AQT Yeezy Quran: Chapter 2

This political candidate suggested in 2011 that Charles Darwin was inspired by Satan to come up with his theory of evolution, and directly criticized President Obama's health care plan during a 2013 White House Prayer Breakfast. This Detroit native was the first surgeon to perform a successful surgery of twins conjoined at the head, and was the youngest head of pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins at age 33. For 10 points, name this doctor, who was chosen by President Trump to head the Department of Housing and Urban Development after dropping out of the 2016.

Carson

Pierre Burton's comments on this document state, "For nothing has changed; everything is as it was in the beginning [ . . . ]" One portion of this document outlined the creation of an "Indian Barrier State" in the Northwest Territory. Article 10 of this document discussed the ending of the international slave trade. This treaty notably made no changes to the boundaries established before the war it ended. This treaty was signed two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans. For 10 points, name this treaty signed in a Belgian city that ended the War of 1812.

Ghent

A Banksy parody of this painting depicts a shirtless man in Union Flag underwear. A building in this painting features a knobless yellow door and has no visible exit. In this painting, a small advertisement for five cent Phillies cigars runs along the top of the central building. A woman in this painting was modeled on the artist's wife Jo, has red hair and wears a red dress. A man in white serves three guests in a diner amidst an empty street in this painting. For 10 points, name this painting by Edward Hopper.

Nighthawks

The priest Kru-no-slav Draganovic was authorized by this leader to help resettle criminals in his country. Several of his Montonero supporters were massacred after going to meet him at Ezeiza Airport. This leader invited former fascists, including the Croatian Ante Pavelic, Josef Mengele and Adolf Eichmann, to settle in his country after World War II. Many of this leader's working class followers were known as the descamisados, or the "shirtless ones." This leader was succeeded by his third wife Isabel, while his popular second wife died of cancer at the age of 33. For 10 points, name this leader of Argentina, the husband of Evita.

Peron

This Eastern European nation has made an offer to build a military base for U.S. forces, and jokingly dubbed it, "Fort Trump." Much of this Eastern European nation's territory is part of the North European Plain, other than its southern border regions with the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which is located along the Carpathian Mountains. The northeastern portion of this Eastern European nation is adjacent to the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. For 10 points, name this Eastern European nation with cities such as Krakow, Gdansk, and Warsaw, the capital.

Poland

The idea that one of these events occurred during the twelfth century titles the most famous book by Harvard historian Charles Haskins. In his History of France, Jules Michelet was the first person to give this time period its name. The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt wrote two major books on the history of this time period. During this period, Leon Battista Alberti expressed the idea of a polymath, or its namesake man. During this time period, the ideas of ancient Greek and Roman scholars were promoted by Humanists. For 10 points, name this period of "rebirth" of culture centered in Italy.

Renaissance

This state is home to an archipelago that contains the Islands of the Four Mountains and Unimak. The Gastineau Channel separates this state's capital from the mainland, and this state's "North Slope" is home to Prudhoe Bay. This state is home to Bligh Reef, which lies near this state's city of Valdez and was the site of a major oil spill. This state's largest city lies on the Cook Inlet and is near the Chugach mountains. That city is Anchorage. The Iditarod sled dog race takes place in, for 10 points, what largest US state by area, with capital at Juneau.

Alaska

These entities form "lines of Zahn" when they appear in the heart or the aorta, because they have alternating layers of platelets made of fibrin. If one of these entities becomes "free-floating,"it is referred to as an "embolus", and causes of these entities can include heart arrhythmia and long periods of inactivity. Treatments for these entities include heparin and warfarin, both of which can inhibit their formation and growth in the body. For 10 points,name these entities, which are helpful in coagulation but can lead to harmful effects like thrombosis.

Blood clot

This European nation's southern border contains the Rhodope Mountains, and it borders the historical Greek region of Thrace. This nation, along with Greece, are the only nations to border the European portion of Turkey. This nation's capital lies in its western portion along the Iskar River, which is located completely within this nation, before flowing into the Danube. This nation's major port city, Varna, is located along the Black Sea. For 10 points, name this Eastern European nation with its capital at Sofia.

Bulgaria

The Magnus Formula is used to determine this type of temperature, which is studied in psychrometry. This type of temperature is measured by a hygrometer, and the highest recorded temperature of this type was measured in Saudi Arabia at 178 degrees Fahrenheit. The measurement of this type of temperature is related to humidity, and a high relative humidity indicates that this type of temperature is closer to the current air temperature. For 10 points, give this term for the temperature at which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor.

Dew point

New York resident Kevin Shea lives in one of these structures, dubbed the Long Island Green one of these structures. Norman Foster designed a glass one of these structures to symbolize the reunification of Germany for the Reichstag. The largest brick one of these structures in the world was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and adorns the top of the Florence Cathedral. For 10 points, name this architectural feature that can be found predominantly atop the U.S. Capital, and is loosely defined as the top half of a sphere.

Dome

A form of this quantity can be calculated from the effective charge squared divided by the covalent radius; that form of this quantity is named for Allred and Rochow. Robert Mulliken proposed calculating this quantity by averaging ionization energy and electron affinity. A covalent bond is considered nonpolar when the difference in this quantity between both atoms is less than 0.6. According to Pauling's scale, the largest value of this quantity, 4.0, is possessed by fluorine. For 10 points, name this quantity, the measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond.

Electronegativity

When UMBC upset Virginia in March Madness, Nolan Gerrity claimed it was like the first victory in this leisure activity. Its content emulated Turk's dance on Scrubs, and others saw homage to Lost when a mysterious hatch was found. Durrr Burgers is a soccer arena sponsor in this game whose locales include Haunted Hills, Shifty Shafts, and the Dusty Depot turned to a divot by a meteor. Players in this Epic Games title skydive from a party bus, look for supplies, and win by outlasting opponents. For 10—give this game whose name is a homophone for a 14-day period.

Fortnite

During one conflict in Phlegra, Athena killed and flayed one of these beings named Pallas and used his skin as her shield. During that same conflict, Athena also trapped one of these beings under the Island of Sicily. One of these beings refused to weep after the death of Baldr, and another of them is needed to push Baldr's boat into the water. In addition to Thokk and Hyrrokkin, another of these beings will kill and be killed by Freyr during Ragnarok and is named Surtr. For 10 points, name these beings that live in Jotunheim and are known for their large size.

Giants

The protagonist of this TV series survived a plane crash in the Himalayas that killed his parents, and survived a brutal combat competition to gain the title status. That protagonist returns to New York City in this TV series only to find his father's former partner running the Rand Corporation in the shadows after being declared dead. The namesake protagonist of this series battles "the Hand" in both this series, and with other heroes in the sequel series "The Defenders." For 10 points, name this Marvel TV series about Danny Rand, who has the titular glowing appendage.

Iron Fist

This author wrote a novel that takes its title from Isaiah chapter 21, verse 6 and ends with the protagonist making a date with Hank Clinton while "accepting her father to the human race" after discovering a racist pamphlet entitled "The Black Plague." This author wrote a sequel to a novel that includes a court case involving Bob Ewell's false rape accusations against Tom Robinson. For 10 points, name this author of Go Set a Watchman, a sequel to her novel about the upbringing of Jem and Scout, To Kill a Mockingbird.

Lee

One of these mathematical statements does not hold in non-Euclidean geometry and states that two lines meet if a line drawn between them forms same-side interior angles with a sum less than 180 degrees. That statement was the fifth of five of these mathematical statements, others of which include "a straight line can be drawn from one point to another point," and "all right angles are equal to one another." For 10 points, name these mathematical statements, five of which were described by Euclid in this book Elements, also known as "axioms."

Postulates

Philip Catelinet premiered Ralph Vaughan Williams' F minor concerto for this instrument. Berlioz noted that, "in Prussia" this instrument "had replaced the ophicleide" which was itself a updated version of the wooden serpent. Four oval-shaped versions of this instrument named for the composer first appear playing the motif of the golden castle of the gods in Wagner's Das Rheingold. A coiled version of this instrument that rests on the player's shoulder was developed by J.W. Pepper for the marching band of John Philip Sousa. The euphonium is smaller than, for 10 points, what large brass instrument, one version of which is called the sousaphone.

Tuba

Description acceptable. William T. Adams wrote a series of this genre of literature under the pen name "Oliver Optic" with patriotic titles like Strange Sights Abroad and Stand by the Union. Fellow 19th century author Horatio Alger wrote stories in this genre entitled Ragged Dick and Tattered Tom, while modern authors in this genre for girls include Sarah Dessen and Veronica Roth. Awards for books in this genre include the Michael Printz and Margaret Edwards Awards. For 10 points, name this genre of books that appeals to adolescent readers.

Young Adult

A ruler of this country secretly married Lilian Baels six years after he lost his first wife Astrid to a car accident. The first king of this country was invited following a revolution that started with a performance of Auber's The Mute Girl of Portici. Irish national Roger Casement accused this country's king, and his de-facto subordinates in Boma, of having soldiers sever the hands of workers who had not fulfilled their rubber quotas in the Congo Free State. For 10 points, name this country once ruled by Leopold II, which consists of Flanders, Wallonia, and the Brussels-Capital Region.

Belgium

This entity begins at Cape Prince of Wales on Alaska's North Slope, and Grays Peak in Colorado is the highest point along this entity. This entity separates Glacier National Park and Waterton Lakes National Park in northern Montana, and a community in central Montana is named for this entity. All rivers east of this entity drain towards the Atlantic Ocean, and all bodies of water west of this entity drain towards the Pacific Ocean. For 10 points, name this entity which runs along the Rocky Mountains through the western United States, separating drainage basins.

Continental Divide

This artist's version of the Salvator Mundi theme, in which a blue-robed Jesus holds a glass orb and raises his right hand, sold for a record-setting 450 million dollars at Christie's in 2017. This artist used a trademark sfumato technique for two versions of a scene in which an infant John the Baptist and Jesus sit next to an angel in front of a rocky cliff, entitled Virgin of the Rocks. Lisa Gherardini probably modeled for a portrait by this artist with a mysterious smile. Name this Italian Renaissance artist of The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.

Da Vinci

A biblical sculpture by this artist was so lifelike he yelled "speak, damn you, speak!" at it, and was nicknamed Zuccone because of its bald head. The base of a statue by this artist has fake doors representing the gates of the underworld. In addition to sculptures of Habakkuk and Erasmo di Narni, a sculpture by this artist depicts a wing from a helmet creeping up the subject's leg. That sculpture depicts a man holding a sword and standing over a disembodied head. For 10 points, name this Italian Renaissance sculptor, famous for his nude bronze David.

Donatello

A doctor's wife in this novel defies her husband's warning of horseback riding and suffers a miscarriage. In this novel, Featherstone attempts to convince Mary to destroy one of his two wills. One character in this novel is unable to read German, stalling his research on The Key to All Mythologies. The protagonist of this novel marries the poor Will Ladislaw, renouncing the fortune of her dead husband Casaubon. For 10 points, name this "study of provincial life" about residents of the title town, like Dorothea Brooke, written by George Eliot.

Middlemarch

In one essay by this author, he argues that without Christianity the stock market would crash and the the Turks would only grow stronger. In another essay by this author, he notes the collateral advantage of "lessening the number of Papists" after observing that "a young healthy child...is, at a year old, a most... wholesome food." In a novel by this author, the title character meets horse people who own the human-like Yahoos after earlier meeting the tiny people of Lilliput. For 10 points, name this British author of "A Modest Proposal" and Gulliver's Travels

Swift

Marc Chagall's painting Birthday depicts a distorted, floating man engaged in this action. A marble sculpture by Antonio Canova displays one god "reviving" another via this action. A sculpture titled for this action was originally adjacent to Ugolino Devouring His Children, but was judged too lighthearted for the surrounding Inferno-inspired material by its artist. For 10 points, Auguste Rodin sculpted lovers Francesca and Paolo engaging in what romantic action for his The Gates of Hell?

Kiss

This nation's flag is similar to the United States with 13 alternating red and white stripes, and a man in Kansas displaying it was accused of "ISIS activities" in 2017. One portion of this Asian nation is located on the Malay Peninsula while the other is located on the northern portion of Borneo. This nation's "Peninsular" portion is separated from the Indonesian island of Sumatra by the Strait of Malacca. For 10 points, name this growing Southeast Asian economic power with capital at Kuala Lumpur.

Malaysia

A proposed canal across this state began in 1838 at Lake St. Clair, but only 16 miles were built before it was discontinued in 1843. This state contains a peninsula nicknamed "the Thumb," lying between Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay, which is the largest drainage basin in this state. This state's Traverse City is the largest producer of cherries in the United States, and the Straits of Mackinac separate this state's "Lower" portion from its "Upper." For 10 points, name this U.S. state, the only one that is made up of Two Peninsulas, which has its capital at Lansing.

Michigan

It's not by Benjamin West, but a church steeple in this painting's background is visible above spherical treetops. The artist's signature appears at the bottom of this painting on one of its subject's clothes. Several potted plants and a window with green blinds are visible in this painting, which is based on the Dibble House. This painting's title comes from the architectural style of an arched window, and the models for its central figures were the artist's sister and dentist. For 10 points, name this painting that depicts an apron-wearing woman and a man who holds a pitchfork, by Grant Wood.

American Gothic

In this state, the widow of "Pinto Democrat" Bob Stump accused a same-named candidate of deliberately confusing voters during an election to replace Trent Franks. This state's supreme court removed the InvestinED tax measure from the 2018 ballot, reigniting the #RedForEd movement that led a spring teacher walkout. A 2010 law in this state required people to produce immigration documents for the police, and a recently-pardoned former sheriff in this state finished dead last in a primary to replace retiring senator Jeff Flake. For 10 points, name this state, the site of a private memorial for John McCain in Phoenix.

Arizona

One begins to wear tefillin several months beforehand as preparation for this ceremony. One who has undergone this ceremony is allowed to constitute a minyan. The central participant in this ceremony is sometimes showered with candies when performing the aliyah, and reads the haftarah as part of the weekly Torah reading. After this ceremony, participants are expected to uphold the 613 mitzvot and hold responsibility for their own actions. This ceremony is usually held at the first Shabbat after a boy's thirteenth birthday. For 10 points, name this Jewish coming-of-age ceremony for boys.

Bar Mitzvah

In 2000, this actor became the first from his homeland to receive a Best Actor nomination for his work in Julian Schnabel's Before Night Falls. On Hashima Island, a character played by this actor shoots Severine with a flintlock during a shot glass marksman challenge. This actor removes two rows of fake teeth to confront his former boss M in Skyfall. In his most famous role, this actor decides via a coin toss who to kill with a cattle gun as he chases Llewelyn Moss for a briefcase from a drug deal gone south. For 10 points, name this Spanish actor who played the hitman Anton Chigurh in No Country for Old Men.

Bardem

The first one of these devices was built in 1800 using a stack of copper and zinc plates, with brine-soaked paper disks between them. Early versions of these devices used "wet cells," and "dry cell" versions were not invented until 1886 by Carl Gassner. These devices use redox reactions to operate, and cations are reduced and electrons are added at the cathode while this device is "charging." When this device discharges power, the situation is reversed. For 10 points, name these devices, first invented by Alessandro Volta, which convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy.

Batteries

The popular tourist island of Lombok in this nation was hit with devastating earthquakes in July and August, 2018. This island nation also contains the resort island of Bali, which itself is east of the most populated island of this nation, Java. A mega-project by this nation to connect Java with the nearby island of Sumatra via a bridge across the narrow Sunda Strait was cancelled in 2014, and this nation is separated from the Malay Peninsula by the Strait of Malacca. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian nation with capital at Jakarta.

Indonesia

David Hilbert described this mathematical concept in a thought experiment about the Grand Hotel, in which he explained that a completely occupied hotel could still hold this many guests. Georg Cantor explained this mathematical concept, of which cardinal numbers of this are symbolized with the aleph symbol. According to Cantor, the set of integers is countably this type of number, while this type of set of real numbers is uncountable. For 10 points each, name this mathematical concept that describes a type of number that is larger than any natural number.

Infinity

Bhāskara taught others about this statement with a drawing and the word "behold!", and it is also demonstrated with the "franciscan's cowl" or "bride's chair" figure. Points (x, y) on the unit circle where x and y are rationals provide values that satisfy this mathematical equation. It provides a way to find complex numbers' absolute values. Its converse states that a polygon with sides 12, 35, and 37 contains a 90-degree angle. For 10 points—give this theorem stating the hypotenuse of a right triangle squared equals the squares of the other two sides.

Pythagorean theorum

The young men involved in this incident admitted that they did not get permission from their parents before going exploring. This incident led to the death of Navy SEAL Saman Gunan when he ran out of oxygen while placing canisters in the location where this incident took place. The young men involved in this incident were part of the Wild Boars soccer team, and they were exploring the Tham Luang complex when they were trapped by monsoon rains. For 10 points, name this incident involving a group of boys in Thailand.

Thai Cave Rescue

Proton transport and conductivity between molecules of this compound occur via a chain of broken and reformed bonds in the Grotthuss mechanism. A Piper plot represents this substance by describing the major ions found in it. Oddly, the line of this substance's phase diagram at the solid/liquid boundary has a negative slope. The specific heat capacity of this substance at room temperature is around 4.2 joules per grams Kelvin. This substance has a bent geometry with two lone pairs. For 10 points, name this chemical substance, known as the universal solvent, with formula H2O.

Water

In this presidential election, a letter accused the incumbent of having "a vanity without bounds." James Bayard of Delaware was persuaded to cast a blank ballot in this election. The incumbent in this election lost votes within his party due to a split between him and Charles Pinckney, and a single electoral vote was cast for John Jay. A faction of "High Federalists" led by Alexander Hamilton opposed this election's loser. A contingent election broke a tie between Aaron Burr and this election's winner. For 10 points, name this election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams.

1800

Early versions of these instruments have been credited to musicians in Berlin, Russia, and Austria, but Charles Wheatstone of England was the first to bring both chords and keyboards together in one device, which he dubbed the "concertina." Composers like Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Charles Ives wrote pieces for the "diatonic button" version of these instruments, while Paul Hindemith was one of the first to write for the "chromatic" version of this instrument. For 10 points, name this box-shaped instrument which is bellows-driven and often referred to as a "squeezebox."

Accordion

Versions of these molecules containing selenol and pyrrole groups are not considered "canonical" types of these molecules. People with PKU cannot metabolize one example of these molecules, resulting in musty-smelling urine. The Miller-Urey experiment produced over 20 types of these molecules from inorganic precursors. These biological molecules are zwitter-ionic, due to their possession of both amine and carboxyl groups. The isoelectric point of these molecules is determined by their R groups. For 10 points, name these biomolecules, the building blocks of proteins.

Amino acids

An instance of this event involves shooting a bell tower in Tobruk, which is one of 7 ways to "Hunt the Grey Wolf" in Sniper Elite 3. After Martin Heusmann performs this action in a TV series, John Smith rises to his highest position in The Man in the High Castle. Shoshanna Dreyfus interrupts a screening of Nation's Pride during one instance of this event. Donny Donowitz and Omar Ulmer utilize two MP40s to perpetrate this action in Inglorious Bastards. Tom Cruise's Claus von Stauffenberg fails to perform this action in Valkyrie. For 10 points, name this violent action against the leader of the Nazi party.

Assassination of Hitler

This figure bore a son who was suckled simultaneously with Telephus and later joined the Seven Against Thebes. Althaea avenged the death of her brothers Plexippus and Toxeus by burning the charmed log that kept this hero's lover alive. King Oeneus sent Meleager and this mother of Parthenopaeus after a beast of Artemis; after they killed that animal, this hero received its hide. Aphrodite lent Hippomenes three irresistible golden apples so that he could beat this hero in a footrace and marry her. For 10 points, name this Greek hero, a huntress of Artemis who was the only female Argonaut and drew first blood in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar.

Atalanta

"Orographic" types of these form when warm air lifted by topographical features has a cooling effect. Silver iodide can be used to "seed" these objects, which was used in "Operation Popeye" during the Vietnam War and has also been proposed for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. Other types of these include "nimbostratus" and "cumulonimbus," both of which can produce precipitation. For 10 points, name this meteorological object formed by the saturation of air when it is cooled to its dew point, that has types such as "cirrus" and "stratus."

Clouds

This country's highest point is named for a saint whose remains were supposedly taken there by angels. In addition to Mount Catherine, this country is also home to the Western Desert, which contains several brackish oases and this country's lowest point, the Qattara Depression. This country is home to a peninsula that is bordered on the east by the Gulf of Aqaba and contains a mountain sacred to Judaism, Mount Sinai. For 10 points, name this country home to Lake Nasser, whose Pyramids of Giza lie outside Cairo.

Egypt

This function applied to 10 to the power of 666 gives the Leviathan number. Taking the sum of the reciprocals of this function applied to the natural numbers converges to Euler's number. The logarithm of this function's value for very large numbers can be approximated by a method named for Stirling. The gamma function extends this function to the complex plane. The number of ways to arrange n elements is given by this function of n. For 10 points, name this function equal to the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n, symbolized with an exclamation point.

Factorial

This group was part of a billion dollar bailout in 2018 due to financial hardship from an ongoing trade war between China and the United States. This group consists of about two percent of America's population, and China purchases about 60% of the soybean crop from this group. The Populist Party formed in Omaha in 1890 to represent the interests of this group politically, and a namesake "Bureau" was created in 1920 to represent the interests of this group after the dissolution of the Populists. For 10 points, name this group which plants and harvests crops in America.

Farmers

One of these entities named "Ladoga" in Russia served as a supply line to a nearby city during a year-long siege in World War II, while another of these, named "Peipus," was the site of a 1242 battle by legendary Russian leader Alexander Nevsky. One of these in Russia named "Baikal" is regularly passable by pedestrians and snowmobiles during the winter months, despite its extreme depth. For 10 points, name this occurrence, common in the winter months, when a body of water becomes passable on foot.

Frozen lake

This fictional character describes how he had been written about in a previous book, and that the author had "told the truth, mainly." This character complains that his "Aunt Sally" intended to "adopt and civilize" him and he "can't stand it." When this character flees down the Mississippi River, he and his friend, Jim, encounter the feuding families, the Shepherdsons and Grangerfords, and befriend two con artists named "the Duke and Dauphin." For 10 points, name this fictional character, who first appeared in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and then in a namesake 1885 novel, both by Mark Twain.

Huckleberry Finn

English scientist Michael Faraday coined similar terms to this type of molecule, but Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius was the first to propose that these types of molecules form, even in the absence of an electric current. If this entity contained unpaired electrons, it is referred to as "radical," and monatomic ones of these are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell. For 10 points, name this term for any atom or molecule that is not electrically neutral, or in other words, can be positively or negatively charged

Ion

Antoine Lavoisier suggested that this gas be called "azote," since it was "asphyxiating." The Meselson-Stahl Experiment used a heavy isotope of this gas to study the synthesis of DNA, and this gas bonds to almost all elements in the periodic table except helium, neon, and argon. This gas makes up about 3% of the human body, but over 78% of the earth's atmosphere. For 10 points, name this gas, used with carbon dioxide to delay food spoilage, with atomic number 7 and chemical symbol N.

Nitrogen

This novel opens with stories of the gypsy Melquiades who brings gadgets like magnets and astronomical devices to Macondo, which are used by the town patriarch to try and make gold. One character in this novel loses 16 of his 17 sons, all named "Aureliano," to assassination shortly before a devastating "banana massacre" that kills thousands at a railroad station. After that massacre, rain falls at Macondo for 4 years, 11 months, and 2 days, which nearly destroys the town. For 10 points, name this "magical realist" novel about the Buendia family written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.

One Hundred Years of Solitude

One character in this work vows not to shed blood while murdering his beloved whose skin was "whiter...than snow" and "smooth as monumental alabaster" after finding her strawberry handkerchief. By getting involved in a drunken brawl, Cassio loses his favor with the title character of this play who is warned of "the green eyed monster"of jealousy. Desdemona is killed by her husband due to the misdeeds of Iago in, for 10 points, what Shakespeare play about the eponymous "Moor of Venice?"

Othello

Lajos Winkler devised a test that measures this element's concentration by titrating introduced iodine. It bonds to chromium in eskolaites, and to uranium in yellowcake powder. Perchlorates contain at least four atoms of this element that Paul Bert identified as toxic at high pressures. Joseph Priestley was one discoverer of this (*) lightest of the chalcogens. Three atoms of this are in each ozone molecule and two atoms of it are in a carbon compound you exhale. For 10 points—give this element with symbol O.

Oxygen

Most families will pour an extra glass of wine for a prophet during this holiday and say a prayer to represent the coming Messiah. Children sometimes "steal" the afikoman on this holiday. This holiday occurs on the 15th of Nisan. The youngest member asks four questions about this holiday during the ritual seder, which typically ends in the singing of the phrase, "Next year in Jerusalem." Since all leavening is forbidden on this holiday, the only bread that can be eaten is matzo. For 10 points, name this holiday that celebrates the Israelites' exodus from Egypt.

Passover

The northern portion of this landform begins in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley and travels southward through the Dead Sea and Red Sea. This landform travels through East Africa, but has a western branch that travels through the eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lake Victoria lies between the western and eastern branches of this landform, and Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya were formed from the movement of plates that form this landform. For 10 points, name this landform that runs through East Africa and is the location of Africa's "Great Lakes."

Rift Valley

This religion is one of many to emerge out of the Indian subcontinent, and is based upon the teachings of Guru Nanak. Followers of this religion use the holy text Guru Granth Sahib, and follow the Five K's, which includes a wooden comb, a small dagger, a steel or iron bracelet and uncut hair. Religious buildings for this faith are called gurdwaras, and the Khalsa is the term for the "collective body" of all members of this faith. For 10 points, name this religion, one of the youngest in world history, which has its base in Punjab, India.

Sikhism

Jeff Kinney, the author of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid books, has called this Judy Blume novel his "favorite book." This novel describes the Hatcher family, whose father works for an advertising agency, and whose youngest son refuses to eat at the table. That father eventually tells the son, Fudge, to either "eat it or wear it," and dumps a bowl of cornflakes over his head when he refuses. The protagonist of this story, Peter Hatcher, is usually exasperated at is brother's antics, including eating his pet turtle, Dribble. For 10 points, name this Judy Blume novel about Peter's experiences in the title grade.

Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing

Extreme programming encourages a type of "driven development" named for this process, which encourages developers to perform this process for each feature before writing their actual code. Continuous integration usually involves automatically running this process after building code. Assertions and mocks are widely employed in the "unit" type of this process, done through frameworks such as Junit, Karma, and Jest. This process is typically performed by software QA teams. For 10 points, name this process of making sure code works properly by finding bugs in it.

Testing

The protagonist of this novel beats up a bartender for not giving him change for a one hundred dollar bill, and he meets the thief Jack Duane during his first stint in prison for assaulting Phil Connor in revenge for raping his wife Ona. Baby Antanas dies in this novel after falling into the sunken muddy streets, and this novel indirectly helped spark the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act for its depiction of the Chicago meatpacking industry. For 10 points, name this muckraking novel about Lithuanian immigrant Jurgis Rudkus, written by Upton Sinclair.

The Jungle

One chapter in this novel describes the importance of the yam, while another chapter describes a how the tortoise shell became smooth. The protagonist of this novel violates the "Week of Peace" by beating one of his wives for forgetting to make his dinner, and later that same protagonist accidentally shoots and kills a young man after a funeral. That incident in this novel leads to the seven year exile for the protagonist, denying him a chance to rise in the village hierarchy. For 10 points, name this novel about the tragedies that affect Okonkwo in 19th century West Africa by Chinua Achebe.

Things Fall Apart

This Norse god carries three important pieces of armor, two of which are iron gloves called Jarngreipr and a belt called Megingjord. This god once disguised himself as Freyja, in order to trick Thrym into returning Mjolnir which he had stolen in order to gain Freyja as his wife. This god then killed Thrym, his sister and other members of his family as revenge for the theft. For 10 points, name this Norse god of thunder who wields the hammer Mjolnir, and will kill, and be killed by, the Midgard Serpent at Ragnarok.

Thor

In an exception to its foreign policy, this government allowed for scientific texts to be brought from Dejima, beginning the trend of "Dutch Learning." This government forced nobles who were returning home to leave their families as hostages in the sankin-kotai, or alternate attendance, policy. The Convention of Kanagawa ended this government's isolation policy after the arrival of the "Black Ships" of Matthew Perry. This government's founder defeated I-shi-da Mit-su-nari at the Battle of Sekigahara. The Meiji Emperor's restoration to power ended this government. For 10 points, name this dynasty of shoguns founded by Ieyasu, which ruled during the Edo period of Japan.

Tokugawa

A blue robed shepherd runs his finger along one of these objects, while a woman in blue and yellow gazes at him, in the center of Nicolas Poussin's painting Et in Arcadia Ego. In another painting, four men in black hats march behind a hoisted crucifix while holding one of these things. A crouched man drops his handkerchief next to the final destination for one of these objects in a Gustave Courbet painting set at Ornans. For 10 points, name these objects used to transport the dead.

Tombs

In 2015, the first bioluminescent one of these sea creatures was discovered in the Solomon Islands in the Pacific Ocean, and the smallest one of these creatures lives in South Africa and is no more than 3 inches long. This creature's upper shell is called a carapace, and the lower shell which encases the body is called the plastron. The largest of these creatures is called the "leatherback sea" and grows up to 6 feet long. For 10 points, name these creatures, considered cold-blooded, which have a bony shell covering their bodies for protection.

Turtle

This type of location was described in a 1516 thought experiment by an English Catholic, where communal living and freedom of religion was commonplace. Nathaniel Hawthorne fictionalized his real-life experiences at Brook Farm, one of these types of locations in his 1852 novel The Blithedale Romance. Other works of literature that describe these types of communities include New Atlantis by Francis Bacon and Gargantua and Pantagruel by Francois Rabelais. For 10 points, name these types of communities described in a namesake book by Sir Thomas More.

Utopia

It's not Canossa, but a leader legendarily kneeled in the snow to pray at this location. Nathanael Greene was appointed Quartermaster General of the Commissary at this location and helped prevent starvation. Baron von Steuben taught soldiers at this location proper bayonet training and other European drills. This location was first occupied after the British held back Alexander Hamilton's assault on Philadelphia. For 10 points, name this Pennsylvania encampment where George Washington's Continental Army spent the legendarily harsh winter of 1777 to 1778.

Valley Forge

One category of these entities are referred to as "mechanical," since they must travel through a medium, and a subcategory of these includes both "longitudinal" and "transverse." "Longitudinal" ones of these travel parallel to the motion of the energy, while "transverse" travel at a right angle to the motion. "Surface" ones of these travel in a circular motion, while "electromagnetic" ones of these can travel in a vacuum, such as deep space. For 10 points, name these scientific disturbances that transfer energy through a matter or space.

Waves

In one novel, a woman described by this adjective is switched with Laura Fairlie -- causing Laura to be sent to an asylum as Anne Catherick, who insists on wearing clothes of this color in a Wilkie Collins' novel. This color titles a novel that opens with Archie Jones attempting to commit suicide, written by Zadie Smith. An animal of this color takes a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket and exclaims "Oh dear! I shall be too late!" For 10 points, name this color, an epithet that Gandalf obtains in The Two Towers and the color of the rabbit in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

White

Murray's Law predicts the thickness and branching pattern of these plant tissues, whose name comes from the Greek word for "wood." This tissue is composed of tracheids and vessel elements and distributes water and other nutrients from the roots of plants to the shoots and the leaves. This tissue's counterpart is phloem, and this tissue uses "capillary action" for its movement. For 10 points, name this transport tissue, located in vascular plants, which uses adhesion and cohesion to move water molecules through it.

Xylem

This author describes seeing "lover by lover" "paddle in the cold / companionable streams" noting how the hearts of the title creatures "have not grown old" in a poem that begins "The nineteenth autumn has come upon me / Since I first made my count." This author of "The Wild Swans at Coole" described seeing a "vast image out of Spiritus Mundi" after noting "things fall apart / the center cannot hold." That poem by this author describes a "rough beast," which "slouches towards Bethlehem to be born." For 10 points, name this Irish poet who wrote "The Second Coming."

Yeats

This author created Los, the fallen form of Urthona -- one of the Four Zoas in his myth system that were created by the splitting of Albion. In one poem by this author, the speaker hears the "soldiers hapless sigh" and other "mind-forg'd manacles" in the city of London This poet asked "what immortal hand or eye could frame thy fearful symmetry" in a poem whose title animal burns "bright in the forests of the night." For 10 points, name this Romantic poet who contrasted "The Lamb" with "The Tyger" in his Songs of Innocence and Experience.

Blake

Adding four methyl groups to this compound creates durene or prehnitene. Two molecules of this compound are fused together in the structure of naphthalene. This compound can be reacted with nitric acid and then hydrogen gas to form aniline. This carcinogen's molecular structure originally came to Kekule in a dream, and includes six delocalized pi electrons. Substituting a hydrogen with a single OH group on this molecule creates phenols. This aromatic compound is commonly notated by a circle inside a hexagon. For 10 points, name this molecule with formula C6H6.

Benzene

In this novel, the protagonist responds "they die" to a question about what children do if they don't drink milk. A corrupt political leader in this novel uses his "great bull voice" as a means to make money. A lawyer takes a trial case pro deo in this novel over the murder of the author of "The Truth About Native Crime." At the beginning of this novel, Reverend Theophilus Msimangu warns the protagonist of his sister Gertrude's bootlegging and prostitution. Arthur Jarvis dies at the hands of Absalom in, for 10 points, what novel centering on Stephen Kumalo, written by Alan Paton?

Cry, the Beloved Country

Kevin Martin, often considered the best player of this sport, retired in 2014. A crucial piece of equipment in playing this sport is customarily sourced from Ailsa Craig, an island off the coast of Scotland. This game is typically played in 10 "ends," with the last play in each end called the "hammer." In this sport, which made its Olympic debut in 1998, the skip may aim to place guards which shield a target area known as the house. For 10 points, name this Olympic sport, in which players sweep in front of stones that are thrown down an ice rink and is colloquially known as "Chess on Ice."

Curling

It was announced that October of 2018 would be the first time for an Asia-Pacific version of this event to be broadcasted. Australia debuted in this event in 2015 and received their worst result in 2017, possibly due to a prankster who wore the Australian flag and mooned the audience. Upon President Georges Pompidou's death in 1974, France, one of the "Big Five" in this annual contest, dropped out. Ironically, the winners of that year performed with their orchestra conductor dressed as Napoleon. For 10 points, name this longest-running international TV contest, which was won in 1974 by ABBA's song "Waterloo."

Eurovison

Taleyarkhan theorized a form of this process involving sonoluminescence in bubbles of acetone. In the "indirect drive" method of inducing this process, lasers heat the inner walls of a gold cavity called a hohlraum. The NIF experiment uses inertial confinement to attempt this process, while ITER uses a tokamak to achieve it. Hydrogen bombs use the thermonuclear type of this process. This process is central to the proton-proton chain and powers the Sun. For 10 points, name this process in which two nuclei join together into a single heavier atom.

Fusion

Political consultant Thomas Hofeller was called the "Michelangelo" of this political tactic, where in North Carolina, he used it to help politicians change the state's electoral districts to predominantly Republican. The use of this tactic in Pennsylvania is currently being pursued in court since the state's districts have been changed to majority Republican, and the namesake of this tactic used it while he was governor of Massachusetts. For 10 points, name this political tactic in which an electoral district is drawn in a way to benefit a certain interest or political party.

