APUSH Wars and Foreign Relations

Lusitania and Neutrality (1915)

-at the outset of WWI, germany began the use of submarines and announced the blockade of the allied forces -the lusitania was a british passenger liner attacked by german submarines -while unarmed, the lusitania did carry munitions for the allies -US citizens traveling aboard the lusitania were killed -wilson protested but remained neutral, in line with the 1914 proclamation of neutrality -one other liner with americans, the sussex, was sunk, and then the german gave a pledge to stop attacks on unarmed vessels

Jay's Treaty (1794)

-attempt at settling the conflict between the US and england over commerce, navigation, and violations of the treaty of paris of 1783 -provided for eventual evacuation by the british of their posts in the northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade -allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle US-canada border disputes and US-britain losses during the revolutionary war -the generous terms to britain upset americans because these were promises that had been made and not fulfilled in the treaty of paris of 1783

Postdam Conference (july 17-august 2, 1945)

-attended by truman, stalin, churchill, and churchill's replacement (clement atlee) -agreed upon a policy for the occupation of both germany and japan -decided german reparations -declaration made to japan to surrender or be destroyed

Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway (1942)

-battle of ---(may 1942)- american carriers sent planes against the japanese troops, forcing them to turn back from an invasion of australia - battle of ---(june 1942)- american planes destroyed japanese carriers as they moved toward the american-owned midway islands, becoming a defining moment in the pacific front

Manifest Destiny (phrase coined in 1844)

-belief that america was destined to expand to the pacific, and possibly into canada and mexico -john o'sullivan, an american journalist, wrote an article pushing for the annexation of texas and coined the phrase -came out of post-1812 war nationalism, reform impulse of the 1830s and the need for new resources -those whigs who supported this favored more peaceful means; other whigs feared american expansion, concerned about raising the slavery issue in new territories -was an engine of both discovery and destruction; while america pushed westward, the ideas behind it fueled the mexican war and the displacement of native americans

William Pitt (1708-1778)

-britain's capable and energetic prime minister -after several humiliating defeats, he led britain to virtually destroy the french empire in north america by focusing on the french headquarters in canada -the treaty of paris of 1763 ended hostilities

Causes of the War of 1812 (1812-1815)

-british impressment of american sailors -american frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the west was held by native americans and the british -the US suspected the british were encouraging native american rebellion -"war hawk" congressional leaders, such as henry clay and john clahoun, pressed for intervention -war hawks desired annexation of canada and floride -despite the embargo act and non-intercourse act, hostilities could not be cooled -the US sided with france against britain

Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805)

-british military and political leader -was a member of parliament and even opposed the tax measures that led to the american revolution -led british forces during the american revolution -the british defeat culminated with his surrender at yorktown in 1781

George Grenville (1712-1770)

-british prime minister who set out to solve the large national debt incurred in recent english wars -created a series of acts that raised taxes on american goods, leading to rebellious activities -grenville's acts included the proclamation of 1763, sugar act (1763), stamp act (1765), and quartering act (1765)

Battle of Bunker Hill (june 17, 1775)

-bunker hill was an american post overlooking boston; the stronghold allowed americans to contain general gage and his troops -the colonists twice turned back a british frontal assault; they held off the british until the bunker hill force ran out of ammunition and was overrun -american's strong defense led to strengthened morale

WWI Causes and Major Players (1914)

-cause: assassination of archduke franz ferdinand of austria-hungary by a serbian nationalist -cause: nationalism in austria-hungary and france -cause: colonial expansion in africa and china -cause: military buildup -major players: allies (triple entente): Britain, france, russia, italy, belgium, japan, and the US -major players: central powers (triple alliance): germany, austria-hungary, turkey, and bulgaria

Treaty of Tordesillas (1493)

-commitment between spain and portugal -created a papal line of demarcation, which divided the new world: east of the line for portugal and west of it for spain -later, the papal line affected colonization in africa and asia

Five Power Treaty (1922)

-committed the US, britain, japan, france, and italy to restrict construction of new battleship class ships -pact gaev japan naval supremacy in the pacific

Tea act and Boston Tea Party (1773)

-concession allowed the british east india company to ship tea directly to america and sell it at a bargain; cheap tea undercut the local merchants -colonists opposed these shipments; they turned back ships, left shipments to rot, and held ships in port -led to the boston tea party in December of 1773, where citizens, dressed as native americans, destroyed tea on the british ships

