AR101 Exam 1

Artifacts

- are portable objects, used, modified or made by humans.

Synthetic Aperture Radar aerial

- is a type of - survey that produces detailed high-resolution images using radar.

Ground Penetrating Radar

- sends short radio pulses through the soil and reports back changes in the soil conditions. Three-dimensional maps can then be created from this data.

Postprocessual Archaeology

Accepts the possibility of plural pasts Aims to highlight the subjectivity of interpretation

Identify the statements that correctly describe the field of anthropology.

Anthropology is the study of humanity. Anthropology includes the subdiscipline of archaeology.

reconnaissance aerial

Archaeologists find new sites using - survey, either on the ground or from the air. The latter is known as - survey.

former . material

Archaeology is the study of - societies through the remains of their - culture.

LiDAR

As an archaeologist, if you wished to build a model of a landscape surface but you were obstructed by thick rainforest, which survey technique would be most effective?

summer

At which time of year would it be best to take aerial images of the area?

Processual Archaeology

Bases research on the building and testing of hypotheses Aims to explain change following general laws and processes

Which of the following statements correctly describe culture history and culture process?

Culture history is descriptive and culture process is explanatory. Culture process was adopted by a new generation of archaeologists in the later twentieth century.

Tutankhamun

Egypt

One way that archaeologists study formation processes is through experimental archaeology. Identify the correct definition for experimental archaeology.

Experimental archaeology is the study of past behavioral processes through experimental reconstruction under carefully controlled scientific conditions.

matrix climate natural disasters

Identify the key factors that affect whether organic materials survive in the archaeological record.

When damage to the material record is inevitable, steps should be taken to mitigate the impact. The organization or company that initiates the damage to the material record is financially responsible for the archaeological investigation. The material record of the past is of public record.

Identify the key principles of CRM.

States Cultural

In the United -, archaeological work that is undertaken in order to mitigate damage to sites due to construction or commercial works is called - Resource Management.

horizontally vertically

In the archaeological record, contemporary activities in the past are shown - while changes in those activities over time are shown -.

Which of the following things did Thomas Jefferson do in his excavation of the mound on his property in Virginia?

Jefferson suggested that ancestors of present-day Native Americans could have built the mound. Jefferson adopted a scientific approach. Jefferson excavated the mound using careful methods.

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)

LiDAR is a method of remote survey. What does LiDAR stand for?

Why is the activity of looters and collectors of antiquities often problematic for archaeologists?

Looters and collectors often destroy the primary context of sites and finds.

Mexico

Maya cities

The region is defined The area's history is examined Ground survey is done Small excavations are carried out if needed

Place the following events in the order in which ground reconnaissance takes place.

Italy

Pompeii

true

Remote sensing is any form of survey that can peer into the ground without digging. T or F

Identify which of the following are benefits of survey over excavation.

Survey is less expensive. Survey is non-destructive. Survey is quicker than excavation.

Olduvai Gorge

Tanzania

The New Archaeology, developed from the 1960s, aimed to change the way archaeologists worked with evidence. Which of the aims described here can be attributed to New Archaeology?

The New Archaeology should emphasize culture process, not culture history. The New Archaeology should use scientific methods. The New Archaeology should be explanatory, not only descriptive.

superposition lower

The law or principle of - states that where one soil layer overlies another, the - one was deposited first.

strata

The layers of an archaeological site are also referred to as -.

prehistory

The period before written records and history (meaning the study of the past using written evidence) is known as -

Uniformitarianism

The principle of - states that geologically ancient conditions were similar to those that exist today.

What happens when damage to an archaeological site is inevitable due to practical circumstances?

The site is carefully excavated, researched, and recorded before the damage occurs.

simple random systematic

There are many different types of survey. For example, in a - survey, areas to be investigated are chosen using a table of random numbers. A - survey uses a grid of regularly spaced locations to select where to sample.

How do archaeologists demonstrate that activities occurred at the same time in the past?

They prove that artifacts and features are found together in an undisturbed context.

"the first scientific excavation in the history of archaeology."

Thomas Jefferson conducted the first scientific excavation. The first scientific excavations took place in the eighteenth century. The first scientific excavations were on burial mounds in the United States.

LiDAR has been extremely valuable to archaeologists in recent years. Identify the advantages of LiDAR over conventional aerial photography.

Tree canopies can be eliminated. Ground features can be viewed under optimal lighting.

False

Wetlands are ideal environments for preserving all types of materials. T or F

International and national governments

Which bodies write and enforce legislation protecting archaeological sites?

Primary Context

a Neolithic ax in its original matrix

Secondary Context

a Paleolithic site disturbed by forces of nature a prehistoric site disturbed by modern looters Stone Age tools transported by a river to a gravel beach

Cultural Formation Processes

a farmer plowing a field a ruler destroying a rival's fortress

association

a find's relationship to other finds

Mary Leakey

archaeologist famous for work at the early Paleolithic site at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania

Augustus Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers

brought military experience excavation methods (including making models) and insisted on excavation of all objects

Dorothy Garrod

discovered the skull of a Neanderthal child, which was key to understanding the relationship between Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals. groundbreaking professor of archaeology at the University of Cambridge

Identify the types of remote sensing that can detect the presence of ditches and pits.

ground-penetrating radar aerial images electrical resistivity

Identify which objectives archaeology tries to answer about past peoples.

how people's material culture took a particular form how people's material culture took a particular form how people lived and why they lived that way

History and Archaeology

humanity

What actions should archaeologists take to ensure the involvement of descent communities?

include input from descent communities right from the beginning of an archaeological project consulting relevant communities when human remains are discovered

total station

is a tool that is used on site to measure vertical and horizontal distances to a particular point.

Taphonomy

is the study of the processes that have affected a plant or animal between its death and the time it is found.

Identify which of the following helps archaeologists understand a find's context.

matrix provenience association with other finds

magnetometry

measures disturbances in the earth's magnetic field

electrical resistivity

measures how easily the soil conducts electricity

feature

non-portable objects used, modified, or made by humans

History

only studies a period of time with written records

ecofact

organic and environmental remains not made by humans

artifact

portable objects used, modified, or made by humans

The past two centuries have seen many scientific and theoretical developments in archaeology. Which of these developments can be attributed to the twentieth or twenty-first centuries?

processual archaeology radiocarbon dating ancient DNA

Archaeology

scientific discipline includes study of prehistory

Natural Formation Processes

soil erosion volcanic eruption

Archaeology

study of former societies through their material culture

Linguistic Anthropology

study of how speech varies with social factors and over time

Physical Anthropology

study of human biological characteristics and their evolution

Cultural Anthropology

study of human culture and society

Which of the following is an example of rescue archaeology or cultural resource management?

survey of a field through which a road is going to be built excavation in advance of building a new parking garage in a city

provenience

the exact position of a find

matrix

the material surrounding a find

ground-penetrating radar

uses an emitter to send short radio pulses throughout the soil

metal detecting

uses an instrument to discover pieces of metal