper at least, the bureau was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency. It was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees.

Shakers

One of the longest lived sects of utopian societies that was founded in England and brought to America by Mother Ann Lee

Sherman's march

One of the major purposes of Sherman's march was to destroy supplies destined for the Confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by waging war on their homes

Populists,

Out of the Farmers' Alliances a new political party emerged in the early 1890s—the People's party. Better known as the Populists, these frustrated farmers attacked Wall Street and the "money trust." They called for nationalizing the railroads, telephone, and telegraph; instituting a graduated income tax; and creating a new federal "subtreasury"—a scheme to provide farmers with loans for crops stored in government-owned warehouses, where they could be held until market prices rose. They also wanted the free and unlimited coinage of silver—yet another of the debtors' demands for inflation that echoed continuously throughout the Gilded Age.

Underwood Tariff

this tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. by 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened

Meuse -Argonne offensive

Pershing led troops in this effort to cut the German railroad lines supplying the western front. One of the few major battles that Ameriacns participated in during the entire war, it was still under way when the world was over

Liberty party

Polk nipped Henry Clay at the wire, 170 to 105 votes in the Electoral College and 1,338,464 to 1,300,097 in the popular column. Clay would have won if he had not lost New York State by a scant 5,000 votes. There the tiny antislavery Liberty party absorbed nearly 16,000 votes, many of which would otherwise have gone to the unlucky Kentuckian.

Sunbelt

—a fifteen-state area stretching in a smiling crescent from Virginia through Florida and Texas to Arizona and California. This region increased its population at a rate nearly double that of the old industrial zones of the Northeast (the "Frostbelt").

Pope's Rebellion

Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico.

Pacific Railroad Act,

Rairoad through things

The American Scholar

Ralph Waldo Emerson's Phi Beta Kappa address that was an intellectual declaration of independence

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Quakers

Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who spotted heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

House of Burgesses

Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virgina, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies (33)

Wade-Davis Bill.

Republicans therefore rammed through Congress in 1864 the Wade-Davis Bill. The bill required that 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe- guards for emancipation than Lincoln's as the price of readmission to the Union. Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" this bill by refusing to sign it after Congress had adjourned.

the trust.

Rockefeller was a master of this stratagem. He perfected a device for controlling bothersome rivals— the trust. Stockholders in various smaller oil companies assigned their stock to the board of directors of his Standard Oil Company,

Standard Oil Company,

Rockefeller was a master of this stratagem. He perfected a device for controlling bothersome rivals— the trust. Stockholders in various smaller oil companies assigned their stock to the board of directors of his Standard Oil Company, formed in 1870. It then consolidated and concerted the operations of the previously competing enterprises. "

Muller v Oregon

SCOTUS case in which attorney Brandeis persuaded the court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers. Coming on the heels of Lochner v New York, it established a different standard for male and female workers

Schenck v United States

SCOTUS decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, reasoning that freedom of speech cound be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation

Congregational Church

Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church.

Bleeding Kansas

Senator Charles Sumner of Mas- sachusetts, a tall and imposing figure, was a leading abolitionist—one of the few prominent in political life. Highly educated but cold, humorless, intolerant, and egotistical, he had made himself one of the most disliked men in the Senate. Brooding over the turbulent miscarriage of popular sovereignty, he delivered a blistering speech titled "The Crime Against Kansas." Sparing few epithets, he condemned the proslavery men as "hirelings picked from the drunken spew and vomit of an uneasy civilization." He also referred insultingly to South Carolina and to its white-haired senator Andrew Butler, one of the best-liked members of the Senate.

Navigation Laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only En glish ships would be allowed to trade in En glish and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through En gland. (55)

Salem Witch Trials

Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the governor of Massachusetts.

Slave Codes

Set of laws beginning in 1662 defining racial slavery. They established the hereditary nature of slavery and limited the rights and education of slaves.

Hoovervilles

Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that thte people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.

joint-stock company

Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund En gland's early colonial ventures. (30)

Conquistadores

Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan Empire.

Separatists

Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of En gland; after initially settling in Holland, a number of En glish Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Mas sa chu setts in 1620. (47)

Fourteenth Amendment.

So the lawmakers undertook to rivet the principles of the Civil Rights Bill into the Constitution as the Fourteenth Amendment. The proposed amendment, approved by Congress and sent to the states in June 1866 and ratified in 1868, was among the most sweeping amendments ever passed and proved to be a major pillar of constitutional law ever after.

Great Rapprochement

Sometimes called the Great Rapprochement—or reconciliation—between the United States and Britain, the new Anglo-American cordiality became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies as the twentieth century opened.

Encomienda

Spanish government's policy to "commend" or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise of Christianize them; it was part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North Amerocan main lands

New Immigrants

The so-called New Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe. Among them were Italians, Jews, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles. They came from countries with little history of democratic government, where people had grown accustomed to cringing before despotism and where opportunities for advancement were few.

American Temperance Society

The society formed to implore drinkers to sign the temperance pledge

insurrectos

Sugar production— the backbone of the island's prosperity—was crippled when the American tariff of 1894 restored high duties on the toothsome product. The desperate insurgents now sought to drive out their Spanish overlords by adopting a scorched-earth policy. The insurrectos torched canefields and sugar mills and dynamited passenger trains. Their destructive tactics also menaced American interests on the island.

Chesapeake Affair

That attack of the U.S. ship the Chesapeake by the British right off the coast of Virginia

Corrupt Bargain

The "deal" between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams that Clay would help Adams become president if Adams appointed him Secretary of State

Nuremberg war crimes trial

The Allies joined in trying twenty-two top culprits at the Nuremberg war crimes trial during 1945-1946. Accusations included committing crimes against the laws of war and humanity and plotting aggressions contrary to solemn treaty pledges.

Berlin airlift

The Americans organized the gigantic Berlin airlift in the midst of hair-trigger tension. For nearly a year, flying some of the very aircraft that had recently dropped bombs on Berlin, American pilots ferried thousands of tons of supplies a day to the grateful Berliners, their former enemies.

