APWH College Board
Which of the following most likely explains why the scroll was copied for a new audience in the 1350s? The Mongol conquests caused widespread destruction to China's irrigation system. B The artist wanted to demonstrate the superiority of the Song dynasty over the Yuan dynasty. C Mongols adopted and spread technological innovations from regions within their empire. D Chinese culture had a significant influence on neighboring countries, such as Korea and Vietnam.
C
Image 10: In addition to China, the cultural tradition alluded to in Liu Guandao's painting strongly influenced the society and culture of A the Ottoman Empire B India C Persia D Korea
D
Passage 15: The passage above best illustrates which of the following? A Muslims' examination of their own cultural and economic decline after the Crusades B The debt the Arab world owed Europe for preserving Arab scientific knowledge and cultural history C The reason European industrial expertise far surpassed that of the Arab world D The effects of interregional contact on th
D
Passage 6: The second passage does not support the first passage because the second passage A shows that an influx of manpower from Europe was not critical for the survival of the Crusader states B shows that Muslims vastly outnumbered Europeans in the Crusader states C minimizes the importance of Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights in the administration of the Crusader states D presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler
D
Passage 11: A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies? A There is no agriculture left because Indra now supports the Muslims. B The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear. C The Hindu citizens of Madurai are perturbed by hearing parrots speaking Persian. D The Hindu citizens of Madurai protect the owls in their gardens because they are considered to be sacred birds.
B
Image 14 could best be used as evidence of the ways in which A the introduction of new commercial practices fostered urban expansion. B new commercial technologies helped expand literacy. C imperial states attempted to expand commercial activity. D commerce fostered cultural unity in some politically fragmented regions.
C
Passage 5: Based on the passage, which of the following most strongly influenced Dara Shikoh's religious views? A Shi'ism B Sufism C Buddhism D Zoroastrianism
B
Image 13: The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following? A Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China B The development of Mongolian as the primary written language of administration across most of Eurasia C The spread of Persian culture into Central Asia D Improved ship designs and navigation techniques for oceanic commerce
A
Image 19: The photograph above shows a fourteenth century C.E. mosque in the city of Xi'an, central China. This image most clearly supports which of the following conclusions about the spread of Islam? A Early Muslim communities in China adopted local architectural styles for their religious buildings. B Political instability in fourteenth-century China encouraged the spread of Islam. C Islam spread to China before Buddhism did. D Early Muslim communities in China disguised their mosques as Confucian academies.
A
Image 2: best illustrates which of the following features of the Chinese economy in the period 1200 to 1450 ? A Technological innovations increased agricultural yields. B The government sponsored land reforms. C Confucian policies guided the way agrarian labor was performed. D Improvements in manufacturing techniques resulted in increased handicraft production.
A
Image 5: Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade? A It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes. B It led to the disappearance of previously established trade networks. C It led to an expansion of land-based caravan trade but also to a decline of maritime trade. D It led to the first creation of trade links between previously isolated world regions.
A
Passage 10: What mostly likely caused the famine described above? A The Little Ice Age B Desertification C The Crusades D Monsoon flooding
A
Passage 11: Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph? A Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River. B Wild animals destroyed Madurai's Hindu temple. C The Kaveri River flooded and destroyed the city of Madurai. D The city of Madurai's Hindu temple was renowned for its beauty.
A
Passage 13: All of the following developments in Song dynasty China were important factors in the accumulation of wealth outlined in the first paragraph EXCEPT A increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean trade B an increase in agricultural production in China C increased Chinese production of manufactured goods D an increase in technological innovations in China
A
Passage 13: Which of the following best describes the author's claim about the Chinese examination system in the second paragraph? A The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society. B The system strongly reinforced rigid class distinctions between nobles and commoners in Chinese society. C By offering opportunities to female scholars, the system elevated the prestige of women in Chinese society. D By encouraging conformism and obedience, the system prevented efforts to reform and modernize Chinese society in the nineteenth century.
