APUSH VOCAB CH.1-5,H&F
Black Legend
"false" claim that all the spanish did was kill, enslave, and infect the natives, spanish also shared their culture, laws, religion, and language.
Aztecs
(mexica) had gold, practiced human sacrifice, mexico, maize, nation-state, among most advanced in the beginning of new world, moctezuma, hernan cortez destroys aztecs 1520s.
Crusades
11th and 14th centuries, christian european warriors tried to take back the holy land from the muslims, warriors acquired a taste for goods from asia, such as silk, sugar, and spices, leads to need for trade.
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494, spains claim on columbus's discovery, portugal gets some of the land also.
Ferdinand Magellan
1519, portuguese, in service of spain, his voyage was the first globe circumnavigation - killed by filipinos.
St. Augustine
1565, florida, oldest continually inhabited european settlement, protected the sea-lanes to the caribbean from the french.
Lord De La Warr
1610 - governor, carried orders from virgina company - declaration of war against indians in jamestown - military veteran, used "irish tactics", raided and burned indian villages - first anglo-powhatan war - 1614 - solved by peace treaty and marriage of pocahontas to john rolfe (first interracial union in virginia).
House of Burgesses
1619 - jamestown, virginia, the first legislative body in colonial america, later adopted by other colonies, representatives elected.
Maryland Act of Toleration
1649 - ordered by lord baltimore after a protestant was made governor of maryland at the demand of the colony's large protestant population, guaranteed religious freedom to all christians, killed athiests and jews.
Northwest passage
A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.
New Spain
After the defeat of the Aztecs, it was a Spanish colony, capital was Mexico City, in North America - included; Mexico, Central America, the southwest United States, and many of the Carribean islands.
Montezuma
Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses, Montezuma assumed that the Spanish were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries.
predestination
Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.
the elect
Calvin's term for those destined for salvation since birth, regardless of what actions they may commit during their mortal life on earth.
sea dogs
English sea captains authorized to raid Spanish ships and towns (queen elizabeth encouraged them, sir francis duke, knighted).
Hispaniola
First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards, settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World, Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World, present day Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer who founded and settled Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in North America, "father of new france", sailed up the st. lawrence river, allied with the huron people.
Frontier of inclusion
French-Indian relations were inclusive, as the french included the natives in their society as equals, integrating cultures, more accepting.
Edenic mythis
Garden of eden, paradise, perfect.
Opecancanough
He ascended to the head of the Powhatan Confederacy after Powhatan died. He led two raids against Jamestown. The first and larger one in 1622, the lesser one in the 1640s, killed about 1/3 of english colonists.
St. Lawrence River
In Quebec, for france, used for trade, explored by Jacques Cartier.
Richard Hakluyt
Main promoter of colonization by England (with royal aid) in the New World. Reasons included surplus of (poor) English labor and thwarting Spain, and expanding reformed religion, wrote these reasons down.
Giovanni Verrazano
Mariner, france, northwest passage to asia, new york bay, florida, maps.
Huron
Native American tribe who made friends with the French as trading partners, fought against the Iroquois, beaver wars, wiped out.
Pueblo Revolt (Pope's rebellion)
Occurred because Spaniard tried to force Pueblo Indians to give up their spiritual beliefs/used them for forced labor, led by pope, drove spanish out of New Mexico for a 12 years.
Tainos
Pre-Columbian natives that lived in the caribbean/indies, first to meet Columbus, many died to disease or became slaves (for Columbus saw them fit to be so).
Franciscans
Spanish catholic missionaries (not jesuits) who were responsible for establishing missions along the Californian coast and helping Pueblo Indians.
Encomenderos
Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas,received the right to have Native Americans work for them.
Mundus Novus
The New World.
Massasoit
Wampanoag chieftain who signed a treaty with the Pilgrims in 1621.
Royal Colony
a colony controlled by the king and his appointed governors, monarch, english, north carolina and south carolina.
joint-stock companies
a company that has some features of a corporation and some features of a partnership, allowed investors to pool their captial, provided money to colonize.
Metis
a person of mixed French-Canadian and Native American ancestry.
Pocahontas
a powhatan woman (the daughter of powhatan) who befriended the english at jamestown and is said to have saved captain john smith's life, married john rolfe to quell indian-english relationship, died of smallpox.
Caravel
a small ship developed by portuguese mariners, allowed them to get to sub-saharan africa, also used by the spanish, 15th and 16th centuries.