Dominion of Canada

The British Parliament established the Dominion of Canada in 1867. It was partly designed to bolster the Canadians, both politically and spiritually, against the possible vengeance of the United States.

Gold Standard Act

The Gold Standard Act of 1900, passed over last-ditch silverite opposition, provided that the paper currency be redeemed freely in gold. N

Congress of Vienna

The Congress that set into place the redrafting of Napoleon's map of Europe

Midnight Judges

The Federalist judges that were commissioned by Adams on his last day in office in spite of Thomas Jefferson

Battle of the Little Bighorn.

The Fetterman massacre led to one of the few— though short-lived—Indian triumphs in the plains wars, the Battle of the Little Bighorn. In another Treaty of Fort Laramie, signed in 1868, the government abandoned the Bozeman Trail.

Foraker Act

The Foraker Act of 1900 accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government (and outlawed cock- fighting, a favorite island pastime). Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917 but withheld full self-rule. A

Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act

The Norris-LaGuardia Act outlawed yellow-dog contracts (pledges by workers not to join a labor union) and further restricted the use of court injunctions in labor disputes against strikes, picketing, and boycotts

Marbury vs. Madison

The Supreme Court case that led to the creation of judicial review by John Marshal

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

The Supreme Court case where Dartmouth had a charter from King George III and New Hampshire tried to change it, but John Marshal would not let them because it was still a contract, and contracts cannot be broken by states under the Constitution

Cohens vs. Virginia

The Supreme Court case where John Marshal made it clear that the Supreme Court was able to assert its rights to review any decisions made by state courts

McCulloch vs. Maryland

The Supreme Court case where Maryland attempted to destroy part of the Bank of America by putting a tax on its notes, but John Marshal said that Maryland had no right to tax the bank

Gibbons vs. Ogden

The Supreme Court case where New York tried to grant a waterborne commerce monopoly and John Marshal denied them this right because the Constitution said that Congress alone could control interstate commerce

Fletcher vs. Peck

The Supreme Court case where a Georgia legislature granted land to private speculators (fraudulently),then cancelled it, but John Marshal said they couldn't due to the fact that it was still a contract and that the Constitution forbids state laws impairing contracts

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court validated the South's segregationist social order in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). It ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

The Supreme court case where the Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided that their methods were "honorable and peaceful"

U.N.

The United Nations (U.N.) was a successor to the old League of Nations, but it differed from its predecessor in significant ways. Born in a moment of idealism and designed to prevent another great-power war, the League had adopted rules denying the veto power to any party to a dispute. The U.N., by contrast, more realistically provided that no member of the Security Council, dominated by the Big Five powers (the United States, Britain, the USSR, France, and China), could have action taken against it without its consent. The League, in short, presumed great-power conflict; the U.N. presumed great-power cooperation.

Greenbacks

The Washington Treasury also issued greenbacked paper money, totaling nearly $450 million, at face value. This printing-press currency was inadequately supported by gold, and hence its value was determined by the nation's credit.

Burned-Over District

The Western part of New York where the Puritans lived and during the Second Great Awakening had many preachers preaching "hellfire and damnation"

Woman's Loyal League

The Woman's Loyal League had gathered nearly 400,000 signatures on petitions asking Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.

Indian Removal Act

The act passed by Congress in 1830 that moved all Indian tribes then East of the Mississippi West to Indian Territory

Non-Intercourse Act

The act passed by Congress that stopped all trade between the U.S. and Britain and France

Land Act of 1820

The act that authorized a buyer to purchase eighty virgin acres at a minimum cost of $1.25 in cash

Embargo Act

The act that forbade the export of all goods from the U.S., whether in American or foreign ships

Judiciary Act of 1789

The act that organized the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general

Sedition Act

The act that provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment

Farewell Address

The address by Washington as he left office that strongly advised that the U.S. avoid permanent alliances

Ecological Imperialism

The aggressive and often heedless exploitation of the West's natural bounty

Rush-Bagot Agreement

The agreement that severely limited naval armament on the Great lakes and established a border between Canada and the U.S.

Tallmadge Amendment

The amendment that was beat in the Senate that stipulated that no more slaves could be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to enslaved parents already there

"Conscience Whigs"

The antislavery Whigs in Congress— dubbed "Mexican Whigs" or "Conscience Whigs"— were denouncing this "damnable war" with increasing heat. Having secured control of the House in 1847, they were even threatening to vote down supplies for the armies in the field.

The Federalist

The articles created by Madison, Jay, and Hamilton for the New York newspapers as federalist propaganda

Battle of New Orleans

The battle between the British and the U.S. for New Orleans, where the U.S. won due to a British strategy problem

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The battle between the Miami Indians and the U.S. over the Old Northwest

Battle of Tippecanoe

The battle between the small confederacy of Indians led by Tecumseh/the Prophet and the U.S. led by William Henry Harrison, where the Indians lost severely

Alamo

The battle in San Antonio where 200 Texans were trapped in a Spanish Mission for thirteen days until they were finally defeated by Santa Anna

Battle of San Jacinto

The battle where General Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna and forced him to sign two treaties giving Texas independence and removing all Mexican forces from Texas

Deism

The belief that science was more powerful than religion and that there was a superior being who created us all, but it was not Christ

Transcendentalism

The belief that truth comes from not only observation, but also from an inner light that each person possesses that can illuminate the highest truth and put them in direct touch with God

Ancient Order of Hibernians

The benevolent society, aiding the downtrodden Irish in America

Force Bill

The bill that authorized the president to use the army and the navy, if necessary to collect federal tariff duties

Macon's Bill No. 2

The bill that reopened all foreign trade for the U.S., and said that whichever country, Britain or France, chose to dismantle their commercial restrictions, America would embargo the other

Reign of Terror

The bloodiest part of the French Revolution known for its use of the guillotine

National War Labor Board

The board was a composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. It settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts.

