Arc133 - Exam_1

In antis

(columns) Standing between the two slight wall projections of a cella.

Stoa

An ancient Greek portico, usually detached and of considerable length, used as a promenade or meeting place around public places.

Base

The lowermost portion of a wall, column, pier, or other structure, usually distinctively treated and considered as a separate architectural unit

Panathenaic

The procession from Eleusis to the Acropolis in Athens at the beginning of the religious festival.

Abacus

The rectangular stone slab forming the top of a column capital, plain in the Doric style but molded or otherwise enriched on in other styles

Orchestra (theatre)

The core of any Greek theater, the "dancing place" of the chorus and the chief performance space.

peristyle

1. A colonnade surrounding a building or a courtyard. 2. The courtyard so enclosed

Guttae

1. A drop, or something resembling one. 2. Also called drop. (Architecture) One of a series of pendent ornaments, generally in the form of a frustum of a cone, attached to the undersides of the mutules of the Doric entablature

glazed brick

Brick with a ceramic coating or finish applied then fixed in a second firing. Earthenware so treated can be brightly colored and useful in decorative façade

Intercolumnium, intercolumniation

The distance between columns.

Entablature

The ensemble of cornice, frieze and architrave

Adyton

The innermost sanctum or holy room in a temple usually separated from the cella by a wall with a doorway

insula(e)

a block of buildings or space surrounded by four streets in an ancient Roman town.

coffering

any of a number of recessed, usually square or octagonal panels in a ceiling, soffit, or vault

corinthian order

the most ornate and least used of the five classical orders, developed by the Greeks in the 4th century BCE but used more extensively in roman architecture; similar in most respects to the Ionic but usually of slenderer proportions and characterized especially by a deep bell-shaped capital decorated with acanthus leaves and an abacus with concave sides

Agora

A public square or marketplace in Greek cities

hypostyle hall

A hall having many rows of columns carrying the roof or ceiling

composite order

one of the five classical orders, popular especially since the beginning of the Renaissance but invented by the ancient Romans, in which the Corinthian order is modified by superimposing four diagonally, set Ionic volutes on a bell of acanthus leaves

ashlar masonry

consists of uniform, rectangular blocks of stone with parallel faces, as were commonly used in the construction of classical Greek and Roman building

arcuated

curved or arched like a bow: a term used in describing the arched or vaulted structure of a Romanesque church or Gothic cathedral, as distinguished from the trabeated architecture of an Egyptian hypostyle hall or Greek Doric temple.

papyrus column

one resembling a bundle of papyrus stalks

lotus column

one whose capital has the shape of a stylized lotus

(Delphic) Oracle

the oracle at Delphi where a priestess supposedly delivered messages from Apollo to those who sought advice; the messages were usually obscure or ambiguous

Naos

the principal chamber or enclosed part of a classical temple where the cult image was kept

calderium

the room in an ancient Roman bath containing hot water

keystone

the wedge-shaped stone piece at the apex of a masonry vault or arch, which is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch to bear weight

Amphiprostyle

(of a classical temple) - Prostyle on both fronts

basilica

1. A large oblong building used as a hall of justice and public meeting place in ancient Rome, typically having a high central space lit by a clerestory and covered by timber trusses, as well as a raised dais in a semicircular apse for the tribunal. 2. An early Christian church, characterized by a long, rectangular plan, a high colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory and covered by a timbered gable roof, two or four lower side aisles, a semicircular apse at the end, a narthex, and often other features, as an atrium, a bema, and small semicircular apses terminating the aisles.

causeway

1. A road or path raised above surrounding low or wet ground. 2. A raised passageway ceremonially connecting the valley temple with an ancient Egyptian pyramid

Frieze

1. The horizontal part of a classical entablature between the cornice and architrave, often decorated with sculpture in low relief. 2. A decorative band, as one along the top of an interior wall immediately below the cornice, or a sculptured one in a stringcourse on an outside wall

Echinus

1. The prominent circular molding supporting the abacus of a Doric or Tuscan Capital. 2.The circular molding under the cushion of an Iconic capital, between the volutes, usually carved with an egg-and-dart pattern.

Pediment

1.The low-pitched gable enclosed by the horizontal and raking cornices of a Greek or Roman Temple. 2. A similar or derivative element used to surmount the major division of a façade or crown an opening.

Architrave

1.The lowermost division of a classical entablature, resting directly on the column capitals and supporting the frieze. 2. A molded or decorative band framing a rectangular door or window opening

Cornice

1.The upper most members of a classical entablature, consisting typically of a cymatium, corona, and bed molding. 2. A continuous molded projection that crowns a wall or other construction divides it horizontally for compositional purposes, or conceals lighting fixtures, curtain rods, and the like

Plinth

1.The usually square slab beneath the base of a column, pier, or pedestal. 2. A continuous, usually projecting, course of stones forming the base or foundation of a wall.

Megaron

A building or semi-independent unit of a building typically having a rectangular principal chamber with a center hearth and a porch, often of columns in antis. they were traditional in Greece since Mycenaean times and believed to be the ancestor of the Doric Temple

Ionic Order

A classical order that developed in the Greek colonies of Asia Minor in the 6th century BCE, characterized especially by the spiral volutes of its capital. The fluted columns typically had molded bases and supported an entablature consisting of an architrave of three fascias, a richly ornamented frieze, and a cornice corbeled out on egg-and-dart and dental moldings. Roman and Renaissance examples are often more elaborate and usually set the volutes of the capitals 45 degrees to the architrave.

Stylobate

A course of masonry forming the foundation for a row of columns, especially the outermost colonnade of a classical temple.

Fluting

A decorative motif consisting of a series of long, rounded, parallel grooves, like those on the shafts of a classical column

sphinx

A figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk, commonly placed along avenues leading to ancient Egyptian temples or tombs.

Propylon

A freestanding gateway in the form of a pylon that precedes the main gateway to an ancient Egyptian temple or sacred enclosure.

pylon

A monumental gateway to an ancient Egyptian temple, consisting either of a pair of tall truncated pyramids and a doorway between them or of one such masonry mass pierced with a doorway, often decorated with painted reliefs

Opisthodomus

A recessed porch in the rear of a Greek temple

Caryatid

A sculptured female figure used as a column, especially in ancient Greece

Coffer

A sunken panel in a vault or ceiling

obelisk

A tall, four-sided shaft of stone that tapers as it rises to a pyramidal point. They originated in ancient Egypt as a sacred symbol of the sun god Ra and usually stood in pairs astride temple entrance

ziggurat

A temple tower in Sumerian and Assyrian architecture, built in diminishing stages of mud brick with buttressed walls faced with burnt brick, culminating in a summit shrine or temple reached by a series of ramps: thought to be of Sumerian origin, dating from the end of 3rd millennium BCE

Prostyle

A temple with a portico of columns in front

Tholos

Also called beehive tomb, in ancient Greek architecture, a circular building with a conical or vaulted roof and with our without a peristyle, or surrounding colonnade.

mastaba

An ancient Egyptian tomb made of mud brick, rectangular in plan with a flat roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers

Metope

Any of the panels, either plan or decorated, between triglyphs in the Doric frieze.

Column Capital

Forms the topmost member of a column (or pilaster). It mediates between the column and the load thrusting down upon it, broadening the area of the column's supporting surface. it projects on each side as it rises to support the abacus, joins the usually square abacus and the usually circular shaft of the column. it may be convex, as in the Doric order; concave, as in the inverted bell of the Corinthian order; or scrolling out, as in the Ionic order.

corbelled arch

Successive courses of stone move towards the center above an opening

Fascia

The bands of the architrave in the Iconic and Corinthian orders

Acropolis

The citadel of Athens and site of the Parthenon

Stereobate

The foundation of a stone building, its top course sometimes being a stylobate.

Corinthian Order

The most ornate and least used of the five classical orders, developed by the Greeks in the 4th century BCE but used more extensively in Roman architecture; similar in most respects to the Iconic but usually of slenderer proportions and characterized especially by a deep bell-shaped capital decorated with acanthus leaves and an abacus with concave sides

Doric Order

The oldest and simplest of the five classical orders, developed in Greece in the 7th century BCE and later imitated by the Romans. It is characterized by a fluted column having no base, a plain cushion-shaped capital supporting a square abacus, and an entablature consisting of a plain architrave, a frieze of triglyphs and metopes, and a cornice, the corona of which has mutules on its soffit.

Entasis

The slight convex curve towards the lower third of a column

Trabeated refers to the use of horizontal beams or lintels which are borne up by columns or posts. It is the opposite of the arcuated system, which involves the use of arches in walls. The arcuated system was preferred by the romans when it was found that it was a more efficient structural system. Trabeation combined with arcuation, posts were put between arches instead of walls. Over time, there began the blending of a new structural system with an old structural system. Trabeated orders were applied to arcuated structure, that is to say that they were no longer structural, but articulating. I.e. decorative, as in the colosseum which has corinthian, ionic and tuscan columns.

Trabeated Structure v. Arcuated Structure

battered wall

Wall leaning inward from its base rather than outward

barrel vault

a vault having a semicircular cross section

vault

an arched structure of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room, or other wholly or partially enclosed space. because it behaves as an arch extended in a third dimension, the longitudinal supporting walls must be buttressed to counteract the thrusts of the arching action

voissoirs

any of the wedge-shaped units in a masonry arch or vault that has side cuts that converge at one of the arch centers

Glazed brick- Bricks fired, the painted and fired again to fuse the color with the baked clay.Used in Persia, like at the Ishtar Gate. Marble- Incredibly long lasting quarried stone, used in the Parthenon. Wood - Used in ancient times often as an additive, a decorative element or as a frame. Romans and Persians in particular favoured it. Concrete- Invented by the Romans and used in their architecture. Mud brick- A mudbrick is a brick, made of a mixture mud, sand and water mixed with a binding material, used all over the world for many purposes for instance,in the construction of ziggurats. Red Brick- Created by the Romans, fired brick, more structurally sound and lightweight than pervious materials. Iron- Clamps coated in lead.Greeks and Persians used it in clamping large blocks of stone together. Ashlar Masonry- Commonly used in the construction of classical Greek and Roman and Egyptian building, it consists of uniform, rectangular blocks of stone with parallel faces. Rubble Masonry - It is rough, unhewn building stone set in mortar, but not laid in regular courses. It may appear as the outer surface of a wall or may fill the core of a wall which is faced with unit masonry such as brick or cut stone as in the Egyptian pyramids.

Building Materials

Triglyph

One of the vertical blocks separating the metopes in a Doric Frieze, typically having two vertical grooves or glyphs on its face, and two chamfers or half channels at the sides.

Molding

Dentile Sime rects and reverse Beed and Reel Egg and Dart

Column Shaft

Each style has distinctive capitals and entablatures. It is sometimes articulated with vertical hollow grooves known as fluting. It is wider at the bottom than at the top, because its entasis, beginning a third of the way up, imperceptibly makes the column slightly more slender at the top. The capital rests on it

rubble masonry

It is rough, unhewn building stone set in mortar, but not laid in regular courses. It may appear as the outer surface of a wall or may fill the core of a wall which is faced with unit masonry such as brick or cut stone

The Egyptian pyramid is intended to be a tomb for a Pharaoh, where the Mesopotamian ziggurat is a temple for a god. Ziggurats were in urban areas, and often central to the city where the pyramids were usually outside of cities, with only other pyramids and small villages for the workers nearby. The ziggurat is made of mud brick layed in courses, where the pyramids are made in either an accretion style construction or a horizontal coursing using quarried stone. The ziggurat is a rectangular stepped tower surmounted by a temple and the pyramid is a tetrahydron.

Mesopotamian Ziggurat v. Egyptian Temple

trabeated

Of or pertaining to a system of construction employing beams or lintel

corbel

a brick or stone projecting from within a wall, usually to support a weight

oculus

a circular opening, especially one at the crown of a dome

engaged column

a column built to be truly or seemingly bonded to the wall before which it stands

groin vault

a compound vault formed by the perpendicular intersection of two vaults

exedra (apse)

a semicircular or polygonal projection of a building, usually vaulted and used especially at the sanctuary or the east end of a church to define the space for an altar.