Conquistador
a spanish conqueror of the americas, gold, god, and glory, most did not get glory, no titles, had to pay off the money for their weapons.
Headright system
a system of obtaining land in colonial times in which one recieved 50 acres of land for every emigrant (indentured sevant to their land) to america one sponsored, used by the virginia company to attract more colonists.
charter
a written grant from the sovereign power of a country conferring certain rights and privileges on a person, a corporation, or the people.
Plantation
abundant in the south, reason for a need of cheap labor (slaves, indentured servants).
visible saints
according to Puritans, only these individuals should be admitted to church membership, had a conversion with god, expected to lead holy lives, salvation.
Captialism
an economic system in which the means of production and exchange are controlled by individuals (private ownership), as opposed to being owned by the government.
Colvis tradition
ancient migrants, had stone tools, clovis points.
La rasa
blending of indian and spanish, native and european, ancient gods and new, mixing of cultures and peoples that is the essence of modern mexico, malinche (dona marina).
Tenochtitlan
capital of the aztec empire, located on an island in lake texcoco, population was about 150,000 on the eve of spanish conquest, mexico city was constructed on its ruins, had gold, hernan cortes took the gold and destroyed it.
Jesuits
catholic missionaries.
Jacques Cartier
claimed most of canada for france, explored the st. lawrence river, northwest passage, opened fur trade for french and indians.
Restoration colonies
colonies founded in the late 17th century, after englands civil wars, and during the time when power was restored to the english monarch king charles II following a brief period of puritan rule under oliver cromwell.
Nationalism
devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation.
Henry Hudson
discovered what today is known as the hudson river, sailed for the dutch even though he was originally from england, was looking for a northwest passage through north america.
Smallpox
disease brought by the europeans to the new world, killed many of the natives, including the aztecs.
Francis Drake
english explorer and admiral who was the first englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the spanish armada, also involved in slave trade, stole spanish goods - made profit, knighted by queen elizabeth.
Roanoke
established in 1587, called the lost colony, was financed by sir walter raleigh, and its leader in the new world was john white, all the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.
Barbados slave code
established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves, taking away their fundemental rights, including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.
Jamestown
first permanent english settlement in north america, many settlers died there from disease, malnutrition, and starvation, established the house of burgesses, 1607, tobacco, near chesapeake bay, john smith became leader.
Newfoundland
former viking settlement, john cabot (italian sent by england), also landed her while looking for a northern route to asia, first english attempt at colonization, failed when promoter sir humphery gilbert died.
James Oglethorpe
founder of georgia (buffer colony) in 1733, soldier, statesman , philanthropis, started georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his interest in prison reform, no slavery in georgia (at first), poor climate (no plantation), attacks from spanish = least populous colony.
Lord Baltimore
founder of maryland, a refuge for catholics, offered religious freedom, home of many persecuted roman catholics, ordered maryland act of toleration.
Father Junipero Serra
franciscan friar who established 21 missions along the coast of califronia, wanted to christianize the natives of california.
Fur trade
french and indians blended because of fur trade, cultural mixing, prostitution, both thought they were getting the better deal, indians trade fur (beaver pelts) for french metals?
New France
french, canada, new world, captial = quebec, fishing, furs, fights with natives.
Encomienda
gave indians to colonists in return for a promise to christianize them, = slavery, used to subdue the advanced civilizations of mexico and peru.
Hernan Cortes
gets help of translator dona marina, tricks and destroys Aztecs, takes Aztec gold, him and his men have advantage over Aztecs because of horses, guns, and diseases.
John Smith
helped found and govern jamestown, his leadership and strict discipline helped the virginia colony get through the difficult first winter ("starving time"), almost killed by powhatan, saved by pocahontas.
Tuscarora War
indians vs. carolina english, english crushed them, resulted in many indians being forced into slavery, remaining indians join the iroquois confederacy as the sixth nation.
Iroquois Confederacy
indians, had good political and organizational skills, 5 nation military alliance, matrilinear, 2nd best to aztecs, federation of tribes occupying northern New York: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Senecca, the Onondaga, and the Cayuga, later Tuscarora tribe was added, some of its constutitional ideas were added to our constitution.
Walter Raleigh
inspired by half brother, sir humphrey gilbert, he gathered a group of settlers and attempted to colonize roanoke island,1585, mysteriously vanished.