Erie Canal

The canal made by New Yorkers that connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River

Great Compromise

The compromise that allowed for the U.S. government to have a bicameral Congress made up of a House of Representatives based on state population and a Senate based on equal representation no matter population

Three-fifths Compromise

The compromise that allowed slaves to be considered as 3/5s of a person in order to boost the Southern population numbers

Levittown

The construction industry boomed in the 1950s and 1960s to satisfy this demand. Pioneered by innovators like the Levitt brothers, whose first Levittown sprouted on New York's Long Island in the 1940s, builders revolutionized the techniques of home con- struction.

Anglo-American Convention

The convention between the U.S. and Britain that fixed boundaries of Canada and the U.S. to try and gain peace

Hartford Convention

The convention called by Federalists in Massachusetts that created a list of grievances to give to the U.S. government

Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

The convention in 1848 that met to discuss woman's rights and gave a Declaration of Sentiments that declared all women and men created equal

Convention of 1800

The convention that ended the 22 year old alliance between France and the U.S.

Nullification Crisis

The crisis between South Carolina and Washington D.C. where South Carolina tried to nullify the Tariff of Abominations and D.C. almost took military action, but it was ended by the Compromise Tariff of 1833

Missouri Compromise

The deal that Missouri could be entered into the Union as a slave state if Maine was entered as a free state, and that no new state could have slavery above the southern border of Missouri

Specie Circular

The decree authorized by Jackson that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard" money

Marshall Plan.

The democratic nations of Europe rose enthusiastically to the life-giving bait of the so-called Marshall Plan. They met in Paris in July 1947 to thrash out the details. There Marshall offered the same aid to the Soviet Union and its allies, if they would make political reforms and accept certain outside controls.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

The divorce between religion and government in Virginia

Loose Construction

The doctrine that The Constitution was derived from the consent of the people and thus permitted the government to act for their benefit

Monroe Doctrine

The doctrine that was meant to warn European powers to leave South and North America alone

Orders in Council

The edicts issued by London that closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping

Compromise of 1877

The election deadlock itself was to be broken by the Electoral Count Act, which Congress passed early in 1877. It set up an electoral commission consisting of fifteen men selected from the Senate, the House, and the Supreme Court

The Liberator.

The emotionally high-strung son of a drunken father and a spiritual child of the Second Great Awakening, Garrison published in Boston the first issue of his militantly anti- slavery newspaper, The Liberator.

Self-Reliance

The essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson about pioneer life

Tariff

The first tariff law, which imposed s low tariff of about 8% on the value of dutiable imports

Articles of Confederation

The first written constitution for the United States that was adopted in 1777 by the Continental Congress

Society of the Cincinnati

The exclusive hereditary order formed by lordly Continental Army officers

Hetch Hetchy Valley

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located

Assumption

The federal government's taking on of all the independent state's debts

Funding at Par

The federal government's way of paying off its debts at face value, plus accumulated interest

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Panic of 1819

The first financial panic in U.S. history, which was caused mostly by over speculation of land in the West

Trent affair,

The first major crisis with Britain came over the Trent affair, late in 1861. A Union warship cruising on the high seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe.

Mormons

The followers of Joseph Smith who believed he was given golden plates from an angel that were deciphered into the book of Mormon

Impressment

The forcible enlistment of sailors

Romanticism

The form of art that focused more on imagination, nature, intuition, and the self

Reform Bill of 1867,

The great English Reform Bill of 1867, under which Britain became a true political democracy, was passed two years after the Civil War ended.

Corps of Discovery

The group of explorers led by Lewis and Clark over the Louisiana Purchase

Republican Motherhood

The idea that believed that women were the keeper's of the nation's conscience

XYZ Affair

The incident where 3 men told the U.S. diplomats to bribe the French government to talk to their foreign minister

Era of Good Feelings

The name for the time in which Monroe was president

Peculiar Institution

The institution of slavery in America

Lecompton Constitution.

The proslavery forces, then in the saddle, devised a tricky document known as the Lecompton Constitution. The people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole, but for the constitution either "with slavery" or "with no slavery." If they voted against slavery, one of the remaining provisions of the constitution would protect the owners of slaves already in Kansas.

Old Northwest

The land that lay northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes

Louisiana Purchase

The large piece of land in Midwest North America that was sold to the U.S. by France

Judiciary Act of 1801

The last thing that was passed by Adams that created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices

Maine Law of 1851

The law that prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor in Maine

Alien Laws

The laws that gave the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace and to deport or imprison foreigners in time of hostilities

Massasoit

The leader of the Wampanoag Indians with the pilgrims arrived in Plymouth

Trail of Tears

The long trip made by the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory, where many Indians died

Cotton Gin

The machine invented by Eli Whitney to separate cotton seed from the cotton fiber 50 times faster than by hand

Pony Express

The mail carrier service from Missouri to California by horseback

McCormick Reaper

The mechanical harvester that changed American subsistence farming into food production

Dawes Severalty Act

The misbegotten offspring of the movement to reform Indian policy was the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Reflecting the forced-civilization views of the reformers, the act dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres.

Awful Disclosures

The nativist book that spoke of "secret sins" of the Catholic church

Civic Virtue

The notion that democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good

grandfather clause

The notorious grandfather clause exempted from those requirements anyone whose forebear had voted in 1860—when, of course, black slaves had not voted at all.

Patent Office

The office which gave the rights of new ideas and inventions to whomever created the patent

Border States.

The only slave states left were the crucial Border States. This group consisted of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware.

