Arch Test 4

What do we know about Pierre Charles L'Enfant's Background and training?

- French born civil engineer and architect - Free mason

How did the "World Fairs" of the 19th centenary promote architectural and technological achievements?

- It showcased different advancements and innovations particularity in.... • Great exhibition of London, England (1851) • Exposition Universelle, Paris France ( 1889) • Chicago World's Fair (Columbian Exposition)

Arts and Crafts movement (4 points)

- Promoting Craftsmanship - Quality of life for working class - social consciousness - Responsibility of architecture and design to contribute to the well being of society

What are the most important characteristics of the Beaux-Arts style of architecture?

- Visitors could find way around building without verbal orientation -Carefully orchestrated sequence of circulation and transitional spaces. - Hierarchical arrangement of rooms according to their functional significance. -The expression of the axis and the cross axis in elevation section and plan by advancing and receding planes, flights of steps, floor marking. - Exterior of building decorated in historic styles, especially classical and renaissance architecture.

Atles Museum, Berlin What are some of the classical design elements found in the Atles Museum?

- Wall imitates painting from Roman House - Columns - Tracery Interior arranged around rotunda (reference to the Pantheon)

Chiswick House, London Describe the exterior appearance of Chiswick House.

- one portico - octagonal drum - edge of roof contained chimney flues - garden elevation defined by three windows

Eiffel Tower, Paris What type of structures did he build, what materials did he use, and what are some of his greatest innovations?

-Built railway bridges using cast iron -Ponte Dona Maria railway bridge was made out of wrought iron and was the largest non suspension bridge for its time. -Designed Statue of Liberty

Ecole des Beaux-Arts established 1819

-Combines school of painting, architecture, and sculpture

L'Opéra, Paris How is the decoration particularly suited to its purpose?

-Decorations serves to link the different parts of the building together. -Decorative style called second empire

Make No Little Plans: Daniel Burnham and the American City What role did Burnham and Root play in the development of the Columbian Exposition?

-Director of works - they were in charge of construction

Church of the Sagrada Familia What decorative and structural innovations does Gaudí contribute to make it such a unique building?

-Eastern façade structural composition of the Nativity, mimics grotto. - Four towers represent apostles - Southwestern façade nicknamed the passion

U.S Capital Building, Washington D.C Why did the people like George Washington and Thoma Jefferson believe that the Neoclassical style of architecture was appropriate for the capitol building of the United States?

-Establishes connection Neoclassical architecture and civic buildings in the U.S. -Federal style of public architecture

U.S Capital Building, Washington D.C What do we know about Benjamin Henry Latrobe's training and career?

-First professionally trained architect to practice in the U.S -Surveyor of Public Buildings in Washington D.C - Participated in the remodeling of the House and Senate post War of 1812.

Great Exhibition Hall (Crystal Palace) What are some innovations in material and construction introduced by Paxton's "Crystal Palace"?

-Glass and iron - Basically created a green house

Church of the Sagrada Familia How does the plan and decoration of the church reflect medieval churches?

-Laid out like cross - Catalan Modernisme

University of Virginia campus, Charlottesville What are some of the building types that Jefferson designed for the campus?

-Library -Lecture Halls -Dorms -Suites for the professor

Strawberry Hill, Twickenham What are some medieval monuments it deliberately imitates?

-Old St Paul's (London) -Archbishop Warhead (Westminster Abbey) - Henry VII Chapel

L'Opéra, Paris How does the Paris Opéra exemplify the principal of Beaux Arts style?

-Pairs of colossal columns -Projecting and receding elements - Decorative swags and garlands

Holkham Hall, Norfold England What Palladian charateristics are seen on the exterior of Holkham Hall?

-Palladian Windows - Portico -

Chicago School

-Rebuilt after fire of 1871 -Introduced iron and steel - Introduced steel skeleton and raft foundation

Louvre, East Facade Describe the architecture composition of the Facade.