A
Passage 3: The activities of the state described in the passage are consistent with which of the following Song dynasty policies? A Increasing state investment in economic development, such as improving the Grand Canal B State-sponsored maritime expeditions in the Indian Ocean, such as those led by Zheng He C Tribute exchanges with Central Asian peoples, such as the Mongols D Revival of traditional Chinese forms of learning, such as Neoconfucianism
A
Passage 6: Which of the following earlier developments contributed most directly to the importance of the Asian market during the early modern period as described by both passages? A The commercialization of the Chinese economy under the Song and Ming dynasties B The conquest of India by Muslim Turks and Afghans C The increased trade along the Silk Roads encouraged by the Mongol conquests in Eurasia D The spread of Confucian ideas to areas of East and Southeast Asia outside China
A
Passage 14: The author's claim in the second paragraph that Asian countries such as India, Japan, and Thailand, have certain cultural characteristics "in common possession" is most likely a reference to which of the following? A A shared experience of European colonization B Shared Buddhist religious influences C Shared Confucian political principles in government D Shared literary languages and ethnic origins
B
Image 10: Which of the following historical continuities is best reflected in the image? A Chinese art reflected European methods of painting. B Chinese art continued to emphasize traditional subjects and styles. C Chinese art incorporated elements of Central Asian nomadic life. D Chinese art continued to stress the importance of technological innovation.
B
Image 11: The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? A The empire of Alexander the Great B The Mongol Empire C The Russian Empire D The Byzantine Empire E The Ottoman Empire
B
Image 12: The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to which of the following changes in Europe in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? A The end of feudalism B The decline of serfdom C The collapse of the Byzantine Empire D
B
Image 13: The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers A favored some commercial trading organizations over others B portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce C shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes D restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies
B
Image 16: The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes? A Imposition of religion through military conquest B Spread of religion along trade routes C Abandonment of indigenous cultural styles in the face of colonization D Conflict between local and universalizing religions
B
Image 21: Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following? A The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia B The decline of many urban areas C A decrease in technological and scientific innovation D A decrease in military conflicts
B
Image 22: Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following? A The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia B The decline of many urban areas C A decrease in technological and scientific innovation D A decrease in military conflicts
B
Image 23: Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map? A The growth of trading cities on the Swahili Coast B Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai C The overall decline in the trade of goods along the Silk Roads D The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in West Africa
B
Image 4: The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city A was located on an island B was highly fortified against outside attacks C tolerated many religions D looked down on trade and commerce E valued and rewarded people of all classes
B
Image 5: Which of the following best explains the changes in China's population shown in the table above? A Immigration to China increased due to religious persecution of Buddhists in India and Southeast Asia. B Agricultural output increased as a result of the use of the new crop strains, iron plows, and expanded irrigation. C Less warfare with neighboring states and nomadic peoples also meant fewer casualties in wars and a population increase. D The Confucian emphasis on the importance of family led many Chinese to have more children.
B
Passage 11: Which of the following is a claim made by the petitioner in the third paragraph? A The gods will directly accompany the king in his conquest of the Madurai Sultanate. B The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai. C A prophecy has shown that the king will conquer the Madurai Sultanate. D The king should establish victory pillars after his conquest.
B
Passage 12: The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments? A The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily. B Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. C Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty. D The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.
B
Passage 12: Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? A The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. B The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. C The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent. D The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.
B
Passage 13: Which of the following statements from the second paragraph most directly supports the claim that the examination system strengthened the Chinese states? A The statement that most successful candidates "required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people" B The statement that "when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged" C The statement that "the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system" D The statement that "the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations . . . was incomparably forward-looking in its day"
B
Passage 5: Dara Shikoh's views about the value of the Upanishads, as expressed in the second paragraph, are most likely based on which of the following features of Hinduism? A The belief in the cycle of rebirth B The belief in an ultimate universal principle C The belief in numerous gods and goddesses D The belief in the potential for the liberation of the soul
B
Passage 7: The excerpt above best represents which aspect of Hinduism? A The desire to escape worldly suffering B The cyclical nature of death and rebirth C The belief in karma D The importance of caste
B
Passage One: The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following? A The literary tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world B The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain C The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims D The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes
B
Passage two: Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be most difficult to verify? A That Hangzhou had a large population B That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities C That the merchants of Hangzhou imported goods from many other places D That Hangzhou had a large market district
B
Passage One: The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? A The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean B The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests C The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere D The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity
B.