Northwest Ordinance

The ordinance that said every area in the Northwest would go through a territorial phase where Congress would make decisions, and then it would apply to be a state when it reached a population of 60,000 or more people

Land Ordinance of 1785

The ordinance that said land in the Northwest Territory would be surveyed and sold to pay off the national debt

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Panic of 1837

The panic caused by rampant speculation, wildcat banks, the Bank War, the Specie Circular, crop failure, and the failure of two British banks

Federalists

The people who pushed for a strong central government

Antifederalists

The people who pushed for strong state governments

Goliad

The place where 400 Texans surrendered and were murdered as "pirates"

New Jersey Plan

The plan that provided for equal representation in a unicameral Congress by states, regardless of size and population

Virginia Plan

The plan that provided that representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress would be based on population

Bank War

The political fight over the Bank of America that was put into place specifically to be a presidential campaign issue in 1832

Tammany Hall

The political machine in New York that was taken over by Irish immigrants

Anti-Masonic Party

The political party that opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic order

Know-Nothing Party

The political party that wanted more rigid restrictions on immigration and laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers

Gilded Age

The political seesaw was delicately balanced through- out most of the Gilded Age (a sarcastic name given by Mark Twain in 1873 to the three-decade-long post-Civil War era). Even a slight nudge could tip the teeter-totter to the advantage of the opposition party. Every presidential election was a squeaker, and the majority party in the House of Representatives switched six times in the eleven sessions between 1869 and 1891.

Limited Liability

The principle that aided the concentration of capital b permitting the individual investor, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, to risk no more than his own share of the corporation's stock

Bank of the United States

The private bank, in which the government is the major stockholder, that holds the U.S. government's surplus monies

Neutrality Proclamation

The proclamation made by Washington that declared the U.S neutral in the French Revolution

Second Great Awakening

The reaffirming of religion's role in American society that brought with it ideas of utopia and abolitionism

Whiskey Rebellion

The rebellion caused by the U.S. excise tax on Whiskey in order to pay off national debt

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

The resolutions created in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts that said that the states should be able to decide whether or not laws should be passed

Greek Revival

The revival of Greek architecture between the 1820s and 1850s

Haitian Revolution

The revolution for Haitian independence from France that resulted in Napoleon wanting to sell the Louisiana Purchase to America

Industrial Revolution

The revolution of industrial products and ideas

Transportation Revolution

The revolution that brought about new ideas and inventions in transportation that increased speed of travel and communication

Revolution of 1800

The revolution that ended the reign of Federalists from presidential office in the U.S.

Market Revolution

The revolution that transformed the American subsistence economy into a network of industry and commerce

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

The scattered state efforts screeched to a halt in 1886. The Supreme Court, in the famed Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois case, decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. If the mechanical monster were to be corralled, the federal government would have to do the job.

Hudson River School

The school for artists that focused on the romantic landscaping form of art

Pet Banks

The several dozen state banks trusted with federal funds

Minstrel Shows

The shows that featured white actors with blackened faces playing stock plantation characters

scalawags and carpetbaggers.

The sight of former slaves holding office deeply offended their onetime masters, who lashed out with particular fury at the freedmen's white allies,

Hundred Days

The special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

The Man Without a Country

The strange case of Vallandigham inspired Edward Everett Hale to write his moving but fictional story of Philip Nolan, The Man Without a Country (1863), which was immensely popular in the North and which helped stimulate devotion to the Union.

West Virginia

The strategic prize of the Ohio River flowed along the northern border of Kentucky and West Virginia—the "mountain white" area that somewhat illegally tore itself from the side of Virginia to become a free state in mid-1861.

Federal Style

The style of American architecture that was borrowed from the classical Greek and Roman examples

American System

The system comprised of three parts: a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a transportation network

Spoils System

The system of rewarding of political supporters with public office

Rendezvous

The system where fur traders met with traders from the East to trade fur for essential goods

Tariff of 1816

The tariff on imports that was instituted to protect U.S. industries

Tariff of Abominations

The tariff passed in 1828 that had extremely high rates and caused the Nullification Crisis between South Carolina and Washington D.C.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

The tariff proposed by Henry Clay to reduce tension between South Carolina and Washington D.C. by slowly reducing the tariff of 1832 by 10% every 8 years until it reaches the rates of the tariff of 1816

Excise Tax

The tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey in order to gain more internal revenue for the U.S.

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty)

The treaty between America and Spain that gave Florida and Oregon to America in return for America giving Spain Texas

Russo-American Treaty

The treaty between Russia and America that placed the southernmost limits of Russia to the southern tip of Alaska

Jay's Treaty

The treaty that attempted to come to a solution between Britain and the U.S. over the attacks of U.S. ships and the British having forts in the U.S.

Treaty of Greenville

The treaty that ended the Battle of Fallen Timbers with the Indian confederacy giving up large pieces of land in the Old Northwest

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty that ended the War of 1812 with an armistice

Pinckney's Treaty

The treaty with Spain that allowed the U.S. to sail on the Mississippi River

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

The unanimous decision of the Warren Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in May 1954 was epochal. In a forceful opinion, the justices ruled that segregation in public schools was "inherently unequal" and thus unconstitutional.

Brook Farm

The utopian society for philosophers that was founded in 1841

Oneida Community

The utopian society founded in New York in 1848 that practiced free love, birth control, and the eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring

New Harmony

The utopian society founder by Robert Owen in 1825

Tripolitan War

The war between Tripoli and the U.S. over money wanted by Tripoli to "protect" the U.S. from Tripoli pirates

War of 1812

The war between the British and the U.S. over impressment, British in the West, and many other issues

Black Hawk War

The war between the Sauk/Fox braves and the Americans over the removal of Indians from their homes

Cult of Domesticity

The widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaking woman

Buena Vista.

There, on February 22-23, 1847, his weakened force of five thousand men was attacked by some twenty thousand march-weary troops under Santa Anna. The Mexicans were finally repulsed with extreme difficulty, and overnight Zachary Taylor became the "Hero of Buena Vista."