-Rusticated ground floor - Colonnade with pairs of Corinthian columns (Baroque influence) -Central pediment with Minerva and Muses -Balustrade along roofline

What role did John Ruskin play in defining 19th Century opposition to the Industrial revolution?

-Started Arts and Crafts Movement - Wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London What do we know about Christopher Wren and his accomplishments?

-Studied mathematics, astronomy, and anatomy at Oxford. Wren invented the Panorganum Astronimicum, to demonstrated the periodical positions of the earth, sun, and moon. - Professor of astronomy at Oxford -Overseer of the rebuilding of London

Strawberry Hill, Twickenham What are some of the characteristics of Horace Walpole's house Strawberry Hill?

-The central keep and tower. (Gothik style) - This inspires the beginning of gothic novels

How does Boullee's design (shape, concept) for Isaac Newton's cenotaph reflect French rationalism?

-The shape is the perfect form of the pictureaque/sublime - The idea of surrounding thee whit thy discovery and somehow surrounding thee within thyself.

Menier Factory, France What materials are used to provide exterior decoration and how does this tell us about its original purpose?

-Wrought Iron - Poly-chrome brick work Original purpose was to provide power to the factory

Neo-Gothic/ Gothic Revival

19th century movement bringing back Gothic architecture

Eiffel Tower, Paris How long did it take to build?

26 months

Who was John Ruskin?

Art critic and social commentator who lived in England during 19th century. Opposed Industrial Revolution and the technological process because he believed it led to a decline of social values

University of Virginia campus, Charlottesville How does it refocus the architectural design to emphasize secular knowledge as opposed to theology and faith.

At the time it was customary for Universities to put a chapel in the middle of campus but Jefferson found it more appropriate to put a library.

House of Parliament, London Explain how Sir Charles Barry and A.W.N Pugin collaborated to create this building (who did what).

Barry: design Pugin: Decorations

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London Warrant Design Plan?

Based of a Basilica plan, it featured more Gothic architecture. The dome designed changed to a triple dome design with interior masonry and a second brick cone. Wooden superstructures were on the exterior of the dome.

Saline Royale De Chaux How do the location and decoration of each building reflect its purpose?

Buildings should be recognizable for what they were (speaking architecture). Decoration reflects classical form and Renaissance developments, especially mannerism.

Who built the mission of San Antonio and what was their original purpose?

Built by Father Margril de Jesus with intent of providing a safe place for families and also spread Christianity in the area to natives.

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London Saucer vaults?

Circular ring at the base of the dome supported by the buttresses

Grand Tour

Coke went on a Grand Tour (1754) to France and England to collect works of Arts. This later became the inspiration Holkham Hall, his family residence.

Who are the Neo-Palladians and what motivated them to move away from the earlier style of Christopher Wren?

Colen Campbell, Richard Boyle, and William Kent. All three of which were political Whigs and supporters id the Hanover. They were motivated by the works of Andrea Palladio.

Atles Museum, Berlin Who commissioned Schinkel to build the Atles Museum?

Commissioned by Fredrick William the III

Menier Factory, France What purpose does this factory complex serve today?

Corporate headquarters for Nestlé

What role did the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the Ecole Centrale des et manufactures play in the 19th century architectural design in France and elsewhere?

Created and influence a number of scholars and challenged them to develop more effective ways of architecture.

Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures

Created in 1829 to develop practical applications arising from great scientific discoveries.

Art Nouveau

Decorative style characterized by free flowing composition based loosely on plant and animal forms

Chiswick House, London What About his design is new or innovative?

Dominant twin stairs, thermal window placed in the octagonal drum and the Pantheon like dome.

Bibliothéque Where did Labrouste go to school?

Ecole des Beaux-Arts

Neo-Palladian Architecture (Palladianism)

England's national style for country houses, town-houses, and smaller dwellings

Bibliothéque Describe the appearance of the exterior of this building and identify what historic buildings it reflects.

