Aquaculture

White Sturgeon

- Grey back with solid white belly - No stripes on sides or belly - Blunted snout and with barbels closer to the snout than the mouth - Vent is located behind the pelvic fins - 11-14 dull dorsal scutes

Sturgeon

- Largest spawning populations in the Klamath and Sacramento river systems - Green sturgeon is considered a "threatened" species - Carnivorous (molluscivore in wild; will eat commercial pelleted food) - Anadromous & euryhaline

Green Sturgeon

- Olive green to dark green back with yellowish green-white belly - Green stripe on each side and on belly - Pointed snout with barbels midway between the tip of the snout and mouth - Vent is located between the pelvic fins - 8-11 sharp dorsal scutes

Salmon Eggs/ Alevins

250 degree days to eyeing, 250 degree days eyeing to hatch, and 300 degree days hatch to first feed

_____% finfish (salmon, catfish) _____% mollusks (oysters, clams) _____% crustaceans (crab, shrimp)

50, 25, 25

When did aquaculture start?

5th Century BC - described in ancient Chinese manuscripts

Nile Tilapia

7th most commonly farmed finfish in the world, can be traced back 4,000 years to Ancient Egypt. Omnivorous, do not require animal protein in their diet to thrive, euryhaline

Bivalves (oysters, clams)

Account for 25% of aquaculture production, aquaculture of bivalves is considered to be ecologically neutral, subsist by filtering photosynthetic phytoplankton

Salmon Lifecycle

Adults in seawater for 2 years growing --> Some sent to harvest and some sent for broodstock selection --> Broodstock is transferred to freshwater tanks --> They are stripped of eggs --> eggs stay in under 10 degrees Celsius --> transferred to seawater after 8-16 months or at 40-120 grams

Oyster Gills

An oyster breathes and gets food from two gills. Cilia on the inner sides of the gills beat in unison to pull a current of water in through the open valves and through the gills. When an oyster is feeding, a sheet of mucus is secreted on the gill surfaces. The microscopic food particles carried in the water become entangled in the mucus and are thus "captured" by the oyster. Water the passes through pores in the gills (ostia) to the excurrent chamber, where it flushes away the fecal matter discharged by the anus. The food-containing mucus is pushed in the opposite direction toward the mouth by other cilia.

Veliger Larva

At this stage, within 48 hours after cleavage, a thin, transparent shell is formed around the body. A ciliated "velum" is formed outside the shell and is used for swimming, feeding, respiration, and other functions. After a few days the larva has a "D" shape and can be referred to as D-shaped Larva or straight-hinged larva. A series of stages follow whereby protuberances emerge on the straight hinge; the larva also takes on a rounder shape. The mouth and other digestive organs are also developed, as well as simple, early stage gills. At this point the larva can be referred to as Umbone Larva; complete by 7-14 days after cleavage.

What are the two main types of aquaculture?

Farming and Restoration

Euryhaline

Fish that are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities

Swim Bladder

Flexible air-filled sac located above the viscera; it allows the fish to remain buoyant at a specific depth

Pediveliger Larva

Fully-developed larva, with eye spot (photoreceptive area) and foot; complete by 14-21 days after cleavage.

Reproductive Organ

In fish, the female produces eggs in the ovaries and the male produces soft roe in the testicles; the eggs and roe are expelled into the water, where fertilization occurs.

Atlantic Salmon

Mainly produced in U.S., Canada, Russia, and Australia; "Commercially extinct" in the wild (too rare for commercial fishing), carnivorous, require large amounts of protein in diet, anadromous and euryhaline, juveniles are freshwater and undergo saltwater adaptation at 2-5 years

Common Carp

Most commonly farmed finfish species in the world (Europe, Asia), listed in the world's top 100 list of world's most invasive species, stenohaline, omnivorous

Fingerling

Refers to a fish that has reached the stage where the fins can be extended and where scales have started developing throughout the body.

Urinary Bladder

Reservoir in which urine from the kidneys collects before being evacuated through the urogenital aperture.

Gills

Respiratory and excretory organs (four pairs) each formed of two layers of filaments; they enable water to exchange oxygen and ammonium as it circulates over the gills.

Not all food is ingested because

Some is rejected by the palps because of size and shape

Soft Dorsal Fin

Swimming appendage formed of a membrane and rays located on the middle posterior dorsal portion of the body; it provides stability

Spiny Dorsal Fin

Swimming appendage formed of a membrane and usually prickly rays located on the middle anterior dorsal portion of the body; it provides stability.

Oyster Mantle

The mantle encompasses the inner organs in a sac like structure. It is open on all sides to allow water to pass through to the gills. Glands at the edge of the mantle secrete the shell material.

Spat (post-larval stage)

The point at which the metamorphosed larva permanently attaches to a substrate and loses its velum, foot, and eye spot. Will eventually become an adult oyster.

Oyster Trochophore Larva

This larval stage is formed within hours after egg cleavage, ciliated at one end and valves (and adductor muscles) starting to develop at the opposite end.

Intensive systems

entirely dependent on formulated feeds. Like with semi-intensive operations, intensive systems are generally housed in small ponds, up to one ha in size. The same management focuses as those with semi-intensive systems apply. Higher productivity exists as a tradeoff to a higher associated costs and the high demand of labor. Examples of intensive systems include freshwater ponds, brackish water ponds, and marine ponds, cage and pen systems.

Brood Stock

fish of any particular species which are raised for reproduction purposes

Aquaculture supplies more than ______ of the world's seafood production

half

Anadromous

migrating up rivers from the sea to spawn

What do oysters eat?

plankton and detritus, diatoms and dinoflagellates

Fry

refers to a recently hatched fish that has reached the stage where its yolk-sac has almost disappeared and its swim bladder is operational to the point where the fish can actively feed for itself

Aquaculture refers to:

the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of plants and animals in all types of water environments including ponds, rivers, lakes, and the ocean.

Restoration Aquaculture

the form of aquaculture in which hatchery fish and shellfish are released into the wild to rebuild wild populations or coastal habitats such as oyster reefs

Farming Aquaculture

the production of seafood from hatchery fish and shellfish which are grown to market size in ponds, tanks, cages, or raceways. Includes raising ornamental fish for the aquarium trade, and growing plant species used in a range of food, pharmaceutical, nutritional, and biotechnology products.

Extensive culture systems

utilize low stocking densities and supplemental feeds are not given often, although fertilizer may be added to the water in order to stimulate the production and growth of natural food. Examples include coastal bivalve culture, coastal fishponds and pen/cage culture in eutrophic waters

Semi-intensive systems

utilize supplemental feeding and are capable of withstanding stocking densities higher than that of extensive systems. These operations are generally in small ponds, up to one ha in size. Management focuses on input application (feed and fertilizers) and environmental manipulation (water management). Examples include fresh and brackish water ponds, integrated agriculture- aquaculture systems, and can also include pen/cage culture in eutrophic waters.

In the last 70 years aquaculture has developed from:

a modest small-scale nature to the booming industries that exist today

Stenohaline

able to tolerate only a narrow range of salinity.

Koi

can be trained to eat from the hand, bright coloring makes them targets for predators so they need netting over pond for protection, will return to color of common carp with a few generations of being released in the wild, stenohaline