Gerrymandering

Rudyard Kipling's 1904 short story "'They'" describes an isolated country estate in England populated with this type of people, and Daphne du Maurier's title character "Rebecca" was also this type of person, seeking revenge. Miss Jessel and Peter Quint are these types of characters in Henry James' The Turn of the Screw, and these types of characters appear in multiple Shakespearean works, such as Banquo in Macbeth and Hamlet's father in Hamlet. For 10 points, name these types of literary characters that include ones called "Christmas Past, Present, and Yet to Come" in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens.

Ghosts

This desert is home to a rare bear species, which is critically endangered and lives in a group of small oases in its southern portion. Unlike many deserts in the world, this desert is largely made up of bare rock, not sand, and it is growing at an alarming rate along its southeastern edge in China. This desert was formed as a rain shadow of the Tibetan Plateau and forms most of the border between Mongolia and China. For 10 points, name this large desert of central Asia, home to the Bactrian Camel and large numbers of fossil deposits.

Gobi

This geographic region of America is unique hydrologically in that all precipitation drains internally or evaporates into the atmosphere. This region covers portions of Utah, Oregon, Idaho, California, and the majority of Nevada. This region is bounded on the east by the Wasatch Mountains, by the Snake River to the north, and Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountain ranges in the west. For 10 points, name this geographical region, the location of Utah's Great Salt Lake, whose name derives from the fact that it does not have an outlet to any oceans.

Great Basin

After this feature begins in the Hexi Corridor, it crosses the Ordos Desert near another entity's Great Bend. During the Tumu Crisis, the Zhengton Emperor was captured on this feature by Wang Zhen. Wu Sangui defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, which took place where this feature meets the Bohai Sea, and it was divided into Inner and Outer portions. The most recognizable section of this entity is Badaling, while its longest section stretches from Mount Hu to the Jiayu Pass. For 10 points, name this structure that was first built by Qin Shi Huang to stop the Xiongnu from crossing the northern border of China.

Great Wall of China

An early formula for making this substance incorporated one part birthwort herb. Marshall Hodgson used this substance to collectively describe the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires. A promise to send a recipe for this material is found at the end of the "Remember the Ladies" letter of Abigail Adams. A letter sent to the 4th Baron Monteagle led to the discovery of Guy Fawkes guarding 26 barrels of this substance, which names a "plot" against James I. For 10 points, name this substance which is widely used as a propellant in firearms.

Gunpowder

A short story by this American author, titled "A Room on the Garden Side," was published in 2018, describing a protagonist working as a war correspondent in Paris during World War II. That protagonist, Robert, is based on the author himself, who once claimed to have "liberated" his favorite bar in Paris with the help of the Allied armies. This author's other short stories include "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" and "The Snows of Kilimanjaro," published concurrently in 1936. For 10 points, name this American author of "Hills Like White Elephants."

Hemingway

One can switch the order of performing this operation when satisfying conditions given by Fubini's theorem. Green's theorem relates the line and double forms of this operation. The term "omnia" was used for this operation by Leibniz before he chose to use the now more common symbol. This operation is equivalent to the limit of a Riemann sum as a region is divide into smaller and smaller rectangles. The indefinite type of this operation is also known as the antiderivative. For 10 points, name this operation used in calculus to calculate the area under a curve.

Integration

This element is the heaviest stable member of the halogen group, and contains seven valence electrons in its outermost fifth shell. This halogen is the least abundant of the stable halogens, but attaches to organic compounds easily, which is why it is common as a radiocontrast material. This halogen is essential to hormones in the thyroid, and a lack of it can lead to intellectual deficiencies. For 10 points, name this halogen, which turns to a purple gas when sublimated, with atomic number 53 and chemical symbol "I."

Iodine

The test case of Godden v. Hales established this man's right to suspend the provisions of the Test Acts. The death of an investigator gave credence to Titus Oates' claim that the Popish Plot attempted to install this man on the throne. An attempt to overthrow this monarch ended at Sedgemoor with the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth's army. This monarch was overthrown in a revolution which resulted in William and Mary taking the throne. For 10 points, name this last Catholic king of England, the son of Charles II who was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution.

James II

According to Rabbinical tradition, the central figure of this work is the widow's child that Elijah revived from the dead. This work, which alleges that residents of a certain city do not know their left from their right, is read on Yom Kippur. A worm kills a gourd that had given shelter to the central figure of this work while that figure was waiting for God to destroy that city. This work's central figure boards a ship to Tarshish in an attempt to avoid going to Nineveh. For 10 points, name this Old Testament book whose title minor prophet is swallowed by a whale.

Jonah

This person discussed the Durance River retreat in "The Supper at Beaucaire" pamphlet. This figure signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, which formed the Ligurian Republic, and allied with Fath Ali Shah hoping they would attack Russia. His brother Jérôme was installed as King of Westphalia, and his brother Joseph was King of Spain until 1813. This man was exiled twice, first to Elba, and then after the Hundred Days to Saint Helena following his defeat at Waterloo. Five feet, two inches was the height of—for 10 points—what French emperor?

Napoleon

In the midst of the darker shades of Jackson Pollock's Full Fathom Five are two parallel lines of this color, and this was the color of a sleeping woman's dress in Lord Leighton's Flaming June. Claude Monet used this color for the title object in Impression: Sunrise, and in his 1894 painting of the west facade of the Rouen Cathedral. This color, along with "Red" and "Yellow" titles a 1961 Mark Rothko "color field" painting which was sold in 2012 for a then-record 86 million dollars. For 10 points, name this color, the combination of red and yellow.

Orange

This constant results when applying the variational principle on the ground state of the hydrogen atom, as it is given by the Wallis product of fractions. The drag force on a spherical object is proportional to 6 times this constant, according to Stokes' law. The vacuum permeability is equal to four times this quantity times ten to the negative seven. Dividing Planck's constant by two times this value gives its "reduced" form. The period of a pendulum is equal to twice this constant times the square root of L over g. For 10 points, name this constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

Pi

A piece in this genre has a movement titled "Ingemisco" that has become a tenor standard. Another piece in this genre uses four offstage brass ensembles at the corners of the stage. Gabriel Fauré's piece in this genre replaces one of its typical movements with a "Pie Jesu" movement. Trumpet calls open the "Tuba Mirum" movement of Verdi's piece in this genre. Franz Sussmayr finished a piece in this genre that was left unfinished when Mozart died. Pieces in this genre typically have movements titled "Lacrimosa" and "Dies Irae." Name this genre of masses for the dead.

Requiem

This river begins in the Swiss Alps and flows northward, forming a portion of the border between Switzerland and Lichtenstein, as well as between Switzerland and Austria. This river enters Germany by forming a border between it and France, before traveling northwest through Germany proper. The Middle region of this river travels through its namesake Gorge and the famous Lorelei Rock, before passing through cities like Bonn and Cologne. For 10 points, name this river, which travels through northwestern Germany before emptying into the North Sea in the Netherlands.

Rhine

Like Paris, this European city has a network of underground catacombs, most of which were just discovered in the past few decades. Historically, this city was located about 15 miles inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the coastal city of Ostia served as its outlet to the sea. This city was originally surrounded by the Servian Wall, but has since expanded beyond those borders to Ostia and surrounding areas. For 10 points, name this European capital city which was supposedly built on Seven Hills, and serves as the capital of Italy.

Rome

This classical music group first performed in Rome on the eve of the 1990 World Cup Final. This group's 1994 performance at Dodger Stadium was viewed by over one billion people, and this group gave its last performance with its original members in 2003 in Columbus, Ohio. Two signature songs of this group are "Nessun Dorma" typically sung by Luciano Pavarotti, and "O Sole Mio" by all members together. For 10 points, name this group, consisting of Pavarotti, Jose Carreras, and Placido Domingo, which sing in the title musical range.

Three Tenors

The first version of this operating system was introduced in 1985, and the most recent edition was unveiled in 2017 on all formats. This operating system's 3.1 version contained an enhanced color scheme since it was designed to run on a 386 processor. This operating system's "Millennium Edition" was released in 2000, but was criticized for its numerous "bugs" and other technical difficulties. Non-numerical versions of this operating system include "Vista," "XP," and "NT." For 10 points, name this operating system by Microsoft, updated in April, 2018 with its version "10."

Windows

Massachusetts politician Daniel Webster wrote a speech called "Apostrophe to the Veterans of this year," and described the burning of Charlestown, Massachusetts, which occurred during a battle in the summer of this year. This year saw Patrick Henry ask, "Give me liberty, or give me death!" at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia, during debates over whether to create a militia. After fighting took place near Boston in this year, Second Continental Congress made one last attempt at peace with the Olive Branch Petition. For 10 points, name this year, when the first fighting of the American Revolution occurred at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill.

1775

To oppose this politician, the Party of Hope and its "12 zeros" platform were formed hours prior to his calling of a snap election. The approval of a private veterinary school caused this man to face allegations of favoritism, and the wife of this politician has faced scandals due to her ties to a nationalist elementary school. This leader has advocated for the revision of Article 9 of his country's pacifist constitution and for the "Three Arrows" of his namesake economic program. For 10 points, name this Chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party and current prime minister of Japan.

Abe

This American woman described her life in France in numerous letters to her sister while her husband was serving as a diplomat, and famously asked her husband to "remember the ladies" when delegates were debating the Declaration of Independence. This woman and her Presidential husband exchanged numerous letters while he was in the diplomatic service and she was the first First Lady to occupy the White House. For 10 points, name this First Lady who, along with Barbara Bush, is the only woman to be the wife and mother of an American President.

Abigail Adams

One version of this programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs, while a successor version was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup for the same company. That successor version was originally named "with Classes," before taking its current name in 1983, indicating the value of a variable. As of 2017, the two versions of this programming language are the 2nd and 3rd most common, behind only Java. For 10 points, name this programming language whose most recent version was "17," and was released in 2017.

C++

This scientific scale was introduced in 1971, and its founders retroactively applied the scale to weather events dating back to 1880. This scientific scale is used in most areas of the world, except Great Britain, and an "Enhanced" version of this scale was created in 2007. That "Enhanced" version more accurately ties wind speeds to the severity of damage caused by a certain type of weather event. For 10 points, name this type of scientific scale, which measures the severity of tornadoes on a 0-5 scale.

Fujita

One member of this political family is the current President of the Congress Party of his nation, and his great-grandfather served as the first Prime Minister of his nation after independence in 1947 from Great Britain. One member of this political family was assassinated by a suicide bomber from Sri Lanka in 1991, seven years after his mother was killed by two of her Sikh bodyguards who were angry over her use of force in Operation Blue Star. For 10 points, name this family, members of which have been in power in India for nearly 50 years, which despite the name are not related to Mahatma.

Gandhi

This gas exists in trace amounts on Mercury, Venus, and Mars, and in less than 1% of the Earth's atmosphere. This gas constitutes over 90% of the atmosphere of Jupiter, but it is so hot, that it exists in a "liquid-metallic" form. Like Jupiter, Saturn is made up of mostly helium and this gas, but Saturn has significantly less density than any other planet on Earth. The atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune also contain this gas, but they are considered "ice-giants" since they have colder core than Jupiter and Saturn. For 10 points, name this gas, the most abundant chemical element in the universe.

Hydrogen

Both Bose and Fermi name quantum mechanical versions of a state of matter described by this adjective. This adjective describes mixtures for which the enthalpy of mixing is zero. The activity coefficient quantifies deviations from this type of behavior. Deviations from this state are quantified by the a and b parameters in the van der Waals equation. Solutions described by this adjective have their vapor pressure determined in Raoult's law. Gases with this property have zero volume and perfectly elastic collisions. For 10 points, name this adjective that describes a "gas law" that states PV equals nRT.

Ideal

The protagonist of one of this author's novels hallucinates turning into a woman and being used as a footstool by "Mr. Bello" That chapter is rendered in play-format and closes with this author's protagonist seeing the ghost of his dead son, Rudy. This author began one novel with a story of a moocow and baby tuckoo. In another novel by this author, the plot takes place over the course of June 16th and features this author's alter ego Stephen Dedalus meeting Molly's husband, Leopold Bloom. For 10 points, name this Irish author of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses.

Joyce

These objects are named with their right ascension prefixed with either a "J" or with a "B," depending on when they were discovered. The first extrasolar planets were discovered around one of these objects named Lich. A binary type of these objects named for Hulse and Taylor provided the first evidence for gravitational waves. These objects, which were originally discovered by Anthony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell, emit a beam of radiation in an effect likened to a lighthouse. One of these objects is found in the center of the Crab Nebula. For 10 points, name these rotating neutron stars.

Pulsars

The 1529 Marburg Colloquy was an unsuccessful attempt to mediate a dispute over this sacrament between Ulrich Zwingli and Martin Luther. Members of the Anglican faith believe that this sacrament is performed as a representation of the Crucifixion, while Lutherans and Catholics believe in a literal representation of the Crucifixion, known as transubstantiation. For 10 points, name this Christian sacrament involving bread and wine.

Communion

This composer's tune "Cranham" was described by Studwell as "the dreariest melody in a well-liked carol." After the lukewarm success of a self-translated Sanskrit work, this composer of "In the Bleak Midwinter" found inspiration for one work after a Mediterranean trip and meeting with Clifford Bax. This composer of two Suites for Military Band set the hymn "I Vow to Thee, My Country" to a tune from his astrology-based orchestral suite, whose first movement opens with a col legno ostinato in 5/4 time. For 10 points, name this composer of The Planets.

Holst

An American art collective known as The Ten was primarily associated with this art movement. A member of this movement drew inspiration from ukiyo-e prints to depict a woman putting her hair in a bun in The Coiffure. Gustave Caillebotte was a member of this movement and appeared with other members of it enjoying a meal in Luncheon of the Boating Party. A painting from this movement depicts a sunrise over the port of Le Havre. For 10 points, name this late 19th century art movement led by Mary Cassatt, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Claude Monet.

Impressionism

One character in this poem creates an altar to love containing "three Garters, half a pair of Gloves" and "twelve vast French Romances." This poem was written after an account by John Caryll of an actual incident involving Lord Petre and Arabella Fermor. The gnome Umbriel goes to the Cave of Spleen in this poem that begins by noting "What mighty contests rise from trivial things," and its title action occurs after Clarissa gives the Baron a pair of scissors. For 10 points, name this mock epic about Belinda being robbed of her hair, written by Alexander Pope.

Rape of the Lock

Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano was the first to designate the set of all types of these numbers "Q," from the Italian word for "quotient." These numbers are considered a "dense subset" of real numbers that are countable, and together with addition and multiplication form a field that includes integers. These numbers include any number that can be written as a fraction p over q, in which q is not equal to zero. For 10 points, name these types of numbers that include integers and natural numbers, with examples like 3.1 repeating and 7.86.

Rational numbers

The Lonely Whale led a successful campaign against these objects in Seattle in 2018. With encouragement from Shedd Aquarium, the Chicago White Sox became the first major sports team to stop using these objects at home games. Recent laws against these objects were inspired in part by a viral video of a sea turtle. Many businesses are switching from plastic to biodegradable materials for these objects, and some restaurants are only giving these objects out on request. Starbucks has agreed to end its use of plastic versions of these objects by 2020. Name these objects that have been the target of the "stop sucking" campaign.

Straws

When muons were discovered, they were thought to be the particles that mediate this interaction. The coupling constant for this force asymptotically decreases as length scale decreases. The Yukawa interaction describes the residual form of this phenomenon, which involves the exchange of pions. The eight different particles that mediate this interaction, which carry color charge, are called gluons. Quantum chro⸱mo⸱dynamics describes this force, which holds together protons and neutrons in the nucleus. For 10 points, name this most powerful of the four fundamental forces.

Strong

Mathematician Kurt Godel proved two "Incompleteness" versions of these, while Abel's version of these relates a limit for a power series to the sum of its coefficients. Postulates are used to prove these, which have a "fundamental" version for nearly each major branch of mathematics. These mathematical statements are generally portions of a larger whole, and depend on mathematical assumptions and goals to prove. For 10 points, name these mathematical statements that can be demonstrated to be true by accepted mathematical operations.

Theorums

This scientific phenomenon is made up of two types, both of which occur in situ, or "on site." Primary minerals like mica and feldspars are "broken down" into clays and carbonates due to this phenomenon, whose types include "physical," and "chemical." This phenomenon, which is NOT erosion, can occur when acid rain dissolves rocks or metal, or anything else that is capable of corrosion. Wind is considered part of the "physical" type of this phenomenon, which can also cause the development of sinkholes. For 10 points, name this process of "breaking down" of rocks, soil or minerals by nature.

Weathering

The Ewald sphere describes the propagation of these entities in crystal planes. The discovery of these things included fluorescence on a screen coated with barium plat-in-o-cyanide after attaching a coil to a Crookes tube. The equation 2 d sin theta equals n lambda was formulated by William and Lawrence Bragg to describe the diffraction of these waves. These waves were discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen and are in between ultraviolet and gamma radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum. For 10 points, name this type of radiation often used to take medical pictures of bones.

X-rays

In a diary entry in this novel, the protagonist recounts the audience laughing as a "great huge fat man" attempts to swim away from a helicopter. This novel features a story of Withers who becomes an "unperson" -- being replaced by the more ideal Ogilvy. The protagonist of this novel falls in love with Julia who excels at insulting Goldstein during Two Minutes Hate. In this novel, O'Brien is revealed to be an Inner Party member and tortures the protagonist in Room 101. For 10 points, name this dystopian novel that ends with Winston Smith declaring his love for Big Brother, written by George Orwell.

1984

When this novel begins, the protagonist is heading to the Victory Mansions on his lunch break while the Party propaganda is promoting the "Ninth Three Year Plan." The protagonist worked at the Ministry of Truth, where he excised portions of history from various documents, and he regularly eats lunch by Syme, who is compiling an updated dictionary of Newspeak. That protagonist eventually begins an illicit relationship with Julia, a fellow Party member. For 10 points, name this novel, in which Winston Smith resists "Big Brother," written by George Orwell.

1984

The average power emitted by a charged particle is proportional to charge squared times this quantity squared, according to the Larmor formula. Non-inertial reference frames have a nonzero value for this quantity. For a particle in uniform circular motion, velocity squared over radius gives the centripetal type of this quantity. This quantity, the second time derivative of displacement, is equal to force divided by mass, according to Newton's second law. For 10 points, name this vector quantity, defined as the rate of change of the velocity of an object.

Acceleration

After Antilochus sacrificed himself to save Nestor, a giant son of Tithonus and Eos was defeated by this figure. In addition to Memnon, this figure killed Thersites after he mocked this figure for mourning over the body of an Amazon. This figure once clogged a river with bodies, which prompted that river to try and drown him, only to be stopped by Hephaestus' flames. In addition to fighting Scamander, this hero dragged Hector's corpse around the walls of Troy after his friend Patroclus was killed. For 10 points, name this hero who was dipped in the River Styx to grant immortality, but had his heel unprotected.

Achilles

During an event in this book, a group of travelers "heard the sound but did not see anyone", and three days later scales fell from a man's eyes after Ananias visited him at a house on the Street Called Straight. This book and the book before it both open with a dedication to Theophilus. People begin speaking in tongues after the holy spirit descends on them on Pentecost in this book. Saint Stephen is martyred and Saul is converted in this book. Name this Biblical book that follows John and describes the deeds of Peter and Paul after Christ's resurrection.

Acts

In one novel by this author, a man insinuates revolution in a song asking "If the hens can overcome the fox, what about human beings?" This author wrote about a Turkish shopkeeper with a cleft-palate, Riad Halabi, and a photojournalist following the guerilla movement, Rolf Carlé, who both look after the eponymous Eva Luna. This author wrote about Blanca and Pedro fleeing to Canada in a novel whose title structure is built by Esteban, a member of the Trueba family. For 10 points, name this Chilean author of The House of the Spirits.

Allende

In 1922, Ernst Opik suggested a way to measure the distance to this object by using its rotation curve. Walter Baade separated this galaxy's component stars into younger Type I stars around the outer disk, and older Type II stars around its central bulge. Charles Messier cataloged this object as M31. This object, which is the largest galaxy in the Local Group, is predicted to collide with the Milky Way in around 4 billion years. For 10 points, name this spiral galaxy, the closest to Earth's galaxy.

Andromeda

In 1987 and 1996, this nation nearly fought its neighbor over unresolved mineral rights in the Aegean Sea. This nation's leader won a June, 2018 election that his opponent claimed was "manipulated," and this nation supposedly has the highest number of jailed journalists in the world. This nation joined NATO in 1952 along with its rival Greece, but its attempts to join the European Union have been delayed due to the actions of its leader, Recep Tayyip Erdogan. For 10 points, name this nation, located in both Asia and Europe, with capital at Ankara.

Ankara

In a poem to an author with this surname, the speaker invokes "childhood faith," "love of lost saints" and describes "putting passion to use" in "old griefs." An author with this surname created a speaker who asks "who passed without much the same smile?," before observing a bronze statue of Neptune after earlier telling a story about a royal who "had a heart too soon made glad." A sonnet by an author with this surname begins "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways." For 10 points, give this surname of the authors of "My Last Duchess" and Sonnets from the Portuguese.

Browning

In one of these works, the phrase "this would be funny if it weren't so serious" is displayed as an unseen person laughs at a television. Another work of this type depicts its central figure riding a tank, while one featured rapist Willie Horton and described "Weekend Passes." An example of these works compared the Soviet Union to a bear, and a different one of these works features a countdown and nuclear explosion after showing a girl counting while picking the title "Daisy." For 10 points, name these televised works that targeted Michael Dukakis in 1988 and Barry Goldwater in 1964.

Campaign ad

In one of this author's novels, Leslie Ferrier is hired to forge a codicil. This author's title characters include Abigail McGinty, Gladys Evans, and Roger Ackroyd. Her novella about a Greenshore Folly had been expanded into a novel ending with police smashing a structure to exhume remains. On a voyage beginning at Istanbul, another of her characters is told Samuel Ratchett was killed in his train compartment and an investigation ensues. Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot are detectives by—for 10 points—what author of Murder on the Orient Express?

Christie

Edward L. Thorndike demonstrated this phenomenon by measuring time differences for cats escaping a "puzzle box." The Rescorla-Wagner model includes a formula that predicts the strength of this phenomenon, and this phenomenon can undergo extinction and spontaneous recovery. One experiment demonstrated this phenomenon with a fuzzy mask and a white rat. John Watson's Little Albert study demonstrated one form of this phenomenon. Ivan Pavlov's dogs demonstrated, for 10 points, what phenomenon of learning by associating stimuli, which comes in operant and classical forms.

Conditioning

This numerical sequence may have emerged out of an ancient poetry pattern, but its namesake was a mathematician from Pisa. Johannes Kepler outlined this numerical sequence independently of its namesake, and these numbers are closely related to Lucas numbers and the "golden ratio." These types of numbers appear in biological settings like the branching of trees, and the flowering of an artichoke, although its early usage was in the population of rabbits. For 10 points, name these numbers, characterized by the fact that every number after the first two is the sum of the two preceding ones.

Fibonacci

In 1962, she became the youngest and first female recipient of the Cecil B. Demille Award at the Golden Globes. That same year, she won the Grammy for Album of the Year for her concert recorded at Carnegie Hall. One song from that performance was featured in a 1954 remake of a film she starred in as Esther Blodgett, an aspiring actress who marries the alcoholic actor Norman Maine. That film, A Star is Born, came fifteen years after the one that gave her a signature tune, "Somewhere Over the Rainbow." For 10 points, name this singer and actress best known for her performance as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz

Garland

A wall on a facility for these people bears the quote: "Sometimes by losing a battle, you find a new way to win the war." A policy concerning these people was directed in a memo that praised Operation Streamline. Treatment of these people is the subject of the Flores Settlement, which was cited by the White House as justifying a policy concerning these people. The Department of Homeland Security has attempted to rescind an act concerning these people, DACA. For 10 points, name these people, some of whom, due to a "zero-tolerance policy," were detained or deported separate from their families.

Illegal immigrants

To obtain a weapon, one character in this novel dives beneath the river of an iron bridge near the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit. "Fiery eyes" are obtained by a character in this novel after being imprisoned in a cauldron for 49 days. That character is subsequently trapped under a mountain for five hundred years before joining Sandy and Pigsy in accompanying Tang Sanzang to atone for their past misdeeds. For 10 points, name this classical Chinese novel about the monkey king Sun Wukong travelling with a monk to India.

Journey to the West

This city is home to a mall called Neonopolis, which is located inside of a larger mall that contains a twelve story zipline. The Fremont Street Experience is located in this city, which is supplied by the the largest reservoir by capacity in the United States, courtesy of the Boulder Canyon Project. This city is served by McCarran International Airport and is supplied water by Lake Mead, formed by the Hoover Dam. For 10 points, what city is the seat of Clark County and home to the Luxor, Mandalay Bay, and Caesars Palace Casinos along the Strip, the most populous city in Nevada?

Las Vegas

This river's 4000 Islands are downstream from the city of Pakse, and phosphine gas may be the cause of mysterious Naga fireballs that rise from it. This river drains the Khorat Plateau via the Mun and Chi rivers, and its upper portion is made unnavigable by the Khone Falls. In the Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan Province, this river flows parallel to the Salween and Yangtze, and it is home to a species of giant catfish. This river flows through Vientiane and Phnom Penh. For 10 points, name this river that empties into the South China Sea in southern Vietnam.

Mekong

The head of the Art Institute of Chicago who bought this painting, Daniel C. Rich, was also interested in Gas, which was painted by the same author as this painting. Banksy parodied this painting, by showing a man in the aftermath of having broken the glass window that frames the right and center portions of the work. The signage above that window says "PHILLIES CIGARS 5 ￠," and there are four people located inside the restaurant. For 10 points, name this 1942 painting, which shows the four individuals at a late-night diner on a seemingly deserted street.

Nighthawks

In a Paul Gauguin painting inspired by this painting, an old woman dressed in black rests against a bedpost. A man sits on a couch while looking at this painting's subject in Paul Cézanne's Modern version of it. A black servant dressed in white holds a bouquet of flowers in this painting. The central woman in this painting has a black string tied around her neck and presses her hand against her thigh while looking at the viewer. This painting's subject is fully nude and reclines in the style of Titian's Venus of Urbino. For 10 points, name this controversial 1865 painting by Édouard Manet.

Olympia

The "benchmark" one of these is generally the first one taken during a political campaign, while a "brushfire" one of these is taken during a race to size up the competition. The "Bradley Effect" can occur if someone does not give a candid answer for one of these, and the "margin of error" measures the difference between a "sample" and the general population for one of these. Print versions of these once included Harris, Roper, and Gallup, although most are conducted online today. For 10 points, name these indicators of public opinion, usually seen in political campaigns.

Polls

The Sipuel vs. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma Supreme Court case dealt with this concept in relation with the Fourteenth Amendment. Most Southern states had a so-called "one drop" rule dealing with this concept, which was used in the Plessy vs. Ferguson case to deny Homer Plessy's attempts to ride in a whites-only streetcar in New Orleans. This concept was the rationale behind Jim Crow laws in the Southern states, and a system of segregation that lasted legally until the 1964 Civil Rights Act. For 10 points, name this concept, which in America was based around "black" and "white."

Race

Like New Orleans, this American city is celebrating its Tricentennial in 2018, having been founded as a Spanish outpost in 1718. Five Spanish missions were located within this city, which included those named Espada, Concepcion, and San Jose. This city hosted HemisFair '68 and its River Walk lines both sides of this city's namesake river, which travels southeast to the Guadalupe River and the Gulf of Mexico. For 10 points, name this central Texas city, the oldest municipality in the state, which contains the historic mission, the Alamo.

San Antonio

In Japanese mythology, Hoori married the daughter of the Shinto god of this domain. That god of this domain possesses two jewels which can control this area's movement. After raping Caenis, a god of this domain changed her into the warrior Caeneus. Skadi marries another god of this domain because of his feet. A third god of this location builds a bridge to Lanka after Rama fires arrows into this location. Along with Apollo, the Greek god of this location helped build the walls of Troy. For 10 points, name this location ruled over by gods such as Ryujin, Varuna, Njord and Poseidon.

Sea

Applying the Weierstrass substitution sets this function equal to t over 1 plus t squared, where t is equal to tan of x over 2. The imaginary part of a complex number in polar coordinates is equal to this function applied to theta. The Taylor series for this function only has odd powered terms. The ambiguous case may apply when using the "Law of" this function for determining angles and sides in a triangle. This function's derivative is cosine and its reciprocal is the cosecant function. For 10 points, name this trigonometric function, found by dividing an angle's opposite site by the hypotenuse.

Sine

This nation was founded as a trading post for the British East India Company by Stamford Raffles, and transitioned from a developing to an industrialized nation in only a generation. This East Asian economic "Tiger" was under Japanese occupation during World War II, and is located on an island at the tip of the Malay Peninsula. This island nation hosted the historic June, 2018 summit between Kim Jong-un of North Korea and President Trump at its island resort of Sendosa. For 10 points, name this island city-state located in Southeast Asia.

Singapore

The Sangorski & Sutcliffe gem-encrusted edition of the Rubáiyyát was last seen during this event. Father Thomas Byles heard confessions during it while others played a frigid soccer game. Milton Hershey changed an itinerary and missed this event that did involve Isidor Straus, John Jacob Astor, and Edward Smith. The Mount Temple and Californian responded to it, but the Carpathia got to its concluding spot first, which was 400 miles off Newfoundland. For 10 points—give this April 1912 event in which 1,500 died after a ship hit an iceberg.

Sinking of the Titanic

An incident involving this tribe was exacerbated by the drunken translation work of Lucienne Auguste. This tribe was politically united in a confederation called the Seven Council Fires. A conflict involving this tribe was started by the killing of a Mormon settler's cow, the Grattan Massacre. The Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed by Red Cloud, a leader of these people. A leader's vision of soldiers falling like grasshoppers presaged a victory for these people over the 7th U.S. Cavalry at Little Bighorn. For 10 points, identify this American Indian tribe who were led by men like Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull.

Sioux

The central section of one ballet by this composer depicts a contest between twelve dancers and was inspired by the "Bransle" tune found in a manual of French court dance. The Soldier's Tale was produced during this composer's neoclassical period, during which he also created Symphony of Psalms. This composer of Agon wrote a ballet in which thirteen princesses dance with magic golden apples, and another ballet by this man caused a riot at its Paris premiere. For 10 points, name this composer of such ballets as The Firebird, and The Rite of Spring.

Stravinsky

David Buch wrote about similarities between this opera and the earlier "The Beneficent Dervish." This opera's libretto was adapted from the Dschinnistan, and a fugue that resembles a Clementi Sonata is featured in the overture that starts with three E-flat chords. In this opera, an old woman declares she is really 18, and another character forgets he must remain silent. Pamina joins the protagonist in a wizard's trials after having been told to kill Sarastro during the aria "Der Hölle Rache" by the Queen of the Night. For 10 points, name this Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart opera, in which Prince Tamino receives the title instrument.

The Magic Flute

The speaker of this poem dismisses a remark as "stock and store / caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster / followed fast" and asks a visitor to tell him "what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore." That same visitor in this poem is implored "is there balm in Gilead?" while he perches on a "bust of Pallas." This poem's speaker laments the loss of his beloved Lenore, and this poem begins "once upon a midnight dreary." For 10 points, name this poem about a bird that caws "nevermore," written by Edgar Allan Poe.

The Raven

This branch of physics evolved out of a goal to increase the efficiency of steam engines, through the work of scientists like Sadi Carnot and Lord Kelvin. This branch of physics is governed by four laws, the third of which states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero. The First Law of this branch describes the change in a system's internal energy in accordance with the Law of Conservation of Energy. For 10 points, name this branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and its relation to energy and work.

Thermodynamics

One character in this novel has the words "a return after long wanderings" written on his gravestone. The protagonist of this novel becomes a window washer after being fired for writing an article about Oedipus. This novel opens with a discussion of Nietzsche's theory of eternal return and features Karenin, a dog who ultimately dies of cancer. Sabina has an affair with Franz in this novel whose two main characters are crushed to death under a truck. For 10 points, name this novel about Tomáš and Tereza that takes place around the Prague Spring, written by Milan Kundera.

Unbearable Lightness of Being

According to a 2018 report, officials in President Trump's administration have discussed plans for a possible coup d'etat with members of this nation's military, and this nation has not exchanged ambassadors with the U.S. since 2010. This nation's current leader, Nicolas Maduro, was the target of a 2018 assassination attempt in Caracas by a drone carrying C-4, which he blamed on "right-wing" elements and neighboring Colombia. For 10 points, name this oil-rich South American nation, which is in the midst of severe hyperinflation, food shortages, and a general collapse of basic services.

Venezuela

This city won a battle featuring the first historical use of ship-mounted gunpowder weapons, the Battle of Chioggia. This city constructed ships like the galiot and galleass at the first modern ship-building facility, the Arsenal. Il Milione, the first detailed record of a European man's travels in China, was written by a man from this city. A blind leader of this city redirected the Fourth Crusade to sack Constantinople. That man was Enrico Dandolo, who was this city's doge. This city was the maritime rival of Genoa and was the home of Marco Polo. For 10 points, name this "Most Serene Republic," an Italian city-state known for its many canals.

Venice

Robert C. Winthrop gave an address at the laying of the cornerstone for this structure in 1848, and sent a letter for its 1885 dedication, since he was unable to travel and give it in person. The original design for this structure by Robert Mills featured a colonnade, but it was never built due to cost. This building of this structure was delayed by costs and the Civil War for over 25 years until its completion in 1885. For 10 points, name this obelisk, which was damaged in a 2011 earthquake, located in Washington D.C. east of the Reflecting Pool.

Washington Monument

In 1995, one of these happenings including V. N. Sudhakaran involved 150 thousand people. In Mongolia a chicken liver augury can determine this event's time. Some Latin American participants bring Las arras, or the thirteen coins, to them. In Palestine one might follow a Henna night in which women decorate their skin. Another culture recites the Sheva Brachot, stands under the chuppah canopy, and breaks glass at these. Rice throwing is also a custom at—for 10 points—what ceremonies often preceded by a proposal and engagement?

Wedding

Early short stories by this English author include, "The Cone," and "The Chronic Argonauts," the latter of which this author expanded into a full-length novel. This author was a member of the Fabian Society, and in a three year period, he completed works such as The Island of Dr. Moreau and The Invisible Man. In one novel, this author depicts the fierce struggle between the Eloi and the Morlocks, while in another, the narrator fights to survive a Martian attack on London. For 10 points, name this English science fiction author of The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds.

Wells

The revelation regarding this individual came with the publication of Bob Woodward's Fear: Trump in the White House, which the President decried as "fiction." Trump has considered "lie-detector tests" to try and figure who this individual is, which has been denied by numerous members of his Administration. President Trump demanded that the New York Times reveal its source and therefore this individual, which it refused. For 10 points, name this individual, speculation of which has centered around Jon Huntsman, who was Woodward's main source for the book.

White House Leaker

This author's most famous collection was first published in 1855, although he continued editing it over the next 30 years, when he declared it "finished to the end of its...powers." This poet described how he could "hear America singing" in one poem, while describing how "our fearful trip is done," in a poem lamenting the death of Abraham* Lincoln. Besides "O Captain, My Captain," this poet also lamented the death of Lincoln in his work, "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd." For 10 points, name this American poet whose 1855 collection is entitled Leaves of Grass.