Battles of Concord and Lexington (april 1775)

-concord- site suspected by british general gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry -paul revere and william dawes detected movement of british troops toward concord and warned militia and gathered minutemen at lexington -lexington- militia and royal infantry fought; the colonial troops withdrew

English Civil War (1642-1648)

-conflict was based in the struggle between king charles I (son of king james I) and the english parliament -charles claimed to rule by divine right; parliament argued that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king -parliament's members were mostly puritan and had the backing of the merchant class and lesser land owners -wealthy nobles tended to support charles I, who opposed puritans on questions of religion -led to outright conflict between royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

-congress opened trade to all nations except france and britain -trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing french and british aggression stemming from the napoleonic wars -though the embargo act was a protective measure, this act re-engaged the US in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either france or britain -repealed in 1810

Civil War Conscription (1860s)

-congress passed a federal conscription law in 1863 -rioting in the north took place, notably in NYC, when drafted individuals were permitted to avoid service by hiring a substitute or paying $300 -the confederacy's short supply of manpower meant an earlier draft, beginning in 1862 -southerners could also hire substitutes or purchase an exemption

Modern Navy (1880s)

-construction of new steel ships led the US to take the lead in the world naval rankings -US naval war college was established on october 6, 1884 -alfred thayer mahan (1840-1914) was a US naval officer, president of newport war college, and author who pushed for imperialism and growth of the US navy -repair and coaling stations helped expand the navy's effectiveness

United Nations (summer 1945)

-created at the san francisco conference -representative body of nations that wished to resolve global issues -composed of a general assembly and a security council -all members sit on general assembly and form policy -security council was 11 members, 5 permanent and 6 additional that rotate -permanent members are the US, britain, france, russia, and china

Spanish-American War (1898)

-cuba resented spain's control, which led to rebellion -spain responded with the dispatch of general valeriano weyler, who confined civilians to brutal camps -the US "yellow press" labeled him "butcher weyler" increasing american support against spain -the US sent the battleship maine to havana to protect american interests; it was blown up -the US fought spain in the philippines and in cuba -treaty of paris allowed for cuban independence; US gained puerto rico, guam, and the philippines while spain received $20 million from the US for the philippines

Dawes Plan (1924)

-debt restructuring plan for germany after WWI -american banks made loans to germany, germany paid reparations to allies, and allies paid back the US government -cycle based on loans from american banks -the plan would play a part in the development of the great depression

Emancipation Proclamation (effective january 1, 1863)

-declared all slaves to be free in areas under rebel control, thus exempting conquered areas of the south -lincoln was criticized for not abolishing slavery everywhere -led to slaves in the south leaving their plantations -increased morale in the north -partly designed to keep england from joining the war on the side of the south -changed perception of the war from a conflict to preserve the union to a war to end slavery

Stamp Act Congress (october 1765)

-delegates of 7 colonies met in new york to discuss plans for defense -adopted the declaration of rights and grievances, which stand that freeborn englishmen could not be taxed without their consent

"Steward's Folly" (1867)

-derisive title of secretary of state william steward's decision to purchase alaska for $7.2 million from russia -congress agreed to the purchase, as russia had been pro-north during the civil war -most members thought the purchase to be foolhardy since the land was in such a remote location -russia was willing to sell alaska because russia was overextended abroad and feared the loss of alaska in a future war

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

-drafted by james buchanan, john mason, and pierre soule after soule failed to purchase cuba from spain -suggested that the US should take cuba from spain by force if spain refused to sell it -abolitionists saw ostend as a plot to extend slavery -southerners supported the manifesto, as they had feared cuba would be a free "black republic"

Battle of the Alamo (february 24-march 6, 1836)

-during texas's revolution against mexico, ft. alamo was attacked by the mexican army and 187 members of the texas garrison were killed -anotonia lopez de santa anna, a mexican military and political leader, was victorious -"remember the alamo" was the garrison's bettle cry in its fight for independence

Washington Burned (1814)

-during the war of 1812, a british armada sailed up the chesapeake bay and burned the white house -attack came in response to the american burning of toronto -the armada proceeded toward baltimore; america's fort mchenry held firm through bombardment -inspired francis scott key's "star spangled banner"

War of 1812 Events (1812)

-early victories at sea by the US, then overcome by british -the US' admiral perry took lake erie with the navy -opened the way for william henry harrison to invade canada and defeat the british and native american forces -andrew jackson led the american charge through the southwest -battle of new orleans was a decisive conflict where andrew jackson defeated the british; battle fought after the signing of the treaty of ghent

D-Day (june 6, 1944)

-eisenhower, commander in chief of allied forces, ordered an invasion at normandy, france -the operation involved over 4,500 vessels -american troops commanded by george s. patton weakened the german troops in france

Treaty of Paris, 1763 (1763)

-ended seven years war -from france, britain took canada and some of what would become the US east of the mississippi river -france lost all of its north american holdings -spain took the louisiana territory -treaty marked the end of salutary neglect, a relationship in which the british parliament had somewhat ignored the colonies, allowing them to develop their character without interference

Virtual Representation (1770s)

-english principle stating that the members of parliament represented all of britain and the british empire, even though members were only elected by a small number of constituents -this idea was meant to be a response to the colonial claim of "no taxation without representation," meaning that parliament was itself a representation of those being taxed

John Paul Jones (1747-1792)

-famous american naval leader -carried on maritime raids against the british throughout the revolution, debilitating their ability to receive supplies -stated, "surrender? i have not yet begun to fight."

The Spanish Armada (1588)

-fleet assembled by king philip II of spain to invade England -the armada was defeated by the skill of british military leaders and by rough seas during the assault -england's victory over spanish forces established england as an emerging sea power; it was one of the great achievements of queen elizabeth I -defeat helped bring about the decline of the spanish empire

FDR's Good Neighbor Policy (1930s)

-foreign policy doctrine adopted by fdr for the US -withdrew marines from haiti, the dominican republic, and other areas -america stayed out of the cuban revolution -america settled with mexico on american properties in that country

Battle of Antietam (september 17, 1862)

-general george mcclellan attempted to defeat lee and shorten the war, but failed -mcclellan had discovered detailed plans for lee's entire operation but ignored the opportunity because of overcautiousness -lee's army was forced to retreat to virginia after a bloody battle -mcclellan's failure to pursue lee led lincoln to remove him from command

Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)

-general william tecumseh sherman led union troops through georgia -sherman and union commander, ulysses s. grant, believed in a "total war" that would break the south's psychological capacity to fight; sherman's army sought to eliminate civilian support of southern troops -sherman captured and burned atlanta in september of 1864 -the purpose of destroying georgia was to lower southern morale and diminish supplies -sherman led troops to savannah, then on the south and north carolina

Battle of the Bulge (december 1944)

-german counterattack that pushed the allies back into belgium -last stand of hitler's armies -eventually the allies returned to germany, leading to surrender on may 7, 1945

Civil War Advantages for the North (1860s)

-greater population -better railroad lines and more established trade routes -more wealth -were able to use the moral issue of fighting slavery as motivation

Pearl Harbor (december 7, 1941)

-hawaiian base for the american pacific fleet and site of massive sneak attack by the japanese -carrier-based aircraft attacked american ships, meeting little defense -the japanese destroyed all US aircraft, major battleships, and naval crafts at the base, and killed 2,323 military personnel -fdr asked congress to declare war on japan, calling the attack "a date that will live in infamy"

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

-helped define the US-mexico border -the border that was under spanish control had created conflict between the 2 countries -spain sold its remaining florida territory to the US and drew the boundary of mexico to the pacific -US ceded its claims to texas, and spain kept california and the new mexico region -US assumed $5 million in debts owed by spain to american merchants -later, lands kept by spain would become battlegrounds for american expansion

Hitler and Germany's Actions Leading to WWII (1930s)

-hitler's rise to power in 1933 led to the persecution of german jews -germany and austria became united -germany and britain signed the munich pact, authorizing germany to force the sudetenland from czechoslovakia -germany took over the rest of czechoslovakia -the nazis systematically eliminated the civil and human rights of jews and other "undesirables" under their control -germany signed a non-aggression pact with russia, agreeing to divide poland -germany invaded poland -britain and france declared war -the nazis built death camps to attain "the final solution of the jewish question resulting in the murder of 6 million jews and more than 5 million others

Boston Massacre (march 5, 1770)

-occurred when the british attempted to enforce the townshend acts -british soldiers killed 5 bostonians, including crispus attucks, and american patriot and former slave -john adams provided the legal defense for the soldiers -though the british soldiers acted more or less in self-defense, anti-royal leaders used the massacre to spur action in the colonies

