ARCH 3313 Final exam (Terms)

De Stijl

Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Leiden. De Stijl consisted of artists and architects. In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands. Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors. Theo van Doesburg Peter Keler

promenade architecturale

Each promenade should unfold from an understanding of the site and idea that the building is built around. The architectural promenade was a key idea behind the development of space and movement in much of Le Corbusier's work. Before describing it it's worth noting that although LC coined the term (promenade architecturale in French) he didn't fully invent the idea. LC himself references the sequence of spaces and direction of movement in the Acropolis in Athens.

Prairie Style

Frank Lloyd Wright founded his architectural practice in Oak Park, a quiet, semi-rural village on the Western edges of Chicago. It was at his Oak Park Studio during the first decade of the twentieth century that Wright pioneered a bold new approach to domestic architecture, the Prairie style. Inspired by the broad, flat landscape of America's Midwest, the Prairie style was the first uniquely American architectural style of what has been called "the American Century."

Existenzminimum

Minimalism

Adolf Loos' Ornament and Crime

Ornament and Crime was an essay and a lecture by modernist architect Adolf Loos, that criticizes ornament in art, linking the optimistic sense of the linear and upward progress of cultures with the contemporary vogue for applying evolution to cultural contexts. Loos' work was prompted by regulations Loos encountered when he designed a tailor-shop without ornamentation next to a palace. He eventually conceded to requirements by adding a flowerpot. The essay was written when Art Nouveau, which Loos had excoriated even at its height in 1900, was about to show a new way of modern art. The essay is important in articulating some moralizing views, inherited from the Arts and Crafts movement, which would be fundamental to the Bauhaus design studio and would help define the ideology of Modernism in architecture. Describing how ornamentation can have the effect of causing objects to go out of style and thus become obsolete. It struck him that it was a crime to waste the effort needed to add ornamentation, when the ornamentation would cause the object to soon go out of style. Loos introduced a sense of the "immorality" of ornament, describing it as "degenerate", its suppression as necessary for regulating modern society. He took as one of his examples the tattooing of the "Papuan" and the intense surface decorations of the objects about him—Loos says that, in the eyes of western culture, the Papuan has not evolved to the moral and civilized circumstances of modern man, who, should he tattoo himself, would either be considered a criminal or a degenerate. Loos never argued for the complete absence of ornamentation, but believed that it had to be appropriate to the type of material. Loos concluded that "No ornament can any longer be made today by anyone who lives on our cultural level ... Freedom from ornament is a sign of spiritual strength".

Darmstadt Artists Colony

Refers both to a group of Jugendstil artists as well as to the buildings in Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt in which these artists lived and worked. The artists were largely financed by patrons and worked together with other members of the group who ideally had concordant artistic tastes. The Ernst Ludwig House was built as a common atelier following plans drawn up by Joseph Maria Olbrich. Olbrich had worked as an architect and was the central figure in the group of artists, Peter Behrens having been involved at first only as a painter and an illustrator.

Bauhaus curriculum

Students entered the preliminary course, covering "elementary form" and basic "studies of materials". Over the next three years, students were encouraged to experiment in many media, and only after this formation in the fundamentals were the best students allowed to enter the core architecture course (which wasn't established until 1927)

François Hennebique's monolithic reinforced concrete joint

This system was designed to withstand the tensile forces against which ordinary concrete is weak. Hennebique's idea of strengthening concrete consists of steel reinforcing bars that are embedded within the bottom face of the concrete slab. The Hennebique system of reinforced-concrete has played a huge in role in construction today and is widely used throughout.

Deutscher Werkbund

is a German association of artists, architects, designers, and industrialists, established in 1907. The Werkbund became an important element in the development of modern architecture and industrial design, particularly in the later creation of the Bauhaus school of design. Its initial purpose was to establish a partnership of product manufacturers with design professionals to improve the competitiveness of German companies in global markets. The Werkbund was less an artistic movement than a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States. Its motto Vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau (from sofa cushions to city-building) indicates its range of interest.

Raumplan

is a planning method based on discreet rooms and a dynamic section. This method places great emphasis on the scale of individual rooms and often requires steps into each room or cluster of rooms. The method largely belongs to the architect Adolf Loos and requires a high level of structural awareness and ability to model spaces.

Wasmuth Portfolio

is a two-volume folio of 100 lithographs of the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Titled Ausgeführte Bauten und Entwürfe von Frank Lloyd Wright, it was published in Germany in 1911 by the Berlin publisher Ernst Wasmuth, with an accompanying monograph by Wright. It contained plans and perspectives (in linework only) of buildings from 1893-1909. It was the first publication of any of Wright's work to appear anywhere in the world, as Wright had not published any of his work in his twenty previous years of activity in the United States. The portfolio is significant as a link between Wright's pioneering American architecture, and the first generation of modernist architects in Europe. Wright toured Europe for a year from October 1909 through October 1910, partly to support the publication of the portfolio, but also to experience first-hand a great deal of European architectural history.

axonometric projection

is a type of orthographic projection used for creating a pictorial drawing of an object, where the lines of sight are perpendicular to the plane of projection, and the object is rotated around one or more of its axes to reveal multiple sides. A form of projection that uses three axes at angles to show three sides of an object.