Exterior inspired by the façade of a renaissance palazzo.

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London What specific buildings may have been a source of inspiration?

Facade influenced by Lourve Facade and Church of S, Agnese

Eiffel Tower, Paris Why was the 'Eiffel Tower" built in Paris at the time?

French Ministry of Trade hosted a competition to create a new world wonder. Eiffel's Tower was chosen.

Eiffel Tower, Paris Describe Gustave Eiffel's area of training (where did he go to school) and technical expertise.

French engineer, studied at École Central des Arts et Manufactures.

Church of the Sagrada Familia What older and contemporary styles did Gaudí combine to create the style he called Catalan Modernisme?

Gothic Arch+ Art Nouveau=Catalan Modernism

Strawberry Hill, Twickenham What style of architecture is it?

Gothik style

Holkham Hall, Norfold England What Ancient Buildings buildings does it imitate?

Greek Pantheon

Chiswick House, London Thermal Window?

Half round windows inspired by ancient Roman baths

What were Pugin's views on Gothic architecture, especially as compared to Renaissance or Neo-Classical architecture?

He believed that Gothic Architecture tied in deeply with spirituality in regards to craftsmanship. He believed that renaissance/neoclassical architecture lacks taste in comparison to Gothic Architecture

Atles Museum, Berlin Why did Schinkel choose to use the Classical orders in his buildings?

He believed that architecture could fix most problems humans could come up with

University of Virginia campus, Charlottesville How does Jefferson's design for the University of Virginia express his idea about the importance of education in Democracy?

He believed that education was an adventure that should be explored by both scholar and professer.

Great Exhibition Hall (Crystal Palace) How did he earn the commission to build the exhibition hall?

He purposed a new concept for building. Due to the shortage of bricks In London, Paxton used glass and iron like that of green house. His proposal was nicknamed the Crystal Palace.

House of Parliament, London Why was it necessary to rebuild the House of Parliament in London?

House of Parliament was burnt down in 1834, then rebuilt in 1836-1869

University of Virginia campus, Charlottesville What are some of the ancient Roman buildings that served as prototypes for these buildings?

Inspired by classical Roman architecture, specifically the Pantheon.

1893 Chicago World's Fair (Columbian Exposition)

Intended to showcase the latest inventions in a varity of areas, agriculture, machinery, manufacturing, and arts.

Holkham Hall, Norfold England How did Coke's travel on the "Grand Tour" lead to the interior being designed to be a "temple of the arts"?

Interior features The Statue Gallery which showcases a collection of ancient Roman sculptures.

Chiswick House, London What are some characteristics borrowed from the Italian Renaissance?

It is based off of Palladio's Villa Rotunda. The shape of the widows, the dome on top, and portico

How does how does his plan for the city of Washington D.C reflect ideas from the European Baroque, specifically the design of Versailles in France?

It is set up in the same manor as Versailles in France.

Louvre, East Facade What do the pairs of columns symbolize?

It links the work to the Baroque precedent

Atles Museum, Berlin How is their use in this building reflected in later museums?

It provide inspiration for many other museums throughout the world.

House of Parliament, London How does the plan of the building reflect the government of Great Britain?

It reflects the balance of power in the British Parliament.

Louvre, East Facade How do we know this is a royal palace?

It was a rebuild

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London What happened to the medieval church that stood on this location?

It was destroyed in the great fire of London

Great Exhibition Hall (Crystal Palace) What happened to this building after the Great Exhibition had closed?

It was dismantled and recreated in a park at Sydenham, than was destroyed by fire in 1936.

House of Parliament, London What style is the new building and why was it selected?

New style was Gothic inspired by Westminster Hall

Holkham Hall, Norfold England How does this great house manage to survive in the 21st century?

No one has lived in it since it's completion

What are the missions today?