Whitman

One character in this play tried writing a novel about a boy who accidentally killed his family, but his wife's father wouldn't let him publish it. In "Walpurgisnacht", that character in this play insults "Mousie" after suggesting everyone play "Get the Guests" at his dinner party. In this play, the new biology professor Nick is mistaken for a math professor and discovers his wife Honey's hysterical pregnancy. For 10 points, name this play that ends with George singing the title question, to which Martha responds "I am," written by Edward Albee.

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

This controversial news organization was launched in Iceland in 2006, and its Collateral Murder footage was released in 2010, showing an attack on a convoy that killed Iraqi civilians and journalists. The founder of this organization currently resides in the Ecuadorian Embassy in London, due to pending criminal charges in Sweden, and was openly supportive of the Donald Trump campaign in the 2016 Election. For 10 points, name this news organization, known for posting previously classified information on its website, that was founded by and still led by Julian Assange.

WikiLeaks

This Presidential election saw the infamous Willie Horton ad and a Democratic candidate who posed on a tank with an oversized helmet on. The Republican Vice-Presidential candidate in this election, Dan Quayle, seemed unable to grasp the basic issues and struggled through questions about his draft status at the New Orleans Convention. The Democratic candidate in this election chose Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas in order to balance out his Northeastern ticket. For 10 points, name this election that saw Republican Vice-President George H.W. Bush defeat Michael Dukakis to succeed Ronald Reagan.

1988

This drug was the subject of an 2017 investigation of the University of Georgia's tennis program and NFL cornerback Richard Sherman tested positive for this drug in 2013 before claiming that the sample was tainted. This drug uses a combination of salts from amphetamines, and is administered for sufferers of narcolepsy and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. For 10 points, name this Schedule II drug that has been used illegally for athletic performance enhancement and cognitive enhancement

Adderall

In one work, this thinker identified four modes of creating distance between the self and personal problems. In another work, this thinker described idealized masculinity with the ideas of "guiding friction" and "guiding principle." This thinker applied the Nietzschean idea of "will to power" to psychotherapy. This psychologist studied the ways that birth order affects personality. After splitting with Freud, this thinker founded individual psychology. For 10 points, name this Austrian psychologist who wrote The Neurotic Constitution and coined the term "inferiority complex."

Adler

A debate continues over whether this ancient writer was originally from Africa, or a slave, or both. This writer's story The Ant and the Grasshopper is seen by many as describing the merits of hard work and preparing for the future, while others saw the ant's refusal to help the grasshopper as cruelty. According to an unproven legend, this author read his story, The Frogs Who Desired a King, aloud to the citizens of Athens when they desired to overthrow Peisistratus. For 10 points, name this ancient author of numerous fables, such as The Tortoise and the Hare.

Aesop

A 1985 Met production of this opera was the "farewell performance" of Leontyne Price, who retold the plot of this opera in a children's book that would later inspire a Broadway version. In this opera, the Dance of the Young Moorish Slaves ends as they are told "grief is sacred." A character in this opera unwittingly reveals that his army will attack through Napata, and refuses to answer three charges at a trial conducted by Ramfis. The sentence of death by being buried alive is imposed on Radames, and he is joined by the title Ethiopian princess in, for 10 points, what Giuseppe Verdi opera set in Egypt?

Aida

The "Sheehan Memo" warned of the growing power of this group, which had launched nearly simultaneous attacks on two American embassies in Africa in 1998. This group, whose name translates as "the base" in Arabic, began in Afghanistan in 1988 as opposition to the Soviet occupation, and its leader was a Saudi native who was a member of the mujahideen before creating this group. For 10 points, name this terrorist group, which launched the 2000 attack on the U.S.S. Cole and the 9/11 attacks, once led by Osama bin Laden.

Al-Qaeda

This Eastern European nation was under Ottoman control until 1912, and became a monarchy in 1925 under King Zog. Zog was deposed in 1946 by Communists led by Enver Hoxha, and this nation would remain Communist until a 1991 revolution. This nation was flooded with refugees from the nearby Kosovo War, and joined NATO in 2009. This nation announced in 2018 that it would modernize the Kucove Air Base for use by NATO forces. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation located between Greece and nations of the former Yugoslavia and has its capital at Tirana.

Albania

A major reform by an emperor with this first name was carried out by the minister Nikolai Milyutin. An emperor of this name implemented the May Laws, which restricted Jewish movement within the Pale of Settlement. That emperor, known as "the Peacemaker," was the son of another czar with this first name, who supported local government through organizations called zemstvos. A czar of this name was assassinated by the People's Will in 1881, and he earned the epithet "the Liberator" due to his most famous action. For 10 points, give this first name of three Romanov czars, the second of whom emancipated the serfs.

Alexander

After climbing a ladder followed by two soldiers, this leader was badly injured in Multan when an arrow pierced his lung. That incident during the Mallian Campaign ended after Perdiccas removed the arrow from this person. Had this person died, Hephaestion likely would have replaced him on the Indian campaign, in which this leader beat King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes. Earlier, this leader was victorious at Issus and Gaugamela. Name this son of Philip II who, during the fourth century BCE, led Macedon.

Alexander the Great

American naval hero John Paul Jones was appointed Consul to this modern-day nation in 1792, but died before he could take the position. This nation's current capital was one of the powerful Barbary States, and this nation was the subject of the 1962 Evian Accords, which gave it independence from France. Those Accords ended a nine year war between this nation and France, and this nation is now the largest in land area in Africa, since Sudan split from South Sudan in 2011. For 10 points, name this North African nation with capital at Algiers.

Algeria

The Louisville draft board refused to give this person conscientious objector status, and he was convicted for violating Selective Service laws in Houston. In 1971, the Supreme Court reversed this person's conviction. This person said "We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger." This person wrote the autobiographies The Soul of a Butterfly and The Greatest: My Own Story. There is some debate as to whether this person's Parkinson's syndrome was caused by repeated head trauma. Name this athlete who fought Sonny Liston and Joe Frazier in the boxing ring.

Ali

The ligands of Zeise's salt are three chloride atoms and one of these compounds. Ozone can react with these molecules to form a Criegee intermediate, yielding two aldehydes or ketones. These compounds have at least one atom with sp2 hybridization. These compounds' stereochemistry can be denoted by E and Z. Monomers of these compounds make up polyethylene and polypropylene. Acetylene is the simplest of these compounds, which more generally are named with the suffix -ene. For 10 points, name these molecules with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Alkenes

This mountain range is crossed by the Frejus Road Tunnel, which is also home to the Modane Particle Physics Lab. This mountain range is home to the Chamonix commune and the Brenner Pass goes through this range. The Atlas Mountains are sometimes viewed as an extension of this range, and the city of Innsbruck lies in this range. The Rhone has its headwaters in this range, and Lake Geneva lies on the north of this range. Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn are in, for 10 points, what range which contains much of Switzerland, the highest range in Europe.

Alps

Ralph Flanders wrote one of these that recognized "the authority and Law of Jesus Christ". Louis Ludlow tried to advance one about war referendums, and there are nine in Greg Abbott's Texas Plan. The case U.S. v Eichman prompted one of these on flag desecration, several have called for a balanced budget, and in November 2016 Barbara Boxer introduced one hoping to abolish the Electoral College. For 10 points—give the term for these proposals to modify a document defining the U.S. government.

Amendments

This European capital city had fortifications surrounding it that would protect the city by flooding the surrounding lowlands. This capital city's port is only the second busiest in its own nation, behind Rotterdam, and it is the home of the Maritime Museum, the Anne Frank House, and a series of canals that spans over 60 miles of the city. This city is home to the oldest stock market in the world, and was the center of its nation's 17th century "Golden Age." For 10 points, name this capital city of the Netherlands, often referred to as the "Venice of the North."

Amsterdam

In an autobiography, this author described making up stories about driving on an application to become a streetcar conductor. This author asks, "Does my sexiness upset you?" in a poem which asserts "you may write me down in history with your bitter, twisted lies," "but still, like dust I'll rise." Another poem by this author begins "A Rock, A River, A Tree. / hosts to species long since departed" and was read at Bill Clinton's inauguration. For 10 points, name this poet of "On the Pulse of Morning" and the autobiography I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings.

Angelou

This religious denomination has its origins in England, but its American denomination was created after the American Revolution. Until 1784, ministers of this denomination had to swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown and Supreme Governor of this church, and the Book of Common Prayer is still a prominent text for this religious denomination. This religious denomination promotes itself as "Protestant, yet Catholic," and its leaders claim "Apostolic succession," or descent from early Christian Church leaders. For 10 points, name this religious denomination that in America is known as the "Episcopal Church."

Anglican

The Zoroastrian term for this concept is Frashokereti, and it is facilitated by the Saoshyant. This concept is referenced in Ezekiel as a war between Gog and Magog. In the Islamic version of this concept, a bridge thinner than a hair called the Siraat must be crossed at this time. Eschatology is the theological study of this future event. In Christianity, this event is brought about when Gabriel blows a trumpet and four horsemen appear with the opening of the seven seals, according to the Book of Revelation. For 10 points, name this event that will mark the end of time.

Apocalypse

In a subrange of this mountain range, Project Greek Island sought to build an emergency bunker at the Greenbrier Resort. The New River Gorge acts as a biocorridor through this range. Colorfully named subranges of this mountain range include the Blue Ridge and the Black Mountains, which contains Mount Mitchell. Mount Katahdin lies at the northern end of a trail named for this range. Most of West Virginia lies in, for 10 points, what mountain range in the eastern United States, whose namesake trail runs from Georgia to Maine and contains the Great Smokies.

Appalachian

The Blue Ridge Mountains are a subrange of this mountain range, but the Adirondack Mountains are not, since they were formed separately in geologic history. The Piedmont is a region of this mountain range located east of the Blue Ridge from New Jersey to Alabama, while its namesake "Plateau" region is west of the "Valley and Ridge" region of this mountain range. This mountain range contains the so-called "Southern Sixers" in North Carolina and Tennessee, which are the tallest mountains in its range. For 10 points, name this mountain range which runs through the Eastern United States.

Appalachians

In one work, this thinker rejected the idea of the "unity of the intellect" by claiming that a certain thinker had misinterpreted an earlier thinker. In addition to that work subtitled against the Averroists, this thinker wrote an apologetics tract to defend Catholicism against Judaism and Islam. That work is Summa Contra Gentiles. In his most famous work, this thinker explained the quinque viae, which included the arguments "from motion" and "from degree." For 10 points, name this Scholastic thinker, who outlined five proofs of the existence of God in his Summa Theologica.

Aquinas

One thinker in this discipline wrote the Marxist tract The Story of Tools. In addition to Gordon Childe, another thinker in this discipline developed the "processual" theory of this discipline and wrote this field as Anthropology. Lewis Binford worked in this field, as did Ian Hodder, who leads the work in this field at Çatalhöyük. Heinrich Schliemann uncovered the "Mask of Agamemnon" at Mycenae while working in this field. For 10 points, name this discipline that studies artifacts left by ancient humans.

Archaeology

Art historian Margaret Koster has argued that a woman in this painting was actually dead at the time of its production. Erwin Panofsky suggested this painting had "hidden significance," citing the presence of a figure of St. Margaret in its background. A cherry tree is visible through a window on this painting's left, and an orange sits in the windowsill below it. Panofsky also discussed the artist's signature above a convex mirror in this painting. A single candle lights a chandelier at the top of, for 10 points, what painting depicting a woman in a green dress with her husband, by Jan van Eyck?

Arnolfini Wedding

This mythological figure appears in early writings of men like Gildas the Monk and the Welsh text "Y Gododdin," but the works of Geoffrey of Monmouth established much of his legend. This man defeated the Saxons to rule over an area encompassing not only the British Isles, but also areas like Iceland and Gaul. He was killed by his nephew Mordred at the Battle of Camlann, and advised by the wizard Merlin. For 10 points, name this monarch, son of Uther Pendragon and husband of Guinevere, who wielded Excalibur and spent his final days at Avalon.

Arthur

This compound with a molar mass of 180.2 inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. For the artery inflammation of Kawasaki disease, the Mayo Clinic website recommends either gamma globulin or this compound. The Reverend Edward Stone discovered a precursor of it in the willow tree. Reye's syndrome has been observed in children taking this medication after viral infections, so tylenol or ibuprofen are better choices. The Bayer Company manufactures—for 10 points—what pain reliever used in Alka-Seltzer and Aspergum?

Aspirin

This city was originally ruled by a system of nine archons, who were led by the Eponymous Archon, the Polemarch, and the Basileus. This city's constitution was reformed by Cleisthenes, a reformer who introduced ostracism to this city. At the request of Lysander, Critias led a cruel oligarchy in this city. This city was briefly ruled by the Thirty Tyrants, and a leader of this city gave a well-known Funeral Oration before dying of the plague. This city was led during its Golden Age by Pericles, and it lost the Peloponnesian War to Sparta. For 10 points, name this Greek city-state that invented democracy and contains the Parthenon.

Athens

This Roman leader never called himself a king or emperor, instead preferring the Latin term, Princeps Civitatis, meaning "First Citizen of the State." This leader became part of the Second Triumvirate in 43 BCE, after his adopted great-uncle was murdered by Senators, and he consolidated his power by removing Lepidus and Mark Antony by 27 BCE. He took his great-uncle's name as his own and ruled Rome until his death in 14 CE. For 10 points, name this Roman leader, who saw a period of peace called Pax Romana, and was succeeded in 27 CE by Tiberius.

Augustus

In the two-part episode "Beginnings," the first person to have this title, Wan, was shown gaining his powers from lion turtles and fusing with the spirit Raava. A figure with this title attempted to kill Koh for stealing the face of his fiancée, Ummi. One figure to hold this title preceded by the word "dark" was created by the merger between Vaatu and Unalaq. This title was held by a character who is accompanied by the flying bison Appa and defeats Fire Lord Ozai. Only the holder of this title can bend all four elements. For 10 points, what title was held by people like Kuruk, Kyoshi, Korra, and Aang?

Avatar

Compared to God loosening the "fetter of frost", a metal object melts in this work when it touches blood. In its plot, a goblet's removal causes thirteen men to go to a burrow to stop calamities. This work first describes Shield Sheafson, one of whose descendants builds the mead-hall Heorot. Unferth belittles its hero for losing a swimming contest to Breca, and its other characters include the Geat named Wiglaf and the king Hrothgar. For 10 points—name this epic poem about a warrior who slays Grendel.

Beowulf

One lake that used to be part of this body of water was created by isostatic rebound and is home to the city of Uppsala. An island in this body of water, which was home to Lake Malaren, is home to the chalk formation King's Chair. The northern arm of this body of water has low enough salinity levels to support freshwater wildlife. In addition to the Gulf of Bothnia, another arm of this sea separates Oland from the mainland and is called Kalmar Strait. For 10 points, name this European Sea that lies between Sweden and Finland, as well as a group of namesake countries including Latvia and Estonia.

Baltic Sea

These entities are subject to the Volcker Rule as part of the Dodd-Frank Consumer Protection Act of 2010. At one point during the Great Depression, nearly 40% of these entities in the United States had failed, which prompted incoming President Franklin Roosevelt to declare a three day "holiday" for these entities when he took office in 1933. The Troubled Asset Relief Program or TARP was criticized for helping to "bail out" these entities by purchasing their "toxic assets." For 10 points, name these financial institutions that are covered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Banks

This musical style saw the creation of common-practice tonality, meaning that composers wrote a piece meant to be played in a certain key. The spread of this musical style was encouraged by the Catholic Church in the wake of the Council of Trent, and the harpsichord was a prominent instrument in this musical era. This musical style saw evolution of the dance-suite, which despite the name, was intended for listening only. For 10 points, name this musical style which came after the Renaissance era and before the Classical era and included such prominent composers as Domenico Scarlatti and Johann Sebastian Bach.

Baroque

If large masses of this igneous rock cool slowly, it can form a polygonal joint pattern, such as at the "Giant's Causeway" in Northern Ireland. When this volcanic rock erupts underwater, it can form into "pillow" shapes, and this type of igneous rock forms most of the material of tectonic plates. This hard, dense igneous rock is estimated to make up over 90% of all volcanic rock on Earth, and its low viscosity allows for extensive lava flows over a wide area. For 10 points, name this extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of magnesium and iron-rich lava.

Basalt

Imines, which have C-N double bonds, are also known as the "Schiff" type of these substances. "Bulky" versions of these compounds such as potassium tert-butoxide cause exceptions to Zaitsev's rule during elimination reactions. Lithium monoxide anion is a "super" type of these compounds. These substances tend to hydrolyze triglycerides in a process called saponification. The Lewis type of these compounds are electron pair donors. Brønsted and Lowry defined these compounds as proton acceptors. For 10 points, name these compounds that have a pH greater than 7.

Bases

In an abhisheka, milk or honey can be used for this action done on statues of Hindu gods. In Islam, Ghusl mass al-mayyit refers to doing this action after touching a dead body. Misogi is a Shinto version of this practice that is performed near sacred waterfalls. Some Orthodox Jews always perform this action in a mikvah. In the Kumbh Mela, people perform this action in holy rivers such as the the Ganges. For 10 points, name this method of purifying the entire body using water.

Bathing

A controversial 1994 book was titled for this mathematical and statistical distribution and subtitled, "Intelligence and Class Structure in Class Life." This mathematical distribution in the stock market indicates stocks that are typically "blue-chip" and have lower volatility than other types of stock. This distribution assumes that most statistics will fall to the middle of the distribution while the positive and negative ends will be lower. For 10 points, name this mathematical and statistical distribution, sometimes called "Gaussian," that derives its name from the shape it takes on a graph.

Bell curve

Land that this man owns in Texas is currently being excavated to house the Danny Hillisdesigned 10,000-year Clock of the Long Now. Saint Louis University drew criticism after installing a product from this man's company in every student apartment. This man founded one company with multiple projects named for members of the Mercury Seven, and this man's name forms the acronym from a Bernie Sanders-introduced tax on under-paying employers. This owner of the Washington Post founded the second US company to reach $1 trillion in value. For 10 points, name this man, Forbes' wealthiest man in the world, the founder and CEO of Amazon.

Bezos

This English poet described how he "was angry with my foe" and eventually saw that "foe outstretched beneath" the title object in his "A Poison Tree." That poem is part of a collection entitled Songs of Experience, which followed an earlier collection, Songs of Innocence, written by this English poet. Songs of Experience also contains a poem describing how the title animal "burn(s) bright/In the forests of the night." For 10 points, name this English poet of "The Clod and the Pebble," "The Chimney-Sweep," and "The Tyger."

Blake

This painting is thought to be the portrait of Jonathan Buttall, but this has never been confirmed. The painter of this work was supposedly inspired by Anthony van Dyck's portrait of Charles II of England, and advice from his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds. This painting is near life-size, and the background behind the title figure is a maze of warm, dark colors in contrast to the "cold" primary color worn by the title figure. For 10 points, name this Thomas Gainsborough painting in which the title young man poses in a namesake outfit of "royal" color.

Blue Boy

In this work, a compass named Liahona stops working after Lemuel and Laman attempt to kill their brother. One character in this work prays that God will not confound the language of his people. This work gives the definition of "honey bee" to describe a location called Deseret and contains four books of Nephi. In this work, the prophet Ether tells of Jared, who left building the Tower of Babel to go to America. This text was originally written in "reformed Egyptian" on golden plates with the help of seer stones. For 10 points, name this religious text, revealed by the angel Moroni to Joseph Smith.

Book of Mormon

In one story by this author, the killing in Ashgrove serves as a signal to Berlin of an attack on the city of Albert. Murders that seem to spell out the name of God lead Scharlach to capture the detective Lonnrot in this author's "Death and the Compass." In a story by this author, Captain Richard Madden chases down Dr. Yu Tsun after Tsun learns his ancestor's labyrinth is really a book that represents infinity. "The Library of Babel" and "The Garden of Forking Paths" are by, for 10 points, what Argentinian author of the short-story collection Ficciones?

Borges

Descriptions of this illness date back a few centuries, and the toxin that causes it comes from spores that are common in the ground and soil. Babies are susceptible to developing this illness, and the toxin that causes it has a natural presence in honey, which is why honey is not recommended for any baby under the age of 1. This severe type of food poisoning is caused by the bacterium Clostridium and is sometimes found in improperly canned or preserved foods. For 10 points, name this illness, caused by a namesake toxin, that is marked by weakness in the extremities, blurred vision, and can lead to death.

Botulism

George Bernard Shaw claimed that one of this composer's pieces "could only have come from the establishment of a first-class undertaker." This composer of The German Requiem released his contrasting works, Tragic Overture and Academic Festival Overture in the same year, 1880. This composer was mentored by Robert Schumann before his death, and dedicated his Opus. 9 to Schumann's wife Clara, a friend and benefactor. For 10 points, name this German composer of works such as Hungarian Dances and Variations on a Theme by Haydn.

Brahms

A community in this South American nation was settled by Confederate refugees after the Civil War since this nation still had legalized slavery. The area where this nation is now located was explored by Portuguese captain Pedro Cabral, requiring a change to the Treaty of Tordesillas. Two former leaders of this nation, Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff, are currently serving prison terms for various crimes committed while in office. For 10 points, name this largest South American nation, currently led by Michel Temer.

Brazil

A composer from this country was named Cavaliere of the Italian Crown for his opera Il Guarany, which concerns tribes at war in this country. One composer from this country moved to Paris after the 1922 Modern Art Week, and wrote nine suites fusing styles such as choro and embolada, with the techniques of J.S. Bach. One style of music from this country was popularized by Stan Getz with Astrud and João Gilberto. For 10 points, name this country, home to Antonio Carlos Gomes and Heitor Villa-Lobos, as well as Antonio Carlos Jobim, considered by many as the founder of Bossa Nova.

Brazil

Russian composer Pavel Chesnokov died while standing in one of these things in Moscow in 1944 and Al Capone once set up one of these things in Chicago in order to repair his image. A Margaret Bourke-White photograph called Mississippi Flood shows a group of people standing in one of these, in contrast with a billboard behind them stating "WORLD'S HIGHEST STANDARD OF LIVING." These were common in America during the Great Depression and in Soviet Russia, where there were massive food shortages. For 10 points, name these entities, designed to alleviate a lack of food.

Bread line

During the deliberations over this Supreme Court case, Chief Justice Fred Vinson died of a heart attack. His replacement, Earl Warren, pushed for a unanimous decision in this case, which allowed Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter to use the key term "with all deliberate speed." Sociologist Gunnar Myrdal's book An American Dilemma and Kenneth Clark's "doll test" were used by the NAACP to prove the harm of segregation in this case, which despite its 1954 ruling, was not implemented in many Southern states for years. For 10 points, name this landmark Supreme Court case which struck down segregation in public schools.

Brown v. BOE

In 1956, B. R. Ambedkar converted half a million people to a "Neo" type of this religion, which he called Navayana. One teacher of this religion, who legendarily retrieved its central scriptures from snakes, is known as Nagarjuna. A sect of this religion came about after a silent sermon where a white lotus was held up, which is known as the Flower Sermon. Practitioners of this religion, who believe in the avoidance of dukkha, follow the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. For 10 points, name this religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama

Buddhism

The creation of this scientific laboratory device was made possible when the city of Heidelberg laid gas lines to the university, and the namesake creator had over 50 of these devices installed at the university. These devices typically use methane, butane, or propane, and a hose barb is connected to the gas nozzle with rubber tubing. The amount of air mixed with the gas stream determines the extent of the combustion reaction in this laboratory device. For 10 points, name this laboratory instrument that produces a single, open gas flame used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.

Bunsen burner

The von Neumann bottleneck refers to a limitation in bandwidth between these systems and memory, which can be mitigated by using a cache. Architectures of these systems designed for lower power consumption include ARM. These systems pass on instructions to ALUs, which perform basic arithmetic and bitwise operations. These systems, which include Intel Core and Pentium, can undergo overclocking to improve clock rate, which is measured in gigahertz. For 10 points, name these components that carry out a program's instructions, often found on a microprocessor.

CPUs

This stimulant can be used as a natural pesticide against insects, and in the human body, this stimulant blocks the action of adenosine on its receptor, stopping the onset of drowsiness. Withdrawal symptoms of this stimulant can include sleepiness, headache, and irritability, and is recommended only in small amounts for pregnant women. This stimulant is also known as "guaranine" or "mateine", when used as an ingredient in energy drinks. For 10 points, name this stimulant, the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance, found in coffee and tea.

Caffeine

Element 118 was first made by colliding californium with this element. The most common isotope of this element is especially stable due to being doubly magic. This element's oxalate can form crystals known as weddellite and is the main component of kidney stones. High levels of ions of magnesium and this element characterize hard water. The chloride of this element is a white powder commonly used as a desiccant. This element's oxide, which is used to make cement, is known as quicklime. For 10 points, name this alkali earth metal whose carbonate makes up limestone.

Calcium

A system of this kind was marked in public on entities called fasti. A reform of this type of system, which was instituted the same year a man was appointed dictator for life, is still used today on Mount Athos. Reforms on a system of this type were carried out by Numa Pompilius, the second King of Rome. Aloysius Lilius devised a variation to one of these systems that adds a leap day in years divisible by 4, unless it is also divisible by 100. Lapses in the date of Easter were fixed by one of these systems named for Pope Gregory XIII. For 10 points, name these systems of organizing time, the most common of which has twelve months.

Calendar

The enzyme PRK acts to regenerate this biochemical cycle's initial substrate, known as RuBP. The low carbon dioxide affinity of an enzyme in this process can lead to the formation of phospho-glycolate in photorespiration. The enzyme central to this process, which is the most abundant protein on Earth, is called RuBisCo. This process, which oxidizes NADPH to form NADP+, occurs in the chloroplast stroma. For 10 points, name this cycle that produces sugars from carbon dioxide, which occurs during the light-independent pathway of photosynthesis.

Calvin Cycle

In this work, Pluto and Proserpina witness adultery in a pear tree, and Pluto grants Januarie his sight back so he can witness the event. In this larger work, Nicholas convinces John to sleep in a bathtub on his roof, and in another story, Arcite and Palamon compete for the hand of Emily. In the General Prologue to this work, characters like the Wife of Bath, the Miller, and the Knight are introduced. For 10 points, name this collection of stories by Geoffrey Chaucer.

Canterbury Tales

This American author's first novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms, featured a 13 year old gay protagonist named Joel Knox, and his semi-autobiographical short story, "A Christmas Memory," was based on his youth in Alabama. This author was childhood friends with Harper Lee, and is supposedly the model for the character Dill in To Kill a Mockingbird. This author of the novella "Breakfast at Tiffany's," is best known for a "nonfiction novel," describing the murder of a Kansas farm family. For 10 points, name this author of The Grass Harp and In Cold Blood.

Capote

This compound was once used for executions in ancient Greece, and this compound forms in enclosed spaces when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. This compound is created as a byproduct in industrial processes like iron smelting, and found naturally in the troposphere due to photochemical reactions. According to the ideal gas law, this compound is slightly less dense than air. For 10 points, name this chemical compound which blocks the space used by hemoglobin in the human body and is colorless, odorless and toxic to humans.

Carbon monoxide

This man commissioned Napoleon Hill to write The Law of Success. This man once worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad under Thomas A. Scott, and James Eads designed a structure built by this man's Keystone Bridge Company. In 1892 this man's employee Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton agents to crush the Homestead Strike. This author of The Gospel of Wealth sold his namesake company to J.P. Morgan in 1901, which then became U.S. Steel. For 10 points, name this Scottish-born philanthropist and steel magnate.

Carnegie

A Garrett Hardin essay concerning this "as an Ethical Concept" argues that providing food for poor countries will result in greater harm than good. The failure of some populations to reach this quantity can be explained by the Allee effect. This variable appears in the denominator of the Verhulst equation of logistic growth. Populations that are r-selected will grow until this value is reached, may temporarily overshoot it, and then experience a bust. For 10 points, name this value, often denoted "K," that represents the maximum population an environment can support.

Carrying capacity

This president created the Superfund in response to an environmental disaster in the Niagara Falls neighborhood Love Canal. This president signed the SALT II treaty with Leonid Brezhnev. An opponent of this man quipped "there you go again" during a presidential debate. This president ran on a ticket with Walter Mondale in the election he won. This man helped Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat negotiate a peace treaty in the Camp David Accords. For 10 points, name this man who defeated Gerald Ford in the 1976 election, a peanut farmer from Georgia.

Carter

An ex-American diplomat named Kathy Kriger opened an actual "Rick's Cafe" in this African city as an homage to a famous movie set here. This city has no natural bodies of water within it, but an artificial port that is the second busiest in Africa behind Tangier-Med, in the Strait of Gibraltar. This city is also a financial hub for the entire African continent, and the center for business and politics in the nation of Morocco. For 10 points, name this city, the most populous in North Africa, which is located in Morocco, and whose name literally means "white house" in Spanish.

Casablanca

In this film, Madeleine Lebeau had a small role as Yvonne, the ex-girlfriend of one of the main characters. In one scene in this film, the collaborationist Louis Renault shuts down the establishment after officers singing "Die Wacht am Rhein" are drowned out when the other patrons of the Café Americain respond with "La Marseillaise." At the end of this film, Ilsa Lund leaves with her husband Victor Laszlo, instead of staying with Rick Blaine. For 10 points, name this 1942 film starring Ingrid Bergman and Humphrey Bogart, set in World War II Morocco.

Casablanca

After divorcing Mirta Diaz-Balart, this person had children with Naty Revuelta and Maria Laborde. A July 26th attack on the Moncada Barracks was orchestrated by this leader. This person's speech "History Will Absolve Me" was written while he was in prison for that attack, a sentence he served in Mexico. His party, Granma, shares its name with the vessel on which he sailed back to his country to begin a revolution that ousted Fulgencio Batista in 1959. An Argentinian doctor named Che Guevara was this leader's right-hand man. Name this leader of the revolution that brought communism to Cuba in 1959.

Castro

One character in this novel is asked why he put *anything* in his mouth and responds "because crab apples are better than horse chestnuts." An IBM machine in this novel promotes a Henry Fonda look-alike, resulting in him being known as Major Major Major Major. In this novel, Colonel Cathcart continues to raise the number of missions needed to be dismissed. Doc Daneeka explains that the title concept of this novel prevents members of the air force from pleading insanity. For 10 points, name this novel centering on the pilot Yossarian, written by Joseph Heller.

Catch-22

The sequel to this novel was published in 1997 and was entitled Closing Time, although the author acknowledged that the timeline of events mentioned in the sequel was incorrect. This novel's protagonist declares war on "modifiers," while editing letters home from enlisted men. An "IBM with a sense of humor" makes this man's commander, "Major Major Major Major," and that officer jumps out of a window to avoid talking to the protagonist. For 10 points, name this novel by Joseph Heller about Yossarian's attempts to avoid the title situation, which involves ever-increasing bombing missions.

Catch-22

The protagonist of this novel is kicked out of Pencey Prep at the beginning of this novel, and famously says, "Don't ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody." That protagonist had a brother named Allie who died of leukemia in 1946, and a sister named Phoebe, who he takes to Central Park to ride the carousel. The title for this work derives from the protagonist's wish that he could save the children in the title area from falling to their deaths. For 10 points, name this 1951 novel about anti-hero Holden Caulfield's travels around New York City by J.D. Salinger.

Catcher in the Rye

This organelle can contain suberin-heavy features that form a barrier to the apoplastic flux, known as Casparian strips. A cross-linking reaction in these structures is inhibited by the betalactam ring in an antibiotic. Desmotubules are often found in channels known as plasmodesmata that traverse these structures. The presence of peptidoglycan in these structures is detected via Gram staining. Plants can have primary and secondary types of these structures, which often contain lignin. For 10 points, name these structures that surround the cell membrane, made of cellulose in plants.

Cell wall

Older examples of this instrument can contain "processional holes," whose use was eclipsed by a device that comes in a "Tortelier" version. This instrument mimics the chanting of a chazzan on Yom Kippur in Max Bruch's Kol Nidrei. Playing a different one of J.S. Bach's six suites for this instrument, unaccompanied, was a daily habit of Pablo Casals. Mstislav Rostropovich refused to play Elgar's E minor concerto for this instrument after hearing it performed by Jacqueline du Pré. Other famous players of this instrument include Yo-Yo Ma. For 10 points, name this string instrument, lower than a viola, but higher than the double bass.

Cello

This author wrote a novella in which a Spaniard spends two years with a gypsy family after falling in love with Preciosa. That story, The Little Gypsy Girl, is the first of this author's Exemplary Novels. In a subplot of a novel by this author, Ana Félix arranges for her family, including her father Ricote, to return to their native country. That novel's main plot involves the donkey Dapple and the horse Rocinante, and its protagonist at first spends all his time reading books of chivalry. Name this 17th-century Spanish author who wrote about a man who thinks he's a knight in Don Quixote.

Cervantes

This alkali metal is one of five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature, and only has one stable isotope, 133. This element is the least electronegative on the Pauling Scale, and its 137 isotope is extracted from waste produced by atomic reactors. This element was discovered using flame spectroscopy and this element's electrons are used to measure the seconds in an atomic clock. For 10 points, name this element, whose common commercial usage today is in drilling fluids, with chemical symbol Cs and atomic number 55.

Cesium

One type of this material called "boneblack" is used in filtration and for artistic purposes, and massive production of this material led to deforestation in areas of Europe. Sawdust is commonly used to make this material today, as it has byproducts like methanol and tar which can be used for other purposes. Henry Ford created a company to make this product, which later became the Kingsford Company. For 10 points, name this material, used as a heat and cooking source before being replaced by coal, and common today in facial products and barbecue grills.

Charcoal

These objects shed enough blood to "float a log," allowing the Zhou to defeat the Shang and justifying the doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven. According to the Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, an object of this type, called a biga, represented the moon in Roman culture. The woman Cynisca won an Olympic laurel due to her skill at using the quadriga, which is a type of this object. The largest recorded number of these objects in history were used at the Battle of Kadesh. The Hippodrome and the Circus Maximus were popular places for hosting races of these objects. For 10 points, name these two-wheeled transportation devices that were pulled by horses.

Chariots

John Winthrop delivered a sermon entitled "A Model of Christian 'this concept', in which he said "no man is made more honourable than another or more wealthy." In Judaism, this religious concept is called tzedakah and is commanded by the Torah, usually at around 10% of one's income, as Christianity does. In Islam, there are two types of this concept, zakat and sadaqa, the former of which requires 2.5% of one's yearly income, and the latter of which is entirely voluntary. For 10 points, name this religious concept, said to "begin at home," which is also referred to as "tithing."

Charity

Only two English kings have served with this name, one of which was the last King executed in England, occurring in 1649. Multiple French kings have served with this name, the last being the Tenth, who was deposed in the Revolution of 1830. A Habsburg King of this name served both as Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, when Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation. For 10 points, give this regnal name shared by multiple monarchs, and names the current heir to the British throne who was once married to Princess Diana.

