ARCH 2340- Vienna Circa 1900, New Materials/ Urban Models, Myths of Modernity & New Conceptions of Space, Arch + Industry, Le Corbusier (1920s), Modernism in Germany/ Bauhaus + Mies, Urban Growth & New Residential Patterns, Codification, and Before WWII

Joseph Olbrich (1867-1955)

- Austrian architect and one of the Vienna Secession founders - disliked the pomposities of classical academic design & the 'new decadence' of Art Nouveau

Otto Wagner 1841-1918

- Austrian architect and urban planner who was a leading member of the Vienna Secession movement of architecture - early works were inspired by classical architecture - had geometric forms and minimal ornament, clearly expressed their function

King's View of New York 1908

- Views of New York predicting prophecies of the urban future in the early twentieth century -imagined a metropolis of giant crowding towers-chaotic, congested, and teeming with new technologies of elevated trains and flying machines. - enlarged the trends and problems of the contemporary city - new modes of circulation for traffic congestion - a canyon of motley office blocks with bridges springing from one rooftop to the next or tunneling through upper floors.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, General Director Weissenholf Siedlung Stuttart 1927

"siedlung" (contributions included Mies, Gropius, Taut, Hans Scharoun (all from Berlin), JJP Oud, and Le Corbusier)

Art Nouveau

- a style of decorative art, architecture, and design prominent in western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World War I - characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves and lines, flat shapes, based on natural forms of vines and flowers.

De Stijil (The Style) Movement

- emphasized the emergence of a new order in which 'materialism' was to be left behind and replaced by spiritualized, mechanized abstraction

Modern Architeckture (1895) by Otto Wagner

- expressed his ideal of practical and efficiently designed architecture. The purpose of beauty, he argued, was to give artistic expression to function. -Extraneous ornament, therefore, was not only impractical and inefficient, but it was also decidedly unmodern. - alluded to a new cultural stimulus to be drawn from the day-to-day experience of the metropolis - recommended qualities of simplicity & 'almost military uniformity' - new style should be a 'realist' one with an implication of direct expression of the means of construction, and admiration for modern techniques and materials, and responsiveness to the changing aspirations of society

Futurist Architecture by F.T. Marinetti & Sant' Elia 1914

- modern arch. should take in account in its function, its methods of construction, its aesthetics, and its symbolic form tied to the evolution of mechanization

Airship Hangars Eugène Freyssinet Orly 1916-21

- parabolic in section and relied upon pre-stressed members the way in which structural stresses were accentuated directly in the material (reinforced concrete) employed with a complete sense of visual coherence raised rigorious engineering form to the level of structural art

Karl J. Jucker, Table Lamp, 1923-24

-embodies Bauhaus's essential idea: form follows function -synthesis of both fine and applied arts - employment of simple geometric shapes: circular base, cylindrical shaft, and spherical shade - achieved maximum simplicity -working parts are visual: opaque glass shade- a formerly used only for industrial lighting, helps to diffuse the light

Power Plants (Painting) Antonio Sant'Elia 1913-14

-theoretical architecture conceived as a direct expression of contemporary forces, and a dynamic celebration of the uprooted, anti-natural tendencies of the modern city - stripped building down to its most essential volumes of rectangles - dramatic foreshortening (worm-eye view) to emphasize a feeling of dynamism

Citta Nuova Antonio Sant'Elia 1914

-theoretical architecture conceived as a direct expression of contemporary forces, and a dynamic celebration of the uprooted, anti-natural tendencies of the modern city - a collection of new building types and suggestions for such things as a central railway, power station, multi-level station airport, apartment blocks - theme of a multi-level city like a colossal dynamic mechanism

Five Points of a New Architecture Le Corbusier 1926

1. Pilotis - The house should be raised on columns to provide for privacy with only an entrance on the ground level 2. Roof Garden- It should have a flat roof 3. Free Plan- It should have an open floor plan 4. Free Facade- The exterior curtain walls should be freely composed 5. Horizontal Windows