Powhatan

They are a Native American people in Virginia. The term may also refer to the leader of those tribes, commonly referred to as Powtitianna. It is estimated that there were about 14,000-21,000 Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

They confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and embracing coveted California. This total expanse, including Texas, was about one- half of Mexico. The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico in the amount of $3,250,000

Amistad

They seized command of the vessel off the coast of Cuba and attempted to sail back to Africa but were driven ashore on Long Island. After two years of imprisonment and several trials, former president John Quincy Adams finally secured their freedom in a brilliant, moving argument before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1841, and the Africans returned to the British colony of Sierra Leone, in West Africa.

immigration Act of 1924

This act abolished the National Origins system; increased annual admission to 170,000 and put a population cap of 20,000 on immigrants from any single nation.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) to investigate "subversion." In 1948 committee member Richard M. Nixon, an ambitious red-catcher, led the chase after Alger Hiss, a prominent ex-New Dealer and a distinguished member of the "eastern establishment."

popular sovereignty.

This was the doctrine that stated that the sovereign people of a territory, under the general principles of the Constitution, should themselves determine the status of slavery.

The Age of Reason

Thomas Paine's book that declared all churches were set up to terrify and enslave mankind

Vicksburg,

Through this narrowing entrance, between Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Port Hudson, Louisiana, flowed herds of vitally needed cattle and other provisions from Louisiana and Texas.

Tuskegee Institute

Washington's commitment to training young blacks in agriculture and the trades guided the curriculum at Tuskegee Institute and made it an ideal place for slave-born George Washington Carver to teach and research.

Middle Passage

Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high.

Water Refugee Board

US agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied terrirtories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps. the agency performed noble work, but it did not begin operations until very late in the war, after millions had already been murdered

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by a planter; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.

patroonships

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property. (58)

Seventh of March speech

Webster's famed Seventh of March speech of 1850 was his finest. It helped turn the tide in the North toward compromise. The clamor for printed copies became so great that Webster mailed out more than 100,000, remarking that 200,000 would not satisfy the demand. His tremendous effort visibly strengthened Union sentiment.

Fort Sumter,

When Lincoln took office, only two significant forts in the South still flew the Stars and Stripes. The more important of the pair was square-walled Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, with fewer than a hundred men.

Battle of Wounded Knee.

When the "Ghost Dance" religious movement later spread to the Dakota Sioux, the army bloodily stamped it out in 1890 at the so-called Battle of Wounded Knee. In the fighting thus provoked, an estimated two hundred Indian men, women, and children were killed, as well as twenty-nine invading soldiers.

California Bear Flag Republic.

When war broke out, Captain John C. Frémont, the dashing explorer, just "happened" to be there with several dozen well-armed men. In helping to overthrow Mexican rule in 1846, he collaborated with American naval officers and with the local Americans, who had hoisted the banner of the short-lived California Bear Flag Republic.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after WWI, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, national self-determination, and a new league of nations

liberal Protestants.

With roots in the Unitarian revolt against orthodox Calvinism, liberal ideas came into the mainstream of American Protestantism between 1875 and 1925, despite frequent and bitter controversies with fundamentalists. Entrenched in the leadership and seminaries of the dominant denominations, liberal Protestants adapted religious ideas to modern culture, attempting to reconcile Christianity with new scientific and economic doctrines.

Confederate States of America.

With the eyes of destiny upon them, the first seven seceders, formally meeting at Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861, created a government known as the Confederate States of America. As their president they chose Jefferson Davis, a dignified and austere recent member of the U.S. Senate from Mississippi.

WACs

Women's Army Corps; had about 140,000 members; including nurses; female officers were not allowed to command men; banned from combat duty.

Redeemers

Yet when the federal troops finally left a state, its government swiftly passed back into the hands of white Redeemers, or "Home Rule" regimes, which were inevitably Democratic.

War Hawks

Young hothead politicians who wanted to prove themselves in battle

Insular Cases,

a badly divided Supreme Court decreed, in effect, that the flag did outrun the Constitution, and that the outdistanced document did not necessarily extend with full force to the new windfall. Puerto Ricans (and Filipinos) might be subject to American rule, but they did not enjoy all American rights.

Committee on Public Information

a government office during WWI known popularly as the Creel Committee for its chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. It regularly distributed pro-war propaganda and sent out an army of four-minute men to rally crowds and deliver patriotic pep

Pure Food and Drug Act

a law passed by congress to inspect and regulate the labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption. This legislation, and additional provisions passed in 1911 to strengthen it aimed, particularly at the patent medicine industry. The more comprehensive Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 largely replaced this legislation

Scientific Management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

naturalism,

a more intense literary response than mainstream realism to the social dislocations and scientific tumult of late-nineteenth-century America. Emphasizing the determinative influence of heredity and social environments in shaping character, naturalistic writers sought to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human beings—or "human beasts,"

regionalism

a movement sought to chronicle the peculiarities of local ways of life before the coming wave of industrial standardization.

Rough Riders,

a part of the invading army, now charged onto the stage of history. This colorful regiment of volunteers, short on discipline but long on dash, consisted largely of western cowboys and other hardy characters, with a sprinkling of ex-polo players and ex-convicts.

racketeers

a person who engages in dishonest and fraudulent business dealings

Battle of Midway

a pivotal naval battle fought near the island of Midway on June3-6; victory halted Japanese advancement

recall

a progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office

initiative

a progressive reform measure allowing voters to petiton to have a law placed on the general ballot. Like the referendum and recall, it brough democracy directly to the people and helped poster a shift toward interst group politics and away from old political "machines"

Social Gospel

a reform movement led by protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people

The Feminine Mystique,

a runaway best seller and a classic of feminist protest literature that launched the modern women's movement. Friedan spoke in rousing accents to millions of able, educated women who applauded her indictment of the stifling boredom of suburban housewifery.

Australian Ballot

a system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices. Developed in Austiralia in the 1850s, it was introduced to the United States during the progressive era to help counteract boss rule

Walker Tariff

a tariff-for-revenue bill that reduced the average rates of the Tariff of 1842 from about 32 percent to 25 percent.