Charles

In this author's "Retraction" of his best known work, he references a now-lost story, The Book of the Lion. This author honored the late wife of his patron, John of Gaunt, in an allegorical work, entitled The Book of the Duchess. In his best known, unfinished work, a "Wife" who has been married five times, describes how women must "outlive their husbands" and be the stronger one in the relationship. For 10 points, name this medieval English author, whose collected "Tales," such as "The Wife of Bath," "The Manciple's," and others in his work The Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer

Lewisite, which used to be manufactured because it was a vesicant example of this kind of substance, has an odor similar to geraniums. The organo·phosphorus class of these substances includes Novichok and VX. By combining phosphorus trichloride and methanol, the Aum Shinrikyo cult was able to produce one of these substances called sarin, which was used in the Tokyo subway. Saddam Hussein used the sulfur mustard kind of this substance. Soldiers' lungs filled with fluid when they were exposed to chlorine acting as this kind of substance in World War I. Identify this group of internationally banned substances.

Chemical weapons

A member of this tribe was part of the Supreme Court case Worcester vs. Georgia, while another member of this Native American tribe, Sequoyah, took his tribe's oral-based language and created a written language. Sequoyah used that written language to create a newspaper called this tribe's Phoenix in 1828. One group of this tribe left Georgia for Arkansas in 1817, but the majority were forced to leave during the Trail of Tears. For 10 points, name this Southeastern tribe from Georgia which was forcibly removed to Oklahoma by the Indian Removal Act.

Cherokee

This U.S. city's location was due to a strategic portage used by local Native Americans before white settlers arrived, and its namesake river was reversed for economic reasons around the turn of the 20th Century. This city is home to Millennium Park, which features the Cloud Gate sculpture, and the Navy Pier, which juts out into Lake Michigan. Museums in this city include the Adler Planetarium, Shedd Aquarium, and the Field Museum of Natural History. For 10 points, name this "Windy" Illinois city, the third-largest in the United States.

Chicago

This city's Meigs Field Airport was destroyed in the middle of the night and was located on the man-made peninsula named Northerly Island, which also contains its Adler Planetarium. That peninsula is also home to the Shedd Aquarium which lies across a small inlet from this city's Navy Pier. This city is home to a building with a "bundled tube" design that was the tallest in the world until 1998 and changed its name to Willis Tower in 2009. Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate is located in this city's Millenium Park. For 10 points, name this seat of Cook County, the largest city in Illinois

Chicago

A Pulitzer Prize winning Nick Ut photograph shows several people of this type running towards the camera. Lewis Hine is mostly known for photographing people of this type. A Diane Arbus photograph shows one of these people in Central Park holding a hand grenade. Two people of this type lean onto the shoulders of Florence Owens Thompson in a photograph from the Great Depression by Dorothea Lange. For 10 points, name these young people often pictured alongside their parents in family portraits.

Children

One procedure involving these subjects classifies them as disorganized, secure, or insecure and was designed by Mary Ainsworth. In addition to the "strange situation" experiments, an experiment involving subjects of this type pitted groups against each other at a namesake camp. That was Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment. Gibson and Walk used a checkerboard pattern in their "visual cliff" experiment to demonstrate these subjects' ability in depth perception. For 10 points, name these subjects who Jean Piaget studied the development of, who learn to walk around 12 months old.

Children

An artist from this country painted blue and white designs on his Six-Pack of Coca-Cola. Another artist from this country commissioned 100 million painted sunflower seeds in 2010. A complex in this country was discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well. An artist from this country collaborated with Herzog and de Meuron to design a stadium known as the Bird's Nest in this country's capital. For 10 points, name this home country of artists like Zhang Hongtu and Ai Weiwei where many political artworks were prompted by the Cultural Revolution.

China

The Sharpless dihydroxylation achieves its stereoselectivity by using a quinine ligand with this property. Substances with this property can be produced in excess through asymmetric catalysis. The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules can classify molecules with this property as R or S. Only materials with this property can exhibit optical rotation. Resolving agents separate molecules with this property into enantiomers. For 10 points, name this molecular property, in which a molecule cannot be superimposed on its mirror image, whose name is Greek for "handedness."

Chirality

Over half of a posthumous collection of lieder by this composer uses texts by Stefan Witwicki. During a winter in Mallorca with his lover and her two children, Maurice and Solange, this composer, like J.S. Bach, wrote a collection of 24 preludes in all major and minor keys. The longest of those preludes has a recurring A-flat and is nicknamed "Raindrop." Two of his most famous pieces were inspired by the bloody November Uprising and a dog chasing its tail. For 10 points, name this Polish composer of the "Revolutionary" etude and the "Minute" waltz.

Chopin

Francis Poulenc's last completed work was a sonata for this wind instrument, whose first movement is subtitled "Allegro Tristamente." Heavy use of this instrument's chalumeau ["shall-oomoh"] register characterizes the slow fourth variation in Carl Maria von Weber's Concertino for this instrument. A B-minor quintet for this instrument by Brahms was inspired by the playing of Richard Mühlfeld, and Mozart's Concerto in A Major for this woodwind instrument was dedicated to Anton Stadler. For 10 points, name this single-reeded instrument, which plays a glissando to start Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue.

Clarinet

Argillology studies this substance found in Fuller's Earth. In some countries, the aluminum silicate named Attapulgite is one of these is used in Kaopectate indigestion medicine. These minerals form the top of the USDA soil texture triangle, with the other vertices being sand and silt. Red Ultisol and black vertisol soils common in the U.S. south are high in these substances. They are pliable when moist but harden with heat exposure, which is why they are placed in kiln ovens. Adobe bricks may contain—for 10 points—what earthen substance used in pottery?

Clay

This mythological queen was the daughter of Tyndareus and Leda, and her first husband was Atys. This queen's second husband supposedly killed Atys, and her child by him, and that same second husband killed their daughter, Iphigenia, in order to get more favorable winds for his voyage to Troy. While her husband was away at the Trojan War, this woman took Aegisthus as her lover and plotted to kill her husband. For 10 points, name this Mycenaean queen, who murdered her husband Agamemnon upon his return from war, and was herself murdered by her children Orestes and Electra.

Clytemnestra

Members of this phylum possess a structure that comes in types such as penetrants, volvents, and glutinants. This phylum is responsible for Hamburger Disease in catfish via the parasitic Myxo-zoa class. One genus of this phylum contains FoxO, which helps it be biologically immortal. Many animals in this phylum possess opercula that cover barbed stinging cells called nematocytes. Members of this phylum, which includes the hydra, can alternate between sessile polyp and motile medusa forms. For 10 points, name this aquatic phylum that includes corals and jellyfish.

Cnidaria

This branch of the U.S. military was originally called the Revenue Marine, and had the job of collecting customs duties at U.S. ports. This branch's name evolved into the "Revenue Cutter" service by the mid-19th Century, and it was combined with the "Life-Saving Service" to its current status in 1915. This military branch was originally part of the Treasury Department, before moving to the Transportation Department in 1967. For 10 points, name this military branch that was placed under the Department of Homeland Security in 2003 and has the job of patrolling America's coastal waters.

Coast Guard

A proposal to mine this element in southeastern Missouri would create the largest mine for this material outside of China and the Congo, both of which lead the world in production. This transition metal has been commonly used to make blue pigments, although ancient metallurgists believed that it was due to the presence of bismuth. This element is a byproduct of nickel refining, and its everyday use is as a tracer and radiotherapy in cancer treatments. For 10 points, name this silver gray lustrous metal with chemical symbol Co and atomic number 27.

Cobalt

Osteo-lathyrism is caused by a defect in the cross-linking of this protein by LOX. "Cigarette paper" scars and hyperflexible joints can indicate defects in this protein shown in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The small size of one side chain in the repeating motif of Gly-Pro-X in this protein enables it to fit into the crowded center of its characteristic triple-helical structure. Fibrils of this protein are produced by fibroblasts, and this protein is hydrolyzed to form gelatin. For 10 points, identify this insoluble fibrous protein found in the extracellular matrix and in connective tissue.

Collagen

During a succession crisis in 1924, Leon Trotsky proclaimed that "in the last analysis, 'this' is always right," and this entity was created in 1912 by the Second International in Russia. This entity was the only ruling party in its founding nation between 1918 and 1990, and its youth wing was known as "the Young Pioneers." This organization was banned by Russian leader Boris Yeltsin in the 1990's, but has since returned in a different form in modern Russia. For 10 points, name this organization founded by Vladimir Lenin, which controlled the Soviet Union for over 70 years.

Communist Party

In an essay attacking this author, he's claimed to have "scored 114 offenses against literary art out of a possible 115." This author wrote a novel that details a journey by travellers that include David Gamut and Duncan Heyward, as well as Alice and Cora Munro, who are later kidnapped. This author was hated by Mark Twain for his novel Deerslayer, and in another novel by this author, the Heron warrior Magua kills Uncas, the only son of Chingachgook. For 10 points, name this American author, whose character Natty Bumppo, also known as Hawkeye, appears in his The Last of the Mohicans.

Cooper

This painter depicted a room full of red-robed members of the House of Lords gathering around the title figure, who collapsed during a debate on the American War for Independence. In addition to The Death of the Earl of Chatham, this artist depicted his stepbrother Henry Pelham holding the title animal on a gold chain in one portrait. This man's most famous painting depicts a group of men attempting to save a boy named Brook in Havana harbor from the title animal. Boy with a Squirrel was painted by, for 10 points, what Anglo-American artist who painted Watson and the Shark?

Copley

The title character of this work saves his only loyal friend from bankruptcy and suicide by sending him gifts signed from "Sinbad the Sailor." The main character of this novel is wrongly imprisoned in the fortress situated in the Bay of Marseilles known as the Château d'If, which he escapes with the help of the Abbé Faria. The protagonist of this novel sets out on a revenge scheme against Danglars, Mondego and Villefort. For 10 points, name this novel about Edmond Dantés becoming the title nobleman, written by Alexandre Dumas.

Count of Monte Cristo

In one poem by this author, the speaker tells a maiden not to weep, for "War is kind." Joyce Carol Oates' novel Because It is Bitter, and Because It is My Heart takes its title from this author's poem "In the Desert." One novel by this author begins with Jimmie getting into a knife fight and sees the title "girl of the streets" claimed dead at its end. This author of Maggie wrote a scene of a fleeing Civil War soldier inflicting a wound to the protagonist's head with the butt of his rifle. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about Henry Fleming and Jim Conklin in The Red Badge of Courage.

Crane

In Norse myth, three gods performed this action by carving ash and elm logs. The Mesopotamian deity Marduk mixed Kingu's blood with earth and clay to perform this action. In the Popol Vuh, this action is attempted using clay and wood before it is finally accomplished using dough. Gaia instructs Deucalion and Pyrrha to perform this action by throwing "the bones of your mother" behind their backs, which turned out to just be stones. For 10 points, name this action, which is performed by Prometheus through the use of clay.

Creation of humanity

One dream sequence in this novel symbolically describes a moral plague spreading across the world and another centers on a horse being beaten to death. The protagonist of this novel has the story of Lazarus read to him by Sonia and pays for her father Marmeladov's funeral. This novel's protagonist believes great men should have power over the law, which leads him to murder Lizaveta and the pawnbroker Alyosha. For 10 points, name this novel about the 'Napoleonic' mad-genius Raskolnikov and his eventual prosecution, written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.

Crime and Punishment

Characters in two of Giuseppe Verdi's operas perform this action, including Gilda, the daughter of the title jester in Rigoletto and multiple characters in the final scene of his opera Falstaff. In Mozart's opera, Cosi Fan Tutte, Despina performs this action as both a doctor and a notary. In Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio, Leonore performs this action in the guise of the title character in order to save her husband's life. For 10 points, name this action in which a character pretends to be a member of the opposite gender.

Crossdressing

This was done to the Persian Artayctes for invading Greece. Saudi Arabia uses this term for the August 2018 act it did to Elias Abulkalaam Jamaleddeen after a stabbing conviction. A common sight at the Sessorium beyond the Esquiline Gate, six thousand participants in the Third Servile War met this fate along the Appian Way. The Gospel of Nicodemus states Dismas was the Penitent Thief saying this condemnation was just before asking to share a neighbor's salvation. For 10 points—give this execution method the Romans used on Jesus Christ.

Crucifixion

One politician with this surname threw two white binders to the ground in an address to the media, saying "We are dying here" and "I am done being polite." That politician with this surname was attacked via a presidential tweet for her "poor leadership ability" in the wake of Hurricane Maria. Another politician with this surname was booed after telling delegates to "vote your conscience," and ultimately endorsed an opponent who claimed this politician with this surname's father was involved in the JFK assassination plot. For 10 points, give this surname of San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín and Texas Senator Ted.

Cruz

One of these political events in New York City in 1924 was referred to as "the Klanbake," due to the supposed outsized influence of the Ku Klux Klan. Another of these events held in 1968 in Chicago was the site of a so-called "police riot," between protesters and the Chicago Police Department. Franklin Roosevelt was victorious at four of these events, the last of which took place in 1944 in Chicago, as well. For 10 points, name these events, the most recent of which took place in July, 2016 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which saw Hillary Clinton as the winning candidate.

DNC

In a Season 2 episode of this TV show, the namesake protagonist fights the biker gang "Dogs of Hell" in a sequence that travels down multiple flights of stairs. In Season 1 of this show, maverick reporter Ben Urich is killed by Wilson Fisk, who is in turn captured by the protagonist using a new suit of armor. In much of Season 2, the protagonist battles former soldier Frank Castle, who is killing criminals under the guise of "The Punisher." For 10 points, name this Netflix series starring Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock, whose alter ego is a blind vigilante from "Hell's Kitchen."

Daredevil

Andrea del Verrocchio sculpted this Biblical character with one hand on his hip and the other holding a large blade. Gian Lorenzo Bernini sculpted a statue of this Biblical figure that shows him seemingly in motion, about to use a sling. Donatello sculpted this Biblical figure twice, once in bronze, which was the first free-standing nude since antiquity, and another in marble with clothes on. For 10 points, name this Biblical figure who was sculpted in the nude with a piece of rejected marble by Michelangelo, and famously used a slingshot to kill Goliath.

David

This evolutionary biologist's first book introduced the gene-centered view of evolution, stating, "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities." In that same work, this man introduced the word "meme," discussing how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes. This scientist has publicly criticized creationist ideas, and faith in general, with a "watchmaker analogy." For 10 points, name this atheist author and scientist of The God Delusion, The Blind Watchmaker, and The Selfish Gene.

Dawkins

In one video game scene set in a morgue, the victims of this event can be hallucinated in body bags adjacent to the Great White Shark's teeth. In a television episode, the Phantom Stranger and the Spectre travel back in time with the protagonist to meet the victims of this event at a gala. This event was framed as a robbery of a pearl necklace after a screening of The Mask of Zorro in the Monarch Theatre. Traditionally, Joe Chill perpetrates this event in Crime Alley, but in a 2014 pilot, Hugo Strange orders Matches Malone to cause this event. For 10 points, future Commissioner Jim Gordon investigates what Gotham City event, which inspired an orphaned billionaire to later fight crime?

Death of Batman's parents

Leonard Bernstein claimed that a tone poem by this composer represented the "last ditch stand" of tonal and syntactic containment. A prelude by this composer based on the Breton legend of Ys states that it is "Emerging from the fog little by little." One work by this composer depicts a satyr "pursuing nymphs and naiads." A Watteau painting and Verlaine poem inspired one work by this composer, the third movement of his Suite Bergamasque. For 10 points, name this French composer of The Sunken Cathedral, Clair de Lune, and Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun.

Debussy

Turks call this month aralik, and it is prosinac in Croatian. Romanians executed dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu during this month that in 1924 saw the start of the Nome diphtheria outbreak. The Scottish Hogmanay, the current Japanese Emperor's Birthday, and World AIDS day are all observed during it. The title of both Kenny Loggins and Moody Blues albums, it appears in a Four Seasons song about a night with a special lady. These 31 days were originally the Romans' tenth month. The winter solstice is during—for 10 points—what month including Christmas?

December

John Adams said that if this document had been created seven months earlier, it might have allowed the Patriots to "form alliances with foreign states." The third section of this document is the longest and includes such accusations as "he has waged cruel war against human nature itself" and "cut off trade with all parts of the world." The author intended to call for an end to the slave trade in this document, which was signed for the "first time" on July, 2nd. For 10 points, name this 1776 document that ended the Thirteen Colonies association with the British Empire, with the statement "When in the course of Human Events..."

Declaration of Independence

The 1985 Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act was passed in order to reduce this entity, but the Bowsher vs. Sydnar case overturned it because it allowed Congress to remove the Comptroller General. Economist John Maynard Keynes advocated increasing the spending of this entity, especially during difficult economic times, while fiscal conservatives believe that any spending of this is bad for the economy. For 10 points, name this economic entity, in which a government spends more money than it gains in revenue per year.

Deficit

The majority of the population of this state lives in its northernmost county, near its border with Pennsylvania and Maryland. That county, New Castle, contains this state's largest city, whose Corporation Trust Center is the "registered agent" for over 200,000 businesses. That city, in this state, Wilmington, is also the headquarters for chemical company DuPont, which built its first factory on that city's Brandywine River. For 10 points, name this Mid-Atlantic state, which was the first to sign the Constitution, and has its capital at Dover.

Delaware

This nation's province of Haut-Katanga is surrounded on three sides by the nation of Zambia, and this nation has a small coastline along the Atlantic between Angola and its exclave of Cabinda. This nation's capital was once known as Leopoldville, and that same capital is now the largest French speaking city in the world. That capital lies across the country's namesake river from a similarly named country's capital of Brazzaville. For 10 points, name this Central African country with its capital at Kinshasa, formerly known as Zaire.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

This European country consists of the Jutland Peninsula and the islands of Zealand and Funen. Only four cities in this small nation have populations over 100,000, and two of these, Aarhus and Aalborg are located on the Jutland Peninsula. That peninsula connects to the German provinces of Schleswig-Holstein, which were historically a battleground between this nation and Germany. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation, with capital and largest city at Copenhagen.

Denmark

The Boussinesq approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations ignores variation in this quantity except in the buoyancy term. Porosity can be defined as one minus the ratio of the bulk and particle types of this quantity. A hydrometer uses Archimedes' principle to measure this quantity, which stays constant in an incompressible fluid. The ratio of this quantity for a substance to that of water gives the specific gravity. An object whose value for this property is greater than that of the fluid around it will sink. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to an object's mass per unit volume.

Density

The symbol most often used to denote this scientific entity is the lowercase Greek symbol rho, and the reciprocal of this entity is "specific volume." In a pure substance, this entity has the same numerical value as its mass concentration, and osmium and iridium demonstrate the extreme nature of this entity at standard conditions. This can be loosely defined as weight per unit volume, as the fuel industry does, and it can also be demonstrated by an iceberg floating on water. For 10 points, give this term for a substance, that is defined as "mass divided by volume."

Density

The largest plant performing this scientific process is in Saudi Arabia, and the nearby nation of Kuwait gets 100% of its water through this process. The traditional method used in this scientific process is vacuum distillation, although the use of reverse osmosis allows for more capacity and yearly growth in this process. Australia has experimented with a method that uses underwater wave motion to perform this process. For 10 points, name this scientific process in which salt is removed from seawater in order to make it safe for human consumption.

Desalination

In one novel by this author, a "Resurrection-Man," who works at Tellson's bank and digs up bodies as a side hustle, is named Jerry Cruncher. In that novel by this author, a wife of a wine shop owner spends her days knitting names of people she has marked for death. Stryver gets credit for Lucie Manette's husband, Charles Darnay, in this author's novel centering on Darnay's "jackal" lookalike Sydney Carton. An orphan created by this author becomes a pickpocket for Fagin after meeting the Artful Dodger. For 10 points, name this Victorian author of A Tale of Two Cities and Oliver Twist.

Dickens

This poet responded to an article entitled "Letter to a Young Contributor" asking if "my Verse is alive" and received encouragement from that article's author, Thomas Wentworth Higginson. This author describes "mourners" that tread "to and fro" in a poem about a funeral and exalts "I'm Nobody! Who are you?" in another poem. This poet, who imagined taking a carriage ride with Immortality and Death, described hope as "the thing with feathers." For 10 points, name this Belle of Amherst who wrote "Because I Could Not Stop for Death."

Dickinson

James Murray and Herbert Coleridge created one of these including contributions from the lunatic William Chester Minor. John Bouvier's knowledge of early U.S. judiciary affairs informed an 1839 example. Appetite is a god-given instinct answering the labor question in one of these by Ambrose Bierce. Law students also consult one of these by Henry Campbell Black, and a general one was published by Funk & Wagnalls lexicographers. Noah Webster is also known for compiling—for 10 points—what books that standardize spelling and provide definitions?

Dictionary

In one poem by this author, iambic pentameter is chopped on the word "Dull" in a description of "sublunary lovers' love" who "cannot admit Absence." A woman purples her nail "in blood of innocence" in a poem by this author after her blood mixes with the speaker's inside the title insect. In another poem by this author of "The Flea," the speaker notes that "any man's death diminishes [him]" and how "no man is an island." "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning," was written by, for 10 points, what metaphysical poet who wrote "For Whom the Bell Tolls?"

Donne

One apparatus that can perform this experiment uses two half-silvered mirrors and is named for Mach and Zehnder. Claus Jönsson performed this experiment with electrons, being the first to perform it with anything other than light. The light from the openings used in this experiment produced a pattern of bright and dark parallel bands called fringes. This experiment involves two waves that pass through slits and undergo interference. For 10 points, name this experiment first carried out by Thomas Young that showed that light has a wave nature.

Double slit

According to legend, St. Magnus of Füssen killed one of these creatures with the help of three bears. Helios grants Medea a chariot pulled by these creatures when she is fleeing from Jason. It's not holding up the sky, but Heracles killed one of these creatures in order to steal a golden apple from the Garden of the Hesperides. After following a vow to where he would found Thebes, Cadmus used the teeth of one of these animals to sow the Spartoi. For 10 points, name this animal that St. George killed to save a princess from being sacrificed.

Dragon

One of these creatures named Qinglong represents the East in Chinese mythology, while in Shinto mythology, one of these creatures named Seiryuu represents the East. Warriors will "grow" when the teeth of these creatures are planted in the ground, and one of these creatures named Nidhogg constantly gnaws at the roots of Yggdrasil. Vritra is one of these creatures from Hindu mythology, and was struck by lightning by vajra. For 10 points, name this fire breathing creatures from mythology, which St. George battled to save a princess.

Dragons

In his poem, "A Psalm of Life," Henry Wadsworth Longfellow stated "Life is but an empty one of these," while William Cullen Bryant describes in the final lines of "Thanatopsis," lying down "to pleasant ones of these." Henry David Thoreau stated to go "confidently in the direction of these," in order to achieve "success," while Langston Hughes spoke about one of these being "deferred," and "dry(ing) up, like a raisin in the sun." For 10 points, name these entities, which Sigmund Freud attempted to "interpret" in an 1899 book.

Dream

This artist created an artwork consisting of a pair of peepholes on a wooden door that reveal a nude woman holding a gas lamp, entitled Ètant donnés. A set of nine "malic molds" are placed next to a chocolate grinder in a piece by this artist created on two panes of glass covered in spider cracks. This artist wrote elaborate notes to go with his The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, and he put a mustache on a postcard of the Mona Lisa, which he called L.H.O.O.Q.. He is known for his sculptures made entirely from found objects, which he called "readymades". Name this Dadaist who turned over a urinal and called it Fountain.

Duchamp

These entities were originally created for troop transport during World War II, but many were retrofitted for tourist use. One of these entities named Miss Majestic sank in Lake Hamilton, Arkansas in 1999, killing 13 people, and over 40 people have been killed in accidents involving these craft in the last 20 years. In 2002, the National Transportation Safety Board recommended the removal of overhead canopies in these entities, but in its most recent accident, it led to the deaths of numerous passengers. For 10 points, name these entities, one of which sank in Table Rock Lake in Missouri, killing 17 passengers

Duck Boats

A woman with this first name is the murder victim in Agatha Christie's short story The Witness for the Prosecution, and a woman with this same first name is the object of desire for two knights named Arcite and Palamon in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. An author with this first name was part of a family of writers that included her sisters, Anne and Charlotte, and she created the characters Heathcliff, Catherine Earnshaw, and Nelly Dean. For 10 points, name this female first name of the author of Wuthering Heights.

E Bronte

English author John Gardner Wilkinson wrote a number of books about this ancient culture, whose treasures were investigated by in the early 20th century by English archaeologist Howard Carter. A 2,000 year old black sarcophagus from this culture was discovered in July, 2018, but as yet has not been opened. Other recent discoveries from this ancient culture include the ruins of a village once located north of Cairo, and a giant statue of Rameses II. For 10 points, name this ancient culture, based around the Nile River, and leaders like King Tutankhamen and Akhenaten.

Egypt

The Montubio and Saraguro are ethnic groups in this country whose land was home to the 3rd-millennium BC Valdivia culture. Tennis player Irina Falconi was born here, as was Silicon Valley creator Mike Judge. This country led by president Lenín Moreno has hosted Julian Assange in its London embassy. Mount Chimborazo is in this country with a Pacific coast, and its second most populous city is Guayaquil. Quito is the capital of—for 10 points—what South American country whose name reflects its position at the equator?

Ecuador

This man and his producer James White went to the 1900 Exposition Universelle and created visual documentation of the moving sidewalk. While considering secret telegraphy, this man developed a quadruplex which sends four messages on a wire. The Reverend John Vincent tested one of this man's devices by quickly reciting biblical names. A right-handed aluminum base is this man's "screw", which connects an illuminated object to electricity. The Kinetophone and phonograph were created by—for 10 points—what light bulb inventor?

Edison

This woman and her husband were the subjects of a Doris Kearns Goodwin novel entitled No Ordinary Time, and this woman was described as "a profound voice for people who want to change the world." During her time as First Lady, she wrote a newspaper column called "My Day," and was asked to serve as a delegate to the UN General Assembly in 1946 by President Truman. Her last political position was serving on the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women after being chosen by President Kennedy. For 10 points, name this "First Lady of the World" who served in that position from 1933-1945.

Eleanor Roosevelt

No single theory explains the reason that this day falls on a Tuesday in America, but when it was set as such in 1845, America was still mostly rural and travel was slow. 8 states and Puerto Rico have declared this day a civic holiday, and a bill pushing to create a holiday called "Democracy Day" has been proposed multiple times. The United Auto Workers has contracts allowing its workers paid time off for this day, but they are one of the few industries to do so. For 10 points, name this day, set as the "first Tuesday after the first Monday in November," which will fall on November 6th in 2018.

Election day

This composer's Catholic upbringing influenced his 1900 composition The Dream of Gerontius, and this composer dedicated his Enigma Variations "to my friends pictured within." That "enigma" by this composer may have been a hidden melody, but historians are unsure. A portion of this composer's most famous work, "Land of Hope and Glory," is typically used as processional music at graduations in high schools and colleges. For 10 points, name this English composer who composed Pomp and Circumstance.

Elgar

This author refuted Irving Howe's portrayal of African-American life in "The World and the Jug," published in his essay collection Shadow and Act. In one novel by this author, the minister Alonzo Hickman raises future race-baiting senator Adam Sunraider. This author of Juneteenth wrote a novel about an unnamed protagonist who leeches electricity from the Monopolated Light & Power Company. In that novel by this author, the protagonist meets Brother Jack, who leads the Brotherhood, an organization opposed by the fanatic black nationalist Ras the Exhorter. For 10 points, name this author of Invisible Man.

Ellison

The Carnot cycle must keep either temperature or this quantity constant. A reversible and adiabatic process will have zero change in this value. This quantity is zero only for a perfect crystal at zero Kelvin. A formula for this quantity carved on Ludwig Boltzmann's gravestone sets it equal to a constant times the log of the number of microstates. This quantity is multiplied by temperature in the equation for Gibbs free energy. According to the second law of thermodynamics, this quantity cannot decrease spontaneously. For 10 points, name this measure of the amount of disorder in a system.

Entropy

SERMs are drugs that act on the receptor for these compounds. Tissue-specific antagonists for these compounds, such as tamoxifen and raloxifene, can prevent osteoporosis. Aromatase, which produces one of these compounds from testosterone, is inhibited by certain drugs that treat breast cancer. These hormones are mostly produced in the ovaries, and they also come in forms E1 and E2. Both the levels of progesterone and these hormones decrease during menopause. For 10 points, name these primary female sex hormones.

Estrogens

Simone de Beauvoir called this field "the triumph of freedom over facticity" in her book titled after this field "of ambiguity." Alasdair MacIntyre argued for Aristotle's version of this field over Aquinas' in his book After Virtue. A book titled for this field claims that "God is nature is God" and is written in geometric order. Aristotle's work on this subject promotes the doctrine of the golden mean and is the named for his son Nicomachus. For 10 points, name this field of philosophy that considers right and wrong.

Ethics

A fellow mathematician supposedly said "Read this man, he is the master of us all!," and this mathematician got his start working with Daniel Bernoulli in St. Petersburg. This man pioneered ideas about infinitesimal calculus, introducing the use of logarithms and exponential function. His work with graph theory led to the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem, which showed that a single circuit of the bridges could not be done. For 10 points, name this Swiss mathematician, the namesake of a number in calculus equal to 2.71828.

Euler

The two nations that share this mountain disputed for many years whether to count the elevation based on rock only, or rock height plus snow height. Three Chinese mountain climbers made the first ascent from the northern, Tibetan route in 1960, while most climbers today still use the "standard" route that begins in Nepal. Above 26,000 feet on this mountain has been referred to as the "death zone," and an area known as the "rainbow valley" is littered with the bright colored climbing outfits of hikers who perished in the attempt. For 10 points, name this tallest mountain in the world, located in the Himalayas.

Everest

Adding the hyperbolic cosine of x plus the hyperbolic sine of x gives this type of function. Repeatedly adding a constant to the input of these functions causes the output to get repeatedly multiplied by a corresponding constant. Derivatives of these functions are often taken by multiplying the original function by the natural log of a number. In one subfamily of these functions, each function is its own derivative. These functions' graphs approach the x-axis asymptotically on one side only. These functions are inverses of logarithmic functions. Name these functions often used to model population growth and radioactive decay.

Exponential

One character in this story claims he has "no abhorrence of danger, except in its absolute effect --in terror" and shows the narrator a "phantasmagoric" picture of an "immensely long" tunnel. The narrator of this work reads about the knight Ethelred in "Mad Trist" after his friend sings him the song "The Haunted Palace." In this story, the reveal that Madeline is still alive causes Roderick to die of terror. For 10 points, name this Edgar Allan Poe short story about the collapse of the title structure.

Fall of the House of Usher

This scientist created an early version of the Bunsen burner, and is credited with the discovery of benzene. This scientist studied chlorine with his mentor, Humphry Davy, and created a namesake "cage" which blocks electromagnetic fields. Besides electromagnetism, this scientist is credited with outlining key principles in diamagnetism and electrolysis, and popularizing the terms, "anode," "cathode," "electrode," and "ion." For 10 points, name this English scientist, who is the namesake of the SI unit of capacitance.

Faraday

This novel's protagonist is an American serving as an officer in Italy during World War I, coordinating ambulance drivers between hospitals and the front lines. That protagonist of this novel falls in love with nurse Catherine Barkley, who gets pregnant, and flees with the protagonist after he abandons the Italian Army after the Battle of Caporetto. The protagonist and Catherine flee to Switzerland at the end of this novel, where Catherine dies, along with her baby, in childbirth. For 10 points, name this novel about Lieutenant Frederic Henry during World War I, written by Ernest Hemingway.

Farewell to Arms

This group of Greek deities may have originated in the Mycenaean culture, and accounts vary as to what power they had over Zeus. In Hesiod's Theogony, these deities are daughters of Nyx and are empowered over the gods, while in Plato's Republic, these deities are the daughter of Ananke. These deities wore white robes and their individual names were Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. For 10 points, give the collective name for these three Greek deities, which controlled the mother thread of life for all mortals from birth to death.

Fates

This author's Sartoris is the first of many set in a fictional county based on the author's home county of Lafayette. This author set his "Snopes Trilogy" in the town of Jefferson in that same fictional county, which represented the real-life city of Oxford, Mississippi. This author wrote As I Lay Dying about the struggles of the Bundren family, and The Sound and the Fury concerned the Compson family. For 10 points, name this Mississippi-born writer who created Yoknapatawpha County and its various families such as the McCaslins and the Sutpens.

Faulkner

This entity has made eight rate increases since 2015, and plans to continue doing so until 2020, since economic growth "is running at a healthy clip." Before that 2015 rate increase, this entity had left rates unchanged for nine years, due to the struggling economy. This entity was created in the aftermath of the Panic of 1907, and is currently headed by Trump appointee Jerome Powell. Powell succeeded Janet Yellen, who is still the only female to serve as Chairman of this entity. For 10 points, name this entity, created in 1913 with a namesake Act, that functions as America's central banking system.

Federal Reserve

A two-dimensional model for this phenomenon was solved analytically by Lars Onsager. The Néel temperature marks when an "anti" form of this phenomenon predominantes, which involves neighbor electrons in backwards spins. The Ising model describes this phenomenon. This property disappears completely when the temperature of a system is raised above the Curie point. This phenomenon is caused by unpaired parallel electrons polarized in the same direction. For 10 points, name this strongest form of magnetism commonly found in nickel, cobalt, and iron.

Ferromagnetism

This physicist updated a Smoluchowski thought experiment with a pawl in order to prove that the "Brownian Ratchet" violated the second law of thermodynamics. This man demonstrated to the Rogers Commission the vulnerability of an O-Ring seal used on the space shuttle Challenger. This scientist, who shared the Nobel Prize for his work on QCD, published lectures on physics taken from his time teaching undergraduates at Caltech. For 10 points, name this American theoretical physicist whose namesake diagrams depict the behavior of subatomic particles using straight and squiggly lines.

Feynman

This process can occur without neutron bombardment as a type of radioactive decay, referred to as its "spontaneous" type. The Cockcroft-Walton generator in Scotland accomplished an early version of this process, while Enrico Fermi's "Chicago-Pile 1" achieved this process in 1942 using unenriched natural uranium. This process was used in laboratories at Los Alamos, New Mexico, Hanford, Washington, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee in order to create nuclear weapons. For 10 points, name this process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts.

Fission

The first free black settlement in the US was established in this state at Fort Mose. The shortlived Fort Caroline was built along the St. Johns River in this state as a safe haven for the Huguenots. James Moore led one side in the Battle of Ayubale in this state. Micanopy and Osceola were leaders of a tribe from this state which fought a series of wars against the U.S. The Adams-Onís treaty eventually ceded this state to the U.S. This state contains the longest continually occupied European settlement in the U.S. at St. Augustine. For 10 points, name this southern state, the home of the Seminoles

Florida

This U.S state's highest point is Britton Hill, located in its Panhandle region, which is the lowest high point in all 50 states. This non-Oklahoma state has the most tornadoes per area, counting waterspouts, and this state and Texas have been hit by the most Category 4 or 5 hurricanes in U.S. history. This state has the longest coastline in the 48 contiguous U.S. states, and it is the only U.S state besides Hawaii to have a tropical climate. For 10 points, name this peninsular U.S state, nicknamed "The Sunshine State," with capital at Tallahassee.

Florida

Montreal's McGill University has one of these by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney called The Three Graces. Emma Stebbins sculpted an angel atop New York's Bethesda one and a D.C. one honors Admiral Samuel Francis Dupont. Marcel Duchamp signed the name "R. Mutt" and gave this name to a urinal. The Palazzo Poli provides the backdrop for an Italian one of these by Nicola Salvi with tritons, a shell chariot, and hippocamp sculptures. That example collects around three thousand Euros a day. For 10 points—give the term for these decorative water displays.