Now part of National Park Service

Chiswick House, London What building inspired Lord Burlington when he designed Chiswick House?

Palladio's Villa Rotunda

Great Exhibition Hall (Crystal Palace) What are some of Paxton's training and background?

Paxton was an English horticulturalist, garden designer and architect with no former education. *Notable for being head gardener for Duke of Devonshire.

What Does the Term Neo Plalladian Mean?

Refers to the return of classical architectural principals by Palladio in England

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London How did Christopher Wren's design of St. Paul's evolve from the Great Model Plan in 1673 to warrant design plan in 1675?

The "Great Model Plan" consisted of eight major domes ringed by secondary domes. The Warrant design was based off of Basilica in reference to Gothic architecture. The dome design changed to a triple dome design with interior masonry, second brick cone, and wooden superstructure of the exterior dome.

U.S Capital Building, Washington D.C What did he contribute to the United States Capitol Building?

The Greek Classical Order

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London What are some of the design elements based upon Renaissance and Baroque developments in Europe?

The Semi-circular entrance reflects the Baroque style, and the great model plan was inspired by renaissance architecture.

Saline Royale De Chaux How does the gatehouse combine Neo-classical architecture and decorative details that relate to salt production?

The actual entrance is designed to look like a salt mine. Supposed to project vision of power and authority.

Saline Royale De Chaux How does this complex demonstrate the rising importance of industrialization in the 18th century?

The complex is centered around salt production.

Eiffel Tower, Paris What materials and processes contributed to its rapid construction?

The components were prefabricated.

Bibliothéque How does the library express the ideals of this school?

The exterior reflected that of classical architecture by using stone.

Bibliothéque How does the interior combine Renaissance design with new materials such as cast iron?

The materials in the interior were plaster, wire vaults and cast iron arches. (Use of Renaissance architecture with modern materials)

Louvre, East Facade What about it is distinctly French?

The roof is hidden by a balustraded parapet, reinforcing the horizontal emphasis of the elevation.

Chiswick House, London Palladian window (Serliana)?

The shape of the windows based Palladio's Basilica

Saline Royale De Chaux Describe the types of buildings and their arrangement in Ledoux's plan for the town of Chaux?

The town is a semi circular shape, it acts as if the factories and administration building is on stage where the residential buildings are looking at them. This is basically composed of everything a small town offers -Jail -Bakery -Factory - Admin Buildings - residential suites

Louvre, East Facade How does the design of the Facade reflect Italian Renaissance Principals?

The use of pair columns

House of Parliament, London How does it compare to the U.S Capitol in Washington D.C?

They differ in style. U.S: Classical Greek Architecture England: Gothic

How does this relate to the style of architecture used for the Churches?

This is a Baroque style building with an elaborate façade and decoration around the door with sculture and ornaments.

Atles Museum, Berlin What type of building is this and why is this historically significant?

This is a public art museum and it is significant because it was the first of it's kind. Established connection between Neo-Classical architecture and the fine arts of modern Europe

U.S Capital Building, Washington D.C Who was the first architect of the capitol building?

Thornton

Saline Royale De Chaux How does the decoration draw upon Italian Mannerist architecture?

Through Speaking Architecture

U.S Capital Building, Washington D.C What was so symbolic about the design?

Two equal wings (senate and house) linked by central dome (unity of the nation)

U.S Capital Building, Washington D.C What were some of the challenges and setbacks?

War of 1812

U.S Capital Building, Washington D.C Why did this building take so long to finish?

War of 1812 interfered

Saint Paul's Cathedral, London Great Model Plan?

Wren's first model, featured a major dome with eight piers ringed with secondary domes.

Menier Factory, France Describe the materials and techniques used to build the Turbine Building at the Menier Factory.

Wrought Iron frame with a brick work skin.

Staff

mixture of plaster, cement and jute fibers

L'Opéra, Paris Where was Garnier trained as an architect?

Écle des Beaux-Arts