Paris International Exposition 1937

1. Spanish Pavilion by Josep Lluis Sert 2. German Pavilion by Albert Speer 3. USSR Pavilion by Boris Iofan

cubism in architecture

1. anti-cubic: does not seek to fix the various space cells together within a closed cube 2. throws functional space cells away from the center, towards the outside 3. height, width, dept + time tend toward a whole new plastic expression in open space 4. arch, acquires a more or less floating aspect/ works against gravitational forces of nature 5. concentrated on the spatial character 6. simple forms & shapes resolved into compelling unities 7. controlled asymmetry & enlivened contrast of hovering and intersecting planes

World War I

1914 - November 1918 (European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria)

Russian Revolution

1917

Mussolini comes to power

1922

Stalin comes to power as head of National Socialist Party

1933

Spanish Civil War

1936-1939

Deutscher Werkbund

A German organization founded in Munich in 1907 with the intention of raising the quality, both aesthetic and functional, of the nation's industrial production.

Cubism

A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes - developed a visual language blending abstraction with fragments of observed reality - allowing space and form to come to new terms ex: 1. Pablo Picasso, Ma Jolie (woman w/ a Zither or Guitar), winter 1911-12 2. Piet Mondrian, Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue, 1927

Futurism

An early-20th-century Italian art movement that championed war as a cleansing agent and that celebrated the speed and dynamism of modern technology. - the attempt at expressing "the universal dynamism"- the flux of modern life

Purism

An early-20th-century art movement that embraced the "machine esthetic" and sought purity of form in the clean functional lines of industrial machinery.

Vernacular Architecture

Culturally and climatically relevant architecture using locally available materials and traditional building techniques. ex) The common structures- dwellings, buildings, barns, churches

The Futurist Manifesto was written by

Filippo T. Marinetti, 1909 expresses an artistic philosophy called Futurism that was a rejection of the past and a celebration of speed, machinery, violence, youth and industry. It also advocated the modernization and cultural rejuvenation of Italy.

Peter Behrens

German architect known for his simple utilitarian factory buildings (1868-1940) 1) AEG (Allemeine Elektricitats Gesellschaft) 2) Electrical Fan, 1908

Exhibition Poster, Bauhaus, 1923

Influence of De Stijl and Russian Avant-garde

Contemporary city for three million

Le corbusier, 1922. layout for order, easy movement, aerodrome in the middle, railroad/tram underneath, high ratio of green space yet having high density, villas stacked on each other, zoning was functional and social

Walter Gropius Bauhaus Dessau, Germany 1925-26

Name the creator of the art school, and the name of the school itself. The style combines everything from architecture to paintings to sculpture. Rejected literal reality, employed basic straight lines, angles, and three basic colors, and three basic non-colors.

Black Mountain College 1933-1957

New Liberal Arts School for experimental research, performances were seemingly random events, over 45 mins, dependent on improvisation at certain times, asks audience to be active spectator, create meaning

Albert Speer Zeppenlinfeld, Nuremberg, 1934

Party Congress and Rally Grounds begun 1933 and never completed

Charlotte Perriand Furniture with Le Corbusier & Pierre Jeanneret Paris 1929

Salon d'Automne

Villa Savoye Le Corbusier Poissy-sur-Seine, France 1929

Steel and reinforced concrete This was a radically new view of the domestic sphere, one that is evident in his design for the Villa Savoye. The architect has created a space that is dynamic. This design concept was based on the notion of the car as the ultimate machine and the idea that the approach up to and through the house carried ceremonial significance.

Walter Gropius Bauhaus Manifesto "Cathedral of Socialism" (woodcut), 1919

What is the Bauhaus? What are the Bauhaus Principles?

Citrohan House Project Le Corbusier 1920-22

Worker's Houses in Pessac, France (1924-26)

Anatole de Baudot St. Jean-de-Montmarte, Paris 1894-1904

[function] [Spatial Organization] [exterior] - little attempt made to express the cement skeleton [interior] - effects of lightness & breadth of the spans with apparently slender supports - clear distinction between supports and infill panels - pointed arches & expression of the ribs suggested medieval prototypes [meaning] - the first experiment to constructed with reinforced cement and Hennebique's trabeated system - an odd hybrid of medieval and exotic sources, a loosely Art Nouveau accentuation -the structure may be logical, but the visual expression of the structure is indecisive

Purkersdorf Sanitarium Joseph Hoffmann Puckersdorf, Austria 1904-1906

[function] - modernist sanatorium/ medical facility for long-term mental illness for seniors of high society - functioned more as a hotel or nursing home than as a hospital and became a social and artistic place for Viennese society [materiality] - concrete [Spatial Organization] - constructive simplicity - a complex and articulated spatial distribution - walls arranged independently on different floors - rooms of different sizes [exterior] - discreet -windows and balconies misaligned - well-controlled three-story geometric design - simple harmony not disturbed by columns, gables or any of the standard ornamental elements - windows with strips of blue and white tiles - a flat roof without framing. [interior] - reading rooms, a playroom for card games, table tennis, billiard and music-rooms for the entertainment of the guests - geometric patterned floor tiling - concrete beams - the simplicity of conception and execution [meaning] -the antidote to the stress of modern life through nature and relaxation -represents radical departures and historical precedences - the first public building in reinforced concrete

Karntner Bar (American Bar) Adolf Loos Vienna, Austria 1907

[function] - a public and intimate cocktail bar were sophisticated, cosmopolitan, and refined social interactions and experiences took place [Spatial Organization] - 27.72 meters square [materality] - marble, yellow onyx, mahogany, brass, mirrors, and glass walls [interior] - cozy, dimly lit - use of reflective mirrors arranged parallel and vertically above the eye to create a dimensional illusion - marble ceiling details suggest classical coffering (pantheon reference) and exaggerate a sense of depth - all luminescent, polished, and reflective surfaces - sense of order - black and white checkered tile flooring - marble pilasters - 3 bays articulated beams and granite columns frame the fields of opulent materials [meaning] - classical values intended to evoke the sobriety and grandiose - classified ballroom elegance to help give life to this new urban life - reveals and reaffirms the high sensitivity of the architect in the manipulation of space through the expressive use of natural materials -the combination Loos makes simple unadorned forms with the use of opulent materials and simple details give an impression of getting rich yet modern - Loos, in the sense of "speaking architecture", trying to create effects in space with a distinct cultural and social.

Karlsplatz Station Otto Wagner Vienna 1898

[function] - entrance of a former public transportation hub [tectonics/materiality] - steel, white travertine marble, green copper [exterior] - steel framework with mounted marble slabs -triumphal-like archway dressed in gilded gold ornamentation -floral decorative elements - elegant curved roof [meaning] -a prime example of Jegenstil/ Vienna Secession - the perfect melding of form and function - exemplified by the use of prefabricated metal structures - function and poetry, construction and decoration

Secession Exhibition Building Joseph Olbrich Vienna 1897-98

[function] - exhibition hall with a flexible interior [Spatial Organization] - Greek cross plan - centered around symmetry and repetition rather than natural forms - dominant square form with unbroken walls - ancient Egyptian temple containing valuable interior and entryway [exterior] - 3,000 gilt laurel leaf work dome -- laurel symbolizes victory, dignity, and purity - curvilinear lines decorate the facade - four pylons support glided openwork laurel wreath dome - includes references to classical antiquity ---medusas with snake hair above the entrance - creamy white and gold color palette - flat stylized organic forms of extensive ornamentation [meaning] - emphasizes the devoted aesthetic expression of the Vienna Secession Movement in a permanent visual form - evoke the idea of a protected glade for viewing artistic work inside - gold emphasizes the purity of the space and its precious nature of the art - embodies truth in a spiritual sense of "higher, inner truth"

Imperial Post Office Savings Bank Otto Wagner Vienna 1904-06

[function] - post office saving bank [tectonics/materiality] - Polished marble, ebonized beech-wood, nickel-plated and aluminum detailing, and everywhere broad panels of curved and beveled glass. [Spatial Organization] - organized space for labor - Early Christian Basilica Precedent [exterior] - abstracted rustication - slender metallic "screw-like" columns of the entrance canopy - facades covered in thin marble sheet with bolt-heads expressed and dramatized by shiny aluminum caps (no functional purpose) - plain surfaces of stone were mortared to a brick wall [interior] - presence of glass & metal skeleton making up the main banking hall -tapered steel supports - glass detailed to supply a milky white, weightless skin diffusing the daylight - the floor of glass tiles [meaning] - invoked and subverted norms of monumentality - example of functionalist design - glazed railway shed interior acts like a translucent social metaphor evoking honesty, transparency, lightness, efficiency, and availability -implied inversions of usual expectations of load and support -freshness and luminosity -clarity of proportion and functionality

Ernst Ludwig House Joseph Olbrich Darmstadt, Germany 1901

[function] - venue for gatherings in the artists' colony with artist studios and meeting room/ Artist's Colony Museum [Spatial Organization] - wide two-story building [exterior] - entrance is located in a niche that is decorated with gold-plated flower motifs -Two six-metre tall statues, "Man and Woman" or "Strength and Beauty", - the work of Ludwig Habich on the entrance - features a bold juxtaposition of a highly ornamented omega portal, alluding to the 19th Century, with a surprisingly modernistic white exterior introducing the 20th century. - avant-garde features including an Art Deco style superstructure - modernist bands of windows [meaning] - stands as a focal point of early modernist movements and as the prototype of modern building exhibitions - reflected a new age of controlled ornamentation

Ford Motor Company Factory Albert Kahn Highland Park, Michigan 1909

[function] car factory [interior] -four-story main building, concrete-slab girder-beam [meaning] - Fordism - birthplace of the Assembly Line Production - created a new twentieth-century industrial architecture

Goldman & Salatsch Building Adolf Loos Michaelerplatz, Vienna 1910-11

[function] residential apartment and business building [exterior] - classical allusion of Doric columns -a little classical exterior detail is offset by large areas of blank, polished marble - smooth and precious plaster surface -marble-clad lower facade [interior] -lobby and staircase is lined with polished timber, marble, and mirrored surfaces [meaning]

Schröder House (De Stijl) Gerrit Rietveld Utrecht, Netherlands 1924

[function]- a family dwelling for a site at the end of a suburban row [Spatial Organization] - intricate & petite scale [exterior] - rectangular, smooth, and bright primary colors of its element - formed from intersecting planar walls detailed in such a way it appears to "hover in space", extend horizontally, and join to define thin volumes - no single axis or simple geometry - tenuous, dynamic, and asymmetrical relationship - planes: articulated by thin lines of window mullions, balcony railings, and attached structs (colored) - clean gray and white wall surfaces - details give the sense that all parts of the building are weightless - voids and volumes of space are integrated in the composition as active constituents [interior] - detailed light fixtures - glass staircase integrated with the building's overall style and proportions - 2 stories -- Downstairs: 2 bedrooms + studio w/ kitchen/living area -- Upstairs: working/sleeping areas giving on to balconies, living room --- removable wall partitions give this story a free plan [meaning] - embody the full range of De Stijl formal, spatial, and iconographic intentions - 'free plan' & ingenious built-in furniture -the symbolic message concerned a way of domestic life created by the supposed spiritual liberation of mechanization (partitions) \

Unity Temple Frank Lloyd Wright Oak Park (near Chicago), Illinois 1905-08

[function]- a replacement church for Unitarian Universalist Church that had burned down in 1905 [Spatial Organization] - symmetrical layout of main rooms but volumes perceived on diagonals from the circuitous route [exterior] - hieratic, formal, and symmetrical grandeur [interior] - entrance hall and cloister - screen-windows at clerestory level [meaning] - comparing to a classical temple - entirely conscious of classical resonances in his design - the contrast between solid exteriors & luminous interiors in which masses dissolved -reconsideration in the light of a sacred institution without spurious symbolism -abandon the typical New England Unitarian, white steeple, architectural style for a more modern concrete aesthetic

Garage at 51 Rue de Ponthieu August Perret Paris (demolished) 1905

[function]- car garage [exterior] - completely exposed concrete protected by white paint - filled in with glass and arranged according to classical rules rather than by inner structural logic. -subtle placement of windows panes to give the right sense of depth - the whole composition defined by the stripped 'pilaster' raising from the abstracted cornice [interior] -flexibility in planning to facilitate the circulation and parking of cars - a crude assemblage of rectangular openings and stanchions in the facade - organized pattern of vertical and horizontal visual stresses [meaning] - concrete 'warehouse aesthetic' - Its stark rectangularity and openness made it a favorite of the next generation of architects.

Steiner House Adolf Loos Vienna 1910

[function]- house [Spatial Organization] - used the principle of "raumplan", a considered ordering and size of interior spaces based on function - Loos' solution to maximize the space was an arched tin roof which contains two additional floors giving the structure its somewhat austere and futuristic look [exterior] -arched metal roof - the rear facade is smooth and symmetrical like the front; the two outer window axes protrude like projections - functional coherence - the absence of ornaments - spatial economy - the reduction of the external image to a pure white shell [interior] -The interior is the private side and reflects the personal taste of the owners. [meaning] - reduced the external vocabulary to rectangular stucco boxes punctured by simple openings - interiors are more elaborate and achieve interpenetration of space -as an example of the phase of transition and an anticipation of the language of Rationalism - first completely modern dwelling

Grand Central Terminal Warren & Wetmore and Stem & Reed New York 1902-03

[function]- largest commuter rail terminal station at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan [Spatial Organization] - 2 levels, both below ground, with 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower [exterior] - [interior] - heroic, monumental gather space spatial designed around the rapid movement of the body in a space [meaning -the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities (city beautiful mov't) - a new type of civic space - a product of local politics, bold architecture, brutal flexing of corporate muscle and visionary engineering

Palais Stoclet Josef Hoffmann Brussels, Belgium 1905

[function]- luxurious mansions built as a suburban palace of the arts where the owners would assemble their treasures and entertain the artistic elite of Europe - combine the moods of a museum, a luxury residence, and an exemplary setting of modern taste [tectonics/materiality] - stone-slabs, polished marbles, rich wood -oxidized copper [Spatial Organization] - rooms linked en suite plan that employs ingenious changes of direction and axis - major spaces (hall, dining room, and music room) expressed as protruding volumes in the facade [exterior] - balanced, but asymmetrical - emphasis on the stepped-stair tower with its attached statuary - bow windows - porte-cochere - thin stone-slab veneers detailed with linear moldings to accentuate their planarity [interior] - dining room with mosaics by Gustav Klimt - stern, rectilinear, precise - polished marbles and rich wood finishes [meaning] - a house of immense sophistication - combining devices of formality and informality - characteristics of an honorific and a more humble sort - emphasized grandiose and cosmopolitan -disciplined elegance enhanced by furnishings - an important transitional work between Art Nouveau and Modern Architecture.

No.25 rue Franklin (Apartment House) August Perret Paris 1902-1903

[function]- residential [Spatial Organization] - conformed to the standard expectations of middle-class occupancy [exterior] - theme of infill - non-weight-bearing panals -the reinforced-concrete frame is for the first time clearly expressed on the exterior -the frame is covered with smooth ceramic tiles - the nonstructural wall panels are covered with tiles bearing a foliate pattern - The structural frame creates point supports that eliminate stationary, load-bearing partitions within the apartments, and this results in potentially flexible, open plans. - the sixth story, the frame is broke free of the wall surfaces that hint of the sort of airy and transparent effects [meaning] - careful attention to proportion, detail, and interval calculated work of great sobriety and repose - suffused with a serene classicism without the overt use of the classical orders - exploited the setbacks on the top of the building with a flat roof to create a roof terrace

Tony Garnier

a French architect and city planner who is notable for his Cité Industrielle, a farsighted plan for an industrial city. He is also remembered, along with Auguste Perret, for the pioneering use of reinforced concrete. plan, factories, residential units, train station, town hall

Francois Hennebique

a French engineer and self-educated builder who patented his pioneering reinforced-concrete construction system in 1892, integrating separate elements of construction, such as the column and the beam, into a single monolithic element. Trabeated system for reinforced concrete , 1892

Rationalism

a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Garden City (Ebenezer Howard)

a method of urban planning for a Utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature - self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.

Red Blue Chair Gerrit Rietveld

a pivotal handmade work of early De Stijl because it was an attempt to find a functioning equivalent in three dimensions to a rectilinear abstract painting of Mondrian - intended to have the symbolic significance of a prototype of machine art & character or a standardized object

Arts and Crafts Movement

a social and artistic movement of the second half of the 19th cent. Emphasizing a return to handwork, skilled craftsmanship, and attention to design in the decorative arts, from the mechanization and mass production of the Industrial Revolution

Bruno Taut, Alpine Architecture, 1919

a treatise on Utopian architecture that focused on the construction of an ambitious urban fabric in the Alps - focus on an architecture made only with glass -- metaphor of a new life - wanted to reach higher levels of expression and freedom

August Perret (1875-1954)

advocated the reintegration of architectural form and techniques of construction, which had gone separate ways in the 19th century undergone indoctrination in classical principles at the Beaux-Arts

reinforced concrete

concrete in which wire mesh or steel bars are embedded to increase its tensile strength. - cheap, easy standardization, allowed clear lighting, fireproofing, extensive ventilation

Glass Pavilion, Werkbund Exhibition Bruno Taut Cologne 1914

i. Raised up like a temple - "temple to modern glass" - replacing religion with a faith in modernity ii. Pineapple-like dome made from a variety of different kinds of glass iii. Implied that glass was the savior of mankind - very idealistic iv. Emphasizes transparency and reflection

Secession Movement

increasingly expressed the necessity of leaving behind historical forms and romanticism and developing Architectural Realism, where the form was determined by the function of the building

Dom-ino Project Le Corbusier 1914-15

is a concrete, open floor plan modular structure during the rapid reconstruction of post-war How did this affect the modern arch.? - allowed new freedoms and space was a new degree of functional flexibility -led to the idea that a simple, rectangular mass-producible component could be arranged to make modern dwellings and communities like an assembly line -modulation of spaces with minimal supports in a grid

"Ornament and Crime" Adolf Loos 1908

lecture saying it was a crime to waste the effort needed to add ornamentation when the ornamentation would cause the object to soon go out of style. Loos introduced a sense of the "immorality" of ornament, describing it as "degenerate", its suppression as necessary for regulating modern society. - inspired early "modern" architects to re-evaluate a building's "decoration." "To seek beauty only in form and not in ornament is the goal to which all humanity is striving"

New York Zoning Resolution 1916

limited and defined the maximum mass (or volume) allowed a building on its particular lot resulting stepped-pyramid or "wedding cake" massing typified the city's high-rises & revolutionized the way that the city conceived of private versus public space

Industrial City/ Cité Industrielle (1917) Tony Garnier designed and presented in Rome in 1901 exhibited in Paris in 1904

project to design a modern ideal city based on the notion of distinct zoning for residential, industrial, transport and recreational areas -- includes simple cubic geometric house with flat roof in concrete with supported horizontal parasol slabs, leading an air of transparency -- standardization -- minimum reference to classical mouldings - gave convincing imagery to the functions of a modern town - rectangular cubic forms were the most suitable for reinforced- concrete construction - sober values of clear geometrical repetition were the 'correct' ones for an emergent machine- age society

Joseph Hoffman (1870-1955)

was an Austrian architect and designer. He was among the founders of Vienna Secession and co-establisher of the Wiener Werkstätte.