Image 23: The spread of which of the following religious traditions was most directly facilitated by trade along the routes shown on the map? A Christianity B Buddhism C Islam D Judaism
C
Image 6 and 7: The maritime trade connections involving East Africa shown on Map 1 provided a setting for which of the following developments? A The emergence of commercial credit through banks B The development of the compass C The spread of Islam D The appearance of social structures privileging men over women
C
Image 6: The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following? A Spread of Hinduism B Spread of Christianity C Extent of trade routes D Seasonal migrations of nomads
C
Image 9: Muslim scientists in the period before 1450 c.e. generally participated in intellectual and scholarly exchanges with neighboring cultures by A being the recipients of funding from foreign rulers B serving strictly as copyists of earlier works that otherwise would have been lost C expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research D learning from the superior scientific knowledge of medieval western European scientists
C
Images 17 & 18: The two dynasties whose expansions are illustrated by the images shared which of the following? A Their rulers claimed to be descended from the Mongol ruling family of Chinggis Khan B Their rulers were recognized as caliphs by most Muslims C Their rulers were descended from Turkic peoples of Central Asian descent D Their rulers claimed power by virtue of protecting Dar al-Islam from European invasion
C
Passage 12: The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia? A The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies B The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate C The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China D The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire
C
Passage 4: The excerpt above best illustrates which of the following attributes of Confucianism? A The equality of all members of the family B The power of wives over their husbands outside the home C The virtues and duties of family members D The legitimacy of selling women to worthy families
C
Passage 8: Ibn Battuta's claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200-1450 ? A Expanding trade facilitated increased tolerance of the traditions of other religious groups. B Cultural exchange emerged from competition among maritime empires. C Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions. D Cultural exchange emerged from new patterns of regional commerce.
C
Passage One: The system of thought demonstrated by al-Khatib suggests he was most influenced by which of the following? A New understandings of the natural world during the Enlightenment B Daoist understandings of the balance between humans and nature C Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation D Arab interactions with Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians in the pre-Islamic era
C
The activity depicted in Image 3 best illustrates which of the following characteristics of China's economy before 1450 ? A The influence of Confucian labor policies B The impact of innovations borrowed from surrounding states C The reliance on systems of peasant labor D The dependence on trade along the Silk Roads
C
Image 20: Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration? A To convert peoples of other faiths to Islam B To create diasporic merchant communities C To recruit soldiers for the Caliphate D To bind diverse communities to a common tradition
D
Image 9: Muslim scholars' incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that A most educated Muslims continued to speak European languages well into the fifteenth century B European merchants had established trade outposts throughout Muslim Central Asia C Muslim scientists rejected the contributions of scientists from other cultures as heretical D Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia
D
Image 9: The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200-1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the A conquest of Baghdad by the European Crusaders B expansion of the Song dynasty into Muslim Central Asia C Byzantine reconquest of Palestine and Lebanon D fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate
D
Image One: The photograph above of Angkor Wat in Cambodia is an example of A the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia B the wealth created by the spice trade C Japanese architecture D Hindu influence in Southeast Asia E the Chinese reconquest of Indochina
D
Passage 8: Based on Ibn Battuta's description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a A Sunni Muslim merchant who believes that commercial profits should be given greater consideration than religious purity B Sufi Muslim mystic who believes that Muslim rulers should encourage religious coexistence C Shi'a Muslim cleric who believes that false interpretations of Islam have corrupted the religion D Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam
D
Passage 8: The purpose of Ibn Battuta's account was most likely to A glorify himself by exaggerating the influence he had obtained over local rulers in Southeast Asia B warn Muslim merchants that China was beginning to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean C encourage fellow Muslims in North Africa to participate more in maritime commerce D inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited
D
Passage 9: The excerpt above exemplifies the continued influence on eighteenth-century Japan of which of the following? A The Christian tradition of children respecting their parents B The Buddhist encouragement of female spirituality C The Islamic practice of women appearing modestly in public D The Confucian emphasis on filial submission
D