Gadsden Purchase

a treaty in 1853, which ceded to the United States the Gadsden Purchase for $10 million (see Map 18.6). The transaction aroused much criticism among northerners, who objected to paying a huge sum for a cactus-strewn desert nearly the size of Gadsden's South Carolina. Undeterred, the Senate approved the pact, in the process shortsightedly eliminating a window on the Sea of Cortez.

Three-Sister Farming

agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 CE; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Operation Dixie,

aimed at unionizing southern textile workers and steelworkers, failed miserably in 1948 to overcome white workers' lingering fears of racial mixing.

Hiawatha

an Iriqouis legend

Tampico Incident

an arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico

NATO

and thereby grant it a transatlantic character. With white-tie pageantry, the NATO treaty was signed in Washington on April 4, 1949. The twelve original signatories pledged to regard an attack on one as an attack on all and promised to respond with "armed force" if necessary. Despite last- ditch howls from immovable isolationists, the Senate approved the treaty on July 21, 1949, by a vote of 82 to 13.

New England Emigrant Aid Company,

antislavery organizations was the New England Emigrant Aid Company, which sent about two thousand people to the troubled area to forestall the South—and also to make a profit.

Truman Doctrine.

asked for $400 million to bolster Greece and Turkey, which Congress quickly granted. More generally, he declared that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures"—a sweeping and open-ended commitment of vast and worrisome pro- portions.

California gold rush

attracted tens of thousands of people to the future Golden State almost overnight, completely overwhelming the one-horse territorial government. A distressingly high proportion of the newcomers were lawless men, accompanied or followed by virtueless women.

National Banking System

authorized by Congress in 1863. Launched partly as a stimulant to the sale of government bonds, it was also designed to establish a standard bank-note currency.

settlement houses

became centers of women's activism and of social reform. The women of Hull House successfully lobbied in 1893 for an Illinois anti- sweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. They were led in this case by the black-clad Florence Kelley, a guerrilla warrior in the urban jungle. Armed with the insights of socialism and endowed with the voice of an actress, Kelley was a lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. She later moved to the Henry Street Settlement in New York and served for three decades as general secretary of the National Consumers League. The pioneering work of Addams, Wald, and Kelley helped blaze the trail that many women— and some men—later followed into careers in urban reform and the new profession of social work.

Oliver Cromwell

beheaded Charles the I

panic of 1857

burst about Buchanan's harassed head. The storm was not so bad economically as the panic of 1837, but psycho- logically it was probably the worst of the nineteenth century.

Fair Deal

called for improved housing, full employment, national health insurance, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVAs, and an extension of Social Security. But most of the Fair Deal fell victim to congressional opposition from Republicans and southern Democrats. The only major successes came in raising the minimum wage, providing for public housing in the Housing Act of 1949,

Montgomery bus boycott

catapulted to prominence a young pastor at Montgomery's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.

spot resolutions

certain resolutions that requested information as to the precise "spot" on American soil where American blood had been shed.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Tariff of 1842.

chopped out the offensive dollar-distribution scheme and pushed down the rates to about the moderately protective level of 1832, roughly 32 percent on dutiable goods.

holding companies

companies that own part or all of other companies' stock in order to extend monopoly control. Often, a holding company does not produce goods or services of its own but only exists to control other companies. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 sought to clamp down on these companies when they obstructed competition

Fair Employment Practices Commission

companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry during World War II.

Civil Rights Bill,

conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizen- ship and struck at the Black Codes. President Johnson resolutely vetoed this forward-looking measure on constitutional grounds, but in April congressmen steamrollered it over his veto—something they repeatedly did henceforth.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

confronted with an unfriendly Europe and bogged down in the South African Boer War, they consented to the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901. It not only gave the United States a free hand to build the canal but conceded the right to fortify it as well.

Executive Order 9981,

desegregating the armed forces.

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act

designed to appeal to new women voters, this act provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of government in family welfare

patronage

disbursing jobs by the bucketful in return for votes, kickbacks, and party service.

Capitalism

economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets; European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the dicovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to this

Treaty of Versailles

ended WWI

reservation system

established boundaries for the territory of each tribe and attempted to separate the Indians into two great "colonies" to the north and south of a corridor of intended white settlement.

Black Tuesday

event on wall street that helped trigger the great depression

Black Legend

false notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ

Canadian Shield

first part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level

Chateau-Thierry

first significant engagement of American troops in WWI. To weary French soldiers, the American doughboys were an image of fresh and gleaming youth.

McCarthyism

flourished in the seething Cold War atmosphere of suspicion and fear. The senator was neither the first nor the most effective red-hunter, but he was surely the most ruthless, and he did the most dam- age to American traditions of fair play and free speech.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts. Bigness, not badness, was the sin. The law proved ineffective, largely because it had only baby teeth or no teeth at all, and because it contained legal loopholes through which clever corporation lawyers could wriggle. But it was unexpectedly effective in one respect. Contrary to its original intent, it was used to curb labor unions or labor combinations that were deemed to be restraining trade.

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War,

formed in late 1861. It was dominated by "radical" Republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and who pressed Lincoln zealously on emancipation.

Battle of Acoma (1599)

fought between Spaniards and sunder Don Juan de Onate adn the Pueblo Indians in present-day Mexico; the Spanish brutally crushed the Pueblos and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609; victorious Spanish severed one foot of each surviving Indian.

Nineteenth Amendment

gave women the right to vote over seventy years after the first organized calls for woman's sufferage

the mining industry

gradually the age of big business came to the mining industry. Dusty, bewhiskered miners, dishpans in hand, were replaced by impersonal corporations with their costly machinery and trained engineers. The once-independent gold-washer became just another day laborer.

West Africa Squadron

in 1807, a milestone in the continuing struggle to establish human rights as a principle of international law. In the decades thereafter, the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron seized hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of grateful captives. Yet despite that effort, as many as 3 million enslaved Africans were shipped to Brazil and the West Indies in the several decades after 1807.