Christopher Columbus
italian navigator, sailed the ocean blue on (October 12) 1492, got money from ferdinand and ssabella of spain, tried to find a water route to asian, landed in the americas and throught they were an extension of china, believed he was in india, called natives Indians, returned with gold - encouraged further expeditions.
Virginia Company
joint-stock company in london that received a charter for land in the new world. charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in england, encouraged colonists to settle in the new world.
Indentured servant
laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to america.
Pidgin
language of trade created between french and natives, both thought they were speaking each other's language.
Algonquian
language, northwest tribes, Plymouth, wigwams, clothing from animals, good hunters, good at growing food, Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains.
Ferdinand and Isabella
married and united spain through the reconquista, gave columbus the funds to search for a water route to asia.
John Rolfe
married pocahontas to encourage peace between the english and indians, englishman in jamestown, discovered how to grow tobacco in virgina, important to virginia having a successful economy.
Protestant Reformation
martin luther, german, theses, reform of the (roman) catholic church, resulted in split of the religion, new churches like luthern and the church of england.
Maize
mexican corn, staple food of the aztecs and incas, was the main reason why the natives were so successful.
Mestizo
name for the children of conquistadores and natives, spanish and indian heritage.
Squatter
newcomers, no legal right to soil, had small farms of tobacco and other crops, little need for slaves, north carolina.
anglo-powhatan war
orders from lord de la warr of virgina company - declaration of war against indians in jamestown - military veteran, used "irish tactics", raided and burned indian villages - 1614 - solved by peace treaty and marriage of pocahontas to john rolfe (first interracial union in virginia).
Elizabeth I
protestant, brought religious peace to england, defeated spanish armada, age of shakespeare (golden age of literature), 'Virgin Queen'.
Spanish Armada
sent by phillip II, spain's army of ships sent to invade england, failed, leads to the fall of the spain's golden age, rise of england as a naval power, promotes english nationalism.
John Cabot
sent by the english to explore north america in 1497 and 1498, claimed north american land for england (new england), was looking for northwest passage to asia, employed by king henry VII.
Charles Town
southern carolina seaport, aristocratic, diverse, religious tolerance, first settlement in south carolina.
Carolinas
southern colonies, north carolina surrounded by aristrocratic virgina and south carolina, carolinas split, each becoming a royal colony, both plantation colonies, both had slaves.
Juan Ponce de Leon
spanish conquistador that explored florida in 1513 and 1521, looked for fountain of youth, killed by an indian.
Francisco Pizarro
spanish conquistador,1532, conquered incas, took silver.
Bernardino de Sahagun
spanish friar, learned Nahuatl language and recorded from the Aztec's viewpoint Cortez and his men's actions.
Tobacco
started in virginia, john rolfe, poor man's crop (easy/cheap to grow), destoryed the soil, cash crop of virginia, provided for the succuess of their economy.
"Wet heads"
terms used by indians for other indians who had been converted to catholics and baptized.
Reconquista
the reconquering of spain from the muslims in 1492 by ferdinand and isabella, unified spain into a powerful nation-state.
Primogeniture
the right of the eldest child, especially the eldest son, to inherit the entire estate of one or both parents.
Mayflower
the ship that brought the Pilgrims to America (england to massachusetts).
Columbian exchange
the trade of crops, animals, gold, silver, and slaves between the old world, the new world, and africa, brought a commercial revolution and mercantilism.
Malinche
traitor, female indian slave (daughter of a mayan leader) & translator for Cortes; aka Dona Marina, bore Cortes a son and married another conquistador.
Squanto
translated between the wampanoag and the pilgrims, knew english, Massachusetts, helped pilgrims hunt, fish, and farm.
Francisco Coronado
went on a quest for golden cities, golden cicites = adobe pueblos, wandered through arizona and new mexico, going as far east as kansas, discovered the grand canyon and the colorado river and buffalo.
Barbados
west indian islands, caribbean island that developed close commercial ties with southern carolina, where many of its natives immigrated to, bringing along their ideas of a slave- based plantation society, large percent of puritans imigrated here, lots of african slaves.
Spanish missions
when the spanish: forced native americans to (1) give up their culture (2) wear european styled clothing (3) learn spanish (4) convert to Christianity (5) and labor for the priests.
Acculturation
when two cultures interact with eachother over a long period of time and begin to adopt eachothers practices.
St. Marys
where maryland was founded on chesapeake bay.
Matrilinear
women rule, usually in hunter-gatherer societies, iroquois.