Fountain

Readymade artist Marcel Duchamp took a porcelain urinal, turned it on its side, and referred to it as this. Alexander Calder created a mobile entitled "Mercury" one of these, while Gianlorenzo Bernini created one of these "of Four Rivers" in Rome for the Palazzo Pamphili. Kansas City, Missouri claims to be the "City of" these, with the most of these outside of Rome, while Rome itself has over 2,000 of these located in the city. For 10 points, name these architectural pieces that use water either for a decorative effect or to be propelled skyward.

Fountain

A journey to this place across the Land of Darkness is taken by Al-Khidr and his master in Pseudo-Callisthenes' Alexander Romance. Herodotus claimed the Macrobians of Ethiopia lived near this place. The Arawak chief Sequene led a lost expedition to this location. Juan de Solis believed this place to be located in Boinca on the Gulf of Honduras, but this may have been a mispronunciation of the island of Bimini in the Bahamas. The first governor of Puerto Rico sought this location, but gave Florida its name instead. For 10 points, name this mystical body of water said to rejuvenate and heal, which Juan Ponce de León pursued.

Fountain of Youth

This law states that "neither the US nor any state shall . . . pay any debt . . . incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion." Language in this law meant to refute a decision written by Roger Taney includes the phrase "privileges or immunities," and the Lochner era involved a very broad interpretation of this amendment's "due process" clause. For 10 points, name this Constitutional Amendment that granted citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," including recently freed former slaves.

Fourteenth Amendment

It's not England, but in one play from this country, alternatively titled The Honor of God, Thomas Becket's ghost appears to King Henry II, telling him to pray for penance. One poetry collection from this country begins with a poem that evokes "Folly, error, avarice and sin," and ends by describing the reader as "my likeness, my friend." One of the longest novels from this country contains the volume Swann's Way and is called In Search of Lost Time. For 10 points, name this country, home of authors like Jean Anouilh, Marcel Proust, and Charles Baudelaire.

France

This singer's funeral in Detroit was the site of controversial behavior by Bishop Charles Ellis towards pop singer Ariana Grande. This singer was the first woman inducted into the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, and her song styles varied from R&B, jazz, to covers of pop songs. Her hits include "Freeway of Love," "Chain of Fools," "Think," and "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman." For 10 points, name this "Queen of Soul," whose final #1 hit was a duet with George Michael entitled "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)" and whose best known song was "Respect."

Franklin

One person with this last name composed the musical A Lady Says Yes. Another with this surname wrote "Stand Up and Fight" lyrics for Betty Grable's film The Shocking Miss Pilgrim. A young girl of this name danced at Tin Pan Alley, and her brother was refused lessons by France's Nadia Boulanger, after which he wrote a jazz orchestral piece. The banjo song "I got plenty o' nuttin" is in an opera set at Catfish Row by people of this name. An American in Paris and Porgy and Bess are by—for 10 points—what family including Frances, Arthur, Ira, and George?

Gershwin

This man offered a monster several gifts, including his sister Ma-tur, in exchange for the monster's seven protective auras. In a dream foreshadowing the arrival of another figure, this man is attracted to a meteor and an axe. Seven loaves of bread are used to show that this man did not stay awake for seven nights. A snake steals an immortality-giving plant from this man, who also kills Humbaba in the Cedar Forest. This man seeks out the immortal Utnapishtim after the death of his friend Enkidu. For 10 points, name this king of Uruk, the namesake of a Sumerian epic.

Gilgamesh

After harsh criticism of this man's poetry collection Hans Küchelgarten, he disavowed poetry and bought all remaining copies to burn them. In one story by this author, the philosopher Thomas recites prayers for three nights to a witch's corpse before being killed by the title gnome king. This author of "Viy" wrote of a copyist whose prized garment is made by Petrovich and stolen on the way home from a party. The creator of Akaky Akakievich and Pavel Chichikov is, for 10 points, what author of "The Overcoat" and Dead Souls?

Gogol

This structure replaced an outdated, namesake "Depot" that had been built in the same location in 1871 by Cornelius Vanderbilt. This structure was built on a massive scale to compete with a similar depot built nearby by the Pennsylvania Railroad, and this structure opened in 1913 as the largest of its kind in the world. Reconstruction of this structure is in progress now to add Long Island Railroad lines to this structure, which is to be completed by 2022. For 10 points, name this massive railroad station located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

Grand Central Station

A famous sculpture of a man with a calf wrapped around his neck is from this country. A sculpture from this country that was discovered in the remains of a shipwreck created controversy over its subject, based on an item missing from its right hand. One sculpture from this country was originally believed to be holding a horn, but was later revealed to have been waving. A sculpture from this country is famously missing both of its arms. This country produced both The Winged Victory of Samothrace and Venus de Milo. For 10 points, name this country home to the ancient sculptor Praxiteles.

Greece

These types of documents were introduced with a 1952 law that changed the method for obtaining them, and ended the use of the term "alien." These types of documents can be obtained through family ties to the United States, and an estimated 65,000 holders of these types of documents are serving in the U.S. military. President Trump has stated that he wants to restrict those on welfare from getting these types of documents, which can also be used to obtain state identifications and driver's licenses. For 10 points, name these documents, nicknamed for their historical color, held by "legal permanent residents" or "LPR's."

Green cards

The exodus of people from this Central American nation may be due to malnutrition from poor harvests in its western highland region. That region of this nation is largely mountain villages, and its dominant export, coffee, has been decimated by the "coffee rust" fungus. This nation forms the complete western border of Belize, while the rest of its border is with Mexico. This nation's northern region contains ancient Mayan historical sites like Tikal, and its coastal territory on the Gulf of Mexico is located on the Gulf of Honduras, the nation to its south. For 10 points, name this Central American nation with a namesake capital city.

Guatemala

This ruler's "leatheren" cannon was so light, it could be drawn and served by two men. This monarch nearly drowned in the Battle of Vittsjö, and he acquired the province of Kexholm in the Treaty of Stolbovo after winning the Ingrian War. This man regained control of Livonia from Poland in the Truce of Altmark. This monarch relied heavily on his chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna. This monarch commanded the army that defeated Count Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld before he was killed during a cavalry charge at the Battle of Lützen. For 10 points, name this "Lion of the North," a king of Sweden during the Thirty Years' War.

Gustavus Adolphus

The newest version of this language no longer requires a reference to a DOCTYPE. Elements in this language make up the DOM, and this language's spec is maintained by the W3C. Canvas elements incorporated into this language help it to avoid needing plugins like Flash. Anchor tags in this language require a href attribute. Presentation of constructs in this language is run by CSS, while interaction is powered by JavaScript. This language was created by Tim Berners-Lee to facilitate moving between documents easily. For 10 points, name this markup language used to design websites.

HTML

One of the first instances of this action was in response to Bronze Night. A false alarm of this action involved the Burlington Electric Department. An earlier instance of this action may have been to apply pressure in favor of the closing of an air base at Manas. Screenshots of correspondence with the G.R.U.-linked Guccifer 2.0, one entity indicted for this action, were released by Roger Stone. For 10 points, name this action, in which various entities such as the Democratic National Committee saw security breaches and DDOS attacks from organizations possibly located in Moscow.

Hacking

This woman was the first African-American stand-up comic to host Saturday Night Live, and will star in Season 2 of The Last O.G. with fellow comic Tracy Morgan. This woman published her memoir, "The Last Black Unicorn," describing her early struggles and homelessness, and her breakout role was 2017's Girls Trip. This comedian had a famous encounter with Beyonce which went viral, showing the pop singer with her face almost completely covered by this woman's hair. For 10 points, name this comedian and actress who stars with Kevin Hart in Night School.

Haddish

This pillar of Islam is intended to be completed in the final month of the Islamic calendar, and umrah is a "lesser" version of this that can be completed at any time of the year. Participants in this pillar are considered to be in a state of ihram, and wear loose-fitting white garments. Rituals performed in this pillar include drinking from the Zamzam Well, after running between the hills of Safa and Marwah, and using pebbles "to stone the devil" at three pillars. For 10 points, name this pillar of Islam that involves travel to a holy city in Saudi Arabia, and circling the Kaaba.

Hajj

An element in this group yields two peaks of equal height separated by two mass units in mass spectrometry. In 2016, the heaviest element in this group was named after the state of Tennessee. Neil Bartlett combined one of these elements with platinum to synthesize the first noble gas compound. This is the only group which has members existing in solid, liquid, and gaseous states at room temperature. Sodium combines with an element from this group to form table salt. Elements in this group often have a charge of -1. For 10 points, name this group of elements that includes chlorine and fluorine.

Halogens

This stand-up comedian's first acting role was in the short lived 2001 TV series Undeclared, and his early films like Paper Soldiers and Soul Plane were small, secondary roles. He released a series of stand-up comedy films between 2009 and 2016, the most recent of which was What Now? This actor and comedian starred as "Bic Mitchum" in 2015's The Wedding Ringer and in two films as "Ben Barber" with Ice Cube called Ride Along. For 10 points, name this actor and comedian who starred with Dwayne "the Rock" Johnson in Central Intelligence and Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle.

Hart

Four sequels were written to this young adult novel, starting with The River in 1990. The protagonist of this novel, Brian Robeson, is traveling from the Hamptons to California to see his father when the pilot dies of a heart attack, forcing him to crash the plane into a mountain lake. Brian survives in the wilderness by building a shelter under a rock overhang, and using the title object to hunt wildlife and chop wood. For 10 points, name this 1987 novel by Gary Paulsen in which Brian Robeson survives nearly two months in the forest using the title object.

Hatchet

This philosopher claimed that philosophy only understands the past when it is too late to change it, saying that a certain animal "spreads its wings only with the falling of dusk." This thinker described one region as "Unhistorical, Undeveloped Spirit, still involved in the conditions of mere nature" in his Lectures on the Philosophy of History. This author of The Philosophy of Right developed a "speculative mode of cognition" that he later described with the terms "thesis," "antithesis,"and "synthesis," which was used to analyze the master-slave relationship. For 10 points, name this German idealist philosopher who wrote The Phenomenology of Spirit.

Hegel

A National Reserve in Amarillo, Texas holds 35% of the world's supply of this element. It is not nitrogen, but the largest use of this element is in cryogenics, especially the cooling of magnets in MRI scanners. A gain medium containing 15% neon and 85% this element is used in the most common type of red laser. A Roman numeral II designates a form of this element that displays superfluidity. An alpha particle is the nucleus an atom of this element. It is named for having been discovered in the spectrum of the Sun. Name this element whose atomic number is 2.

Helium

The first terrestrial finding of this element was in the mineral cleveite, a uranium oxide. The Geiger-Nuttall law describes the rate at which nuclei of this element are emitted from a larger nucleus. This element was discovered by Norman Lockyer and Pierre Janssen while observing a yellow spectral line during a solar eclipse. The nucleus of an atom of this element is called an alpha particle. Removing an electron from an atom of this element in the ground state makes it a hydrogen-like atom. For 10 points, name this lightest noble gas, produced by the fusion of two hydrogen atoms.

Helium

In one story by this author, the title characters repeatedly use the affectionate moniker "bright boy," and plan to shoot Ole Anderson when he comes in for dinner. This author's appreciation for boxing make appearances in "The Battler" and "The Killers," both of which feature this author's recurring character Nick Adams. In another story by this author, a hyena wakes Helen for her to discover Harry, her husband, has died from gangrene. For 10 points, name this author of "The Snows of Kilimanjaro," whose experience as an ambulance driver in World War I helped inspire his novel A Farewell to Arms.

Hemingway

A Harlow Unger biography of this man is titled Lion of Liberty. In one speech, this man asked "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?" One day after the battles of Lexington and Concord, this man led a local militia against Governor Dunmore to retrieve a batch of stolen gunpowder. In his most famous speech, this man plunged a letter opener toward his chest in front of the Second Virginia Convention. For 10 points, name this Patriot who famously shouted "Give me Liberty, or give me death!"

Henry

A king with this name angered his brother-in-law so much during a campaign that that man, Simon de Montfort, suggested that that king with this name should be imprisoned like Charles the Simple. A king with this name was often dominated by his wife, Margaret of Anjou. A king with this name allowed Lambert Simnel, who was the central figure of a rebellion, to work in the royal kitchens after receiving a pardon. A king of this name used pointed stakes to break up a cavalry charge and longbowmen to win the Battle of Agincourt during the Hundred Years' War. For 10 points, give this name of many English kings, the most recent one of which had six wives.

Henry

After this deity poisoned the water on the island of Aegina, it was repopulated by ants that were turned into humans. Although not Alcmene, this deity turned Galanthis into a weasel. In another myth, the cloud nymph, Nephele, was created to resemble this deity to trick Ixion. This goddess turned Lamia into a child eating monster and blinded Tiresias for claiming women enjoy sex more than men. This "cow-eyed" goddess sent the thousand eyed Argus to watch Io, and took away Echo's voice. The peacock was the sacred bird of this goddess. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess who was the wife of Zeus.

Hera

Toledo claims it was founded by this mythical figure, and San Ginés caves and a Galician lighthouse are named for him. In a myth Syleus forced travelers to work in a vineyard until this man killed him. This son of Alcmene and twin of Iphicles survived an attempt to kill him with snakes. He slew his wife Megara during temporary insanity and in pennance cleaned the Augean stables, obtained Hippolyta's girdle and slew the Hydra. For 10 points—name this strong mythological hero who did twelve labors.

Hercules

Admiral William Halsey personally vowed to capture this man's white horse, which was named "White Snow." This man was almost assassinated by a hand grenade thrown by the Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang in the Sakuradamon Incident and authorized the use of phosphine by Unit 731. This ruler, who delivered the Jewel Voice Broadcast, later renounced his divinity in the Humanity Declaration. Douglas MacArthur chose not to prosecute this ruler for war crimes, although this man approved the attack on Pearl Harbor. For 10 points, name this Emperor of Japan during World War II.

Hirohito

This empire's land area covered much of modern-day Anatolia and Syria, and they were renowned for their use of the chariot in battle. This empire's expansion began under Hattusili I, and Mursili I sacked Babylon, before being assassinated when he returned home. This empire fought the Egyptians to a draw at the Battle of Kadesh in the largest chariot battle of ancient times. For 10 points, name this Empire, which was replaced by the Assyrians and the Egyptians less than 100 years after the Battle of Kadesh.

Hittite

One member of this literary race wrote the poem "Perry-the-Winkle" about a boy who makes a lonely friend. These people originated in the Valley of the Anduin River and migrated during the Wandering Days. One of these individuals won the Battle of Greenfields by knocking a head into a rabbit hole, thus inventing golf. Other members of this literary race beg Ents to attack Isengard, hold an eleventy-first birthday party, and live in underground houses. The Shire is home to—for 10 points—what literary creatures that include Frodo and Bilbo Baggins?

Hobbits

This New England poet was also a physician, a lecturer, and an inventor, among his many talents. This author's poem, "The Last Leaf," describes an aged survivor of the Boston Tea Party, while his "Breakfast Table" series began in 1858, with "The Autocrat of..." This author's poem "Old Ironsides" helped with the preservation of the famous warship U.S.S. Constitution, while his "The Chambered Nautilus" describes a mollusk that builds an ever-increasing shell. For 10 points, name this "Fireside Poet" whose son became a Supreme Court Justice.

Holmes

This literary character and his friend go looking for a missing student in "The Adventures of the Priory School" which is in a collection entitled "The Return of this character." This character had seemingly "died" in the story, "The Final Problem," when he fell to his death from Reichenbach Falls while struggling with arch-enemy James Moriarty, only to reappear in the author's prequel, The Hound of the Baskervilles. For 10 points, name this literary detective who lives at 221B Baker Street in London, whose friend and partner is Dr. Watson, and who was created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

Holmes

Debates over the nature of this religious concept were the subject of church meetings at Nicaea in 325 CE and Constantinople in 381 CE. Gnostic philosopher Arius disputed the nature of this religious concept, claiming that God the Father came before God the Son, which led to his expulsion from the Christian Church. Biblical descriptions of this concept largely use Matthew 28:19, which states that believers were to "go forth and baptize those" in the names of those involved in this concept. For 10 points, name this religious concept that describes, "the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit."

Holy trinity

This nation's President Juan Orlando Hernandez was reelected in 2017 in a vote that many believe was tainted. This Central American nation is believed to be the main trade route for Colombian cocaine, and as such has one of the world's highest murder rates. This nation's 2009 coup d'etat prompted the Organization of American States to suspend its membership for two years. For 10 points, name this Central American nation, which has seen large numbers of its citizens flee to the United States, with its capital at Tegucigalpa

Honduras

A generalization of this equation has a tensor with 81 components in three dimensions, which simplifies due to major and minor symmetries. Cauchy generalized this principle to three-dimensional bodies. This equation was first published in 1678 as ut tensio, sic vis. This equation, which contains a constant with units Newtons per meter, ceases to apply past the yield strength. This law is a constitutive equation that relates stress and strain. For 10 points, name this law describing the behavior of springs, expressed mathematically as F equals negative kX.

Hooke's Law

Marguerite Henry created a series of books about these animals who live on islands in the Chesapeake Bay region. Anna Sewell wrote an "autobiography," about one of these animals named "Black Beauty," while Laura Hillenbrand wrote a nonfiction tale about one of these animals named "Seabiscuit." Enid Bagnold wrote a book about one of these animals called National Velvet, while Nicholas Evans wrote a story about a "Whisperer" of these animals. For 10 points, name these four-legged animals which are an integral part of the "Heartland" series of books about Amy Fleming.

Horse

This novel's setting is a poor neighborhood in Chicago, and the protagonist, Esperanza, describes how the family came to end up in the title location. The author of this novel relied less on a single narrative, but rather a series of vignettes about Esperanza, her family and friends. In this novel Esperanza befriends Lucy and Rachel, who live across the street, but her friendship with Sally is tested when she abandons Esperanza at a carnival, where she is assaulted by a stranger. For 10 points, name this coming of age novel about the title location by Sandra Cisneros.

House on Mango Street

This author's unpublished 1931 manuscript Barracoon told the story of Cudjo Lewis, one of the last slaves brought to America from Africa. This author was living in Haiti, researching voodoo, when she wrote her most famous novel about the protagonist Janie Crawford. Janie marries Logan Killicks, whom she leaves for the opportunistic Jody Starks, who dies of a kidney ailment, prompting Janie to meet her final husband Vergible Woods, known as "Tea Cake." For 10 points, name this author, who wrote the 1937 work Their Eyes Were Watching God.

Hurston

Ilya Metchnikov discovered how this body system works at the cellular level by studying starfish. Cytokine storms are extreme responses of this body system. This system uses opsonization signaling to mark cells and relies on the major histo·compatibility complex to attract cells like neutro·phils. Dysfunctions of this system cause lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. It is not the nervous system, but memory cells are key to this system's humoral response, in which antigens are targeted by B-cell antibodies. Name this system whose white blood cells protect the body from invading pathogens.

Immune system

John F. Kennedy's book Profiles in Courage described the struggles of Edmund Ross, who was a key participant in this event. Benjamin Wade of Ohio would have replaced the man involved in this event, which began with a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. The man involved in this event was battling with Radical Republicans over the direction of Reconstruction, which had begun in 1865. For 10 points, name this 1868 event that began when the President attempted to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and ended with a Congressional acquittal by just one vote.

Impeachment of Johnson

This country opposed FRETILIN during an event codenamed Operation Seroja. That action by this nation was ordered by a leader who was advised by the Berkeley Mafia. The first leader of this nation predicted a coup by calling 1965 "the year of living dangerously" and presided over the system of "Guided Democracy." That leader of this country was overthrown by a man whose anti-communist New Order regime enforced its national ideology of Pancasila. This nation occupied East Timor until 2002. For 10 points, name this Asian nation led by Sukarno and Suharto from Jakarta, the most populous Muslim-majority country in the world.

Indonesia

Edward Appleton won a Nobel Prize for his confirmation of the existence of this region of the Earth's atmosphere. This region of the atmosphere encompasses other regions like the exosphere and thermosphere, and forms the inner portion of the magnetosphere. This region's name comes from the fact that atoms and molecules here are "positively charged" by "ultraviolet" radiation from the Sun, and a "solar flare" can momentarily increase this "charge." For 10 points, name this region of Earth's atmosphere where radio propagation takes place.

Ionosphere

The northern part of this country is home to the Hyrcanian Forest, and the Kavir and Lut deserts lie in this country's west. This country's Arzhan National Park was once the destination of a plan to re-introduce lions to this country, which is home to the only remaining Asiatic cheetahs. Those cheetahs currently live on a plateau near this country's Zagros mountains. This country, home to the southern end of the Caspian Sea, is located on the northern shore of the Strait of Hormuz. For 10 points, name this Islamic Republic governed from Tehran.

Iran

One future leader of this country occupied Boland's Mill during a revolutionary uprising, and, despite being sentenced to death for that action, was spared due to his American birth. Another revolutionary leader in this country organized protests at Frongoch Internment Camp, and also organized an assassination attempt on the Cairo Gang that became known as Bloody Sunday. Eamon de Valera and Michael Collins were both members of this country's Sinn Fein party, and both men participated in this country's 1916 Easter Rising. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Dublin.

Ireland

In one novel by this author, an unnamed European town looks to foster musical talent at a big concert for Brodsky, Stephen and the amnesiac pianist Ryder. This author's most recent novel centers on Axl and Beatrice's journey to visit their son in Arthurian England. In another novel by this author of The Buried Giant, Miss Kenton leaves Lord Darlington's estate after marrying, causing the butler Stevens to reminisce over his missed opportunity. For 10 points, name this British author of The Remains of the Day, who won the 2017 Nobel Prize.

Ishiguro

In one myth, this deity commanded the poison of seven scorpions to leave the body of a young boy whose mother denied this deity shelter. In another myth, this deity removes a coffin from a pillar in Byblos, and is usually depicted with a throne headdress. This goddess is able to discover another god's secret name after constructing a snake out of clay and having it bite him. This goddess brought her husband back to life after his body was chopped into 14 pieces in a contest for the throne. For 10 points, name this mother of Horus and wife of Osiris, the Egyptian goddess of magic and motherhood.

Isis

A future prime minister of this country belonged to a group derisively nicknamed the "Stern Gang." In this modern-day country's capital, that organization assassinated Swedish diplomat Folke Bernadotte. Along with Lehi, another paramilitary group carried out the Deir Yassin massacre in this modern-day country, although the Haganah criticized them for violating this country's "purity of arms" policy. The Irgun ordered the bombing of the King David Hotel in this modern-day country's capital during the lead-up to its establishment as a Jewish state. For 10 points, name this modern-day country governed from Jerusalem

Israel

Description needed. According to the speaker of this phrase, the intended recipient is only "Jim Boonie." The other speaker of this phrase tells Jim that "he's not carrying this around all day" and "there's a pool in the back" although "you gotta bring furniture." According to the speakers of this phrase, Tim and Eric, the "house is free!" and "keys are included" but there are "no rugs." The titular website for this phrase references the fact that it is only for Jim, and no one else. For 10 points, name this phrase spoken by Tim Heidecker of the "Tim and Eric Awesome Show" in a whisper that describes the namesake cost-free property.

It's Free Real Estate

A character from this country feels himself aging when he momentarily forgets how to tie a knot and hears a sound that he associates with an omen of death. An alcoholic English teacher from this country looks to visit Africa and copes with his son being born with a brain hernia. Bird is from this country in A Personal Matter, and this is the home country of the author who wrote The Temple of the Golden Pavilion. For 10 points, name this home country of Kenzaburo Oe and Yasunari Kawabata.

Japan

One mythological creature from this nation has eyes located in each of his palms and is named Tenome. Two siblings from this nation's mythology are regarded as "kami", and fought each other after one, Susano'o, threw a flayed horse into his sister's loom. That sister, Amaterasu, later hid in a cave in this nation, which plunged the entire world into darkness. For 10 points, name this Asian nation, whose Imperial regalia contains a sword, a jewel, and a mirror, which Amaterasu accepted as a gift when lured out of her cave.

Japan

Parents in this country sometimes tell their children to cover their belly buttons because a god from this country eats navels. In another story from this country, a husband and wife vow to create 1500 people and to kill 1000 people, respectively. That pair had earlier met in the underworld of this country's mythology, where the husband threw peaches to escape. In addition to Yomi, other locations in this country's myth system include a cave where the sun hid after Susanoo flayed a horse and killed some handmaidens. For 10 points, name this country where Izanagi, Amaterasu, and other kami are worshipped as part of the Shinto religion.

Japan

In Somerset Maugham's {MAUM} short story, "The Alien Corn," the protagonist belongs to a family of this ethnicity who have assimilated into English society. In Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Prioress' Tale," a member of this ethnicity kills the young protagonist, and is drawn and quartered for doing so. Christopher Marlowe described a member of this ethnicity from "Malta" and Shylock was a member of this ethnicity in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. For 10 points, name this ethnicity that was portrayed in early literature as deceitful and is subject to "Anti-Semitism."

Jewish

One of these religious events occurs in the month of Sivan, and commemorates the success of the wheat harvest and the day in which the holy book of that namesake faith was presented on Mount Sinai. Another one of these events occurs in March, and commemorates the failure of Haman to massacre members of the namesake faith as described in the Book of Esther. For 10 points, name these events of the namesake faith group, examples of which include Shavuot, Purim, and Hanukkah.

Jewish festivals

Antonio Robles argued that he should be considered one of these people while trying to retrieve property seized by the English. These people were the subject of the Whitehall Conference called by Oliver Cromwell, who overturned Edward I's Edict of Expulsion. These people created the "Festival of Santa Esterica" in order to practice their (*) faith in secret. These people were called marranos after the Alhambra Decree, which expelled people of this faith from Spain. These people's resettlement in England was advocated for by Menasseh ben Israel. For 10 points, name these people who worship at the Ancient Synagogue in Barcelona.

Jews

The author of this New Testament gospel is anonymous, but in recent years, has been linked to the three gospels that precede it. This gospel discusses the ongoing church vs. synagogue debate, and appears to show the growing separation between Christianity and Judaism. This gospel's chapter 3, verse 16 contains the famous line, "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish but have everlasting life." For 10 points, name this Biblical gospel that follows Luke, and precedes the Acts of the Apostles.

John

The rediscovery of a text named for this ruler helped to spur the founding of the University of Bologna. This leader was alleged to have killed a trillion people and was depicted as a demonic figure who was able to detach his head in The Secret History of Procopius. The scholar Tribonian headed a commission that published namesake "novels" that solved contradictions within a law code named for this ruler. This emperor's general Belisarius crushed the Blue and Green factions of chariot racing fans while ending the Nika riots. For 10 points, name this Byzantine emperor who ordered the construction of the Hagia Sophia and was advised by his wife Theodora.

Justinian

This group lost to a group of Lumbee Indians at the 1958 Battle of Hayes Pond, and members of it were responsible for the deaths of 5 members of the Communist Workers Party in the 1979 Greensboro Massacre. Members of this group lynched Michael Donald in Mobile, AL in 1981, but Donald's mother sued one organization within this group for "wrongful death" and bankrupted it in 1986. This hate group was the target of the 1870 Enforcement Acts, and a "Second" version of this group was founded in 1915 in Georgia. For 10 points, name this hate organization formed during Reconstruction in Pulaski, Tennessee.

KKK

One action by this man first received attention after a picture by Jennifer Lee Chan. Mark Geragos announced the renegotiation of this man's contract with one company in 2018, calling him an "All American icon." This man changed the method of his most notable action after a meeting with Nate Boyer. Stephen B. Burbank allowed this man's grievance over Article 17, Section 1 of a collective bargaining agreement to proceed to a full hearing. For 10 points, name this quarterback who is currently suing the NFL over collusion to keep him unemployed after he began kneeling in protest during the national anthem in 2016.

Kaepernick

his artist survived a polio outbreak and a severe traffic accident all before the age of 18, and originally wanted to be a doctor before turning to art. She used her signature retablo style to paint works such as My Birth and Henry Ford Hospital The Flying Bed, while living in Detroit. This artist commonly wore the peasant dress of her native Mexico, and painted numerous self-portraits, including one with a monkey on her right shoulder. For 10 points, name this female Mexican artist, known for her surrealistic portraits and her famous unibrow.

Kahlo

This region is home to Deception Valley, a part of a game reserve that covers 10% of one nation's area. This region is home to the world's largest non-glacial underground lake, which can be found in Dragon's Breath Cave. This region is crossed by the Okavango River, which once fed the paleolake Lake Makgadikgadi. This semi-arid desert contains an inland delta and is home to the Herero and the San bushmen. The Namib Desert borders, for 10 points, what desert of southern Africa that covers much of South Africa and Botswana?

Kalahari

In one poem by this author, a man describes making a garland, bracelets and "fragrant zone" for "a fairy's child" before being warned by "pale kings and princes too." This author begins a long mythological poem by stating "A thing of beauty is a joy forever." This author of Endymion wrote the ballad "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" and a poem that ends by declaring "beauty is truth; truth beauty, -- that is all / ye know on earth, and all ye need to know." For 10 points, name this English poet who wrote "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn."

Keats

A speech given by one member of this family in Indiana called on "wisdom through the awful grace of God" and was given from the back of a flat-bed truck. That member of this family was assassinated at the Ambassador Hotel after winning the 1968 California Presidential primary. "The Gift Outright" was recited by Robert Frost at an event centered on another member of this family, who stated "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country," at that event. For 10 points, name this political family which contained Senator Robert and President John.

Kennedy

This person made an analogy to the stock market by describing a "beauty contest" in which the goal was to choose the most popular photographs. In another thought experiment, this thinker proposed paying people to bury and dig up jars of money as a solution to unemployment. In one book, this person attacked the unfairness of German war reparations, and he later argued that deficit spending can alleviate depressions. Name this British economist who wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace and The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money

Keynes

In December 1840, the Charles Wilkes expedition visited this landmark known for the 1790 footprints. This object's Byron Ledge is north of the Hilina Slump and its activity created the Thurston Tube. Historical events here caused the Star of the Sea Church relocation, the Chain of Craters Road closing, and an ability to read at night in Hilo. Its name means "much spreading", and the May 2018 lower Puna event here destroyed dozens of Leilani Estates homes, while creating "laze", or lava haze. For 10 points—name this Hawaiian volcano.

Kilauea

This English author once arrived at Mark Twain's Connecticut home unannounced while on an American tour, and he wrote the nationalistic poem "Ulster" in support of Irish Unionists. This author's The Man Who Would Be King describes two British adventurers in Kafiristan, while his poem "If--" is a tribute to English military commander Leander Jameson. This author produced children's works like Just So Stories, along with political commentary, like "White Man's Burden." For 10 points, name this English author of Kim and The Jungle Book.

Kipling

This Indian city began as a trading post on the Hooghly River in West Bengal, and much of city's outer regions are reclaimed wetlands. This Indian city contains a large park called Maidan in its city center, and the former British base of Fort William is located on this city's west side. This Indian city served as the capital of the British raj until 1911, when it was moved to New Delhi. For 10 points, name this city, located in Eastern India, which has been dubbed "the City of Joy," and is considered the "cultural capital" of the nation.

Kolkata

This disaccharide's synthesis makes it unable to cross the Golgi membrane, and the resulting accumulation draws in most of the water's content, instead of milk. This disaccharide forms between 2-8% of milk, and is derived from the condensation of galactose and glucose. This product is sometimes used as a sweetener for alcoholic beverages, since it is not fermented by most types of yeast. For 10 points, name this sugar, which in some adults does not break down properly and causes stomach discomfort, with formula C12 H22 O11.

Lactose

In the preface to his famous dictionary, Noah Webster described the "divine origin of" this entity, while in another essay, Webster described the "English corruption of" this entity. J.R.R. Tolkien described the construction of these in a lecture titled "The Secret Vice" and himself constructed multiple versions of these entities, the most famous of which was "Quenya,"or "Elvish." Families of these include Indo-European, Turkic, Slavic and Romance. For 10 points, name these methods of communication which include Esperanto, Farsi, and of course, English.

Languages

The Planck value for this quantity equals the square root of the quantity h bar times big G over the speed of light cubed. The reciprocal of this quantity is used to measure the attenuation coefficient of an object struck by light or the optical power of a lens. Young's modulus is multiplied by a ratio of two values of this quantity to equal force divided by cross-sectional area. The period of a pendulum varies directly with the square root of this property of the pendulum. According to special relativity, this value contracts at high speeds. Name this value that is multiplied by width and height to calculate the volume of a rectangular prism.

Length

The first Pope with this name was able to convince Attila the Hun not to sack Rome, although his methods may have involved bribery. The third Pope with this name crowned Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, while the ninth Pope of this name began the East-West Schism between Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity by invoking the "Donation of Constantine" in a letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople. For 10 points, give this name shared by thirteen Catholic Popes, of which the tenth of this number excommunicated Martin Luther for beginning the Protestant Reformation.

Leo

Operation Crusader relieved the 6th Australian Division in this country's province of Cyrenaica during the Siege of Tobruk. A so-called "Eighth Wonder of the World," which serves cities like Sirte in this nation, is the "Great Manmade River." Operation El Dorado Canyon was a bombing campaign in response to this country's 1986 bombing of a West Berlin discothèque. A leader of this country wrote The Green Book and was killed by rebels in 2011 after the fall of Tripoli. For 10 points, name this African country that was led by Muammar Gaddafi.

Libya

This nation's southern and eastern portions contain massive "sand seas" along with sporadic oases of the Sahara Desert, which covers the lower half of this nation. This nation's southern borders are shared with Sudan, Chad, and Niger, and most of its cities are located along its northern coastal region bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The Gulf of Sidra separates the western coastal portion of this nation which contains its capital, from its eastern portion, the location of the city of Benghazi. For 10 points, name this North African nation with capital at Tripoli.

Libya

While playing against the Chicago Bears in 1971, a wideout playing for this team named Chuck Hughes suffered a heart attack and died on the field. A player from this team announced his retirement by faxing a letter to the Wichita Eagle, his hometown newspaper. That player from this team is Barry Sanders. This team won the national championship title 10 years before the Super Bowl was put into place, but has never made it past the division championship round since. Matt Millen was the architect behind this team's 0-16 record during the 2008 season. For 10 points, name this NFC North team who plays at Ford Field and whose quarterback is Matt Stafford.

Lions

The title character of this novella wears a green topcoat with a scarf and had wild, blondish hair. That titular character leaves his home planet, asteroid B-612, to explore the rest of the universe, leaving his beloved rose behind. During his travels, the titular protagonist meets a king without subjects, a compiler of maps, and a lamplighter who constantly lights and re-lights his lamp on various asteroids in the universe. For 10 points, name this novella by French author Antoine de Saint-Exupery about the titular royal alien who is in love with a rose.

Little Prince

In this novel, one character contracts scarlet fever after giving food to the Hummel family's baby. The family patriarch of this novel's central family serves as a chaplain in the American Civil War and does not return home for Christmas. One character in this novel sets up a school called Plumfield with her husband Professor Bhaer. In one scene of this novel, Mr. Laurence gifts a piano to Beth, who never recovers from her illness. Marmee is the mother of Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy in, for 10 points, what book about the March sisters, written by Louisa May Alcott?

Little Women

Greater defenses for this modern-day city were made under the rule of Julian the Apostate, which Count Theodosius utilized against Picts and other Celtic groups in the Great Conspiracy. Franks were massacred in this city during the Carausian Revolt. Tacitus recorded the destruction of this modern-day city during the Iceni Revolt of Queen Boudicca, which ended at a battle near King's Cross. For 10 points, what provincial Roman city of Britannia was located on the banks of the Thames?

London

In one story by this author, Jacobus Laningdale suggests driving down the Chinese population with plague carrying mosquitos. In another story by this author, the protagonist ignores the advice of an "old timer from Sulphur Creek" and dies trying to perform the title action. This author of "The Unparalleled Invasion" wrote a novel that sees John Thornton's death at the hands of Yeehat Indians. For 10 points, name this author of "To Build a Fire," who frequently wrote about dogs, such as Buck in The Call of the Wild.

London

In one poem by this author, the skipper ties his daughter to the mast of the title ship which crashes "on the reef of Norman's Woe." In another poem by this author, the three "blue eyed banditti" include "Grave Alice, and laughing Allegra," who the speaker keeps in "the dungeon" of his heart. This author of "The Wreck of the Hesperus" and "The Children's Hour" wrote a poem about the title character who calls for the tower of the "old North Church" to hang a lantern-- "one if by land, two if by sea." For 10 points, name this American Fireside Poet, the author of "Paul Revere's Ride".

Longfellow

This American author translated Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy while grieving the death of his wife from a fire. This author's poetry collection include the early abolitionist work Poems on Slavery, Voices of the Night and Tales of a Wayside Inn. This author described the titular man, standing "(u)nder a spreading chestnut-tree" in "The Village Blacksmith," and a tragic love story among Acadians in the poem "Evangeline." For 10 points, name this American poet, whose works include "The Wreck of the Hesperus," "The Song of Hiawatha," and "Paul Revere's Ride."

Longfellow

A speaker in one of this man's poems wishes to "sleep the sleep of apples," and in a poem about a sleepwalker, the speaker desires the color green. In another poem by this author of "Gacela of the Dark Death," the speaker repeatedly refuses to see the corpse of Ignacio, who died "at five in the afternoon." In a play by this author, Leonardo Felix is chased down by "the Father" and "the Groom" for running away with "the Bride." For 10 points, name this Spanish author of "Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter" and Blood Wedding.

Lorca

This book is set during a nuclear war, among a group of boys being evacuated for their safety. After a plane crash, the boys are scattered throughout the island, but one boy discovers a conch shell which becomes a symbol of power for its holder. One group of boys, led by Jack, turn to savagery and kill another character with a boulder, which prompt his friend Ralph to weep "for the end of innocence" and the death of a "true, wise friend." For 10 points, name this William Golding novel about a group of boys who are turned into savages on a lawless island.

Lord of the Flies

This U.S. state is made up of hilly uplands in its north and an alluvial plain in its south. The Sabine and Red Rivers form much of this state's western border, and the Pearl River forms much of its eastern border with Mississippi. The Atchafalaya River flows through the central part of this U.S. state before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico near Morgan City. This state's smaller waterways are referred to as "bayous," and are often at or below sea level. For 10 points, name this U.S. state which contains the Mississippi River Delta, and has its capital at Baton Rouge.

Louisiana

William Horsfall said he would "ride up to his saddle" in this group's blood and was killed by one of these people, George Mellor. Lord Byron compared this group's plight to "the most oppressed provinces of Turkey" in his first speech in Parliament, and this group's slogan was "Enoch did make them, Enoch shall break them," referencing sledgehammers and shearing frames. These people claimed to follow "King Ned" and were targeted by the Frame Breaking Act of 1812. For 10 points, name this British group which has come to name anyone opposed to new technology.

Luddites

This European nation once belonged to a coalition of three nations in the Low Countries, and its capital is, along with Strasbourg and Brussels, one of the three capitals of the European Union. This nation was invaded and occupied by Germany in both World Wars, and was one of the founding members of NATO in 1949. This nation's population is one of the smallest in Europe, and over half of those are immigrants. For 10 points, name this small Western European nation which was once in an economic union with Belgium and the Netherlands.

Luxembourg

These organelles are formed through the fusion of transport vesicles with late endosomes. I-cell disease occurs when certain proteins are unable to reach this organelle due to not being tagged properly in the Golgi body. Sphingo-lipidoses are examples of "storage diseases" named for this organelle, involving an accumulation of excess products in the cell. Proteins tagged with mannose-6-phosphate are destined for these hydrolase-rich organelles, whose pH is around 4.5. For 10 points, name these organelles that degrade and recycle cellular waste.

Lysosomes

This island's north is home to the Tsimihety people, who are centered around the city of Mandritsara. Lake Alaotra is the center of rice production on this island, which is the westernmost extent of the Austronesian expansion. This country was home to the Merina dynasty, which names this island's largest ethnic group. Native wildlife of this island include the catlike fossa and a primate with an extremely long finger, the aye-aye lemur. For 10 points, name this African island country with capital at Antananarivo.

Madagascar

This artist painted a glass of water on top of an umbrella against a red background in his painting Hegel's Holiday. This artist also painted an eye with clouds in it in one painting, and depicted six men in black suits around a corpse in another. This artist of The False Mirror and The Menaced Assassin painted a clock on top of a fireplace with a train coming out of it and added the nonsensical caption "this is not a pipe" to another painting. For 10 points, name this Belgian Surrealist artist of Time Transfixed and The Treachery of Images.

Magritte

One of this composer's most famous works was written during a life crisis, and uses Chinese poetry and imagery to convey internal struggle. That work, by this composer, is scored for large orchestra, two vocal soloists, and features songs such as "The Drinking Song of Earth's Misery" and "The Lonely One in Autumn." That composition, The Song of the Earth, ends with the tenor singing "The Drunkard in Spring." For 10 points, name this Austrian composer whose other works include "Symphony of a Thousand."

Mahler

Sixteen clans, descended from the first ruler of this empire, formed the military portion of its Great Assembly, the "Carriers of Quiver." It's not the Songhai Empire, but Ibn Battuta described a mining city in this empire as "only the sand and salt mines" at Taghaza. Legendarily, this empire's founder tipped an arrow with a white rooster's spur in order to defeat Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina. On a journey, a ruler of this empire built Sankore University; that ruler of this empire built a mosque every Friday and debased the value of gold, due to lavish spending during his hajj. For 10 points, name this West African empire founded by Sundiata, which was ruled by mansas like Musa I.

Mali

A new collection of this political leader's letters from prison was released in 2018, five years after his death. This leader's 1994 autobiography was entitled, Long Walk to Freedom, and detailed his 27 year imprisonment by the white minority government of his nation. This founder of the African National Congress was found guilty in the Rivonia Trial in 1964, leading to his imprisonment at Robben Island for 18 of his 27 years. For 10 points, name this South African leader, a symbol of resistance to the apartheid government of South Africa, who was elected president in 1994.

Mandela

Exposed areas of this layer of the Earth are found in Newfoundland and Macquarie Island, near New Zealand. The upper portion of this layer of the Earth is made up of a silicate material, rich in magnesium and iron, and is separated from the upper layer of the Earth by the Moho Discontinuity. That upper portion is referred to as the "asthenosphere," while the lower portion is referred to as the "lithosphere." For 10 points, name this layer of the Earth, which forms over 80% of its mass, located between the core and the crust.

Mantle

This structure's transition zone is found in between its 410 and 660 discontinuities. Higher helium-3 to helium-4 ratios found deep in this structure help support the theory that plumes named for this structure are responsible for hot spots. Post-perovskite is common in the lower depths of this structure, and its deepest part is known as the "D double prime" layer. The Gutenberg discontinuity separates the lithosphere and asthenosphere in this structure. Convection within this layer is thought to drive plate tectonics. For 10 points, name this layer of the Earth in between the crust and the inner core.

Mantle

In one play by this author, captured prisoners kill themselves by "braining themselves" against their cages after one was earlier used as a footstool. In another play by this author, the title character sends poisoned rice to a convent of nuns after his daughter's conversion to Christianity. This author of Tamburlaine wrote about Calymath's feud with Barabbas -- the latter of whom meets his end in a cauldron of boiling hot water. For 10 points, name this author of The Jew of Malta who took inspiration from Goethe for his play Doctor Faustus.

Marlowe

During warmer months on this planet, steep slopes like Mount Sharp exhibit seasonal flows called recurring slope lineae. The Ma'adim Vallis channel on this planet leads to the Gusev crater. This planet's Hellas Planitia is an impact crater over 2,000 kilometers in diameter. In 2018, scientists released evidence for the existence of a lake about a mile below this planet's south pole. The surface of this planet has been explored by Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity, which are all rovers. Name this planet whose surface contains a lot of iron oxide, inspiring its nickname, the "red planet".

Mars

This entity has almost (as of 2018) completed its "Phase Three" which began with the release of a 2016 movie, which saw two protagonists from this entity battle each other. That film, subtitled "Civil War," saw the character of Steve Rogers rescue his friend, Bucky Barnes, who has been turned into the "Winter Soldier." The first film of this entity was 2008's Iron Man, and the most recently released film was 2018's Ant-Man and the Wasp. For 10 points, name this comic book company's film series that features a cameo from artist Stan Lee in every film.

Marvel Cinematic Universe

The western portion of this U.S. state lies in the Piedmont region, and the Camp David Presidential Retreat is located in the Catoctin Mountain in the north-central part of this state. At its narrowest point, this state is less than two miles wide, and its Eastern Shore region is separated from the rest of the state by Chesapeake Bay. This state, despite its small size, has been dubbed "America in Miniature" since it has seemingly every type of topography. For 10 points, name this Eastern U.S. state with capital at Annapolis.

Maryland

The Konparu school specialized in creating these items, which are purposely made to lack symmetry. The shite adjusts these items in the mirror room. In Noh Theater, the tilting of these items can portray emotion. Greek examples of these items were made of stiffened and painted linen, and changing between these items allowed actors to portray multiple characters. Pantalone wears a brown one of these items with a large hooked nose in Commedia dell'arte. For 10 points, name these items, two of which are commonly used to represent Comedy and Tragedy.

Masks

Historical sources for this civilization's mythology derives from texts like the Chilam Bilam from Guatemala. This civilization's most famous text describes the Lords of the Underworld in Xibalba, who were defeated in battle by Xbalanque and Hunahpu, the so-called "Hero Twins." Those two brothers then became the Sun and the Moon. For 10 points, name this Mesoamerican civilization, whose mythology and creation story is described in the Popol Vuh.

Mayan

This politician finished fifth from the bottom of his class at the Naval Academy, due to fighting and poor grades. This politician was born to a military family in the Panama Canal Zone, and survived a devastating fire on the U.S.S. Forrestal in 1967. This politician was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1982, and the U.S. Senate in 1986, where he served continuously until his death in 2018. For 10 points, name this Republican politician from Arizona, who survived five years as a POW in Vietnam, and ran unsuccessfully for President in 2008 against Barack Obama.

McCain

Due to exaggerated claims about his military achievements, this man was sometimes sarcastically called "Tail-Gunner." Karl Mundt served in a position usually held by this man in a trial against him. This man succeeded Robert La Follette, Jr. in his highest ranking position, and he also chaired the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. The Tydings Committee was formed to investigate accusations this man made using the "Lee-list," which he first utilized in the Wheeling Speech. For 10 points, name this Wisconsin Senator, a staunch Anti-Communist who led the 1950s "Red Scare."

McCarthy

An organization with this name was founded after an encounter with a 13-year-old named Heaven at an Alabama camp. A letter criticising a movement with this name was signed by Catherine Deneuve. Edward Felsenthal explained the cropped elbow in a cover photo recognizing a movement whose name is this phrase as representing anonymity. Use of this statement as a hashtag started with Alyssa Milano in 2017, after allegations against Harvey Weinstein. For 10 points, name this phrase and movement that spread to demonstrate the prevalence of sexual assault and harassment, particularly in the workplace.

Me Too

In a book written with James Baldwin, this thinker argued that referring to black and white is a "horrible generality." In addition to A Rap on Race, this thinker wrote a book that compared the gender roles of the Arapesh and Mundugumor. In addition to Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, this thinker wrote a book that claimed that compared the lives of American teenagers and teenagers from the title place. For 10 points, name this American anthropologist who claimed that more lax sexual norms led to less stress among the Tu'a, the author of Coming of Age in Samoa.

Mead

A meteorite hit or a volcanic eruption can cause the impact type of this process, which can turn quartz into coesite or stishovite. Pentti Eskola categorized the results of this process into facies, each of which can be identified by an index mineral. This process results in a sequence of layering known as foliation. Magmatic intrusions cause the contact type of this process. This process always begins with a protolith, and can produce rocks such as schist, phyllite, and slate. For 10 points, name this process that transforms rocks under high temperatures and pressures.

Metamorphism

John Randall and Harry Boot's cavity magnetron generated this form of radiant energy. These oscillations compose the universe's black body radiation at a temperature near 2.7 Kelvin. They generally have wavelengths between 1 millimeter and 1 meter, and come between radio and infrared in the spectrum. Raytheon employee Percy Spencer was working on a radar emitting these when he realized a candy bar in his pocket started melting. For 10 points—give these waves used in countertop ovens.

Microwaves

This group collaborated with Fall Out Boy on a remix of the song "Irresistible." A member of this group repeats the title word 39 times in a row on this group's first Hot 100 hit, "Versace," and was featured on the Liam Payne song "Strip That Down." A different member of this group proposed to Cardi B on stage the same night as the release of this group's song "Motorsport." "Rain drop, drop top, smoking on cookie in the hotbox" signal the beginning of this group's most popular song. For 10 points, name this Atlanta rap trio, which is comprised of Takeoff, Quavo, and Offset, whose biggest hit is "Bad and Boujee."

Migos

In one play by this author, Quentin looks back on his disastrous marriage to Maggie and her subsequent suicide. Another play by this author, set in the Red Hook District, centers on Eddie Carbone's obsession with his niece Catherine. This author of A View from the Bridge drew inspiration from his marriage to Marilyn Monroe for After the Fall. In another play by this author, Happy and Biff learn of their father's death in a car crash for insurance money. For 10 points, name this American playwright who wrote about Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman.

Miller

In one poem by this author, he denounces "vain, deluding joys" in favor of the "saintly visage" of Melancholy, while in a companion poem he resolves to live with Mirth. One poem by this author urges shepherds to "weep no more" for the drowning of the title character. This author of "Il Penseroso" and "Lycidas" wrote a blank verse epic whose antagonist claims that it is "Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven" from his capital of Pandemonium. For 10 points, name this English poet who described Adam and Eve's expulsion from heaven in Paradise Lost.

Milton

This author is primarily known as a poet, but wrote a play in which the chorus complains about the spread of bad news with the line "For evil news rides post, while good news baits." Another line from that play provided the title for Aldous Huxley's Eyeless in Gaza. This poet wrote the line "The childhood shows the man, as morning shows the day" in a poem about Jesus that was published along with that play. This author wrote that poem as the sequel to a much longer poem that tells "Of Man's first disobedience". Name this 17th-century English writer of Samson Agonistes, Paradise Regained, and Paradise Lost.

Milton

The early settlements that formed this American city were French fur trading posts, but by 1880, German immigrants made up over one quarter of this city's population. This non-Chicago city's Art Museum features a massive sunscreen that looks like a ship's sail, and sits adjacent to Lake Michigan. This city is home to the Gilded Age-era Pabst Mansion, as well as the Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Museum, along with numerous breweries and distilleries. For 10 points, name this Midwestern city, the largest in Wisconsin, which elected three Socialist mayors in the early 20th century.

Milwaukee

Weeds such as Camelina sativa can exhibit the Vavilovian type of this phenomenon as an unintended consequence of artificial selection. The alligator snapping turtle exhibits an aggressive form of this phenomenon by using its tongue to attract prey. Two unrelated, unpalatable species can develop to share similar honest warning signals in the Mullerian type of this phenomenon. A predator avoiding viceroy butterflies that resemble the monarch butterfly shows the Batesian type of this phenomenon. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which the behavior of one species is emulated by another.

Mimicry

The Joseon {JO-SONN} Dynasty of Korea referred to relations with this Chinese dynasty as sadae or "serving the great." The first emperor of this dynasty was the Hongwu Emperor, who expanded the army and navy, while his successor, the Yongle Emperor funded voyages by Zheng He that reached Africa and India. This dynasty also saw the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty that came after the Yuan and before the Qing, and known for its vases.

Ming

This U.S. state was the location of the 1795 Yazoo Land Fraud, and was the subject of a controversial 1962 book by James Silver, which dubbed it "The Closed Society." This state had a government-funded "Sovereignty Commission" during the Civil Rights era, and was the location of the 1964 "Freedom Summer" voting registration campaign. That campaign in this state saw the deaths of three civil rights workers by white supremacists outside the town of Philadelphia in this non-Pennsylvania state. For 10 points, name this Southern state, nicknamed the "Magnolia State."

Mississippi

The narrator of this novel says "I cherish the greatest respect towards everybody's religious obligations, never mind how comical" when referring to another character's observance of Ramadan. Earlier in this novel, the narrator briefly sees a sermon on the blackness of darkness when he enters a Negro church. This novel's narrator then finds the Spouter Inn while waiting for a ferry from New Bedford to Nantucket. In this novel, the term "Parsee" is used to refer to Fedallah, who has the same job as the Muslim Queequeg. Name this novel about the obsessive quest by Captain Ahab to kill the title whale.

Moby Dick

The protagonist of this novel describes in the opening lines how he wanted to "see the watery part of the world" which led him to sign up for a voyage in New Bedford, Massachusetts. That protagonist becomes a member of the Pequod, and shares quarters with a tattooed Polynesian named Queequeeg who builds his own coffin and shaves with his harpoon. The Pequod is hunting a mythical creature that has already killed 5 sailors on the Delight and the son of the Captain of the Rachel. For 10 points, name this 1851 novel in which Captain Ahab goes on an insane quest to hunt the titular white whale, written by Herman Melville.

Moby-Dick

This scale is not useful for minerals in an industrial setting, but is useful for milling, especially among digital electronic devices like LCD's and LED's. This scale uses a porcelain streak plate, which provides a base of 7.0, in order to provide a visual representation of each mineral's hardness. Five alkali metals are at less than 1 on this scale, which ranges between 0-10. The two elements at the other end of this scale are corundum at 9, and diamond at 10. For 10 points, name this scale created by a German geologist which measures the hardness of various minerals.

Moh's

One type of this quantity is conserved by Kepler's Second Law, and "impulse" is the change in this quantity during a collision. The total value of this quantity is conserved whether a collision is "elastic" or "inelastic," according to this quantity's value of conservation. This quantity has two types, "linear" and "angular," the latter of which is equal to the moment of inertia times angular velocity, and exemplified by a gyroscope staying upright. For 10 points, name this vector quantity defined as the product of that object's mass and its velocity and abbreviated "P.

Momentum

This artist painted his wife holding a parasol with their son, standing in a red flower field with another mother-child pair in the background, in Poppy Fields. He also painted 18 views of a Japanese bridge over a pond. An art movement was named after a painting by this artist in which two rowboats float in a harbor next to the reflection of a blood-red sun. This artist painted a series of views of Rouen Cathedral, haystacks, and plants in his garden in Giverny. Name this Impressionist who painted a series of Water Lilies.

Monet

A ruler of these people split his army into sections called migghans and tumens. A leader of these people wrapped up Al-Musta'sim in a rug and had him trampled to death. That leader of these people destroyed buildings such as the Grand Library, which allegedly caused the Tigris to run black with ink. These people flung plague-infested corpses into Caffa, which some scholars theorize led to the spread of the Black Plague in Europe. These people were led by Hulagu during the 1258 sack of Baghdad, and they ruled the largest contiguous land empire in history. For 10 points, name these people from the steppes of Central Asia, who were led by Genghis and Kublai Khan.

Mongols

The Daytime Emmy Awards disallowed the soap opera Passions' submission of a character of this type for a 2003 award. On Crossfire, after Tucker Carlson said that he thought his guest would be funny, Jon Stewart told Carlson that he refused to be his character of this type. A Kevin Murphy-portrayed character of this type travels with Pearl and "Brain Guy" on MST3K. Ross brought a character of this type named Marcel to Monica's New Year's Eve Party. An evil one of these characters lives in Chris' closet on Family Guy. Regan Mirzahi voiced a character of this type nicknamed for his red boots on Dora the Explorer. For 10 points, name these simian characters, such as Mojo Jojo in The Powerpuff Girls.

Monkeys

This man's death and physical attributes were described in the most well-known historical work by Bernal Diaz del Castillo. This man was described as an indecisive, vain ruler in primary sources, such as Bernardino de Sahagun's Florentine Codex. Shortly after this man's death, his people assassinated the rearguard of an invading force in the Night of Sorrows massacre. This emperor welcomed the forces of a conquistador after mistaking him for the returning god Quetzalcoatl. For 10 points, name this emperor of the Aztec Empire when it was conquered by Hernan Cortés.

Montezuma

Members of this religious faith created "culture regions" throughout the American West, including a large-scale farming community near Jackson Hole, Wyoming. This religious faith has its beginnings in the "Burned-Over" District of western New York, where its founder was visited by the angel Moroni on the hill Cumorah. Members of this religious faith were pushed out of New York to the Midwestern states of Missouri and Illinois due to persecution. For 10 points, name this religious faith which left Illinois in 1844 and traveled to present-day Utah after the death of Joseph Smith.

Mormon

In one novel by this author, Chicken Little drowns after the title character accidentally loses her grip and tosses him into a river while Nel Wright watches on. In another novel by this author, Guitar Bains chases after the ancestral gold of Milkman Dead. This author of Sula and Song of Solomon wrote a novel that takes place at 124 Bluestone Road and centers on the title character sparking Sethe's remorse for the killing of her daughter. For 10 points, name this female African-American author of Beloved.

Morrison

The oldest and tallest section of one of these places in China pulled double-duty as a lighthouse, and is named Huaisheng. People customarily enter these places right-foot-first, then perform the wudu cleansing ritual. One of these places known as "the farthest," or Al-Aqsa, is on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. A niche in the wall of these places indicates the qibla, or direction towards Mecca. Muezzins give the call to prayer from minarets adjacent to these structures. For 10 points, name these Islamic houses of worship.

Mosques

Danny is one of these animals in a Thornton Burgess work who hides in a tomato can kicked around by Reddy Fox. In a Robert Lawson work, one named Amos travels with Benjamin Franklin. Robert O'Brien wrote about Timothy Frisby, one of these creatures whose home must be moved away from the farmer's plow. Kate DiCamillo had a princess saved by one named Despereaux Tilling, and in Beverly Cleary works, Ralph is one who learns to ride a motorcycle. Laura Numeroff wants to give a cookie to—for 10 points—what animals who like cheese?

Mouse

According to legend, one ruler of this empire had a star-crossed relationship with the slave-girl Anarkali; that same ruler of this empire plotted to have Sher Afghan killed in order to take his wife. Mehr-un-Nisa became known as the "light of the world," Nur Jahan, after marrying a great-grandson of this empire's founder. The founder of this empire won the Battle of Panipat. The best-known ruler of this empire established a women's library at Fatehpur Sikri, and another ruler of this empire built a white marble tomb in Agra for his wife Mumtaz, the Taj Mahal. For 10 points, name this empire, rulers of which included Jahangir, Babur, and Akbar.

Mughal

Mark Leibovich's non-fiction best selling book about this entity is entitled "Big Game" and describes how the sport may have "peaked." This entity was founded in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association, before changing to its current name in 1922. This sports league has been accused of not doing enough to prevent concussions in its players, and is currently dealing with controversy over its players and how they are handling the National Anthem. For 10 points, name this professional sports league, led by Roger Goodell, which merged with the American Football League in 1970.

NFL

This one word titles a David Sedaris work ending with a trip to Empire Haven Park. This word described the poetry of Juan Ramón Jiménez, an effort to shed adornments. "A frozen moment when everyone sees" is how William S. Burroughs explained this adjective applied to a noon meal. This term can mean defenseless or exposed, and appears in a story featuring General Edward Cummings that Normal Mailer titled using this word "and the dead". For 10 points—give this term meaning bare or without clothing.

Naked

One of this man's generals, Andre Massena, was prevented from finishing an invasion by the Lines of Torres Vedras. According to Thomas Carlyle, this man used a "whiff of grapeshot" to end an uprising. The term "guerrilla warfare" was first used to describe resistance to this man placing his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain during the Peninsular War. The arrival of Gerhardt von Blucher's Prussian troops helped the Seventh Coalition to defeat this man for the final time, after which he was exiled to St. Helena. For 10 points, name this emperor of France, whose final defeat was at the Battle of Waterloo.

Napoleon

Alexis de Tocqueville described this American geographical region as having "given up to the dreams of fancy and the unrestrained experiments of innovators," while historian Hannah Adams wrote a Summary History of this region that begins with the settlement of Plymouth. The man who named this region, John Smith, explored it in 1614, and members of his crew may have brought a plague that wiped out nearly all of the Native population of the Cape Cod area. For 10 points, name this American region that encompasses all of the states northeast of New York and derives its name from the national origin of its early settlers.

New England

Joseph Maggio and Harriet Lowe were attacked in 1918 by the "axeman" of this city. In 1834, the attic of its LaLaurie mansion contained tortured slaves. The Agriculture Street landfill is blamed by some for high cancer rates in its Ninth Ward, and may have leached chemicals after a 2005 flooding. The George Washington Cable House is in its Garden District, which includes a streetcar running close to the Mississippi River. For 10 points—name this most populous Louisiana city, known for its Creole culture and French Quarter.

New Orleans

This American city is celebrating its 300th anniversary in 2018, and Mark Twain claimed that "there is no architecture in this city, except in the cemeteries," in his travelogue, Life on the Mississippi. This city was the setting for a portion of Kate Chopin's novel, The Awakening, and Tennessee Williams set his play, A Streetcar Named Desire, in this city's French Quarter District. The French Quarter was also the setting for Anne Rice's debut novel, Interview with the Vampire, the first of her Vampire Chronicles. For 10 points, name this city in Louisiana, nicknamed the "Crescent City."

New Orleans

In a letter to Oskar Nedbal, the composer of this symphony claimed that part of Kretschmar's analysis of it was a lie. The scherzo of this work opens with a furiant and was inspired by a scene that includes the song of Chibiabos and the dance of Pau-Puk-Keewis. The singing of Harry T. Burleigh may have inspired some of this symphony's pentatonic themes, including an English horn solo that was adapted by William Arms Fisher for the song "Goin' Home." For 10 points, name this final symphony by Antonin Dvorak, which was inspired by his time in America.

New World

In preparation for this event, Japanese Buddhist temples ring a large bell 108 times and little girls commonly receive a gift of hagoita. In Zoroastrianism, preparation for this event includes gathering seven food items whose name start with the letter S for the haft-seen. The Jewish version of this event includes the eating of apples dipped in honey along with the blowing of a "shofar." In Iran, the Nowruz festival celebrates this day. The Chinese version has a lion dance with firecrackers to chase off evil spirits. For 10 points, name this holiday that occurs on January 1.

New Years

This nation's largest lake is in the caldera of Mount Tauhara and is part of a Volcanic Zone that extends to the Bay of Plenty. The Hawke's Bay earthquake devastated this country's town of Napier, which has a large concentration of Art Deco buildings. The largest island in this nation contains the cities of Dunedin and Christchurch. That island in this nation is also home to the Southern Alps and is located south of the Cook Strait from North Island. For 10 points, name this island nation, with a capital at Wellington and whose largest city is Auckland.

New Zealand

A fourth of these laws is listed in the bibliography of the scientific paper in which it was first published, and states that forces obey the principle of superposition. The Third Law of these states that "any time a force acts from one object to another, there is an equal force acting back on that original object. The First Law of these states that in a frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or moves at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force. For 10 points, give the collective name for these laws that explain classical mechanics and are named for an influential English scientist.

Newton's Laws of Motion

In one book, this philosopher said that even after The Buddha's death, his shadow was still found on the walls of caves. In another book, this thinker argued that art is not the result of inspiration, but of effort. In another book, this thinker describes how meekness became a Christian virtue, as well as the master and slave form of the title concept, in his On the Genealogy of Morals. In a novel by this philosopher, the title Persian prophet urges men to strive to be the Ubermensch. For 10 points, name this author of The Birth of Tragedy and Thus Spoke Zarathustra, who stated that "God is dead."

Nietzsche

Two rock monoliths named Aso and Zuma rise in and around the capital of this West African nation. The northeastern corner of this West African nation is bordered by Lake Chad, and the Obudu Plateau rises in the southeastern corner of this nation, near its border with Cameroon. The southern portion of this nation has been referred to as the "Oil Rivers," where the Niger River flows into the Gulf of Guinea. For 10 points, name this West African nation, the most populous on the continent, whose largest city is Lagos and capital is Abuja.

Nigeria

This non-Japanese nation has a sacred mountain that is considered the traditional birthplace of its people, and that still-active volcanic mountain has a sacred lake within it called "the Heavenly Lake." The Yalu River separates the western part of this nation from China, while its major port cities include Hungnam and Wonsan. This nation shares Kanghwa Bay with its southern neighbor, with which it is still technically at war. For 10 points, name this Asian nation with capital at Pyongyang which shares its namesake peninsula with a "Southern" neighbor.

North Korea

One of these events occurred in India in 1974 and was dubbed "Smiling Buddha," while another of these events may or may not have taken place in 1979 in the South Atlantic Ocean called the "Vela Incident." The South Pacific island of Bikini was the site of number of these events between 1946 and 1958, while the first of these events took place in July, 1945 in New Mexico and was code-named "Trinity." For 10 points, name these events, which have been conducted at Punggye-Ri in North Korea since the 1990's.

Nuclear testing

Raziuddin Siddiqui worked on multiple initiatives of this type, and another of these initiatives was helmed by Homi Bhabha from the Tata Institute. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto declared his people would "eat grass" and "go hungry" in order to see this initiative fulfilled. A.Q. Khan became known as the "savior of Pakistan" for his work on one of these projects, despite aiding Iran and North Korea in this goal. One of these projects culminated in the Smiling Buddha test, which used plutonium from the CIRUS reactor. For 10 points, name this type of military project, the American one of which led to the construction of Fat Man and Little Boy.

Nuclear weapons program

In one play by this author , "There is no God! No God but Electricity!" is shouted by Reuben Light before he shoots Ada Fife and then electrocutes himself. This author of Dynamo wrote about Mildred Douglas's encounter with Yank Smith who she refers to as a filthy beast. In addition to The Hairy Ape, this author wrote about alcoholics discussing the failure of the anarchist movement, while Hickman convinces people to give up their pipe dreams at Harry Hope's saloon. For 10 points, name this American playwright of The Iceman Cometh.

O'Neill

In one story by this author, the protagonist is mistaken for a Yale student when he attempts to act drunk and eventually is arrested for loitering. In addition to Soapy in "The Cop and the Anthem," this author created Ebenezer Dorset, whose son is kidnapped, but proves to be such a nuisance that the criminals pay to have the child taken back. In a Christmas classic by this man, Jim and Della ironically swap presents. For 10 points, name this author of "The Ransom of Red Chief" and "The Gift of the Magi."

O. Henry

This man's latter years were the subject of two Alfred, Lord Tennyson poems, one of which he claims that he is determined "to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield." This man, the subject of "The Lotus-Eaters," is the namesake of a James Joyce novel, about one June day in the life of Leopold Bloom of Dublin. This man was the subject of two plays by Homer that sees him fight in the Trojan War before heading home after ten years' absence. For 10 points, name this mythological character who was featured in The Iliad and The Odyssey, also known as Ulysses.

Odysseus

This Pacific Ocean island is part of the Ryukyus and over 25% of it consists of American military bases. This island was annexed by Japan in 1879, and was occupied by the American military between 1945 and 1972. Most of the population lives on the southern third of the island, which includes the largest city, Naha. This island was final land battle of the Pacific War, ending in July, 1945. For 10 points, name this Japanese-held island, located between the island of Kyushu and Taiwan.

Okinawa

Before consummating his wedding in this novel, one character tells his wife that "If you bear iguanas, we'll raise iguanas." Another character in this novel blames a priest for causing the death of seventeen children by marking them with Ash Wednesday crosses that would not wash off. The theme of time repeating itself in this novel is represented by characters sharing the same name as their ancestors-- such as Amaranta, Jose Arcadio, and Aureliano. Taking place in the town of Macondo is, for 10 points, what novel about the Buendia family by Gabriel Garcia Marquez?

One Hundred Years of Solitude

It was said that Hermes invented the lyre, but this Greek demi-god perfected it, using a "golden" one to charm living things and even inanimate objects. This demi-god was the son of Calliope, and protected the Argonauts from the Sirens by drowning out their singing with the playing of his lyre. When this demigod's wife was bitten by a viper and went to the Underworld, this demigod went there in an attempt to get her back. For 10 points, name this demigod who was told by Hades not to look back at his wife Eurydice but when he did so, she died a second time.

Orpheus

The Gram-Schmidt process converts a set of vectors to a set of unit vectors that have this property. According to Thales' theorem, an inscribed triangle that spans a circle's diameter will possess two sides with this relationship. A triangle's circumcenter is the intersection of bisectors that have this property with respect to each side. A triangle's altitude possesses this property with respect to its base. Two vectors with this property have a dot product of zero. If two lines have this property, then their slopes are opposite reciprocals. For 10 points, name this property of lines that meet at right angles.

Orthogonal

The majority of this Shakespearean play takes place on the island of Cyprus, which the titular general has taken from the Turks after a storm destroys their fleet. A misplaced handkerchief owned by that general and given to his new wife sets the story in motion, as fellow officer Iago tells the titular general that he should "beware the green-eyed monster" called "jealousy." Iago tells that titular general that his wife, Desdemona, has been having an affair with his friend, and fellow soldier, Michael Cassio. For 10 points, name this Shakespearean play about a jealous "Moor of Venice."

Othello

This author compares himself to Tiphys piloting the Argonaut and Achilles' charioteer Automedon at the beginning of an instructional elegy series on love. In one poem by this author, he claims that "nothing's useful that can't also wound" after blaming his exile on "carmen et error." This author of Ars Amatoria and Tristia included the story of Philemon and Tereus turning into trees and Hyacinth's immortalization as a flower in a collection of over 250 myths. For 10 points, name this Roman poet of the Metamorphoses.

Ovid

In one poem by this author, the speaker meets an "encumbered sleeper" in some "profound dull tunnel" who claims "I am the enemy you killed my friend." An "ecstasy of fumbling" occurs in one of this author's poems before the speaker hears "at every jolt, the blood / come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs." This author of "Strange Meeting" described men "Bent double, like old beggars under sacks," one of whom dies "guttering, choking, drowning," during a gas attack. That poem by this author ends by calling the title phrase "the old lie." For 10 points, name this World War 1 poet of "Dulce et Decorum Est."

Owen

Widespread use of this process became practical after finding a replacement for the Klenow fragment. Fluorescent dyes allow the quantitative form of this process to be performed in real time. This process makes use of an enzyme from Thermus aquaticus due to its thermostability. This process involves thermal cycling through its denaturing, annealing, and extension stages. This process, which was developed by Kary Mullis, uses Taq polymerase rather than DNA polymerase. For 10 points, name this biochemical technique used to amplify segments of DNA.

PCR

One of these structures was built for "Peace" in Brisbane, Australia for the Expo '88, while the skyscrapers Petronas Towers and Taipei 101 both incorporate architectural styles from this type of East Asian structure. One of the oldest of these structures is made of brick and is located in Henan Province of China, while another of these, called the "Porcelain Tower," is located in Nanjing, China. For 10 points, name these structures, typically a tiered tower with multiple eaves, that are often used as Taoist or Buddhist religious place of worship.

Pagoda

This human body organ has a mixed purpose since it also functions as an endocrine gland, along with digestion. This organ contains the islets of Langerhans, which produces four different hormones, including a namesake polypeptide and glucagon, both of which regulate the amount of glucose in the blood. If this organ fails to produce enough insulin in its namesake islets, then either Type I or Type II diabetes will result. For 10 points, name this organ, located behind the stomach, which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum.

Pancreas

"Wet-end" chemistry is concerned with developments in this technology, the manufacture of which is based on the Fourdrinier machine. Whatman grading of the qualitative type of this material is based on particle size, while the quantitative type must be ash-free. One can use this material to study the separation of constituents of ink by the capillary action of water through this material as the stationary phase. pH can be measured by absorbing litmus onto this material. For 10 points, name this thin material produced from wood pulp that is used in chromatography and as a filter.

Paper

In a Ford Madox Ford title, this word means a societal value façade that comes to an "end". A Michael Ian Black children's title says using pigs for one is a bad idea. People ask Marilyn vos Savant questions in a Sunday magazine with this title. In the late 19th century Manhattan offices began throwing stock ticker output on them. The musical Hello, Dolly! has one passing by, and in Funny Girl, Fanny Brice begs others not to rain on hers. For 10 points—give this term that can mean a procession of holiday floats going down the street.

Parade

The second edition of this epic poem refers to it as "English heroic verse without rhyme," and this work is credited with introducing words to the English language like "terrific" and "unoriginal." One character in this poem claims it "is better to reign in hell, than serve in heaven" and builds a city called Pandemonium in the Lake of Fire after being ejected from heaven. This poem was originally intended to be 10 books, but the author added 2 books to describe the aftermath of the "fall of man." For 10 points, name this epic poem about Adam and Eve's fall by John Milton.

Paradise Lost

Aromatic amino acid de-car-box-y-lase inhibitors are often used to treat this disease. This disease can be indicated by the accumulation of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Patients with this disease may present with the cogwheel phenomenon or in rubbing the thumb and forefinger back-and forth in pill-rolling. Levo-dopa and carbi-dopa are both used to treat this disease. This disorder, which is marked by muscle rigidity and tremors, involves the dysfunction of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine. For 10 points, name this neurodegenerative disease, known as "shaking palsy."

Parkinson's

During this event, "ghost trains" full of fleeing refugees were set on fire. The 1933 pamphlet "Now or Never" supported this event, as did a resolution delivered by A.K. Falzul Huq, which is commemorated by a minaret in Iqbal Park. This event was protested on Direct Action Day, which led to mass killings in the Week of the Long Knives. This action was carried out along the Radcliffe Line. Lord Mountbatten was criticized for rushing this event, which split Bengal and Punjab. This event resulted in massive population transfers and sectarian violence between Hindus and Muslims. For 10 points, name this August 1947 event that turned the British Raj into two nations ruled from Islamabad and New Delhi.

Partition of INdia

This man escaped capture by King Aretas by being lowered outside the city walls in a basket. This man criticized Peter after he had refused to eat with Gentiles. This man "made havock of the church," "breathing out threatenings and slaughter" of early Christians, but stopped after hearing a voice cry on the road to Damascus, "Why do you persecute me?" This man, a Roman citizen, changed his name after Ananias healed this man of his blindness. For 10 points, name this Christian apostle formerly named Saul, author of New Testament epistles such as Romans and First Corinthians.

Paul

This city's former dual purpose baseball-football stadium was annually rated as having the worst artificial turf in players' surveys. This city's Franklin Field is the site of an annual track and field competition at the end of April. This city's Museum of Art was the setting for a famous scene in the film, Rocky, and is now the location of a statue of that title character, Rocky Balboa, with his arms outstretched. For 10 points, name this American city whose football fans supposedly booed Santa Claus during a 1968 game and is home to the NFL's Eagles and the Penn Relays.

Philadelphia

An oscilloscope can display the Lissajous curves of harmonographs which are created by these devices. Christiaan Huygens developed a clock using this device to keep time. The center of these systems at its highest point and stopped position maintains an angle of 20 degrees or less, allowing for the approximation that theta equals the sine of theta for these systems. On Earth, the period of these systems can only be affected by changing the length, as it is mass independent. For 10 points, name this simple harmonic oscillator, a weighted body suspended from a pivot point.

Pendulum

A tradition of walking barefoot in the morning of this day stems from a line in a hymn starting "on our dryness pour thy dew." This event, which precedes the second period of Ordinary Time, is celebrated using red roses and red clothing in the Roman Rite. This festival is related to the Jewish holiday that commemorates the giving of the law to Moses, Shavuot. In Acts, on this day people experienced a "strong wind" and "tongues of fire" as the Holy Spirit descended on them. For 10 points, name this holiday, also known as Whitsunday, celebrated 50 days after Easter.

Pentecost

This mythological hero's name may literally mean, "to ravage and destroy," but historians are unsure. This hero grew up in Argos, and was the son of Zeus and Danae, but was raised by the fisherman Dictys after being abandoned by his grandmother. This hero was instructed to find the Hesperides so that he could get weapons to fight a Gorgon. He received a knapsack, a sword, a cap of invisibility, winged sandals and a polished shield. For 10 points, name this hero, who used the sword to cut off the head of Medusa.

Perseus

According to Trevor Dupuy, the composite bow was first used at a battle won by a holder of this title. A holder of this title won the Battle of Megiddo, and an early holder of this title was depicted in a namesake "palette" and was named Narmer. People with this title wore a red Deshret and white Hedjet crown, combined into the Pschent crown, and a false beard. These people were divided into Thirty-One Dynasties, spread throughout the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. The tomb of a "boy" holder of this title was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter. For 10 points, name this title of Tutankhamun and Ramesses II, the rulers of ancient Egypt.

Pharaoh

This Pacific Island nation is one of two, along with East Timor, to have a majority Christian population, although its southern islands have a significant Muslim population called the Moro. The largest island in the southern portion of this nation is called Mindanao, although this nation consists of over 7,000 islands and 72 provinces. The largest and most populated island, Luzon, contains both the largest city, Quezon City, and its capital. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian nation, with capital at Manila.

Philippines

This element is commonly found, along with nitrogen and potassium, in fertilizers, and is characterized, along with nitrogen, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, as a pnictogen. This element exists in two forms, red and white, but due to its high reactivity, is never found as a free element on Earth. This element is essential to human life, and is often found in the remains of ancient fossils. For 10 points, name this chemical element, used in detergents, pesticides and fertilizers, and has an atomic number of 15 and chemical symbol "P."

Phosphorous

These two biological concepts give an alternate name for the Lotka-Volterra equations. Michael Rosenzweig described the paradox of enrichment in which excess resources hurts one participant, disrupting the sawtooth graph model. John Vucetich leads an extensively studied example of this phenomenon on Lake Superior's Isle Royale involving a canid and a cervid. These two organism types use aggressive mimicry, increased sensory organ effectiveness, and chemical defenses as they coevolve. For 10 points—give these terms for a hungry hunter and its food.

Predeator-prey

For a very good conductor, twice the Poynting flux divided by the speed of light gives the radiation form of this property. Venturi meters can measure the rate of flow by lowering this quantity via a constricted section of a pipe. Electric charge from deformation due to this quantity exemplifies a crystal's piezoelectric property. According to Pascal's principle, this quantity is always evenly distributed in an incompressible fluid. This quantity can be measured in millimeters of mercury or standard atmospheres. For 10 points, name this quantity defined as force per unit area.

Pressure

In this novel, one character's father notes "from this day you must be a stranger to one of your parents" after a clergyman notes how "headstrong" she is, and later in this novel, her teeth are described as "tolerable" by Miss Bingley. A neighbor to the central family in Longbourne, Charlotte Lucas, marries Mr. Collins in this novel -- while Lydia elopes with disgraced militia officer George Wickham. Three of the Bennet sisters marry in, for 10 points, what novel focusing primarily on Elizabeth's decision to marry Mr. Darcy, written by Jane Austen?

Pride and Prejudice

This novel's opening lines, "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife," reflect the goal of the Bennet family to locate suitable matches for their five daughters. One character in this novel has a fortune of 10,000 pounds a year, while another character tends to make snap judgements based on first impressions of people she has met. For 10 points, name this 1813 Regency-era novel about the blossoming love between Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy, written by Jane Austen.

Pride and Prejudice

In one chapter of this work, the author questions why conquered people remained loyal to Alexander the Great's successors. Another chapter of this work explained how cutting the murderer Remirro de Orco in half quelled a rebellion and claimed that Septimius Severus "knew well how to be the fox and the lion." This work claims that the selection of Pope Julius II was the ruin of Cesare Borgia, who was identified as an example of the title figure. For 10 points, name this work that claims it is better to be feared than loved, a political treatise by Niccolo Machiavelli.

Prince

Oscar Wilde wrote a "Ballad" about his time in one of these places called "Reading" and Stephen King wrote a short story about a man in one of these places who uses a poster of Rita Hayworth to protect a secret escape route. Henry David Thoreau spent a night in one of these places for refusing to pay his poll tax, and Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote a famous "Letter" from one of these locations in Birmingham, Alabama. For 10 points, name this type of location, which the protagonist of Alexandre Dumas' Count of Monte Cristo is finally able to escape from after 14 years.

Prison

The Just Desert theory for the use of these systems was proposed by Andrew von Hirsch, which he claimed signaled a value shift in the US. According to one work, these institutions are successful because they appear voluntary. In addition to Michelle Alexander's The New Jim Crow, a Michel Foucault work argues that the last of the stages of the title concepts is this system. That work, Discipline and Punish, describes one of these systems designed by Bentham called the panopticon. For 10 points, name these systems where people are held for committing crimes.

Prisons

Sociologist Royal Melendy studied institutions that led to the passage of this legislation. The Cullen-Harrison Act repealed part of this legislation. Carrie Nation attacked institutions that were targeted by this legislation with a hatchet. The Volstead Act was passed to carry out this legislation, whose passage led to a rise in speakeasies and bootleggers. This legislation was supported by the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and the Twenty-First Amendment repealed it. For 10 points, name this legislation which placed a complete ban on alcohol in the US from 1920 to 1933.

Prohibition

This is the more massive object of the two quantities estimated by the Eddington Number. 1987 Muon Collaboration experiments only explained thirty percent of this object's spin, a still-unexplained "crisis". The denominator of the N/Z ratio, these objects move from a cell's inner matrix to the intermembrane space, a so-called "pump". This particle with an up-up-down quark composition was discovered by Ernest Rutherford, and is the primary component of cosmic rays. Atomic number is found by counting—for 10 points—what nucleons with positive charge?

Proton

The GZK limit theoretically denotes the maximum energy these particles have when coming from other galaxies. This particle's "spin crisis" asks how its quarks and gluons contribute to its spin. These particles make up about 90% of cosmic rays. During beta-plus decay, these particles break down into a neutrino, a positron, and a neutron. These baryons are made of two up quarks and one down quark. Different isotopes of the same element all contain the same number of these nucleons. One of these particles is found in the hydrogen nucleus. For 10 points, name these subatomic particles with a positive charge.

Protons

This island is home to the city of Mayaguez, which lies on the eastern shore of the Mona passage. SETI used the radio telescope at its Arecibo Observatory. Taíno petroglyphs on this island can be found in the habitat of the coquí tree frog, the El Yunque tropical rainforest. The fort of San Felipe del Morro is located in its capital city, and other cities on this island include Bayamón and Ponce. San Juan is the capital of, for 10 points, what U.S. Caribbean island territory, which was devastated by Hurricane Maria?

Puerto Rico

Because of "color confinement," these elementary particles are never directly observed or found in isolation, and as such are found only in baryons or as mesons. These particles have intrinsic properties such as electric charge, mass and spin, and the man credited with proposing them, Murray Gellman, believes that even smaller versions could exist of these. The hadrons that constitute these particles are made up of protons and neutrons. For 10 points, name these particles, which are a fundamental part of matter, and include flavors like "bottom," "charm," and "top."

Quarks

This composer fought against the exclusion of librettist Stefan Zweig at the premiere of their comic opera The Silent Woman. In one piece by this man, an oboe solo is used to depict a sex scene that is interrupted by what sounds like a crying baby. This composer of the Domestic Symphony portrayed the intense emotion felt by a Sophocles heroine with simultaneous, dissonant E and C-sharp major chords, and wrote a hymn for the 1936 Olympics. This composer subtitled one tone poem,"freely after Nietzsche." For 10 points, name this German composer of Elektra and Also Sprach Zarathustra.

R Strauss

This process can end when Rho factor binds to rut sites in prokaryotes. Negative elongation factor can greatly slow down this process by forcing a central enzyme involved in it to stall. In eukaryotes, this process begins when the TBP subunit of TFIID protein recognizes the TATA box. RNA polymerase II binds to namesake factors to perform this process. This process creates products that can be further modified by five prime capping and polyadenylation. For 10 points, name this cellular process that synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template.

RNA transcription

This Russian composer left his home country after the 1918 Revolution, and his final work, Symphonic Dances, was written for and dedicated to the Philadelphia Orchestra, which had performed a "Cycle" of his work in 1939. This Russian composer based his Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini on the last of the titular composer's 24 caprices, and intended it for solo piano and symphony orchestra. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of works such as Piano Concerto Number 2 and Piano Concerto Number 3.

Rachmaninoff

The Canadian province of Alberta has had extraordinary success keeping this rodent out of its territory, using chemicals such as warfarin. Robert Thorndike studied a supposed "g factor" for intelligence in these rodents, which proved inconclusive, but a 2007 study found that these rodents have metacognition, previously documented only in humans and primates. A "flood" of the black variety of this rodent affects two states in northern India every 50 years or so, and that same type of this rodent is also a vector for diseases like Hantavirus and the bubonic plague. For 10 points, name these rodents who are commonly used for laboratory research, and differ from mice by their size.

Rats

A substance can undergo this type of reaction to move up or down between points on a Frost diagram. The Boudouard reaction is among one kind of these reactions in which one reactant forms two different products, known as disproportionation. A potential that describes this kind of reaction can be calculated with the Nernst equation. H+ and OH- ions can be added in order to balance half reactions for these reactions' equations. For 10 points, name this type of reaction which involves a transfer of electrons between two species.

Redox reactions

This type of artwork was common in ancient cultures, such as at Persepolis and the Elgin Marbles of Greece. The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial in Boston Common uses this style of artwork in bronze, while Stone Mountain in Georgia features three Confederate leaders in this style along the rock face. This style of artwork sees figures that are raised a few inches from a flat background, in order to show three dimensional effect. For 10 points, name this artistic style that can be seen at South Dakota's Mount Rushmore National Memorial.

Relief

This artist depicted himself as a helmsman in a seascape that was stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner museum in 1990. This artist painted a crown resting atop a turban as a king recoils from glowing Hebrew letters in one panting. This artist of Storm on the Sea of Galilee and Belshazzar's Feast depicted an illuminated blonde girl with a chicken around her waist in his most famous painting. That painting also depicts a man waving a blue and yellow flag. For 10 points, name this Dutch artist who depicted Franz Banning Cocq's militia in The Night Watch.

Rembrandt

This U.S state was the first to renounce its allegiance to the British in 1776, although John Quincy Adams pointed out, it "neglected to supply funds" to fund the Revolutionary War effort. This state was the only one to reject Robert Morris' attempt at passing an import duty in 1781, and this state did not send a representative to Philadelphia for the 1787 Convention. As such, this state became the last of the original Thirteen Colonies to ratify the new Constitution and only after a threatened trade embargo. For 10 points, name this state, the smallest state in the U.S. with capital at Providence.

Rhode Island

In a Nobel address, Ada Yonath discussed how these biological units become ordered in hibernating bears. Malfunctioning genes in them are tied to Diamond-Blackfan anemia. They have an exit tunnel targeted by some antibiotics, and glycoproteins bound some of these to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This translational apparatus consisting of rRNA and proteins is sometimes called the cells' factories. Amino acids are assembled by—for 10 points—what organelle found in cells along with peroxisomes?

Ribosomes

This organelle consists of small subunits that "read" RNA, and larger subunits, which join with amino acids to form polypeptide chains. This organelle can be found floating within the cytoplasm of a cell, or attached to the "rough" endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle links amino acids together in the order dictated by the codons of mRNA molecules, and research biologists believe they may act as "quality control" areas of the cell. For 10 points, name this organelle which translates RNA strands into proteins, and found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Ribosomes

This singer made her musical debut on Memphis Bleek's 2005 album 534, before releasing her own album, Music of the Sun, later that year. This singer's 2006 follow up album, A Girl Like Me, had hits like "We Ride," and "SOS," but her breakthrough was 2007's Good Girl Gone Bad, which featured hits like "Shut Up and Drive." This singer's movie credits include 2012's Battleship and 2017's Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets. For 10 points, name this Barbadian singer and actress whose other hit songs include, "Umbrella," "We Found Love," and "Monster."

Rihanna

One event of this type occurred in response to the actions of Charles Smythe and Seymour Price and was referred to as "The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World." A central location in one event of this type was referred to as "Times Square," and participants in that event took control of the D Yard. In addition to events of this type at Stonewall Inn and Attica Prison, an event of this type called Draft Week required Lincoln to send several regiments to put it down. For 10 points, name this general type of event that occurred in New York City in 1863 in response to Civil War draft policies.

Riot

This composition was subtitled "Pictures of Pagan Russia in Two Parts," and its original ballet choreography was created by Vaslav Nijinsky, but was lost due to the controversy surrounding it. This composition opens with a bassoon melody that was inspired by Lithuanian folk songs, and controversially ends with a ballerina "dancing herself to death." The avant-garde nature of this work supposedly led to riots at its Paris premiere, and its first movement features an old woman who foretells the future. For 10 points, name this ballet, about the title season, by Igor Stravinsky.

Rite of Spring

In 2011, president Barack Obama met with the subject of one painting by this artist, Ruby Bridges; that painting was on display in the White House throughout that summer. A picture of Vincent van Gogh is visible on the right side of a canvas in a painting of this artist painting himself, Triple Self Portrait. This artist centered on a cooked turkey lowering onto a dinner table and was inspired by a Franklin Delano Roosevelt speech to create his most famous series. For 10 points, name this American illustrator of the Four Freedoms and many other covers for the Saturday Evening Post.

Rockwell

This character begins one brief talk by stating "She doth teach the torches to burn bright" and concludes "For I never saw true beauty till this night". This character states "My life is my foe's debt" when he learns the identity of the mother of the girl he had been talking about. This character asks "What light through yonder window breaks?" at the beginning of the balcony scene, which leads this boy to ask Friar Laurence to arrange his marriage. This character is friends with Benvolio and Mercutio. Name this "star-crossed lover" from the Montague family, who falls in love with Juliet.

Romeo

One character in this play describes a hazelnut chariot being drawn into "lover's brains" so they will "dream of love" in a soliloquy about the "fairies midwife." Later, that character in this play remarks "Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man" after being dealt a fatal blow by the "prince of cats," Tybalt. Another character in this play comments that "a rose by any other word would smell as sweet" during a famous balcony scene. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play whose title "star-crossed lovers" are from the Montague and Capulet families.

Romeo and Juliet

This composer wrote "serious" operas like Tancredi and The Thieving Magpie," the latter of which features a celebrated overture using snare drums. This composer's "comedic" operas include The Italian Girl in Algiers, Cinderella, and The Barber of Seville, the latter of which ends in the marriage of Almaviva and Rosina. This composer's final opera, The William Tell Overture, features a finale called "March of the Swiss Soldiers," famously featured in the "Lone Ranger." For 10 points, name this Italian composer who is the namesake of a "crescendo" that sees a musical "build up" over a repeated phrase.

Rossini

In one work, this thinker compared Caligula's view that kings were gods and men were beasts to Grotius' concept of "right by fact." In another work, this thinker claimed that humans were originally free, but after establishing private property, the title concept came into being. That work by this thinker also claims that political domination originates in the amour-propre. In addition to Discourse on Inequality, this thinker wrote a book that begins "man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains." For 10 points, name this Swiss-French author of Emile and The Social Contract.

Rousseau

This author's most recent output has been under the pseudonym "Robert Galbraith," and included titles such The Cuckoo's Calling, The Silkworm, and Career of Evil. This author created her most famous character while training as a teacher in Scotland, and that character is orphaned as a baby by his nemesis, who was born Tom Riddle. This author imagined a "School of Witchcraft and Wizardry" which her best-known character attends for six years, while trying to defeat the evil Voldemort. For 10 points, name this English author who created the wizard "Harry Potter."

Rowling

Staveless examples of these objects lack vertical strokes, and an item displaying these objects was discovered on Berezan Island in the Black Sea. These items appear on the shoulder of the Lion of Piraeus and a parapet of the Hagia Sophia. Johannes Bureus wrote about these objects, believing they constituted a "Gothic Cabala." The oldest version of these symbols is called Elder Futhark, and a version was used to write Elfdalian as recently at 1900. Merging two of these symbols created the symbol for Bluetooth. For 10 points, name these symbols that comprise Viking script.

Runes

The first jet plane that flew for this nation was built after World War II, using reverse-engineered BMW engines taken from Nazi Germany. This nation's MIG-15 jet fighter was used in the Korean War, while the MIG-17 saw action in the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis as well as the Vietnam War. A jet fighter from this nation was shot down by Turkish forces in 2015 when it accidentally strayed over the border from Syria, prompting an international incident. For 10 points, name this nation, which lost an Ilyushin Il-20 when it was shot down over Syria in September, 2018.

Russia

During a lull in this conflict, the First Machine Gun Regiment occupied the area outside the Tauride Palace during the July Days demonstrations. Alexander Parvus may have aided one side in this conflict, including arranging for one leader's transport in a secret train from Switzerland. That leader during this revolution, the author of the April Theses, overthrew the provisional government headed by Alexander Kerensky. As a result of this revolution, a civil war pitted White and Red factions against each other and caused Nicholas II to abdicate. For 10 points, name this revolution that ended with Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks taking power.

Russian Revolution

One Christianized form of this practice known as kourbania is still observed in parts of Greece. One form of this practice named the Ashwamedha involved letting a horse roam around for a whole year. A special ancient Greek form of this practice called the hecatomb involved 100 cattle. A bloodless form of this practice called yajna is a central part of the Vedic fire ceremony. Abraham was commanded to use his son Isaac in this practice, which was replaced by a ram at the last second. For 10 points, name this practice that might involve the ritual killing of an animal.

Sacrifice

In one story by this author, Arthur tells his gray-haired coworker Lee that his wife Joanie returned home when she's actually still spending the night with Lee. In another story by this author of "Pretty Mouth and Green my Eyes," Sybil Carpenter is told about the greedy title creatures by Seymour Glass. This author of "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" created a seventeen-year-old protagonist who formerly managed his school's fencing team at Pencey Prep and despises "phonies." For 10 points, name this author who wrote about Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye.

Salinger

This American's landscape painting Gassed shows the aftermath of a mustard gas attack on the Western Front in 1918. This artist was known for portrait painting, such as his works The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit and El Jaleo, but was scandalized by his 1884 paintings of socialite Virginie Gautreau exhibited at the Paris Salon. That painting showed Gautreau posed in a black dress with shoulder straps seemingly about to slide off, while looking off to the right. For 10 points, name this American portrait painter who left Paris after painting The Portrait of Madame X

Sargent

One player of this instrument composed songs such as Focus on Sanity and Lonely Woman to pioneer free jazz in his album The Shape of Jazz to Come. Another musician who primarily played this instrument and the keyboard established the Kalakuta Republic in Lagos. In addition to Fela Kuti and Ornette Coleman, one player of this instrument utilized his signature "sheets of sound" technique on songs such as Psalm and Acknowledgement, which appear on his album A Love Supreme. For 10 points, name this instrument, whose tenor variety was played by John Coltrane.

Saxophone

This fictional character has a sister named Dunyazad, and their father, the Vizier, relates the "Tale of the Bull and the Ass" to demonstrate King Shariyar's cruelty. This fictional character saves her sister by marrying Shariyar, and her first tale on her wedding night is "The Tale of the Merchant and the Jinni." From there, this character relates "Tales" such as "Sinbad the Sailor," and "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp." For 10 points, name this fictional female character from the One Thousand and One Nights, who tells stories to King Shariyar to stave off her execution.

Scheherezade

A figure in this painting looks over the shoulder of a man dressed in pink attempting to copy an arch design off a chalkboard. A statue of Apollo holding a lyre can be seen in this painting's left background. This painting is located in the Stanza della Segnatura and features an old man in blue reclining on stairs. One of this painting's two central figures is believed to be based on Leonardo, and holds a copy of Timaeus while extending a finger into the air. For 10 points, name this painting in which Plato and Aristotle are surrounded by other philosophers, a work by Raphael.

School of Athens

In one song, to portray a character's obsession with the color green, this composer used a constant 16th-note F sharp. In another song, this composer used a running ostinato of left-hand triplets to evoke horses' hooves, and used character-specific ranges to portray four different characters, including a father and son. This composer wrote a piano quintet based on his song Die Forelle, and a symphony with only two completed movements. For 10 points, name this early romantic Austrian composer of "Die Schöne Mullerin" , "The Erl-King," and the Trout Quintet.

Schubert

The first church of this religious movement was incorporated in Camden, New Jersey, and the founder of this religious movement went bankrupt a year after publishing its most influential text. Adherents of this religion use an "E-meter," and "auditing" is a practice of removing painful feelings and actions from a "pre-clear" individual in this faith. This religion engaged in "Operation Snow White" in the 1970's to purge unfavorable information about its controversial founder. For 10 points, name this religious movement, founded by L. Ron Hubbard, which uses the text Dianetics.

Scientology

In a 1765 dissertation, John Adams asked the reader to "recollect their amazing fortitude, their bitter sufferings...which they patiently endured" in describing this group of people. One leader of this group of people described their leaving for America as "a timely remedy," since they had exiled themselves to Holland. One member of this group, Robert Cushman, described "empty lands" in the New World where they might settle. For 10 points, name this group of religious exiles, led by William Bradford, who left England to come to America in 1620.

Separatists

Georg {GAY-ORG} Cantor was one of the first mathematicians to describe a theory regarding these, while a "real" one of these contains all rational and irrational numbers. A "real" one of these is also an "infinite" one, since it contains an undefinable amount of numbers. A "union" is a combination of two or more of these, while the cardinality is the highest number of elements in one of these. For 10 points, name these mathematical entities that contain a "finite" or "infinite" amount of numbers and are denoted with curly braces.

Sets

In this author's play, "Androcles and the Lion," a Roman slave's life is spared by the titular animal because he had earlier removed a thorn from its paw. This 1925 Pulitzer Prize winner wrote a controversial play about a brothel owner called "Mrs. Warren's Profession," but his best known work concerns the attempts by Professor Henry Higgins to turn a Cockney flower girl into a proper lady in order to win a bet with Colonel Pickering. For 10 points, name this Irish playwright of Pygmalion.

Shaw

The state where this incident took place saw a combination of excessive land taxation, high legal costs, and severe economic depression that led to nearly a third of all households sued for debt. The namesake of this incident gathered disaffected farmers together to close courts in western Massachusetts to prevent them from taking away farmers' land, which caused the government in Boston to gather a militia led by Benjamin Lincoln to stop them. For 10 points, name this 1786 incident, in which the titular leader marched on the Springfield, Massachusetts arsenal trying to gather weapons.

Shays Rebellion

This animal is thought to descend from the mouflon of Eurasia, and are one of the earliest animals to be domesticated by humans. The "Merino" variety of these animals originated in Spain, and have a heavy white fleece that has been used in textiles since antiquity. Older versions of these animals used as food are called "mutton" while younger versions are called "lamb." For 10 points, name these ruminants from the genus Ovis aries, males of which are called "rams," and females of which are called "ewes."

Sheep

This Hindu god was watching the sea of milk being churned when Lakshmi emerged from beneath, and he swallowed Vasuki's poison, halahala, to save Earth from the deadly venom. This god's wife, Parvati stopped the poison from killing him by grabbing his neck, which left his throat permanently blue. This god is depicted with matted hair, with snakes around his neck, while holding Axe and Deer in his hands. For 10 points, name this Hindu destroyer god who forms the Trimurti with Brahma and Vishnu.

Shiva

Slices of cork were used to elevate Greek examples of these items called cothurni, which came to represent authority figures in drama. An electronic version of these items was designed by Alfred Desio. The level of support in one version of these items is determined by the length of the vamp or the stiffness of the shank. Options for an important feature of these items in flamenco include "carrete" and "garrucha" types. Thomas Rice altered these items in the 1880's using metal, while a common type of these items in jazz dance features a split sole. Martha Graham advocated dance lacking, for 10 points, what clothing item worn on the feet?

Shoes

The nation that served as the endpoint for this route is currently in the midst of a plan called the "Belt and Road Initiative" to re-establish it. This trade route was used by Venetian trader Marco Polo, but was discontinued by the Ming Dynasty leaders in the 14th century, when trade along the southern water route became much safer. This trade route began in Han Dynasty, which expanded the Great Wall of China in order to serve as protection for travelers and merchants of this trade route. For 10 points, name this trade route that ran from China to Europe and derives its name from a prominent luxury good.

Silk Road

One character in this novel carries around a prized photograph of a Shetland pony. A writer in this novel dwells over an anecdote of teacup theft, which resulted in an execution by firing squad. A repeated phrase in this novel-- "So it goes"--is said after the deaths of Edgar Derby and Roland Weary. The protagonist of this novel is kept in a zoo with Montana Wildhack by aliens shaped like toilet plungers called Tralfamadorians. Centering on a character who gets "unstuck in time" after witnessing the firebombing of Dresden is, for 10 points, what novel about Billy Pilgrim, written by Kurt Vonnegut?

Slaughterhouse Five

In Greek mythology, the god that personified this trait was the son of Nyx and Erebus and lived in a cave near the River Lethe, with its opening surrounded by poppies. The god that personified this trait had three children, Morpheus, Phobetor, and Phantasos, and a twin brother, Thanatos, who was born in the Underworld, as well. For 10 points, name this mythological personality trait, typically linked with gods of the "night," whose Roman equivalent was "Somnus" and Greek was "Hypnos."

Sleep

This nation has a small portion of territory on the Adriatic Sea around the port city of Piran, which was disputed with neighboring Croatia after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991. This parliamentary republic is largely forested, and contains a portion of the Dinaric Alps as well as a Mediterranean climate along its southern coast. This nation fought the Ten-Day War with Serbia over its sovereignty, and Melania Trump was born in this nation before immigrating to the United States. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation, with capital at Ljubljana.

Slovenia

In this organ, a shortened ligament of Treitz can lead to part of this organ being compressed between two arteries. The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of digestive juices from the pancreas to this organ. The most common type of Crohn's Disease causes inflammation of one part of this organ, a condition known as ileocolitis. Some cells in this organ use microvilli in order to increase surface area for absorption. Other parts of this organ include the jejunum and duodenum. For 10 points, name this long digestive organ that empties into the large intestine.

Small intestine

Dununtary of Champanagar claimed to have learned the secret of treating this disease in a dream in 1580. Thomas Sydenham noticed that this disease had higher mortality rates amongst the wealthy, suggesting treatment was making it worse. An epidemic of this disease decimated tribes in Pontiac's Rebellion after receiving blankets supposedly infected with the variola virus. Edward Jenner tested a treatment for this disease in 1796, and the term "inoculation" first referred to vaccinations against this disease. For 10 points, name this all but eradicated disease that devastated Native American populations after the arrival of Europeans.

Smallpox

In a Conrad Aiken short story, the protagonist Paul Hasleman thinks that this weather phenomenon is occurring, despite what his parents tell him. In the Jack London short story, "To Build a Fire," the protagonist attempts to perform the title action during this type of weather phenomenon, while in a children's book by Ezra Jack Keats, a boy leaves his home to go outside while this weather phenomenon is occurring. For 10 points, name this weather phenomenon described by John Greenleaf Whittier in a poem, subtitled, "A Winter Idyl."

Snowing

This African nation is often referred to as the most homogeneous on the continent, since more than 85% of this nation's population belongs to the namesake ethnicity. This African nation is believed to be the site of the ancient Land of Punt, and Italy occupied this nation before World War II. This nation has been deemed "a failed state" since a 1991 civil war which saw American and United Nations intervention. For 10 points, name this African nation, located on the "Horn" of Africa, with its capital at Mogadishu.

Somalia

This dynasty's capital was sacked in the Jingkang Incident. This dynasty was the first to create a standing navy, which was destroyed at the Battle of Yamen. The baojia system and expansion of the civil service exam during this dynasty was made by Wang Anshi; those reforms during this dynasty were opposed by his rival Sima Guang. Advancements made during the reign of this dynasty included the first use of moveable type and paper money. This dynasty moved to Hangzhou during its "Southern" period. For 10 points, name this dynasty that was conquered by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in 1279.

Song

Jean-Daniel Colladon and Charles-Francois Sturm studied these using a gunpowder flash and an object placed in Lake Geneva. Kosten units measure an often unwanted form of this phenomenon that can cause tinnitus. Some believe these sickened U.S. personnel at the Havana embassy in Fall 2017. Timbre is a quality that differentiates these phenomena humans perceive between 20 hertz and 20 kilohertz. Acoustics studies—for 10 points—what waves generated by stereo speakers and car horns?

Sound waves

A film school developed in this country favored how the human eye would see. A director from this country used the Kino-Eye technique to juxtapose telephone operators with himself in Man with a Movie Camera. A director from this country depicted a mutiny after maggots are discovered in meat in one film. A montage of an injured woman with broken glasses and a baby carriage rolling down the Odessa Steps are the climax of a film from this country, Battleship Potemkin. For 10 points, name this country where Dziga Vertov and Sergei Eisenstein produced films about proletariat life.

Soviet Union

This program began after the conclusion of the Apollo and Skylab programs, and was intended for as many as 50 missions a year. The first prototype of this program was launched in 1977 from the back of a 747 and functioned solely as a glider. The first official mission of this program was flown by the orbiter Columbia in 1981, and the final mission of this program, Atlantis, was launched in 2011. This program lost two craft during its duration, Challenger in 1986, and Columbia in 2003. For 10 points, name this NASA program which had orbiters named Discovery and Endeavour.

Space Shuttle

Early versions of the Bible printed in this language were called the Alba and Ferrara editions, although the latter also featured Latin characters. Tirso de Molina wrote The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest in this language, which introduced the character of Don Juan. Miguel de Cervantes is considered the greatest writer of this language, which his book Don Quixote was originally written in, although it has been translated into more languages than any other work but the Bible. For 10 points, name this language that is spoken in the majority of the Iberian Peninsula as well as much of Latin America.

Spanish

Saint John of the Cross used this language for the 16th century poem "Dark Night of the Soul". Along with Arabic, this has official status in the Western Sahara territories of the Polisario Front, and is spoken by a majority of Equatorial Guineans. Ladino branched from this language when Sephardim were expelled after the Alhambra Decree. A royal academy publishing its guidelines is led by Darío Villanueva. This language has over 400 million native speakers, ranking it second behind Mandarin Chinese. For 10 points—give this language of Pamplona and Madrid.

Spanish

In Plutarch's Moralia, an Ionian boasts of weaving while a woman of this city points to four sons. This city's orphans and children of slaves formed its mothax class. In myth this city was named for a daughter of Eurotas, the wife of Lacedaemon. Erik Satie's Gymnopédies were inspired by this city's festival where trained men danced and competed. The Battle of Thermopylae occurs when its king Leonidas spurns peace and shouts "This is" this city in the film 300. For 10 points—name this ancient Greek rival of Athens.

Sparta

After killing the invisible Garlon, the knight Balyn discovers a weapon of this type, which drips blood from the end. A weapon of this type, which was made from a bone of Coinchenn, is used to kill Ferdiad, ending a three day duel. A jeweled one of these weapons was used by Izanagi and Izanami to create the Islands of Japan. A god stabbed himself with one of these weapons which never misses before hanging himself on Yggdrasil for nine days in order to learn the runes. For 10 points, name this type of weapon possessed by Cu Chulainn and Odin, examples of which include the Gae Bolg and Gungnir.

Spear

The value of this parameter in a plasma is proportional to the square root of the adiabatic index. The SOFAR channel has a minimum value of this property and is located 1000 meters below the ocean. Taking the square root of the bulk modulus over density yields this quantity in liquids. The Prandtl-Glauert singularity was predicted to occur after exceeding this property. In dry air, this quantity equals about 343 meters per second. Dividing an object's velocity by this quantity gives its Mach number. For 10 points, name this quantity, the rate that acoustic waves move in a medium.

Speed of sound

This geometric object is defined mathematically as a set of points that are all at the same distance r from a given point in a three-dimensional space. In three dimensions, the volume inside this geometric object is V = 4/3 πr cubed, while the surface area for this geometric object is A = (4πr) squared. The four points within this geometric object are not coplanar, and the "r" located within this object indicates "radius." For 10 points, name this geometric object in space that can be called "a ball."

Sphere

This mythological creature was portrayed as a man in Egyptian mythology but as a woman in Greek mythology. Both types of these creatures were intended as guardians of temples, but the most famous creature of this type guarded the temple at Thebes, and posed a riddle to anyone who attempted to enter. This creature had the head of human, the body of a lion, and sometimes, the wings of a bird, and is depicted in a structure in Egypt's Valley of Kings. For 10 points, name this mythological creature, whose riddle Oedipus answered correctly, thus allowing him entrance to Thebes.

Sphinx

Meningo-cele, which leads to a protrusion in the bone surrounding this structure, is caused by incomplete closing of the neural tube. The lower end of this structure is known as the conus medullaris. In a reflex arc, sensory neurons synapse in this structure before connecting to a motor neuron elsewhere. This structure is connected to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves. Injury to this structure, which is surrounded by the vertebral column, can lead to paralysis. For 10 points, name this structure that, along with the brain, makes up the central nervous system.

Spinal chord

According to Matthew White, a key 1515 defeat in this country's history was the bloodiest battle from the 16th through the 19th centuries. Following the Battle of Marignano, a treaty signed at Fribourg stipulated one of this country's diplomatic stances. The Bourla-Papey Uprising protested taxes in this country. A religious leader from this country met with Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy and died in one of its Kappel Wars. This country was where Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin implemented the Reformation, and the War of Sticks ended this country's Helvetic Republic. For 10 points, name this modern-day country, whose twenty-six cantons include Zurich and Geneva.

Switzerland

This composition was inspired by Thomas de Quincey's book Confessions of an Opium Eater, and the composer's own rejection by Irish actress Harriet Smithson. This piece begins with the protagonist meeting his unrequited love, only to be rejected, and by the beginning of the Fourth Movement, entitled, "March to the Scaffold," he has poisoned himself with opium. After the protagonist imagines his execution, he finds himself in a witches sabbath and a diabolical chant of the Latin Mass Dies Irae. For 10 points, name this "feverish opium dream," composed by Hector Berlioz.

Symphonie Fantastique

The Old Babylonian tablet YBC 7289 seems to be an attempt at calculating this number. This number plus one is the limiting ratio of consecutive Pell numbers, known as the silver ratio. The scale of f-stops in photography and the aspect ratio of the "A" series of paper are based on powers of this number. A proof by contradiction of the irrationality of this number supposedly earned Hippasus a one-way boat ride by the Pythagoreans. This number is the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of length 1. For 10 points, name this number, approximately equal to 1.414.

Square root of 2

One of these is constructed in Book I, Proposition 46 of Euclid. Used when drawing the Wallis Sieve, Mrs. Perkins Quilt is a problem of dividing one of these into smaller examples of the same geometric area. They are the shape of cellular automatons' living space in Conway's Game of Life, each of which has eight neighbors because diagonal adjacency counts. The cyclic graph C4 is isomorphic to this regular polygon capable of tiling the plane. Do Not Enter street signs and chess boards use—for 10 points—what polygon with four right angles?

Squares

A Biblical scene with a woman wearing a crown of twelve of these things led to an upside down version of these shapes being used in Mormon Temples. One of these shapes named Haykal is a symbol of the Bahá'i faith. The Druze faith is symbolized by a five-pointed version of one of these objects. One of these objects named for Bethlehem led the three Magi to Jesus' birth. The Shabbat ends when three of these objects are seen in the sky. One of these shapes named for David is the symbol of Judaism. For 10 points, name these celestial objects that include the Sun.

Stars

A boy in a short story by this author loses his father's hat and get gangrene while fleeing a posse after committing murder with a knife. In his work continued by Sweet Thursday, Doc finds a dead girl in the tide pools of La Jolla and Lee Chong runs a grocery. He also wrote about George Milton and Lennie Small, two California farm workers, and authored a novel set on Route 66 as the Joad family travels west, fleeing Dust Bowl Oklahoma. For 10 points—name this author of Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath.

Steinbeck

The neural type of these cells, which include radial glial cells, reside in the ventricular zone. Enzymes such as Oct4 and Sox2 were used by Shinya Yamanaka to create one type of these cells. Apheresis can be used to extract the hemato-poietic type of these cells from blood. The "induced pluripotent" type of these cells can be produced from adult cells. The mesenchymal type of these cells can differentiate into osteoclasts and chondrocytes. Harvesting the embryonic type of these cells in humans has been controversial. For 10 points, name these cells that can differentiate into all cell types in the body.

Stem

The founder of this school established the sequence of its three topoi of logic, physics, and ethics, using the metaphor of a fenced garden. Another thinker in this school had his sayings collected by his student Arrian. Another philosopher from this school stated that "The happiness of your life depends upon the quality of your thoughts." Those works are The Enchiridion of Epictetus and the Meditations by Marcus Aurelius. This school is named for the "painted porch" where its founder taught from. For 10 points, name this ancient philosophical school that emphasizes freedom from emotion and was founded by Zeno of Citium.

Stoicism

IK Pegasi is the nearest known progenitor candidate among these astronomical fulminations studied with SYNOW code. Both Puppis A and the Cygnus Loop are vestiges of these objects measured by bethes or foe units, where the foe unit is ten to the fifty-one ergs. The main source of cosmic rays, one of these within 100 light-years could harm life on Earth, and these events often leave neutron stars or black holes as remnants. For 10 points—give the term for these massive stellar explosions.

Supernova

This European nation has been dealing with severe forest fires in its far northern Arctic regions, due to sustained drought across the entire continent. The Skanderna mountain range separates this nation from its western Scandinavian neighbor, and the Oresund Bridge connects this nation's city of Malmo to Copenhagen, Denmark. Malmo is the third largest city in this nation, behind Gothenburg and its capital and largest city. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation which has its capital at Stockholm.

Sweden

The title character from this musical comes from the serialized story "The String of Pearls." Along with a woman in love with him, the title character of this musical engages in a duet where he rhymes "tailor" with "paler," "butler" with "subtler," but gets stumped on "locksmith." That song, "A Little Priest," is where this musical's title character and Mrs. Lovett decide to murder his customers so she can bake them into meat pies. For 10 points, name this Stephen Sondheim musical about the title Demon Barber of Fleet Street.

Sweeney Todd

This nation lost its southern Golan Heights region to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, and saw airstrikes in its central city of Homs by the Russian Air Force in 2015. In that same year, 2015, one-fourth of Lebanon's population was made up of refugees from this nation, which has been mired in a seven year civil war involving an estimated 7,000 armed groups. One refugee from this nation, Aylan Kurdi, was found dead on a beach in an iconic photograph that prompted worldwide outrage. For 10 points, name this Middle Eastern nation, still led by controversial leader Bashar Assad.

Syria

On October 7, 2017, one man was allegedly stabbed at a Los Angeles eatery while waiting in line for this commodity. A shortage of this commodity forced one corporation to apologize to "the greatest fans in the multiverse." The inventor of the "neutrino bomb" declared this commodity was his "series arc," and, while brain-linked to a Galactic Federation agent, that character visited a McDonald's from his memory in order to acquire this commodity. This commodity was originally released to promote the Disney movie Mulan. For 10 points, name this flavor of McNuggets dipping sauce that went away in 1998, but is newly coveted due to Rick and Morty.

Szechuan

In a 2018 editorial, George Will claimed that this President was the "most Constitutionally friendly President," and he served as Governor of the Philippines and Secretary of War before his 1908 Election. This man is the only President to serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after his term of office ended, and this man battled his predecessor for the 1912 nomination for President, prompting that rival to create the Bull Moose Party. For 10 points, name this President who succeeded Theodore Roosevelt, but lost re-election to Woodrow Wilson in 1912.

Taft

On the day one of these things was created, Tiradentes, a national hero of Brazil, was set to begin his rebellion to protest the derrama. After a revolt, Vespasian created one of these things for the upkeep of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During the reign of Maria Theresa, the Jewish community dubbed one of these things the malkegeld. In majority-Muslim areas, non-Muslims were sometimes subjected to one of these things called jizya. Peter the Great established one of these things that made boyars pay to not shave their beards. For 10 points, name these payments made to the state, the "income" one of which was established in America by the 16th Amendment.

Tax

The first set of these human body parts are called "deciduous," and they are present, on average, between the age of 6 months to 6 years. This part of the human body consists of four tissues, which includes cementum, dentin, pulp, and enamel, the latter of which is one of the most highly mineralized substances in the body. Enamel, unlike dentin and bone, does not contain collagen, but instead a crystalline calcium phosphate. For 10 points, name these parts of the human body which includes incisors, canines, and molars.

Teeth

This art medium was first used in ancient times, although encaustic paints, using heated beeswax, were more common. This art medium was used in the Middle Ages, typically using egg yolks as its foundation, before giving way to oil paints in the 1500's. A version of this paint, typically called "poster paint," is still used today, but uses a different binding agent besides egg yolks. For 10 points, name this painting medium that saw a 20th Century revival when it was used by Regionalist painters like Andrew Wyeth and Thomas Hart Benton.

Tempera

In 2012, this type of bond between two boron atoms was formed for the first time. One of these bonds is reduced by a palladium-on-calcium-carbonate catalyst invented by Herbert Lindlar. Atoms participating in these interactions are sp hybridized. The diatomic molecules dinitrogen and carbon monoxide both have these bonds between their two central atoms. The simplest carbon compound with these bonds is acetylene, one of the alkynes. For 10 points, name these covalent bonds in which atoms share six electrons.

Triple bond

This opera's composer wrote to his benefactor's wife that she would recognize "ivy and vine" in its orchestra. During this opera, Joseph Keilberth suffered a heart attack while conducting the aria "Let me die, never to awake." In this opera, Bragane's warning that night is ending is not heard by the protagonists and they are interrupted by Melot. This opera continually delays resolving an idea from the prelude introduced alongside a "longing" leitmotif, this opera's namesake "chord." A Breton nobleman and Irish princess are the title characters of, for 10 points, what Wagner opera?

Tristan and Isolde

The ninth poem in this collection asks "Yes, but where leaves the rose of yesterday?" Another poem in this collection describes "so red the Rose where some buried Caesar bled." The "Sultan's turret" is striked with "a shaft of light" in the first poem in this collection that contains a description of "the Moving Finger." The speaker sings under a tree in the wilderness with "A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread -- and Thou" in the most famous quatrain in this collection. For 10 points, name this collection of various poems translated by Edward Fitzgerald, written by Omar Khayyam.

The Rubaiyat

In this novel, the guitarist Scholle joins a band that practices near the Rhine River with Klepp and the protagonist. That band in this novel is invited to play at a nightclub where guests are given onions to cut when they walk in. In this novel, the protagonist becomes intimate with Dorothea after being rejected by Maria. The main character can shatter glass with his voice and decides to stop growing at the age of three in this first novel of the Danzig Trilogy. For 10 points, name this novel where Oskar Matzerath plays the title instrument, written by Günter Grass.

The Tin Drum

A chief promoter of this project was Asa Whitney, and a letter from Daniel Strong convinced Theodore Judah about the practicality of this project. The Jupiter carried one member of this project's "Big Four" to a ceremony involving this project. Three years after the completion of this project, the Credit Mobilier scandal surrounding it emerged. At the completion of this project, a hammer was used by Leland Stanford to drive a golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah. For 10 points, name this project that connected Omaha and Sacramento on one set of tracks, completed in 1869.

Transcontinental Railroad

One type of these devices is called n-channel or p-channel based on gate voltage. Bootstrap circuits can be used to reduce the saturation voltage due to use of the bipolar junction types of these devices. These devices, which were first created at Bell Labs using gold foil contacts on a piece of germanium, went on to replace the vacuum tube in electronic circuits. The density of these objects in an integrated circuit tends to double every two years or so, according to Moore's law. For 10 points, name these semiconductor circuit elements that serve as switches and amplifiers, often made of silicon.

Transistors

Like most dinosaur species, this dinosaur went extinct during the K-T Extinction Event, and the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and the Dakotas has been a common excavation site for this species. Only one complete skeleton of this dinosaur has been found, and this species lived near, and was likely hunted by, the Tyrannosaurus Rex. The horns located on the head of this dinosaur were long thought to be used as defensive weapons against predators, but they may have functioned more as antlers. For 10 points, name this herbivorous 3-horned dinosaur that is the state fossil of South Dakota.

Triceratops

At one point in this song's music video, a hooded figure riding a white horse is meant to symbolize Death. One figure in the music video for this song stands on top of a red car wearing the bottom half of a Confederate uniform. The central figure in this song's music video does the Gwara Gwara with five backup dancers in 1950s school uniforms. A man plays guitar with a hood over his head in this music video before the central figure strikes a pose meant to evoke Jim Crow while shooting him. For 10 points, name this music video which criticizes gun culture in the United States, by Childish Gambino.

This is America

In one myth about this deity, he engages in an insult contest with Harbard, who refuses to ferry him across a river. In another myth about this deity, he attempts to kill the giant Skyrmir after trying to spend the night in the giant's glove. This deity, who is accompanied by his servant Thialfi, loses a wrestling match to Elli, the personification of old age. This god's most famous weapon wasn't finished because a gadfly bit Brokkr's eye, causing it to have a shortened handle. For 10 points, name this wielder of the hammer Mjolnir, the Norse god of thunder.

Thor

This author's novel The Thirteen Clocks describes an evil duke trying to vanquish time itself, and in his short story "Mr. Preble Gets Rid of His Wife," he describes the title man's quest to do the titular deed, despite his wife's nagging. This author described the quest of Mr. Martin to get rid of his annoying co-worker Mrs. Ulgine Barrows, by pretending to be plotting murder in his short story, "The Catbird Seat." For 10 points, name this American author who described the title man's heroic fantasies in his novel The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.

Thurber

This region is home to the Hindu holy site of Lake Man-a-sar-o-var, which is fed by a river originating from this region's Mount Kailash. This region is home to the world's deepest canyon, which is carved out by the Yarlung Tsangpo River. The Kunlun Mountains border this region to the north, and the southwest of this region is the origin of the Indus river. This region's capital is home to the Potala Palace and Jokhang Temple. For 10 points, name this "autonomous region" of China, the home of a namesake form of Buddhism and formerly ruled from Lhasa by the Dalai Llama.

Tibet

The 1967 Star Trek episode "The City on the Edge of Forever" describes the effects of this action, which prompts a difficult decision to allow a car accident to happen. In the movie The Final Countdown, the captain and officers of the U.S.S. Nimitz try to affect the outcome of the Pearl Harbor attack with this action, but are unsuccessful. The Michael Crichton book Timeline sees the protagonists do this action in medieval France during a castle siege. For 10 points, name this action that happens in every episode of the hit TV show Timeless.

Time travel

This city is home to a namesake tower that is based on the Eiffel Tower and is repainted red every 5 years. A suspension bridge in this city connects two waterfronts and is illuminated with multicolored lights. In addition to the Rainbow Bridge, this city is home to the second tallest structure in the world, the Skytree. This city's 23 districts include Minato and Shibuya and this city is home to the Meiji Shrine. For 10 points, the Imperial Palace can be found in what largest metropolitan area in the world, the capital of Japan.

Tokyo

This literary character receives weak applause after a "Give me liberty" recitation turns into stage fright. His final dialogue involves swearing a blood oath on a coffin. He earns a thimble-crack to the head when he feeds a cat medication. This character disrupts a church sermon when he loses a beetle which then pinches a dog. While on a picnic at McDougal's Cave, this boy gets lost with Becky Thatcher. Sid is a half-brother and Polly is the aunt of—for 10 points—what Mark Twain character, a friend of Huckleberry Finn?

Tom Sawyer

A scale for these systems was updated in 2006 to account for additional damage indicators such as construction quality. A "hook echo" on the radar is a characteristic sign of one of these systems. A Totable Observatory for these systems failed to work due to having too a high center of gravity for the intense winds. These phenomena are usually formed from mesocyclones in supercells. The Enhanced Fujita Scale is used to measure the intensity of these phenomena. For 10 points, name these rotating funnel clouds that frequently occur in their namesake "Alley" in the American Midwest.

Tornadoes

Creator and creation required in your answer. During a November 2017 job departure, Bahtiyar Duysak briefly prevented the creation of these discourses. South Park's "Put It Down" episode was partially inspired by these actions now totaling about 40 thousand. Sean Spicer said their author knew what was meant when one included the word "covfefe", and another of these informed Rex Tillerson he was fired. They include Fox & Friends content reactions, insults towards Rosie O'Donnell, and attacks on "fake news". 280 characters is the maximum size of—for 10 points— what social media posts by a U.S. leader?

Trump's Tweets

Japan supposedly has the longest recorded history of these phenomena, but devastating versions of these have hit areas of Europe and Northwest Asia as well. One of these phenomena hit Lisbon, Portugal in 1755, killing thousands, while another of these hit Alaska on Good Friday, 1964. One of the most devastating examples of these phenomena hit island nations around the Indian Ocean on Boxing Day, 2004. For 10 points, name these powerful waves, a recent one of which hit the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia in September, 2018.

Tsunamis

The sulfide of this element was the first compound found to form inorganic nanotubes. Due to their similar densities, this element is used as a cheap replacement for gold in jewelry. Important ores of this element include scheelite and wolframite. This element possesses similarities to molybdenum due to being located beneath it on the periodic table. The name of this element comes from the Swedish for "heavy stone." In the 20th century, this element has replaced carbon to make up the filament in the modern incandescent light bulb. For 10 points, name this element, a rare metal with symbol W.

Tungsten

The last Secretary-General of CENTO was from this country whose Democratic leaders were charged in the Yassıada trials after a 1960 coup. This country has imprisoned Abdullah Öcalan and outlawed his ethnic language. Dervish convents were closed and a caliphate abolished when it pursued active secularism. It was created after Mehmed VI was replaced by a leader with given names Mustafa Kemal. Thrace and Anatolia are regions in—for 10 points—what country mistakenly said to be the source of a gobbling bird?

Turkey

In Korean folklore, King Jumong used his bow and arrow to summon a bridge made up of these animals. In Chinese mythology, Nu Wa cut off the legs from one of these animals to hold up the sky. During the Samudra Manthan, Mount Mandara was balanced on the back of one of these animals named Kurma. Sciron fed men to one of these animals, and Hermes used a bull's entrails and these animals shells to create the lyre. For 10 points, name these reptiles that support elephants who support the world in Hindu cosmology, and who carry the world in several Native American mythologies.

Turtles

This man sent Caleb Cushing to negotiate the Treaty of Wanghia. Two members of this man's cabinet were killed, while he escaped injury, when the Peacemaker gun exploded aboard the USS Princeton. This man served as Vice President under a man known as the "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" candidate. This president signed a bill to annex Texas shortly before the end of his term, and partially named a catchy slogan from the election of 1840, which stated "Tippecanoe and [this man] too." This man was the first to serve as president without being elected. For 10 points, name this 10th President, who succeeded the short term of William Henry Harrison.

Tyler

In this country, the anti-immigrant "Rivers of Blood" speech was given by Enoch Powell. Another politician in this country got the nickname "milk-snatcher" after cutting free milk for school children in this country. That strong ally of Ronald Reagan led this country between James Callaghan and John Major, and held office during this country's victory over Argentina in the Falklands War. Name this country whose two female prime ministers have been Margaret Thatcher and Theresa May.

UK

Sailors from one of these countries taunted the other country's merchant vessel Pembroke with shouts of "Drive out the barbarians!" That resulted in these two countries clashing in a naval battle that saw David McDougal's ship Wyoming sink two enemy vessels. One of these countries imprisoned immigrants that came from the other country in internment camps after Executive Order 9066 was issued. A naval battle between these nations resulted in the sinking of the aircraft carrier Yorktown. For 10 points, name these two countries, one of which dropped atomic bombs on the other to end World War II.

USA + Japan

According to an effect first observed by Irving Fischer, government actors cannot simultaneously target both stable price levels and an arbitrary level of this quantity. If this quantity falls below the NAIRU level, an inflationary spiral may occur. In a steady state economy, the Peter Diamond Coconut model predicts that a "natural" level of this quantity will occur. According to Okun's law, a 1 percentage point increase in this quantity is associated with a 2 percent drop in GDP. The Phillips curve plots this quantity against inflation. For 10 points, name this phenomenon that occurs when people are unable to find work.

Unemployment

One creature from this country's folklore is a dog that eats tools. In addition to that animal, another figure from this country's folklore is a man said to be able to shoot a pig's tail off after drinking a gallon of whiskey. In addition to the Axehandle Hound and Mike Fink, this country is home to stories about a man who died of exhaustion after digging a tunnel through a mountain. Another figure from this country's folklore is a Swedenborgian missionary who planted his namesake fruit wherever he went. For 10 points, name this home country of John Henry and Johnny Appleseed.

United States

One thinker from this country argued that one theory implied that it would be miraculous for the mind to not be reduced to algorithms. In addition to that author of Darwin's Dangerous Idea, one thinker from this country used the utility monster thought experiment to argue against utilitarianism in his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia. That work was largely written in response to a book by another thinker from this country, A Theory of Justice. For 10 points, name this country home to Robert Nozick and John Rawls, which is also the home country of the author of Common Sense, Thomas Paine.

United States

This science fiction author's first book was entitled Five Weeks in a Balloon, and his last published novel was 1905's Invasion of the Sea. This author described attempts by the Baltimore Gun Club to launch a group of people into space from Florida to the title object. In another of this author's works, Ned Land and Pierre Aronnax survive the sinking of the Abraham Lincoln and are imprisoned aboard the Nautilus by its enigmatic leader, Captain Nemo. For 10 points, name this French science fiction author of From the Earth to the Moon and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.

Verne

This element was first discovered in 1789 in the mineral pitchblende, and high-grade versions of this element are found in the Athabasca Basin of Saskatchewan, Canada. All isotopes of this element are naturally unstable, and "depleted" versions of this element are used in armor plating. One type of this element is ground up into a powder and leached with an acid to form "yellowcake," the sale of which was the subject of a controversy leading up to Operation Iraqi Freedom. For 10 points, name this element, commonly used in nuclear devices, with atomic number 92.

Uranium

Friedrich Argelander developed a system for naming these objects. The compression of layers of gas in these objects increases their opacity, according to the Eddington Valve mechanism. Henrietta Leavitt studied thousands of these objects in the Magellanic Clouds and derived a period-luminosity relationship for them. These stars, which come in intrinsic and extrinsic types, can be classified into types such as RR Lyrae, Mira, and Cepheid. For 10 points, name this class of stars whose brightness regularly fluctuates, as seen from Earth.

Variable

One character in this novel mocks the "colt's mane over eyes," resulting in hot applesauce being thrown in his face. This novel ends with a younger generation, who can "brave Satan and all his legions," electing to marry on New Year's Day. In this novel, Isabella escapes to London to give birth to Linton, as told by Nelly Dean, who relates the tale of the title location to Mr. Lockwood. For 10 points, name this novel centering on the relationship between Catherine Earnshaw and the orphan Heathcliff, written by Emily Brontë.

Wuthering Heights

Immediately prior to this battle, John S. Bowen was defeated at the Battle of Big Black River. This battle was preceded by fighting at Port Gibson and Champion's Hill. Calvary raids by Earl van Dorn and Nathan Bedford Forrest stopped the first attempt at this battle, which Lincoln referred to as "the key" to ending the war. This battle was ended on July 4th when John C. Pemberton ultimately surrendered. For 10 points, name this site of a prolonged siege by Ulysses S. Grant to split the Confederate army in two and give the Union control of the Mississippi River.

Vicksburg

At one event in this city, Miho Bona failed to re-establish the sovereignty of the Republic of Ragusa. A decisive cavalry charge against one foe of this city led its leader to claim "I came, I saw, God conquered." Terrible weather and Nikola Jurisic's stand at Guns played a part in the second failed siege of this city by Suleiman the Magnificent. A meeting in this city after the Napoleonic Wars that attempted to create a balance of power in Europe guaranteed Switzerland's neutrality and was presided over by Klemens von Metternich. For 10 points, name this city which defeated Ottoman invasions in 1529 and 1683, the Habsburg capital of Austria.

Vienna

Because one of its players signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Condors, this college basketball team's 1971 season was vacated. Its most recent NCAA tournament losses were upsets caused by North Carolina State in 2015 and Wisconsin in 2017. The only 8-seed to ever win March Madness, that 1985 roster included Dwayne McClain and Ed Pinckney. This Big East team's recent alumni include Josh Hart and Kris Jenkins. Jay Wright coaches—for 10 points—what Philadelphia-area school that was the 2016 and '18 NCAA Champion?

Villanova

About 5,000 types of these organisms have been described in detail, the first of which was the "tobacco mosaic" type in 1897. These organisms usually contain genetic material, a protein coat called a "capsid," and an envelope of lipids when not in an infected cell. The "varicella-zoster" form of this organism causes "chicken pox" in children, and can cause "shingles" in older adults. The "herpes simplex Type 1" of these types of organisms causes cold sores near the mouth, while its "Type 2" is a common STD. For 10 points, name these organisms that replicate inside the living cells of other organisms.

Virus

This physical property allows matter to shed its angular momentum in the accretion disk and fall into a black hole, and "slurry" is the the term for mixtures of solid and liquid that retain some of this physical property. In amorphous materials, this physical property must be thermally activated, and stress is usually required to overcome the friction that comes with this physical property. The "zero" type of this physical property is only observed at very low temperatures in superfluids. For 10 points, name this physical property that describes the resistance of a fluid to deformation.

Viscosity

In this composer's lone surviving oratorio, the aria Quanto magis generosa features the fourteen-stringed viola d'amore, and calls for accompanying violins with mutes made of lead. The adagio movement of one of this composer's works is entitled "Flies and Bluebottles." This composer joined the staff at a school for orphans, the "Hospital of the Innocents" as "master of violin," and wrote works for his students such as L'estro Armonico. For 10 points, name this baroque composer, also known as the "red" priest, best known for his many violin concertos, including The Four Seasons.

Vivaldi

A deity of these places promised not to destroy a grove of trees sacred to her sister. That goddess of these places had earlier carried her sister as an egg in her armpit. The kami Kagutsuchi was cut into 8 pieces, which became 8 of these places soon after his birth. After being defeated by Zeus, Typhon was buried beneath one of these places. That one of these places is the location of Vulcan's forge in Roman mythology. Pele lives in the crater of, for 10 points, what "fiery mountains," where ancient people thought that angry gods caused eruptions to take place?

Volcano

This author wrote a libretto celebrating his native country's 1745 victory at the Battle of Fontenoy for composer Jean-Phillipe Rameau. This author criticized German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in his best known work, whose title protagonist is in love with Cunegonde. That protagonist is mentored by Dr. Pangloss, who concludes the novel by stating "we must cultivate our garden." For 10 points, name this French author who described the "best of all possible worlds" in his novel, Candide.

Voltaire

Temples of this religion are called "hounfours" and priests of this religion are called either houngans or mambos, based on their gender. The supreme god of this religion is Bondye, and he communicates with loas like Papa Legba and Baron Samedi. This religion is often linked with zombies, and namesake "dolls," and is most prominent in Caribbean nation of Haiti. For 10 points, name this religion, which was syncretized with West African and Catholic beliefs.

Voodoo

An Episcopal priest originally from Great Britain is currently facing deportation for unwittingly doing this action in 2006 in Illinois. A Commission on the Integrity of this action was created by President Trump to investigate the possibility of fraudulent attempts to do this action, which was headed by Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach, and disbanded before a report was issued. For 10 points, name this political action, which in the 19th century, was jokingly done "early and often," by political machines in big cities.

Vote

These spacecraft were originally conceived as part of the 1960's Mariner program, and was linked with the "Planetary Grand Tour" program which would have sent two space probes to each planet in the solar system. The first of these spacecraft was launched in 1977 and both of these craft have reached interstellar space, although the instruments will be shut down one by one as its heads further into the outer portions of the Solar System. For 10 points, name this space program which has seen both of its craft head further into the universe than any other man-made object.

Voyager

This country is located in an area that corresponds with the Ilemi Triangle. The first recognized ruler of this country was Bashenga, whose spear is used to designate the ruling chieftain. The Border Tribes of this country were attacked by Ulysses Klaue as he stole its most valuable material. This country manages an outreach center in Oakland, where a member of this country's royal family was killed, leaving his son fatherless. That son was Erik Killmonger. For 10 points, name this country rich in vibranium where T'challa succeeded T'Chaka as king, the fictional setting of Marvel's Black Panther.

Wakanda

It's not the bible, but in Fahrenheit 451, a member of a small town memorizes this work's section "Economy" This work's narrator concludes "war is destructive" after witnessing a deadly battle of red and black ants. This book takes place in Concord, Massachusetts, and the narrator describes managing a bean-field and improving his house for shelter. The author's self-sufficiency and appreciation for nature influenced this book that is titled for a pond the narrator lives near. For 10 points, name this book about "life in the woods," by Henry David Thoreau.

Walden

Three decisive, successive victories for one side in this conflict are collectively known as the Deed of December. Those battles were won by a man who besieged the fortress of Humaitá during this war. This war began after the Blancos were defeated in an election by the Colorados, and one side's forces were commanded by the Duke of Caxias. A head of state instigated this war by invading Mato Grosso. That man, Francisco Solano López, was killed at this war's Battle of Cerro Cora, and led a nation that lost 90% of its male population. For 10 points, name this war, where Paraguay was defeated by Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil.

War of the Triple Alliance

This European capital city was once referred to as "The Paris of the East," but over 85% of its buildings were destroyed during World War II. This city was the target of month-long siege in 1939, but much of this city's destruction occurred during a 1944 uprising of its Jewish ghetto in anticipation of a coming Soviet offensive, which may or may not have been halted by Joseph Stalin. This capital city was also the site of a "Pact" between various Eastern European nations and the Soviet Union, which lasted until 1991. For 10 points, name this capital city of Poland.

Warsaw

The original version of this painting was destroyed in a 1942 Allied bombing raid on Bremen, Germany, and Grant Wood satirized this painting by showing three judgmental women standing in front of it in his Daughters of Revolution. This painting's many inaccuracies have been noted, such as an incorrect flag being held, the large amounts of ice in the scene, and the fact that it took place in the middle of the night. For 10 points, name this painting by Emanuel Leutze that describes the title American general's attack across the namesake river on Christmas night, 1776.

Washington Crossing the Delaware

One new resident to this city in 1800 described it as being so, "only in name," and this city's central section was once nicknamed "Foggy Bottom" due to the fact that it was built on a swamp. This city's northwestern neighborhood of Georgetown predates the creation of this city, and was once the beginning of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. That canal bypassed the Little Falls of the Potomac River, which forms the southern boundary of this city. For 10 points, name this city, created by the Residence Act of 1790, which serves as the National Capitol of the United States.

Washington D.C.

This corporation is considered one of the "Big Four" banks, although the Federal Reserve has barred it from growing its asset base any further due to past misdeeds. Those misdeeds at this corporation included employees creating fake accounts for customers, and during a 5-year period, improperly foreclosing on hundreds of people by denying them loan modifications that could have allowed them to stay in their homes. For 10 points, name this corporation which admitted in 2017 to having forced thousands of people to pay for unnecessary auto insurance policies.

Wells Fargo

One of this author's plays was banned by Lord Chamberlain for depicting biblical characters and had illustrations of it done by Aubrey Beardsley in an English translation by Alfred Douglas. This author noted "the coward does it with a kiss" after claiming "each man kills the thing he loves." This author of the play Salomé wrote about how both Cecily and Gwendolyn look to marry a man with the title trait. This author of "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" ends his most famous play with Algernon and Jack Worthing rechristening themselves with the title name. For 10 points, name this Irish author of The Importance of Being Earnest.

Wilde

One Senator from this state, William Proxmire, was a fierce critic of wasteful government spending and created a "Golden Fleece" award which he gave out monthly. Proxmire won a 1957 special election in this state to succeed Joseph McCarthy after his death, and this state is currently led by Tammy Baldwin and Ron Johnson. Other political leaders from this state include Russ Feingold, Robert LaFollette, and outgoing Speaker of the House Paul Ryan. For 10 points, name this Great Lakes state with its capital at Madison.

Wisconsin

The Chandra observatory using this type of radiation was launched by the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1999, and Elizabeth Fleischman was one of the first scientists to die of prolonged exposure to this type of radiation. The discoverer of this type of radiation used Crookes' tubes containing cathode rays, and took the first "picture" using this radiation of his wife's hand. This type of radiation typically measures between 0.01 and 10 nanometers, and its wavelength falls between ultraviolet rays and gamma rays. For 10 points, name this type of radiation used in medical imaging.

X-ray

This river begins in the Bayan Har Mountains, and in its upper reaches, the water passes through gorges and runs clear, despite its name. When this river enters the Loess Plateau in its middle reaches, it gains billions of tons of sediment through erosion, more than any other river in the world. The massive amounts of sediment settle in the lower reaches of this river, leading to its nickname, "the river above ground." For 10 points, name this river, whose flood-prone waters have given it the nickname "China's Sorrow," and which derives its name from its massive loess deposits.

Yellow River

This leader's doctor wrote a 1994 "Private Life" memoir chronicling his 3am English lessons and the green film covering his teeth. He founded a student association during the May Fourth movement. His wife created the Song of the Mango film shortly before she was arrested as a Gang of Four member. He instituted the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward programs, and this "Little Red Book" author counted Lin Biao and Zhou Enlai among his Chinese Communist Party deputies. For 10 points—name this leader known as "Chairman".

Zedong