Lord De La Warr

he is often named simply as "Lord Delaware". He served as governor of the Jamestown Colony in Virginia, and the Delaware Bay was named after him.

Teller Amendment.

hey likewise adopted the hand-tying Teller Amendment. This proviso proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom—a declaration that caused imperialistic Europeans to smile skeptically.

Incas

highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forced under Francisco Pizarro in 1532; they developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large , complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains

Tweed Ring

in New York City vividly displayed the ethics (or lack of ethics) typical of the age. Burly "Boss" Tweed—240 pounds of rascality employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk the metropolis of as much as $200 million. Honest citizens were cowed into silence. Protesters found their tax assessments raised.

Mason-Dixon line*

in the 1820s antislavery societies were more numerous south of the Mason-Dixon line* than north of it. Originally the southern boundary of colonial Pennsylvania.

Jim Crow

in the immediate postwar years developed by the 1890s into systematic state-level legal codes of segregation known as Jim Crow laws. Southern states also enacted literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes—and tolerated violent intimidation of black voters—to ensure full- scale disfranchisement of the South's freedmen.

mechanization of agriculture

in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry. In fact, agricultural modernization drove many marginal farmers off the land, thus swelling the ranks of the new industrial work force.

Middlemen

in trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers; European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen

Plantation

large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor; European settlers established them in Africa, South America, the Carribean, and the American South

Jones Act

law according to territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The US did not grant the Philippines independcce until July 4, 1946

Adamson Act

law established an eight hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce with extra pay for overtime. The first federal law regulating the hours of workers in private companies, it was upheld by the SCOTUS in Wilson v New

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

law extending the anti-trust protections of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints. The act conferred long overdue benefits on labor

Meat Inspection Act

law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection. The publication of Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with tis description of conditions in slaughterhouses and meatpackaging plants that it mobalized public support for government action

Espionage Act

law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national disloyalty. Together with the Sedition Act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties

irreconcilables

led by Borah and Johnson, this was a hard core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilson dream of international cooperation in the LoN after WWI. Their efforts played an imporatant part in preventing American participation in the international organization

Lend-Lease bill

lending/leasing American arms to reeling democracies provided that they be returned later; basically a stray from neutrality, which Hitler realized and began attacking U.S. ships

Employment Act of 1946,

making it government policy "to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power." The act created a three-member Council of Economic Advisers to provide the president with the data and the recommendations to make that policy a reality.

Pullman strike

most dramatic was the crippling Pullman strike of 1894. Eugene V. Debs, a charismatic labor leader, had helped organize the American Railway Union of about 150,000 members. The Pullman Palace Car Company, which maintained a model town near Chicago for its employees, was hit hard by the depression and cut wages by about one- third, while holding the line on rent for the company houses. The workers finally struck—in some places overturning Pullman cars—and paralyzed railway traffic from Chicago to the Pacific coast.

Land-grant colleges,

most of which became state universities, in turn bound themselves to provide certain services, such as military training.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

The Impending Crisis of the South,

n 1857, five years after the debut of Uncle Tom. Titled The Impending Crisis of the South, it was written by Hinton R. Helper, a nonaristocratic white from North Carolina. Hating both slavery and blacks, he attempted to prove by an array of statistics that indirectly the nonslaveholding whites were the ones who suffered most from the millstone of slavery.

dollar diplomacy

name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy supporting US investments and political interest abroad. First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Hati, Hondrouas, and Nicaragua. President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice, but his administration undertook comparable acts of intervention in support of US business interests, especially in Latin America

American Expeditonary Forces

name given to US army froces deployed to Europe in WWI commanded by Pershing and composed of conscripts. deployed during last years of the war.

Aztecs

native American empire that controlled present day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortes; they maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute; they came to be known for their advances in math and writing and their use of human sacrifices in religious cerimonies

SPARs

the women's branch of the US Coast Guard estabished during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs

WAVES

the women's branch of the US Navy established during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs

Pendleton Act

of 1883—the so- called Magna Carta of civil-service reform. It made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examinations rather than "pull."

National Labor Union,

organized in 1866, represented a giant bootstride by workers. One of the earliest national-scale unions to organize in the Americas or Europe, it aimed to unify workers across locales and trades to challenge their ever more powerful bosses. The union lasted six years and attracted the impressive total of some 600,000 members, including the skilled, unskilled, and farmers, though in keeping with the times, it excluded the Chinese and made only nominal efforts to include women and blacks.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

organized in 1874. The white ribbon was its symbol of purity; the saintly Frances E. Willard—also a champion of planned parenthood— was its leading spirit.

Fifteenth Amendment,

passed by Congress in 1869 and ratified by the required number of states in 1870

Workingmen's Compensation Act

passed under Wilson, this law granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation and passed during the New Deal

Mestizos

people of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.

interlocking directorates.

prescribed remedy was to consolidate rival enterprises and to ensure future harmony by placing officers of his own banking syndicate on their various boards of directors. These came to be known as interlocking directorates.

referendum

progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature

Eighteenth Amendment

prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68)

recommending that the United States quadruple its defense spending. Ignored at first because it seemed politically impossible to implement, NSC-68 got a new lease on life from the Korean crisis.

Merrimack,

resourceful Southerners raised and reconditioned a former wooden U.S. warship, the Merrimack, and plated its sides with old iron railroad rails. Renamed the Virginia, this clumsy but powerful monster easily destroyed two wooden ships of the Union navy in the Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay;

Knights of Labor

seized the torch dropped by the defunct National Labor Union. Officially known as the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, it began inauspiciously in 1869 as a secret society, with a private ritual, passwords, and a special handshake. Secrecy, which continued until 1881, would forestall possible reprisals by employers. Their slogan was "An injury to one is the concern of all." A welcome mat was rolled out for the skilled and unskilled, for men and women, for whites and blacks, some ninety thousand of whom joined. The Knights barred only "nonproducers"—liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers.