Civil War Advantages for the South (1860s)

-only needed to resist being conquered -vast in land size -troops would fight in their familiar home territory -highly qualified senior officers including robert e. lee, joseph johnston, albert sidney johnston, and stonewall jackson -inspired to protect their familiar institutions and culture

Treaty of Paris, 1783 (1783)

-peace settlement that ended the revolutionary war -the US was represented by ben franklin, john adams, and john jay -britain recognized the US' independence and outlined its borders -the US received all lands east of the mississippi river, north of florida, and south of the great lakes -the US agreed that loyalists to britain were not to be persecuted

Unlimited Submarine Warfare (1917)

-proclamation by germany that it would sink all ships without warning, that entered a large war zone off the coasts of allied nations -germany realized that it might draw the US into WWI -germany believed that cutting allied supplies would allow germany to win the war before a sizeable response by america -america broke diplomatic relations with germany

Truman Doctrine (1947)

-proposal that the US must bolster the deeds of free people resisting communism -$400 million appropriated for aid to greece and turkey to fight communism's spread -supported "containment" as a response to the cold war

Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603)

-protestant successor to Queen Mary (England) -popular leader and the 1st woman to successfully hold the throne -invested in english raids on the spanish new world -brought on a war response from spain in the form of the spanish armada -establish protestantism in england and encouraged english business

Convention of 1818 (1818)

-provided for boundary between the US and canada at the 49th parallel -allowed joint occupancy of oregon territory by americans and canadians -permitted american fisherman to fish in the waters of newfoundland and labrador

Hawaii (republic founded in 1894)

-american sugar planters worked in hawaii and expanded american-hawaiian sugar trade -queen liliuokalani opposed foreigners, alienating americans -revolution against the queen came about in 1893 and was encouraged by american leaders -feeling that most islanders did not support this revolution, grover cleveland unsuccessfully attempted to restore queen liliuokalani -sandford dole, son of american missionaries in hawaii, shepherded the annexation process -dole became hawaii's first governor when the US annexed it on july 7, 1898

Methods of Colonial Resistance (1770s)

-americans reacted first with restrained and respectful petitions, suggesting "taxation without representation is tyranny" -colonial merchants then boycotted british goods (non-importation) -colonists of the revolution finally turned to violence -crowds took action against customs officials and against merchants who violated the boycotts -some colonists continued to follow british command and became english "loyalists"

Mexican Cession and Slavery (1848)

-argument existed about slavery in the newly-acquired mexican cession -states-righters believed that the territory was the property of all states that the federal government had no right to prohibit property ownership in territories -many anti-slavery and federal government supporters contended that congress had the power to make laws for the territories -argument in favor of federal power was based on the northwest ordinance of 1787 and the missouri compromise of 1820

Manhattan Project, Enola Gay, and Hiroshima/Nagasaki (1942-1945; august 6, 1945; august 9, 1945)

-1: described operations by army engineers to design an atomic bomb - j. robert opprenheimer directed the group at los alamos, new mexico -2: plane that carried the atomic bomb into hiroshima, japan on august 6, 1945, killing 40,000 people immediately -3: a second atomic bomb was dropped on nagasaki, japan on august 9, 1945 -the decision to drop the bombs was controversial, as some argued that the japanese were essentially beaten and were willing to surrender, but that the US insisted on an unconditional surrender

Anaconda Plan (1861)

-Civil war strategy planned by northern general winfield scott to crush the southern rebellion -called for a naval blockade to shut out european supplies and exports, a campaign to take the mississippi river and, thereby, split the south, and a targeting of southern cities in hopes that pro-unionists would rise up in the south and overthrow the secession -both the blockade and the taking of the mississippi were successful

Japanese Internment Camps (1942)

-FDR authorized the evacuation of all japanese from the west coast into relocation centers -the government interned around 120,000 japanese-americans, 2/3 of them native-born US citizens -move came under public fear of japanese sabotage following pearl harbor, and in some part, due to racial discrimination -in 1988, congress voted to pay compensation to each surviving internee

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

-a proposal to reunite the country by senators wade and davis -required that 50% of a state's white male voters take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the union -demanded stronger efforts on behalf of states to emancipate slaves -lincoln "pocket-vetoed" the bill in favor of his "10% plan"

Russian Spies in the US (1948 and 1950)

-alger hiss-former state department official who was convicted of supplying information to the soviets -implicated by whittaker chambers during testimony before the house committee on un-american activities -richard nixon gained national exposure during his investigation into hiss Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- couple executed for giving atomic information to the russians -some argued that the rosenbergs could not receive a fair trial because of the political sentiments of the time

Berlin Airlift (june 1948)

-allies designated western germany to be free from communism -soviets blocked both land and water access to west berlin in the hopes that the allies would abandon west berlin -the US lifted supplies for more than 10 months into the city, forcing the soviets to remove the blockade in 1949

Kellog-Briand Pact (1928)

-also known as the pact of paris -15 nation pact agreed that all conflicts should be settled by peaceful means and that the war was to be renounced -the US congress demanded right of self-defense and that america should not have to act against countries that broke the treaty -the pact lacked effectiveness as it failed to provide enforcement measures

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

-amendment to a mexican war appropriations bill -proposed that slavery could not exist in any territory to be acquired from mexico -the amendment was defeated several times in congress -represented the looming question of slavery's future, which would be decided in the civil war

Isolationism and the Neutrality Acts of 1935 (1935)

-america became isolationist after WWI, mainly because its citizens had felt the harsh effects of the war -isolationist acts include the rejection of the treaty of versailles and higher tariffs -neutrality acts- in the event of war, american exports of military components were to be stalled for six months; this was to stop ships leaving the US from transporting arms to combatants

Results of WWI (1919-1920s)

-america emerged as the political and economic leader of world -european states went into decline -germany was devastated

Embargo of 1807 (1807)

-american declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination -jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the napoleonic wars -the result was economic depression in the US; this angered the federalists, who were well-represented in northeast commerce and were hit hard by the depression

Lend-Lease Act (march 1941)

-american proposal to aid the british, who had little cash for supplies -offered to give the british american supplies in exchange for payment after the war -payment could be made in material goods and services -put the US on the side of the allies -US also allowed for cash and carry, in which british and french ships could come into US' ports and buy anything that they could carry

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

-american revolution battle fought in northern new york -the british planned to end the american revolution by splitting the colonies along the hudson river, but they failed to mobilize properly -the british ended up surrendering, allowing for the 1st great american victory -demonstrated that the british could more easily hold the cities, but that they would have trouble subduing the countrysides -considered a turning point, as french aid began after this battle

US-British Tension and Webster-Ashburton Treaty (Treaty signed in 1842)

-american ship was burned by canadian loyalists -canada and the US disputed the boundary of maine -british ships sometimes stopped american ships to suppress american slave smuggling -the treaty settled the boundary of maine and border disputes in the great lakes -created more cooperation between the US and britain in curbing the slave trade

After the War of 1812 (post-1814)

-increased american nationalism -high foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco -turn from agrarian origins towards industrialization -depression of 1819 due to influx of british goods; the bank of the US responded by tightening credit to slow inflation -business slump

Glorious Revolution (1688)

-internal british struggle that replaced the catholic king james II with his protestant daughter, mary, and her husband, william of orange -inspired colonial uprisings in new york and maryland against ruling royal governors who pressed for more control -led to the overthrow of the dominion of new england, the central authority imposed by britain on colonists -william and mary's new government generally accepted these actions, permitting the growth of colonial institutions and culture

Civil War Ships (1860s)

-ironclads were civil war ships protected from cannon fire by iron plates bolted over the sloping wooden sides -confederates outfitted an old wooden warship, the Merrimack, with iron railroad rails and renamed it the virginia; it achieved devastating results -the union's monitor fought the merrimack to a standstill

Economic Measures Against Japan (1940-1941)

-japan used the vichy government to expand into french indochina -japan wanted to build bases in the area -america responded by holding japanese funds and creating embargos -led to failed negotiations between US and japan over japan's presence in china

Mexican War (1846-1848)

-john c. fremont (US) won attacks by land and sea in california -zachary taylor defeated large forces in mexico -mexicans refused to negotiate, so president polk ordered forces led by winfield scott into mexico city -treaty of guadalupe hidalgo in 1848 ended the war, giving the US land originally sought by slidell (new mexico, arizona, california, texas, and parts of colorado, utah, and nevada) -border set at rio grande river -raised questions of slavery in the new territory -henry david thoreau and a young whig, abraham lincoln, opposed the war

Sam Houston (1793-1863)

-leader of texas independence -defeated santa anna at the battle of san jacinto and claimed independence -houston requested both president jackson and president van buren to recognize texas as a state, which was denied out of fear that a new slave state would be formed

Battle of Gettysburg (july 1-3, 1863)

-lee invaded pennsylvania from virginia, pursued by northern general meade -lee was defeated and retreated to virginia -the bloodiest, most decisive battle of the civil war -farthest northern advance of the confederacy

Lincoln's "10% Plan" (1863)

-lincoln believed that seceded states should be restored to the union quickly and easily, with "malice toward none, with charity for all" -this allowed southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the union and an end to slavery -when 10% of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed -this plan was not accepted by congress

Yalta Conference (february 1945)

-meeting of the big three (roosevelt, churchill, stalin) to talk about post-WWII plans -germany was to be divided into american, british, french, and soviet zones -poland's boundaries would be revised, and free elections would be established -russia would help by attacking japan 3 months after germany's collapse in exchange for the sakhalin and kurile islands -agreed to hold conference in san francisco to form peacekeeping organization (united nations)

Teheran Conference (november 28-december 1, 1943)

-meeting of the big three: roosevelt, churchill, and stalin -agreement that russia would attack germany from the east as the allies would attack from the west -1st time roosevelt had met stalin

John Jay (1745-1829)

-member of 1st and 2nd continental congress -negotiated treaty of paris and jay's treaty -1st chief justice of supreme court -wrote portions of the federalist papers

Texas, Leading to the Battle of the Alamo (1800s)

-mexico refused to sell texas to the US, which had given up its claims to texas in the adams-onis treaty -texas had been a state in the republic of mexico since 1822, following a revolution against spain -mexico offered land grants for immigration to the area; many americans responded and came to texas, increasing population and revenue -southerners moved to mexico with interest in becoming slave masters; the presence of slavery angered the mexican government -when the population changed, mexico's power began to erode -stephen austin worked to first make texas a mexican state and later independent of mexico

George Washington's Leadership in the American Revolution (1775-1781)

-named commander-in-chief of continental forces in june 1775 by the 2nd continental congress -forced british to evacuate boston in march 1776 -defeated british at trenton, new jersey, after crossing the delaware on december 25, 1776 -survived tough winter at valley forge (1777-1778); washington strengthened his troops during the winter and gained respect -general cornwallis surrendered to washington on october 19, 1781

Tecumeseh (1811)

-native american chief who was encouraged by british forces to fight against pressured removal from western territories -william henry harrison destroyed the united native american confederacy at tippecanoe

Louisiana Purchase (april 30, 1803)

-purchased for $15 million from france -jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of purchasing land without having this authority granted by the constitution; to make the purchase, he employed the presidential power of treaty-making -US' territory was doubled -the purchase helped remove france from the western borders of the US -farmers could now send their goods (furs, grains, tobacco) down the mississippi river and through new orleans, facilitating transportation to europe -opened land to agrarian expansion, helping fulfill one of the tenets of jefferson's social ideology -the expansion westward created more states with jeffersonian republican representation to the point that the federalists became a marginalized party

Marshall Plan (june 1947)

-recovery program paid by america and allies to rebuild europe -helped support a strong european economy and stable politics to resist communism -defined by secretary of state george marshall and signed by president truman -america provided over $15 billion in aid to europe

Wilson's Treaty and Henry Cabot Lodge (1919)

-republican senator lodge led opposition against paris peace treaty because of war entanglement with other members (article x) -on national speaking tour to push for league of nations, wilson collapsed after a speech -wilson never fully recovered, but he wrote to democrats to oppose treaty changes by lodge -by not compromising, the treaty was defeated and the US did not join the league; a joint resolution enacted peace instead

Secession (began in december of 1860)

-response to the election of abraham lincoln, who sought to contain slavery -south carolina voted to secede on december 20, 1860 -over the next 2 months alabama, georgia, florida, mississippi, louisiana, and texas seceded -these states declared themselves the confederate states of american and elected jefferson davis as president, adopting a constitution that permitted slavery rights and the sovereignty of states

Platt Amendment (1901)

-rider attached to army appropriations bill -it was written into the constitution of cuba by the US and, in effect, made cuba a US protectorate -the US could intervene to preserve cuba's "independence"; in reality, the US could act to protect its own interests -the US kept land for naval bases on cuba; guantanamo bay would play a part in later cuba-US conflicts

French and Indian War (1748-1763)

-rivalry between France, Britain, and various native american tribes over land in the ohio region -it was one of a series of wars fought between france and england throughout the world at the time -battles continued on european and american fronts until britain gained control of canada -it was in these conflicts that George Washington first appeared as an able military leader

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

-signed by the US and spain -free navigation of the mississippi river was given to the US -US gained area north of florida that had been in dispute (present-day mississippi and alabama -gave western farmers the "right of deposit" in new orleans, enabling them to use the port for their goods, making it easier for them to get their goods to the east -the US would later make the louisiana purchase, which would cement this right of deposit

Fourteen Points (1918)

-specific peace plan presented by wilson in an address to congress -called for open (rather than secret) peace treaties -called for free trade, transportation along the seas, and arms reduction -espoused a general association of nations to preserve the peace -reactions in europe were mixed; some countries had a desire to punish germany -american citizens feared further entanglement and growing isolationist sentiment would later slow the US' decision to enter WWII

Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

-telegram from german foreign secretary zimmerman to german minister in mexico that was intercepted by the british -proposed the mexico attack the US in the event that america entered WWI -germany would return lost territories of texas, new mexico, and arizona to mexico in victory -telegram released publicly and ensured american support for war against germany

XYZ Affair (1798)

-the US wanted an end to french harassment of american shipping -to settle the issue, french representatives demanded a bribe from the US just to open negotiations with french minister talleyrand -the US refused the bribe and suspended trade with the french -led to the creation of the american navy

Causes of Mexican War (1844-1846)

-the new mexican republic would not address grievances held by US citizens, who claimed property losses and personal injuries resulting from conflicts during the mexican revolution -due to sentiment arising from the idea of manifest destiny, there was an increased american interest in mexican-held western territory -the US had aided texas in its revolt against the mexican government and there was growing momentum toward a US annexation of texas -when the US congress annexed texas, polk sent john slidell to negotiate a settlement for that land, for california, and for western mexico territory -the mexican government rejected slidell

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

-the treaty of ghent, which ended hostilities after the war of 1812, set the groundwork for this agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the US and canada -agreement between britain and the US to stop maintaining armed fleets on the great lakes -served as the 1st "disarmament" agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between canada and the US

Provisions of Paris Peace Conference (January 1919)

-the treaty of versailles was the peace treaty which resulted from the conference -formed the league of nations to protect territorial integrity and political independence of all members -germany was held responsible for war (war guilt clause), required to pay heavily for damages (reparations), and limited to a small defensive force -new nations' boundaries were drawn, including yugoslavia, austria, hungary, and poland -german colonies were made mandates of the league and under trusteeship of the allies

The Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)

-war between napoleon's france and the other european powers, led by britain -both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, esp the US, from trading with their enemy -american ships were seized by both sides and american sailors were "impressed" or forced into the british navy -the US was angered by this violation of the "freedom of the seas" principle which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over the seas -these violations would escalate and lead to the war of 1812

Cold War (began 1946)

-war of words caused by differences in economic and political beliefs between the US and U.S.S.R -no actual fighting took place -churchill commented that an "iron curtain" had been dropped between western europe and the soviet's eastern europe

US States Domestic Measures for WWII (1942-1943)

-war production board regulated raw materials -prices and wages were frozen -income tax was extended to more people -the US sold liberty bonds -the government had the power to take over businesses closed by strikes

US Home Front During WWI (1918)

-wilson controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations to ensure supplies for war -appointed herbert hoover as head of food administration -wilson oversaw the use of fuel, railroads, and maritime shipping -wilson resolved labor disputes through offers of employee benefits

Reasons for the US' Entry into WWI (1917)

-zimmerman telegram showed germany was untrustworthy and would come after the US -armed neutrality could not protect shipping -after russia's revolution, a democratic russian government made it an acceptable ally -america could hasten end of the war and ensure a role in designing peace -sinking of the lusitania and other ships by german submarines -the US was already backing the allies with supplies -in his war message, wilson said that, "the world must be made safe for democracy"

V-E Day and V-J Day (may 8, 1945; august 15, 1945)

1: victory in europe day, was the day the allies announced germany's surrender in europe 2: victory in japan day was the day the allies announced japan's surrender to end WWII

Puerto Rico and the United States (1900 foraker and 1917 citizenship)

in 1900, congress passed the foraker act which gave puerto rico limited popular government -in 1917 american citizenship was granted to puerto ricans