Platt Amendment.

served McKinley's ultimate purpose of bringing Cuba under American control. ("Plattism" survives as a colloquial term of derision even in modern-day Cuba.) The newly "liberated" Cubans were forced to agree not to conclude treaties that might compromise their independence (as Uncle Sam saw it) and not to take on debt beyond their resources (as Uncle Sam measured them). They further agreed that the United States might intervene with troops to restore order when it saw fit. Finally, the Cubans promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations, ultimately two and then only one (Guantánamo), to their powerful "benefactor."

Lochner v New York

setback for labor reformers, this SCOTUS decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bankers. it held that the right to free contract was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World; Spain received a bulk of the territory in the Americas, campensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia

breakers,

slaves were sometimes sent to breakers, whose technique consisted mostly in lavish laying on of the lash.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC,

students joined in; by the end of the week, a thousand. The sit-in movement rolled swiftly across the South, swelling into a wave of wade-ins, lie-ins, and pray-ins to compel equal treatment in restaurants, transportation, employment, housing, and voter registration. In April 1960

writ of habeas corpus,

taking this step, he defied a dubious ruling by the chief justice that the safeguards of habeas corpus could be set aside only by the authorization of Congress

Fugitive Slave Law

the Bloodhound Bill"—stirred up a storm of opposition in the North. The fleeing slaves could not testify in their own behalf, and they were denied a jury trial.

Root-Takahira agreement

the United States signed the Root-Takahira agreement with Japan in 1908. It pledged both powers to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China.

Roosevelt Corollary

therefore declared a brazen pol- icy of "preventive intervention," better known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. He announced that in the event of future financial malfeasance by the Latin American nations, the United States itself would intervene, take over the customshouses, pay off the debts, and keep the troublesome Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic.

Social Darwinists,

these theorists argued that individuals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents. The wealthy and powerful had simply demonstrated greater abilities than the poor. Spencer and Sumner owed less to English evolutionary naturalist Charles Darwin, who stressed the adaptation of organisms, than to British laissez-faire economists David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus.

McNary-Haugen Bill

this bill would have assisted farmers who badly needed price supports, but coolidge vetoed it twice

containment doctrine.

this concept held that Russia, whether tsarist or communist, was relentlessly expansionary.

James I

the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)

baby boom

the huge leap in the birthrate in the decade and a half after 1945.

Peter Stuyvesant

the last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland; in 1664 he was forced to surrender the colony to England (1592-1672)

fourth party system,

the long reign of Republican political dominance that it ushered in was accompanied by diminishing voter participation in elections, the weakening of party organizations, and the fading away of issues like the money question and civil-service reform, which came to be replaced by concern for industrial regulation and the welfare of labor.

Fordism

the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford.

Nation-States

the term commonly describes those societies in which political legitimacy and authority overlay a large degree of cultural commonality

Columbian Exchange

the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492

pragmatism

the truth of an idea was to be tested, above all, by its practical consequences

GI Bill.

tided ex-soldiers over as members of the "52-20 Club" ($20 a week for up to 52 weeks) and made generous provisions for sending the former soldiers to school. In the postwar decade,

U.S. Sanitary Commission

to assist the Union armies in the field. The commission trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals. Commission work helped many women to acquire the organizational skills and the self-confidence that would propel the women's movement forward after the war.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

to avoid issues with unions striking the gov passed the strike. allowed gov to take over any business closed due to a strike and strikers would be put in jail Congress was concerned about the loss of production due to labor strike

Anti-Imperialist League

to fight the McKinley administration's expansionist moves. The organization counted among its members some of the most prominent people in the United States, including the presidents of Stanford and Harvard Universities and the novelist Mark Twain. o fight the McKinley administration's expansionist moves. The organization counted among its members some of the most prominent people in the United States, including the presidents of Stanford and Harvard Universities and the novelist Mark Twain.

Big Sister policy,

two-time secretary of state James G. Blaine pushed his Big Sister policy, aimed at rallying the Latin American nations behind Uncle Sam's leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders.

Sir Francis Drake

vice admiral was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era.

Martin Luther

was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

was in a sense the last feeble gasp of the congressional radical Republicans. The act supposedly guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, but the law was born toothless and stayed that way for nearly a century. The Supreme Court pronounced much of the act unconstitutional in the Civil Rights Cases (1883).

Crédit Mobilier scandal,

which erupted in 1872. Union Pacific Railroad insiders had formed the Crédit Mobilier construction company and then cleverly hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning dividends as high as 348 percent. Fearing that Congress might blow the whistle, the company furtively distributed shares of its valuable stock to key congressmen. A newspaper exposé and congressional investigation of the scandal led to the formal censure of two congressmen and the revelation that the vice president of the United States had accepted payments from Crédit Mobilier.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

which stipulated that neither America nor Britain would fortify or seek exclusive control over any future isthmian water- way

Payne - Aldrich Bill

while intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed."

League of Nations

world organization of national governments proposed by Wilson and established by th Treaty of Versailles in 1919. It worked to facilitate peaceful international cooperation. Despite emotional appeals by Wilsion, isolationists' objections to the League created the major obstacle to American signing of the Treaty

Kansas-Nebraska Act

wrecked two com- promises: that of 1820, which it repealed specifically, and that of 1850, which northern opinion repealed indirectly. Emerson wrote, "The Fugitive [Slave] Law did much to unglue the eyes of men, and now the Nebraska Bill leaves us staring." Northern abolitionists and southern "fire-eaters" alike saw less and less they could live with. The growing legion of antislaveryites gained numerous recruits, who resented the grasping move by the "slavocracy" for Kansas. The southerners, in turn, became inflamed when the free-soilers tried to control Kansas, contrary to the presumed "deal."

muckrakers

young reporters at the turn of the century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposes of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the Illegal deeds of the trusts and helped spur the passage of reform legislation

Arminianism

—Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election

royal colonies

—Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic

triangular trade

—Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade

newlights

—Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening

old lights

—Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality